Homework #5 answers:

1. Proto-Peninsular Spanish a. sound correspondences

Consonants (here and below, where the environment was not an issue, it has been ignored) Castilian Andalusian Proto-sound 1. m- m- *m- 2. -j- -j- *-j- 3. k k *k (i.e. in all environments) 4. -ʎ- -j- *-ʎ- (because of (2)) 5. p- p- *p- 6. d- d- *d- 7. - -s *-s 8. -θ -s *-θ (because of (7)) 9. -ŋ -ŋ *-ŋ 11. -β- -β- *-β- 12. -l- -l- *-l-

Vowels Castilian Andalusian Proto-sound 1. -a- -a- *a 2. -o- -o- *o 3. -e- -e- *e 4. -i- -i- *i b. reconstruct proto-forms proto-form gloss *[majo] ‘May’ *[kaʎe] ‘street’ *[poʎo] ‘chicken’ *[pojo] ‘stone bench’ *[dos] ‘two’ *[dieθ] ‘ten’ *[θiŋko] ‘five’ *[si] ‘yes’ *[kasa] ‘house’ *[kaθa] ‘a hunt’ *[θiβiliθaθion] ‘civilization’

. explain the sound changes

Changes from Proto-Peninsular Spanish > Andalusian voiced palatal lateral [ʎ] > approximant [j] voiceless dental fricative [θ] > alveolar [s]

(Note that only the features (place, manner, voicing) that change are written on the right of >. The other features are assumed to remain the same.)

Changes from Proto-Peninsular Spanish > Castilian none

2. Proto-Uto-Aztecan a. sound correspondences

Consonants Shoshone Ute Northern Paiute Proto-sound 1. t- t- t- *t- 2. -h- -- -h- *-h- (/h/ >  is common sound change) 3. n- n- n- *n- 4. k k k *k 5. j- j- j- *j- 6. p- p- p- *p- 7. -d- -d- -t- *-t- (voiceless consonant > voiced when between vowels is common sound change), so the environment is different from that in (1). Nonetheless, I will accept *-d- here as well. 8. kw- kw- kw- *kw- (the set {w,w,w, *w} is also fine here) 9. -s- -s- -s- *-s-

Vowels Shoshone Ute Northern Paiute Proto-sound 1. u u u *u 2. -u- - - -u- *-u- (see below) 3. i i i *i 4. -i- - - -i- *-i- (see below) 5. a a a *a 6. -a- -ḁ- -a- *-a- (see below) 7. -a -i -a *-a (see below) b. reconstruct proto forms proto-form gloss [tuhu] ‘black’ [nika] ‘dance’ [kasa] ‘feather’ [tuku] ‘flesh’ [juhu] ‘grease’ [pita] ‘arm’ [kati] ‘sit’ [kwasi] ‘tail’ [kwita] ‘excrement’

c. explain the sound changes

Changes from Proto-Uta-Aztecan > Shoshone voiced alveolar plosive *[t] > voiceless [d] between vowels

Changes from Proto-Uta-Aztecan > Ute vowels in front of voiceless consonants > voiceless (cf. (2), (4), (6)) intervocalic *[h] > Ø voiced alveolar plosive *[t] > voiceless [d] between vowels [a] after [s] > [i] (cf. (7) above)

Changes from Proto-Uta-Aztecan > Northern Paiute none

3. Proto-Romance a. sound changes

In this part, there were a few cases where arguments could be made for alternative proto-sounds, and this will be considered when checking the homework. In the case of , we can look back to Latin for clues, and the answers below reflect that additional research.

Consonants Spanish Sardinian Romanian Proto-sound 1. Ø- f- f- *f- 2. -l- -l- -r(-) *-l- 3. v- b- v- *v- 4. -ð- -t- -t- *-t- (consonants becoming voiced between vowels is common; plosives becoming fricatives is common) 5. -n- -n- -n(-) *-n- 6. r- r- r- *r- 7. -v- -b- -p- *-p- (consonants becoming voiced between vowels is common; plosives becoming fricatives is common) 8. -s- -- -s(-) *-s- (consonants becoming voiced between vowels is common) 9. m- m- m- *m- (*This exercise actually lied about Spanish, [v] is actually [β]. We’ll just pretend their data is correct.)

Vowels Spanish Sardinian Romanian Proto-sound 1. -i- -i- -i- *-i- 2. Co# Cu# CØ# *-u 3. -a -a -a *-a 4. Vo# Vu# Vu# *-u 5. -u- -u- -u- *-u- b. reconstruct proto-forms proto-form gloss [filu] ‘thread’ [vita] ‘life’ [vinu] ‘wine’ [ripa] ‘bank’ [riu] ‘river’ [risu] ‘laugh’ [muta] ‘change’

c. sound changes

Proto-Romance > Spanish initial voiceless labiodental fricative [f] > Ø final high back [u] > mid [o] intervocalic voiceless dental/alveolar plosive [t] > voiced dental fricative [ð] intervocalic voiceless bilabial plosive [p] > voiced labiodental fricative [v]

Proto-Romance > Sardinian initial voiced labiodental fricative [v] > bilabial plosive [b] intervocalic bilabial plosive [p] > voiced [b] intervocalic alveolar fricative [s] > voiced [z]

Proto-Romance > Romanian final high back [u] > Ø when preceded by a consonant alveolar lateral approximant [l] > trill [r]