Homework #5 answers: 1. Proto-Peninsular Spanish a. sound correspondences Consonants (here and below, where the environment was not an issue, it has been ignored) Castilian Andalusian Proto-sound 1. m- m- *m- 2. -j- -j- *-j- 3. k k *k (i.e. in all environments) 4. -ʎ- -j- *-ʎ- (because of (2)) 5. p- p- *p- 6. d- d- *d- 7. -s -s *-s 8. -θ -s *-θ (because of (7)) 9. -ŋ -ŋ *-ŋ 11. -β- -β- *-β- 12. -l- -l- *-l- Vowels Castilian Andalusian Proto-sound 1. -a- -a- *a 2. -o- -o- *o 3. -e- -e- *e 4. -i- -i- *i b. reconstruct proto-forms proto-form gloss *[majo] ‘May’ *[kaʎe] ‘street’ *[poʎo] ‘chicken’ *[pojo] ‘stone bench’ *[dos] ‘two’ *[dieθ] ‘ten’ *[θiŋko] ‘five’ *[si] ‘yes’ *[kasa] ‘house’ *[kaθa] ‘a hunt’ *[θiβiliθaθion] ‘civilization’ c. explain the sound changes Changes from Proto-Peninsular Spanish > Andalusian voiced palatal lateral [ʎ] > approximant [j] voiceless dental fricative [θ] > alveolar [s] (Note that only the features (place, manner, voicing) that change are written on the right of >. The other features are assumed to remain the same.) Changes from Proto-Peninsular Spanish > Castilian none 2. Proto-Uto-Aztecan a. sound correspondences Consonants Shoshone Ute Northern Paiute Proto-sound 1. t- t- t- *t- 2. -h- -- -h- *-h- (/h/ > is common sound change) 3. n- n- n- *n- 4. k k k *k 5. j- j- j- *j- 6. p- p- p- *p- 7. -d- -d- -t- *-t- (voiceless consonant > voiced when between vowels is common sound change), so the environment is different from that in (1). Nonetheless, I will accept *-d- here as well. 8. kw- kw- kw- *kw- (the set {w,w,w, *w} is also fine here) 9. -s- -s- -s- *-s- Vowels Shoshone Ute Northern Paiute Proto-sound 1. u u u *u 2. -u- - - -u- *-u- (see below) 3. i i i *i 4. -i- - - -i- *-i- (see below) 5. a a a *a 6. -a- -ḁ- -a- *-a- (see below) 7. -a -i -a *-a (see below) b. reconstruct proto forms proto-form gloss [tuhu] ‘black’ [nika] ‘dance’ [kasa] ‘feather’ [tuku] ‘flesh’ [juhu] ‘grease’ [pita] ‘arm’ [kati] ‘sit’ [kwasi] ‘tail’ [kwita] ‘excrement’ c. explain the sound changes Changes from Proto-Uta-Aztecan > Shoshone voiced alveolar plosive *[t] > voiceless [d] between vowels Changes from Proto-Uta-Aztecan > Ute vowels in front of voiceless consonants > voiceless (cf. (2), (4), (6)) intervocalic *[h] > Ø voiced alveolar plosive *[t] > voiceless [d] between vowels [a] after [s] > [i] (cf. (7) above) Changes from Proto-Uta-Aztecan > Northern Paiute none 3. Proto-Romance a. sound changes In this part, there were a few cases where arguments could be made for alternative proto-sounds, and this will be considered when checking the homework. In the case of Romance languages, we can look back to Latin for clues, and the answers below reflect that additional research. Consonants Spanish Sardinian Romanian Proto-sound 1. Ø- f- f- *f- 2. -l- -l- -r(-) *-l- 3. v- b- v- *v- 4. -ð- -t- -t- *-t- (consonants becoming voiced between vowels is common; plosives becoming fricatives is common) 5. -n- -n- -n(-) *-n- 6. r- r- r- *r- 7. -v- -b- -p- *-p- (consonants becoming voiced between vowels is common; plosives becoming fricatives is common) 8. -s- -z- -s(-) *-s- (consonants becoming voiced between vowels is common) 9. m- m- m- *m- (*This exercise actually lied about Spanish, [v] is actually [β]. We’ll just pretend their data is correct.) Vowels Spanish Sardinian Romanian Proto-sound 1. -i- -i- -i- *-i- 2. Co# Cu# CØ# *-u 3. -a -a -a *-a 4. Vo# Vu# Vu# *-u 5. -u- -u- -u- *-u- b. reconstruct proto-forms proto-form gloss [filu] ‘thread’ [vita] ‘life’ [vinu] ‘wine’ [ripa] ‘bank’ [riu] ‘river’ [risu] ‘laugh’ [muta] ‘change’ c. sound changes Proto-Romance > Spanish initial voiceless labiodental fricative [f] > Ø final high back [u] > mid [o] intervocalic voiceless dental/alveolar plosive [t] > voiced dental fricative [ð] intervocalic voiceless bilabial plosive [p] > voiced labiodental fricative [v] Proto-Romance > Sardinian initial voiced labiodental fricative [v] > bilabial plosive [b] intervocalic bilabial plosive [p] > voiced [b] intervocalic alveolar fricative [s] > voiced [z] Proto-Romance > Romanian final high back [u] > Ø when preceded by a consonant alveolar lateral approximant [l] > trill [r] .