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This Report Assesses Challenges for Unit Cohesion from Integrating C O R P O R A T I O N Considerations for Integrating Women into Closed Occupations in U.S. Special Operations Forces Thomas S. Szayna, Eric V. Larson, Angela O’Mahony, Sean Robson, Agnes Gereben Schaefer, Miriam Matthews, J. Michael Polich, Lynsay Ayer, Derek Eaton, William Marcellino, Lisa Miyashiro, Marek Posard, James Syme, Zev Winkelman, Cameron Wright, Megan Zander-Cotugno, William Welser IV For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1058 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-9267-0 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2016 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface This report documents the findings from the project “Enabling an Efficient and Effective Global SOF Network,” specifically the task to provide analytical support to U.S. Special Oper- ations Command (USSOCOM) regarding the future role of women in special operations forces (SOF). The project’s goal was to provide analytical assistance to USSOCOM concern- ing all aspects of the implementation of the future vision and operating concept put forth by USSOCOM. Task 4 aimed to assess the range of potential challenges to the effective integra- tion of women into SOF, bringing in the operator perspective and focusing on the unit and team levels. USSOCOM received this report in June 2015. On December 3, 2015, Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter ordered the military services to open all combat jobs to women, with no exceptions. The Secretary of Defense also approved a number of studies, including this study, on the topic of women in ground combat to be publicly released. This report has been edited but otherwise not updated substantively since the final version was delivered to the sponsor in June 2015. This report has two main objectives. It assesses potential challenges to the integration of women into SOF for unit cohesion, and it provides analytical support in validating SOF occupational standards for USSOCOM-controlled positions. The report briefly summarizes the history of integration of women into the U.S. armed forces. It reviews the current state of knowledge about cohesion in small units and discusses the application of gender-neutral stan- dards to SOF. It identifies widely agreed on professional standards for validation of physically demanding occupations and assists SOF service components with the application of these stan- dards to SOF occupations. The report discusses the primary data—a survey of SOF personnel and a series of focus group discussions—collected by the research team regarding the potential challenges to the integration of women in SOF. The final chapter discusses the findings of the task and presents some recommendations regarding potential implementation. The findings of this report should be of interest to those in the U.S. defense community with an interest in manpower and personnel issues and in the evolution of U.S. SOF. This research was sponsored by USSOCOM and conducted within the Forces and Resources Center of the RAND National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the Unified Combatant Commands, the Navy, the Marine Corps, the defense agencies, and the defense Intelligence Community. The overall project, as well as research on other tasks that were a part of the project, was conducted within the International Security and Defense Policy Center of the RAND National Defense Research Institute. iii iv Considerations for Integrating Women into Closed Occupations in U.S. Special Operations Forces For more information on the RAND Forces and Resources Center, see www.rand.org/ nsrd/ndri/centers/frp or contact the director (contact information is provided on the web page). For more information on the International Security and Defense Policy Center, see www.rand. org/nsrd/ndri/centers/isdp or contact the director (contact information is provided on the web page). Contents Preface ........................................................................................................... iii Figures and Tables .............................................................................................vii Summary ........................................................................................................ ix Acknowledgments .............................................................................................xv CHAPTER ONE Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 The Context ....................................................................................................... 1 Objectives and Approach ........................................................................................ 5 Organization of This Report .................................................................................... 7 PART I History, Challenges, and Concerns ......................................................................... 9 CHAPTER TWO The Integration of Women and Other Excluded Groups into the U.S. Military: The Historical Experience ......................................................................................13 Women in the U.S. Military ...................................................................................13 Evolution of Attitudes Toward Gender Integration in the U.S. Military ............................... 26 The Integration of Excluded Groups in the U.S. Military .................................................31 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER THREE Physical Ability and Stress Response Differences Between Men and Women .....................39 How Men and Women Compare on Measures of Physical Ability .......................................41 Sex and Gender Differences in the Stress Response ........................................................49 CHAPTER FOUR The Potential Implications of Women’s Integration on Unit Cohesion .............................55 Cohesion Is Relevant for SOF Tactical Units ............................................................... 56 Cohesion Exists at Multiple Levels ............................................................................57 Cohesion Has Multiple Dimensions ..........................................................................59 Task Cohesion ...................................................................................................59 Social Cohesion ................................................................................................ 64 Cohesion Considerations for Integrating Women into SOF Units .......................................73 v vi Considerations for Integrating Women into Closed Occupations in U.S. Special Operations Forces PART II The Expectations of SOF Personnel Regarding Potentially Integrating Women into SOF Units ........................................................................................................ 77 CHAPTER FIVE The Women in SOF Survey ..................................................................................81 Policy Questions.................................................................................................82 Survey Design and Implementation ..........................................................................83 Analytic Approach ............................................................................................. 86 Main Findings ...................................................................................................89 Identifying the Key Drivers of Support and Opposition ................................................. 106 Conclusions and Policy Implications ....................................................................... 124 CHAPTER SIX Insights from the Focus Groups .......................................................................... 127 Expectations Regarding the Potential Impact of Integrating Women into SOF ...................... 130 Concerns Regarding the Integration of Women into SOF Specialties and Units ..................... 134 Analysis of Concerns Across Rank and Grade ............................................................. 154 Analysis of Unique Concerns Across SOF Components ................................................. 155 Analysis of
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