DOCSLIB.ORG

Electrochemically-Modulated Semiconductor Crystal Growth from Liquid Metal Electrodes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Electrochemically-Modulated Semiconductor Crystal Growth from Liquid Metal Electrodes ELECTROCHEMICALLY-MODULATED SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTAL GROWTH FROM LIQUID METAL ELECTRODES by Eli Fahrenkrug A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Chemistry) in The University of Michigan 2016 Doctoral Committee: Professor Stephen Maldonado, Chair Professor Adam J. Matzger Professor Michael D. Morris Professor Jamie D. Phillips © Eli Fahrenkrug All Rights Reserved 2016 DEDICATION To the notion that “only the ideas that we really live have any value.” H.H. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my parents for all of life, my friends and family for giving it color, and my wife Kate, for helping me relish in all of its grandeur. Beyond that, I’m not much for hierarchies of gratitude. I have had the great fortune to work within a constellation of fantastic people – you know who you are. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ iii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... xix ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... xx CHAPTER 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 1.1. Context and Importance ....................................................................................... 1 1.2. Technical Background.......................................................................................... 3 1.3. Content Description............................................................................................ 16 1.4. References .......................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 2 Electrochemical Liquid Liquid Solid Epitaxial Crystal Growth of Single-Crystalline Germanium Nanowires at Room Temperature in Water ........... 22 2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 22 2.2. Methods .............................................................................................................. 23 2.3. Results ................................................................................................................ 26 2.4. Discussion .......................................................................................................... 39 2.5. Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 42 2.6. References .......................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 3 Direct Aqueous Electrodeposition of Crystalline Germanium Microwire Films on Hard and Soft Conductive Substrates ........................................ 45 3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 45 3.2. Methods .............................................................................................................. 47 3.3. Results ................................................................................................................ 51 3.4. Discussion .......................................................................................................... 73 3.5. Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 78 3.6. References .......................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 4 Electrodeposition of Crystalline GaAs on Liquid Gallium Electrodes in Aqueous Electrolytes ...................................................................................................... 82 4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 82 4.2. Methods .............................................................................................................. 84 4.3. Results ................................................................................................................ 89 4.4. Discussion ........................................................................................................ 114 4.5. Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 120 4.6. References ........................................................................................................ 122 iv CHAPTER 5 Electrochemically-Gated Alloy Formation of Crystalline InAs Thin Films at Room Temperature in Aqueous Electrolytes .............................................. 125 5.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 125 5.2. Methods ............................................................................................................ 126 5.3. Results .............................................................................................................. 130 5.4. Discussion ........................................................................................................ 153 5.5. Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 159 5.6. References ........................................................................................................ 161 CHAPTER 6 Conclusions and Prospects for ec-LLS ................................................ 163 2.1. Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 163 2.2. Future Work ..................................................................................................... 164 2.3. References ........................................................................................................ 181 APPENDIX A – CAD Drawings .................................................................................. 183 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Drawings of (a) a conventional planar MOSFET device used commonly in integrated circuitry and (b) a 3D vertically-integrated nanowire transistor design that decreases the component’s areal footprint without compromising channel length or performance. ....................................................................................................................... 2 Figure 1.2. Free energy of crystal nucleation shown as a function of nuclei radius. Nuclei with radii smaller than the critical size are driven to dissolve, while larger nuclei represent a new phase more stable than the old phase. ...................................................................... 4 Figure 1.3. Schematic representations of select semiconductor crystal growth strategies including (a) liquid phase epitaxy, (b) vapor-liquid-solid or solution-liquid-solid growth, (c) vapor phase deposition, and (d) conventional electrodeposition. Not drawn to scale. 8 Figure 1.4. Comparing experimental setups for (a) LPE, (b) MBE, (c) electrodeposition. 9 Figure 1.5. General classification of different crystallization pathways. (a) is a high temperature reversible liquid phase crystallization like melt or solution-based growth, (b) is a high temperature reversible path from vapor, and (c) is low temperature irreversible mode like conventional electrodeposition. ....................................................................... 11 Figure 1.6. Schematic depictions of the experimental setup and steps (insets) of ec-LLS semiconductor crystal growth from (a) bulk and (b) nano/micro scale liquid metal droplet electrodes. Ec-LLS proceeds through (1) electrochemical reduction of a dissolved ionic precursor in the electrolyte solution followed by (2) dissolution of the zero-valent semiconductor into the liquid metal electrode. In (a), steps (3) and (4) highlight homogeneous nucleation and subsequent crystal growth, respectively. In (b), step (3) depicts heterogeneous nucleation at a crystal seed interface and subsequent layer by layer crystal growth. Not drawn to scale. .................................................................................. 13 Figure 1.7. Optical photographs of a bulk Hg(l) electrode (a) before and (b) after room temperature Ge ec-LLS at -2.7 V vs. Ag/AgCl from an aqueous electrolyte containing 0.05 M GeO2 and 0.01 M Na2B4O7. (c) Corresponding electron micrograph and powder X-ray diffraction pattern collected from the as-deposited material shown in b). Optical photographs of a bulk Ga(l) electrode (d) before and (e) after room temperature Ge ec-LLS at -1.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl from the same aqueous electrolyte as that used in (b). (f) Tilted vi electron micrograph and powder X-ray diffractogram (inset) of crystals produced in (e). Optical photographs of a bulk Ga(l) electrode (g) before and (h) after Si ec-LLS at 20 mA -2 cm for two hours at 100 °C from a propylene carbonate electrolyte with 0.5 M SiCl4 and 0.2 M TBACl. (i) Scanning electron micrograph and diffraction pattern (inset) of crystals produced in h). Scales are 2 mm for (a,b,d,e,g,h) and 1 µm for (c,f,i).. ........................... 15 Figure 2.1. (a)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors: Experience in Design and Operation
    IAEA-TECDOC-1569 Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors: Experience in Design and Operation December 2007 IAEA-TECDOC-1569 Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors: Experience in Design and Operation December 2007 The originating Sections of this publication in the IAEA were: INIS and Nuclear Knowledge Management and Nuclear Power Technology Development Sections International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria LIQUID METAL COOLED REACTORS: EXPERIENCE IN DESIGN AND OPERATION IAEA, VIENNA, 2007 IAEA-TECDOC-1569 ISBN 978–92–0–107907–7 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2007 Printed by the IAEA in Austria December 2007 FOREWORD In 2002, within the framework of the Department of Nuclear Energy’s Technical Working Group on Fast Reactors (TWG-FR), and according to the expressed needs of the TWG-FR Member States to maintain and increase the present knowledge and expertise in fast reactor science and technology, the IAEA established its initiative seeking to establish a comprehensive, international inventory of fast reactor data and knowledge. More generally, at the IAEA meeting of senior officials convened to address issues of nuclear knowledge management underlying the safe and economic use of nuclear science and technology (Vienna, 17–19 June 2002), there was widespread agreement that, for sustainability reasons for fissile sources and waste management, long-term development of nuclear power as a part of the world’s future energy mix will require the fast reactor technology. Furthermore, given the decline in fast reactor development projects, data retrieval and knowledge preservation efforts in this area are of particular importance. This consensus concluded from the recognition of immediate need gave support to the IAEA initiative for fast reactor data and knowledge presevation.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2006/0090474 A1 Sauciuc Et Al
    US 20060090474A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2006/0090474 A1 Sauciuc et al. (43) Pub. Date: May 4, 2006 (54) METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR Publication Classification REMOVING HEAT (51) Int. Cl. F2SB 2L/02 (2006.01) (76) Inventors: Ioan Sauciuc, Phoeniz, AZ (US); Jim F28D 5/00 (2006.01) D. Williams, Banks, OR (US) F25D 23/12 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. ....................... 62/3.2: 62/259.2; 165/104.22 Correspondence Address: BLAKELY SOKOLOFFTAYLOR & ZAFMAN (57) ABSTRACT 124OO WILSHIRE BOULEVARD SEVENTH FLOOR A device includes a liquid metal and a ferrofluid contained LOS ANGELES, CA 90025-1030 (US) in a closed tube. Many electrode groups are connected to the closed tube. A feedback device is connected to the electrode (21) Appl. No.: 10/976,406 groups. The feedback device switches power to each elec trode group in series to circulate the liquid metal and move (22) Filed: Oct. 29, 2004 the ferrofluid in the closed tube. 200 210 -4220 Automatic feedback system and StartUp Circuit (2) (25 260 250 Patent Application Publication May 4, 2006 Sheet 1 of 7 US 2006/0090474 A1 20 FIG. 1A F.G. 1B (Prior Art) (Pr O Art) Patent Application Publication May 4, 2006 Sheet 2 of 7 US 2006/0090474 A1 200 - Automatic feedback system and StartUp Circuit 25 (25 240 E.iSE S3 ES 230 250 FIG. 2 Patent Application Publication May 4, 2006 Sheet 3 of 7 US 2006/0090474 A1 FIG. 3 Patent Application Publication May 4, 2006 Sheet 4 of 7 US 2006/0090474 A1 400 Determine Temperature Alternate power to electrode groups to move ferrofluid 420 Circulate liquid metal Dissipate heat within the liquid metal FIG.
    [Show full text]
  • Liquid-Based Reconfigurable Antenna Technology
    sensors Review Liquid-Based Reconfigurable Antenna Technology: Recent Developments, Challenges and Future Habshah Abu Bakar 1, Rosemizi Abd Rahim 2,* , Ping Jack Soh 2,3 and Prayoot Akkaraekthalin 4,* 1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah, Jitra 06000, Kedah, Malaysia; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Electronic Engineering Technology, Pauh Putra Campus, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Pauh 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; [email protected] 3 Advanced Communication Engineering (ACE) Centre of Excellence, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar 01000, Perlis, Malaysia 4 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), 1518 Pracharat 1 Rd., Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.A.R.); [email protected] (P.A.) Abstract: Advances in reconfigurable liquid-based reconfigurable antennas are enabling new pos- sibilities to fulfil the requirements of more advanced wireless communication systems. In this review, a comparative analysis of various state-of-the-art concepts and techniques for designing reconfigurable antennas using liquid is presented. First, the electrical properties of different liquids at room temperature commonly used in reconfigurable antennas are identified. This is followed by a discussion of various liquid actuation techniques in enabling high frequency reconfigurability. Next, the liquid-based reconfigurable antennas in literature used to achieve
    [Show full text]
  • A Complete Interfacial System Solution for Liquid Metal Electronics
    A Complete Interfacial System Solution for Liquid Metal Electronics A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Materials Science & Engineering of the College of Engineering & Applied Science by Sarah E. Holcomb B.S., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 2013 Committee Chair: Jason C. Heikenfeld, Ph.D. Abstract Liquid metal electronic devices have numerous advantages over traditional solid devices such as the ability to be flexed and stretched or reconfigured. Examples of such devices are wires, switches, polarizers, and antennas. Previously, mercury has been used as the room temperature liquid metal of choice but has been recently replaced by gallium liquid metal alloys (GaLMAs) which are non-toxic, have extremely low vapor pressures, and can remain liquid at temperatures as low as -19°C. A key difference in the performance of GaLMAs vs. mercury is the mechanically stabilizing, passivating oxide which forms instantly on the surface of GaLMAs in as little as 1 ppm oxygen environments. This oxide presents a significant challenge for reconfigurable device applications because it “sticks” to most surfaces, preventing reversible shape change, which alters the desired electrical performance. Proposed here are two novel methods of overcoming this challenge. These methods enable new capabilities for reconfigurable electronic devices. The first approach involves removing the oxide in situ as it is continuously formed in all practically achievable device environments. Oxide removal is commonly done through the use of hydrochloric acid (aqueous or vapor), which reacts with the gallium oxide to produce gallium chloride, which is not mechanically stabilizing, and water.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Electrochemical Properties of Liquid Gallium
    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 2017+ University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2017 Study of electrochemical properties of liquid gallium Yuchen Chen University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1 University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Chen, Yuchen, Study of electrochemical properties of liquid gallium, Master of Philosophy thesis, Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, 2017. https://ro.uow.edu.au/ theses1/14 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuning Surface Texture of Liquid Metal Particles by Exploiting Material Metastability Joel Cutinho Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2017 Tuning surface texture of liquid metal particles by exploiting material metastability Joel Cutinho Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Materials Science and Engineering Commons, and the Mechanics of Materials Commons Recommended Citation Cutinho, Joel, "Tuning surface texture of liquid metal particles by exploiting material metastability" (2017). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 16118. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/16118 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tuning surface texture of liquid metal particles by exploiting material metastability by Joel Cutinho A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Materials Science and Engineering Program of Study Committee: Martin Thuo, Major Professor Shan Jiang Jaime Juarez The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this thesis. The Graduate College will ensure this thesis is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2017 Copyright © Joel Cutinho, 2017. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work primarily to my family, who have taught me to believe in God, myself and follow my desires.
    [Show full text]
  • Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Heavy Liquid Metal Thermal Hydraulics
    IAEA-TECDOC-1520 Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Heavy Liquid Metal Thermal Hydraulics Proceedings of a technical meeting held in Karlsruhe, Germany, 28–31 October 2003 October 2006 IAEA-TECDOC-1520 Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Heavy Liquid Metal Thermal Hydraulics Proceedings of a technical meeting held in Karlsruhe, Germany, 28–31 October 2003 October 2006 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Radiation and Transport Safety Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF HEAVY LIQUID METAL THERMAL HYDRAULICS IAEA, VIENNA, 2006 IAEA-TECDOC-1520 ISBN 92–0–111806–6 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2006 Printed by the IAEA in Austria October 2006 FOREWORD Through the Nuclear Energy Department’s Technical Working Group on Fast Reactors (TWG-FR), the IAEA provides a forum for exchange of information on national programmes, collaborative assessments, knowledge preservation, and cooperative research in areas agreed by the Member States with fast reactor and partitioning and transmutation development programmes (e.g. accelerator driven systems (ADS)). Trends in advanced fast reactor and ADS designs and technology development are periodically summarized in status reports, symposia, and seminar proceedings prepared by the IAEA to provide all interested IAEA Member States with balanced and objective information. The use of heavy liquid metals (HLM) is rapidly diffusing in different research and industrial fields. The detailed knowledge of the basic thermal hydraulics phenomena associated with their use is a necessary step for the development of the numerical codes to be used in the engineering design of HLM components.
    [Show full text]
  • Liquid Metal Enabled Electrobiology: a Generalized Easy Going Way To
    Liquid Metal Enabled Electrobiology: A Generalized Easy Going Way to Tackle Disease Challenges Xuelin Wang1*, Yi Ren1*, Jing Liu1,2** 1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 2. Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China *X. Wang and Y. Ren contributed equally to this work **Address for correspondence: Dr. Jing Liu Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China E-mail address: [email protected] Tel. +86-10-62794896 Fax: +86-10-82543767 1 Abstract: In this article, a new conceptual biomedical engineering strategy to tackle modern disease challenges, termed as liquid metal enabled electrobiology, is proposed. This generalized and easy going way is based on the physiological fact that specially administrated electricity would induce a series of subsequent desired biological effects, either shortly, transitional or permanently. Owing high compliance within any part of the biological tissues, the liquid metal would aid to mold a pervasive way to treat physiological or psychological diseases. As highly conductive and non-toxic multifunctional flexible materials, such liquid metals (LMs) consist of the core to generate any requested electric treating fields (ETFields) which can adapt to various sites inside the human body. The basic mechanisms of electrobiology in delivering electricity to the target
    [Show full text]
  • Conformable Liquid Metal Printed Epidermal Electronics for Smart Physiological Monitoring and Simulation Treatment
    Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering PAPER Conformable liquid metal printed epidermal electronics for smart physiological monitoring and simulation treatment To cite this article: Xuelin Wang et al 2018 J. Micromech. Microeng. 28 034003 View the article online for updates and enhancements. This content was downloaded from IP address 144.92.38.232 on 17/07/2018 at 03:13 IOP Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering J. Micromech. Microeng. J. Micromech. Microeng. 28 (2018) 034003 (10pp) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6439/aaa80f 28 Conformable liquid metal printed epidermal 2018 electronics for smart physiological © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd monitoring and simulation treatment JMMIEZ Xuelin Wang1, Yuxin Zhang1, Rui Guo1, Hongzhang Wang1, Bo Yuan1 and Jing Liu1,2 034003 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China X Wang et al 2 Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China E-mail: [email protected] Received 24 August 2017, revised 2 January 2018 Printed in the UK Accepted for publication 16 January 2018 Published 5 February 2018 JMM Abstract Conformable epidermal printed electronics enabled from gallium-based liquid metals (LMs), 10.1088/1361-6439/aaa80f highly conductive and low-melting-point alloys, are proposed as the core to achieving immediate contact between skin surface and electrodes, which can avoid the skin deformation often caused by conventional rigid electrodes. When measuring signals, LMs can eliminate Paper resonance problems with shorter time to reach steady state than Pt and gelled Pt electrodes.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomedical Applications of Liquid Metal Nanoparticles: a Critical Review
    biosensors Review Biomedical Applications of Liquid Metal Nanoparticles: A Critical Review Haiyue Li 1, Ruirui Qiao 2, Thomas P. Davis 2,* and Shi-Yang Tang 3,* 1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; [email protected] 2 ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; [email protected] 3 Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.P.D.); [email protected] (S.-Y.T.) Received: 15 October 2020; Accepted: 27 November 2020; Published: 30 November 2020 Abstract: This review is focused on the basic properties, production, functionalization, cytotoxicity, and biomedical applications of liquid metal nanoparticles (LMNPs), with a focus on particles of the size ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers. Applications, including cancer therapy, medical imaging, and pathogen treatment are discussed. LMNPs share similar properties to other metals, such as photothermal conversion ability and a propensity to form surface oxides. Compared to many other metals, especially mercury, the cytotoxicity of gallium is low and is considered by many reports to be safe when applied in vivo. Recent advances in exploring different grafting molecules are reported herein, as surface functionalization is essential to enhance photothermal therapeutic effects of LMNPs or to facilitate drug delivery. This review also outlines properties of LMNPs that can be exploited in making medical imaging contrast agents, ion channel regulators, and anti-pathogenic agents.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,784,207 B2 Ramaswamy Et Al
    US008784207 B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,784,207 B2 Ramaswamy et al. (45) Date of Patent: *Jul. 22, 2014 (54) METHODS AND APPARATUS TO METER (58) Field of Classification Search VIDEO GAME PLAY USPC ............................................................ 463/37 See application file for complete search history. (71) Applicants: Arun Ramaswamy, Tampa, FL (US); John C. Peiffer, New Port Richey, FL (56) References Cited (US) U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS (72) Inventors: Arun Ramaswamy, Tampa, FL (US); John C. Peiffer, New Port Richey, FL 4,004,097 A 1/1977 Spaulding (US) 4,352,104 A 9, 1982 Mizuta et al. (Continued) 73) Assignee:9. The Nielsen Companypany (US), LLC, Schaumburg, IL (US) FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS *) Notice: Subject to anyy disclaimer, the term of this EP 1759.745 3, 2007 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 WO 2006O901.97 8, 2006 U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. OTHER PUBLICATIONS This patent is Subject to a terminal dis International Bureau, “International Preliminary Report on Patent claimer. ability,” issued in connection with corresponding PCT/US2008/ (21) Appl. No.: 13/847,860 061177, mailed Jan. 7, 2010.7 pages. (Continued) (22) Filed: Mar 20, 2013 Primary Examiner — Steven J Hylinski (65) Prior Publication Data (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Hanley, Flight & US 2013/0217499 A1 Aug. 22, 2013 Zimmerman, LLC Related U.S. Application Data (57) ABSTRACT (63) Continuation of application No. 12/023,844, filed on Methods and apparatus to meter video game play are dis Jan. 31, 2008, now Pat. No. 8,430,752. closed. An example method includes detecting media identi (60) Provisional application No.
    [Show full text]
  • Liquid Metal 97826
    PRODUCT DATA SHEET Liquid Metal Gallium and Gallium Alloys Introduction Several low melting point Indalloy® alloys are liquid at room temperature. These gallium-based alloys are non-toxic replacements for mercury. The gallium-based alloys have far lower vapor pressure than mercury, reducing both the amount and toxicity of metal vapor exposure. Excellent Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Metals conduct heat and electricity with their valence electrons. This very effective conduction mechanism is Applications a property of liquid as well as solid metals and alloys. Accordingly, liquid metals have thermal conductivity far Typical applications for these materials include thermostats, superior to non-metallic liquids. Liquid metals are used in switches, barometers, heat transfer systems, thermal cooling applications for dissipating concentrated heat loads such as and heating designs, and TIM2 interfaces. thermal interfaces for microprocessors, reactors, and heat exchangers. Liquid gallium alloys are inherently high-density Packaging and low-viscosity (similar to that of water, <8 cP at room 1 Alloys are packaged in polyethylene bottles and 3cc, 5cc, and temperature ). As an electrically conductive metal, gallium 6 oz. syringes, and are shipped in accordance with applicable alloys are used for mercury replacements in switches and federal regulations. contacts. Note: Gallium alloys expand when they solidify. Accordingly, Wetting to Metallic and Non-Metallic these alloys should not be stored in glassware below the Surfaces melting temperature. These alloys will wet to most metallic and non-metallic Storage and Shelf Life surfaces. This wetting behavior and lubricity enable gallium alloys to serve as high-temperature lubricants in journal Unopened bottles and syringes have a guaranteed shelf life bearings.
    [Show full text]