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Niobrara Total Petroleum System in the Southwestern Wyoming Province

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Niobrara Total Petroleum System in the Southwestern Wyoming Province Chapter 6 Niobrara Total Petroleum System in the Southwestern Wyoming Province By Thomas M. Finn and Ronald C. Johnson Volume Title Page Chapter 6 of Petroleum Systems and Geologic Assessment of Oil and Gas in the Southwestern Wyoming Province, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah By USGS Southwestern Wyoming Province Assessment Team U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS–69–D U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado: Version 1, 2005 For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Manuscript approved for publication May 10, 2005 ISBN= 0-607-99027-9 Contents Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Acknowledgments …………………………………………………………………………… 1 Structural and Tectonic Setting ……………………………………………………………… 3 Depositional Setting ………………………………………………………………………… 3 Niobrara Formation …………………………………………………………………………… 3 Niobrara Total Petroleum System …………………………………………………………… 9 Source Rocks ………………………………………………………………………………… 9 Reservoir Rocks ……………………………………………………………………………… 9 Seal Rocks …………………………………………………………………………………… 9 Traps ………………………………………………………………………………………… 11 Thermal Maturity ……………………………………………………………………………… 12 Hydrocarbon Generation ……………………………………………………………………… 12 Migration Summary …………………………………………………………………………… 14 Events Chart ………………………………………………………………………………… 14 Assessment Units in the Niobrara Total Petroleum System ………………………………… 17 Niobrara Continuous Oil Assessment Unit (AU 50370361) ……………………………… 17 Niobrara Continuous Gas Assessment Unit (AU 50370362) ……………………………… 19 Assessment Results of Undiscovered Resources …………………………………………… 21 Niobrara Continuous Oil Assessment Unit (AU 50370361) ……………………………… 21 Niobrara Continuous Gas Assessment Unit (AU 50370362) ……………………………… 21 References …………………………………………………………………………………… 23 Appendix A. Data form used for evaluating the Niobrara Continuous Oil Assessment Unit, Niobrara Total Petroleum System, Southwestern Wyoming Province, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah …………………………………………………………………………………… 26 Figures 1. Index map of Southwestern Wyoming Province …………………………………………… 2 2. Map showing Paleographic reconstruction of the Western Interior Basin ………………… 4 3. Regional stratigraphic cross sections of Upper Cretaceous rocks ………………………… 5 4. Type log and subsurface cross section of the Niobrara Formation ………………………… 6 5. Correlation chart of Cretaceous and lower Tertiary rocks ………………………………… 7 6. Isopach map of the Niobrara Formation …………………………………………………… 8 7. Map of the Niobrara Total Petroleum System ……………………………………………… 10 8. Plots of Rock-Eval results ………………………………………………………………… 11 9. Structure contour map of Sand Wash Basin ……………………………………………… 12 III 10. Thermal maturity map of the Niobrara Formation ………………………………………… 13 11. Burial-history curves based on vitrinite reflectance ……………………………………… 15 12. Burial-history curves based hydrous-pyrolysis kinetic models …………………………… 16 13. Events chart ……………………………………………………………………………… 17 14. Map of the Niobrara Continuous Oil Assessment Unit (AU 50370361) …………………… 18 15. Map of the Niobrara Continuous Gas Assessment Unit (AU 50370362) …………………… 20 16. Estimated ultimate recovery graphs for the Continuous Oil Assessment Unit (AU 50370361) ……………………………………………………………………………… 22 Table Table 1. Summary of assessment results ……………………………………………………… 23 IV Niobrara Total Petroleum System in the Southwestern Wyoming Province By Thomas M. Finn and Ronald C. Johnson Abstract eastern and southern flanks of the basin where thermal maturi- ties are less than 1.35 percent Ro and generally are considered The Niobrara Total Petroleum System (TPS) is a self- to be within the oil window. The continuous gas assessment sourced system that produces oil and natural gas from frac- unit is hypothetical and is located in the deeper portions of the tured carbonate rock reservoirs in the Upper Cretaceous basin where thermal maturities are greater than 1.35 percent Niobrara Formation and equivalent rocks of the Southwestern Ro. The mean volume estimate of undiscovered oil resource Wyoming Province. The Niobrara TPS encompasses the for the Niobrara continuous oil assessment unit is 103.6 mil- area of eastern and southeastern Greater Green River Basin lion barrels of oil. The hypothetical Niobrara continuous gas of southwestern Wyoming and northwestern Colorado. The assessment unit was not quantitatively assessed because of a Niobrara and equivalents were deposited during a major Late lack of production data and (or) a suitable analog. Cretaceous marine transgressive cycle that created conditions favorable for the deposition of fine-grained marine carbonate rocks and the preservation of organic matter. The Niobrara Introduction ranges in thickness from 900 to 1,800 feet and consists mainly of interbedded organic-rich shale, calcareous shale, and marl. The Southwestern Wyoming Province (SWWP) (5037) The hydrocarbon source beds contain predominantly Type-II is a large sedimentary and structural basin that formed during oil-prone organic matter with total organic carbon contents the Laramide orogeny (Late Cretaceous through Eocene). The ranging from 0.85 to 2.75 weight percent. Thermal maturities SWWP covers approximately 23,000 mi2 and occupies most of range from less than 0.60 percent R (vitrinite reflectance) o southwestern Wyoming, parts of northwestern Colorado, and a along the eastern and southern flanks of the basin to greater small area of northeastern Utah (fig. 1). The basin is structur- than 1.35 percent R in deeper parts of the basin. Because of o ally bounded on the west by the Wyoming thrust belt, on the the fine-grained nature of the Niobrara, petroleum production north by the Wind River and Granite Mountains uplifts, on the is dependant on fractures that develop in hard, brittle, carbon- east by the Rawlins, Sierra Madre, and Park uplifts, and on ate-rich zones. These brittle calcareous reservoirs are overlain, the south by the Uinta Mountains and Axial Basin uplift. The underlain, and (or) interbedded with soft, ductile marine shales Niobrara Total Petroleum System (TPS) (503703) produces that inhibit migration and seal the hydrocarbons within the primarily oil from fractured, calcareous-rich shales, shaley fractured reservoir zones. Burial-history reconstructions and limestones, and marls from the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara petroleum generation models show that the Niobrara entered Formation or equivalent rocks, in the eastern portions of the the oil window between 72 and 67 million years ago. Along Greater Green River Basin (GRRB). the shallow flanks of the basin the Niobrara remains in the oil window. With continued subsidence and burial in the deeper portions of the basin, the Niobrara reached thermal maturities sufficient to crack oil to gas. Acknowledgments The Niobrara TPS is subdivided into two assessment units based on thermal maturity: a continuous oil assessment The authors thank R.M. Pollastro and C.J. Schenk of unit and a continuous gas assessment unit. The assessment the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Oil and Gas units are characterized as “continuous-type” accumulations Assessment team for discussions regarding the assessment of because they have the following characteristics: (1) no down- the Niobrara Total Petroleum System. We would also like to dip hydrocarbon/water contact, (2) little or no water produc- thank Troy Cook (USGS) for interpretation of production data, tion, (3) abnormally pressured, and (4) production independent and providing graphs of EURs; P.H. Nelson and Joyce Kibler of structural closure. The continuous oil assessment unit is an (USGS) for providing drill-stem test and pressure data; L.N. established assessment unit located in the updip parts of the Roberts (USGS) for providing key maps, and burial history 1 2 Petroleum Systems and Geologic Assessment of Oil and Gas in the Southwestern Wyoming Province, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah 107 111° 110° 109° 108° ° Teton W Fremont 43 in ° d - 4 Natrona - 2 , 0 , 0 0 0 0 0 P 0 in e R d a i Hoback le v 2 e ,0 0 0 Basin a n r ti 4 c G , Sublette li 0 n M ra 0 e n 0 ou M ite -8 0 n o 0 u 0 t ta nt l - a La Barge 6 i 0 in n 0 s platform 0 e s 0 0 ,0 Lincoln -4 6 b 0 0 - 0 2 t 0 0 0 - 8,0 s 00 0 - 0 6, u 00 S 00 2, an 0 r dy Great Divide 42 -4 ° B ,0 h 0 en 0 Basin t d ar c - Rawlins 0 h 2 , M 0 g 0 Carbon 0 o 0 2 x , n 0 a 4 0 i uplift , 6 0 0 t , Sweetwater 0 0 f i 0 0 l 0 n Wamsutter i p m ar u ch s a o B s y g n a i r r c p W h r Uinta S - 4 e 0 , 0 0 k v 0 i 0 , c - 0 2 o - 6 R , R 0 0 Washakie 0 S - n - 2 8 2 , i e , ,0 Basin 0 0 0 e -4 0 0 0 e , 4 00 0 0 , 0 r 0 0 r 0 0 r G 0 00 a WY 4, 0 41° ,00 2 dge Cherokee ri M 0 0 0 ,0 2 s - a Summit ta Daggett tain n 0 in ou Sand Wash 0 Routt d U M 0 ,0 2 Basin - r 0 0 0 0 e 0 0 Uintah , , 6 00 2 Duchesne - -4,0 Jackson 4, 000 A 6,000 UT xial Moffat B as P CO in a Outcrop of Mesaverde Group r u k Grand pli ft R 40° Southwestern Wyoming Province a n Rio Blanco g e 0 10 20 30 40 Miles Garfield Eagle Figure 1. Index map of southwestern Wyoming, northeastern Utah, and northwestern Colorado showing the location of the South- western Wyoming Province, structural configuration, intrabasin uplifts, and subbasins.
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