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Serangan Hama Bunga Kelapa Tirathaba Rufivena Walker (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) Pada Tanaman Kelapa Genjah Salak Di Kebun Percobaan Kima Atas

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Serangan Hama Bunga Kelapa Tirathaba Rufivena Walker (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) Pada Tanaman Kelapa Genjah Salak Di Kebun Percobaan Kima Atas Serangan Hama Bunga Kelapa Tirathaba rufivena Walker (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) pada Tanaman Kelapa Genjah Salak di Kebun Percobaan Kima Atas MELDY L.A. HOSANG Balai Penelitian Tanaman Kelapa dan Palma Lain, Manado Jalan Raya Mapanget, Kotak Pos 1004 Manado 95001 Diterima 26 Agustus. 2010 / Direvisi 20 Oktober. 2010 / Disetujui 22 November 2010 ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari serangan hama Tirathaba rufivena (Walker) pada tanaman kelapa Genjah Salak (GSK) di KP Kima Atas, Sulawesi Utara. Penelitian dilakukan bulan Januari - Februari 2007 dengan metode survei pada pertanaman GSK. Diamati jumlah bunga betina sehat dan terserang, populasi larva, gejala serangan, dan musuh alami. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 647 tanaman yang diamati ternyata yang sudah berbunga 118 pohon (18,27%) dan belum berproduksi 529 pohon (81,73%). Dari tanaman yang sudah berbunga atau berbuah, ternyata 34,75% tanaman tidak terserang dan 65,25% tanaman terserang hama T. rufivena, yang terdiri dari serangan ringan 20,34%, sedang 22,88%, dan berat 22,03%. Kata kunci: Tirathaba rufivena (Walker), Tingkat Serangan, Cocos nucifera L. ABSTRACT Incidence of the greater coconut spike moth Tirathaba rufivena Walker (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) on Salak Dwarf Coconut at Kima Atas Experimental Garden The objectives of this research is to study the incidence of Tirathaba rufivena (Walker) pest in Salak Dwarf coconut (GSK) at experimental garden Kima Atas, North Sulawesi. The study was conducted from January to February 2007 by survey on Salak Dwarf plantation. Observation was done by counting the number of healthy and infected female flowers, larval population, symptoms of attacks, and the natural enemies. The results showed that of 647 palms observed, 118 palms (18.27%) are already flowering, and 529 (81.73%) palms have not yet bearing fruits. Of the total palms that are flowering or fruiting, 34.75% palms are not attacked and 65.25% palms were attacked by T. rufivena, which consisted of a light attack 20.34%, medium attack 22.88%, and heavy attack 22.03%. Keyword: Tirathaba rufivena (Walker), Attack level, Salak Dwarf coconut 172 Serangan Hama Bunga Kelapa Tirathaba rufivena Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) pada Tanaman Kelapa Genjah Salak Di Kebun Percobaan Kima Atas Serangan Hama Bunga Kelapa Tirathaba rufivena Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) pada Tanaman Kelapa Genjah Salak Di Kebun Percobaan Kima Atas PENDAHULUAN muda. Hama T. rufivena dapat menye- babkan penurunan produksi kelapa Genjah di Filipina (Waterhouse dan Hama bunga kelapa Tirathaba Norris 1987) dan menyebabkan keru- rufivena (Walker) (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) sakan serius pada empat jenis kelapa merupakan salah hama yang merusak hibrida di Thailand (Wongkamhaeng, bunga kelapa. Larva dari hama ini dapat 1988). Studi detail tentang hama ini di merusak bunga jantan dan bunga bertina Paninsula Malaysia, ternyata bunga pada seludang yang baru terbuka atau betina dan buah kecil yang diserang pada seludang yang terbuka secara tidak Tirathaba lebih banyak dibandingkan sempurna (Balitka, 1990; Lever, 1969). dengan buah sehat (Lever, 1969). Larvanya lebih memilih bunga muda Soebandrijo (1982) menyatakan bahwa dan masih lunak. Bunga yang terserang serangan hama Tirathaba dapat meng- akan jatuh atau tidak berkembang men- akibatkan keguguran bunga dan buah jadi buah. muda. Keguguran bunga betina dapat Hama ini tersebar di Asia Tengga- mencapai 21,84% sedangkan keguguran ra sampai Kepulauan Pasifik termasuk karena sebab lain 33,78%. Indonesia, Filipina dan daerah tropis Hasil penelitian di KP. Pandu, Queensland (Herbison-Evans dan Crossley, Sulawesi Utara, ternyata hama ini dapat 2007). Kalshoven (1981) melaporkan menyebabkan kerusakan pada tanaman bahwa hama ini banyak menyerang kelapa Hibrida Khina-1 berumur 4 tanaman kelapa di Jawa, Sulawesi tahun. Dari 1046 tanaman yang diamati, Selatan, Sumatera Utara, dan Malaysia. ternyata persentase serangan ringan Selain tanaman kelapa, hama ini juga 48,9%, serangan sedang 47,6% dan menyerang tanaman lainnya seperti serangan berat 3,5%. Hama ini perlu kelapa sawit Elaeis guineenensis jack., nipa ditangani secara khusus karena keru- Nipa fructicans Thunb., royal palm sakannya langsung pada produksi. Roystonea regia (H.B.K.) O.K. Cook, Hama ini juga dapat merusak tanaman pinang Areca catechu Linn., fan palm kelapa Dalam dan Genjah (Hosang, Preteharda sp., Plectocemia sp., Musa, 1989). Akhir-akhir ini terjadi serangan Phaseolus, Coix, dan Pandanus tectorius hama ini pada tanaman kelapa Genjah Solander (Alouw, 2004; Herbison-Evans Salak di KP. Kima Atas Sulawesi Utara, dan Crossley, 2007; Kalshoven, 1981; sehingga perlu diteliti dengan tujuan Lever, 1969; Waterhouse dan Noris, untuk mempelajari tingkat serangan 1987). hama T. rufivena pada tanaman kelapa Hama Tirathaba terdiri dari tiga Genjah Salak. spesies yaitu Tirathaba rufivena (Walker), Tirathaba mundella Walker (= T. fructivora Meyrick) dan Tirathaba complexa Butler BAHAN DAN METODE (Tirathaba trichogramma Meyrick). Di Indonesia hanya dikenal dua spesies Peneltian ini dilaksanakan di KP. yang menyerang tanaman kelapa yaitu T. Kima Atas, Kecamatan Mapanget, Kota rufivena dan T. mundella (Lever 1969; Manado, Sulawesi Utara pada Bulan Kalshoven, 1981). Hama ini umumnya Januari - Pebruari 2007. Tanaman kelapa menyerang tanaman kelapa yang masih yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini Buletin Palma No. 39, Desember 2010 173 Meldy L.A. Hosang adalah Kelapa Genjah Salak (GSK) yang Ordo : Lepidoptera ditanam pada tahun 2004 dengan jarak Famili : Pyralidae tanam 8 x 8 m segi tiga. Tanaman ini Genus : Tirathaba ditanam pada areal seluas 4 ha dengan Spesies :Tirathaba rufivena (Walker) jumlah tanaman 646 pohon. Semua Nama Umum : Hama bunga kelapa, tanaman diamati baik yang sudah ber- coconut spiked moth, oil palm bunch moth bunga/berbuah maupun yang belum berproduksi. Khusus tanaman yang Ngengat dewasa memiliki sayap sudah berbunga diamati jumlah bunga depan berwarna hijau kusam dengan betina sehat dan terserang, populasi sejumlah garis-garis merah tipis dari larva, instar larva, gejala serangan dan pinggiran sayap, sedangkan sayap bela- penyebaran T. rufivena di lapangan serta kang berwarna kuning pucat (Herbison- musuh alami. Evans dan Crossley, 2007) (Gambar 1). Kerusakan Tanaman Kelapa HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Pada 647 pohon yang diamati, ternyata yang sudah berbunga 118 pohon Identifikasi (18,27%) dan belum berproduksi 529 Hama Tirathaba yang menyerang pohon (81,73%). Tanaman yang belum tanaman kelapa Genjah Salak di Kebun berbunga sebagian merupakan tanaman Percobaan Kima Atas, Kota Manado, sulaman, tetapi ada juga karena ter- Sulawesi Utara, diklasifikasikan (Kalshoven, lambat berbunga. Berdasarkan data 1981; Lever, 1969; SCIRO, 2004) sebagai tanaman yang sudah berbunga atau berikut: berbuah (118 tanaman), ternyata 41 Phylum : Arthropoda (34,75%) tanaman tidak terserang dan 77 Kelas : Hexapoda (65,25%) tanaman terserang hama a b c d c e d f Gambar 1. Imago T. rufivena: (a) sayap depan, (b) sayap belakang, (c) bagian kepala, (d) tampak bagian dorsal, (e) tampak bagian lateral, dan (f) bagian abdomen. Figure 1. Adult of T. rufivena: (a) Fore wing, (b) Hind wing, (c) Head side (d) dorsal (e) lateral, dan (f) Posterior 174 Serangan Hama Bunga Kelapa Tirathaba rufivena Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) pada Tanaman Kelapa Genjah Salak Di Kebun Percobaan Kima Atas Serangan Hama Bunga Kelapa Tirathaba rufivena Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) pada Tanaman Kelapa Genjah Salak Di Kebun Percobaan Kima Atas T. rufivena, dengan rincian sebagai kannya. Larva-larva tersebut bersembu- berikut: serangan ringan 24 tanaman nyi di sela-sela bunga jantan (Gambar 4) (20,34%), sedang 27 tanaman (22,88%), atau dalam bunga betina yang sudah dan berat 26 tanaman (22,03%) (Gambar digereknya dan belum gugur (Gambar 2). Hal ini sejalan dengan beberapa hasil 5). Beberapa hari kemudian, larva yang penelitian yang menyatakan bahwa larva masih kecil ini membentuk lorong yang hama Tirathaba lebih banyak menyerang dipergunakan sebagai jalur untuk ber- pada tanaman muda atau tanaman mulai gerak. Bahan dinding lorong ini diduga berbuah (Balitka 1990; Waterhouse dan terbuat dari campuran air liur dengan Norris 1987). Dilaporkan juga bahwa sisa-sisa kotoran yang melekat pada tanaman kelapa hibrida dan kelapa tandan bunga. Jadi larva dari hama ini Genjah lebih banyak terserang diban- merusak bunga jantan dan betina dingkan dengan kelapa Dalam (Balitka (Gambar 6). 1990). Gambar 2. Persentase kelapa genjah salak yang terserang T. rufivena di Kebun Percobaan Kima Atas. Figure 2. Salak Dwarf Coconut Attacked T. rufivena at Kima Atas Experimental Garden. Populasi Larva T. rufivena Musuh alami Jumlah larva per tandan rata-rata Musuh alami yang ditemukan 2,81 individu, terdiri dari larva instar 1 adalah predator cocopet. Rata-rata (L1) 1,16 individu, larva instar 2 (L2) 0,32 cocopet yang ditemukan per tandan individu, larva instar 3 (L3) 0,52 individu adalah 2,06 individu. Predator ini dikenal dan larva instar 4 (L4) 81 individu sebagai predator umum karena dapat (Gambar 3). Larva yang baru keluar dari memangsa beberapa jenis hama tanaman telur umumnya bergerak menuju bunga pertanian. Tilaar et al. (1987) menyatakan jantan, kemudian menggerek dan mema- bahwa cocopet merupakan salah satu Buletin Palma No. 39, Desember 2010 175 Meldy L.A. Hosang predator T. rufivena dan tidak mempe- T. complexa yaitu: Apanteles tirathabae ngaruhi produksi kelapa. Balfas dan (Braconidae) (1930), Telenomus tirathabae Wikardi (1982) melaporkan bahwa (Scelionidae) (1931), Devorgilla
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