Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Principles and Practice
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293816645 Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Principles and Practice Book · December 2008 CITATIONS READS 11 4,895 14 authors, including: Mohammad Haji-Saeid Pillai Mra International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Molecular Global Group 69 PUBLICATIONS 1,127 CITATIONS 206 PUBLICATIONS 3,912 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Thomas J Ruth Jožef J. Čomor TRIUMF ELEX Commerce d.o.o. 396 PUBLICATIONS 14,205 CITATIONS 66 PUBLICATIONS 668 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Radiopharmaceuticals View project The Extraction of Negative Carbon Ions from a Volume Cusp Ion Source View project All content following this page was uploaded by Pillai Mra on 17 January 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Cyclotron Produced Isotopes: Principles and Practice XXXX 2007 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Industrial Applications and Chemistry Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria Theory and Practice of Radioisotope Production Using Cyclotrons IAEA, VIENNA, 2007 IAEA-TRS-xxxx ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2007 Printed by the IAEA in Austria XXXX 2007 FOREWORD Application of radioisotopes has shown a significant growth in the last decade and one of the major factors contributing towards this increased growth is the availability of a large number of cyclotrons exclusively dedicated to the production of radioisotopes for medical applications. As per a recent IAEA survey, it is estimated that there are more than 350 cyclotrons available in the Member States (MS) [Directory of Cyclotrons Used for Radionuclide Production in Member States, IAEA- DCRP/2006]. Many of these cyclotrons are dedicated to the production of isotopes for positron emission tomography (PET) more specifically, fluorine-18 for the production of 18F-FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose). Although production of isotopes other than 18 F using those cyclotrons is limited, their use could be augmented for the production of a large number of isotopes useful in medicine and industry. The IAEA has been extending support in various forms to MS to acquire as well as enhance the technology for production of isotopes using cyclotrons. Publication of documents covering different aspects on radioisotope production using cyclotrons is one such support identified by MS needing IAEA input. A Consultants’ meeting organized during 2004 identified the necessity of documents on different aspects of cyclotron-produced isotopes. During the preparation of the above document as well as during the deliberations in the ‘International Symposium on Trends in Radiopharmaceuticals-ISTR 2005’ held in Vienna during November 2005, the need for a comprehensive book on cyclotron with special emphasis on production of isotopes was identified. The main reason for such a request was due to the lack of a single source of up to date information on this topic, despite the availability of a large number of related publications in the scientific literature. Work towards the preparation of such a document was initiated during a Consultants meeting held in Vienna during April 2006. The consultants suggested that the book should incorporate the basic science behind the accelerator technology in addition to giving all relevant information regarding radioisotope production. Consequently this publication contains chapters on accelerator technology, theoretical considerations of nuclear reactions, technology behind targetry, techniques on preparation of targets, irradiation of targets under high beam currents, target processing, target recovery etc. Chapters highlighting the uses of cyclotron-produced isotopes, as well as future directions in this field are included. The targeted readers of this publication are scientists interested in translating this technology to practice, technologists already working in Member States with cyclotrons wanting to enhance the utility of the existing machines and managers who are in the process of setting up facilities in their countries. In addition, students working towards higher degrees in related fields will also greatly benefit from this document. The manuscript for this publication was prepared by the Consultants, Dr. David Schlyer, Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA; Dr. Pierre Van den Winkel, VUB Cyclotron Laboratory, Belgium; Dr. Thomas Ruth, TRIUMF, Canada; and Dr. Manhar M. Vora, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The IAEA thanks all the Consultants for their valuable contributions. IAEA also thanks those scientists who reviewed the documents. The IAEA officers responsible for this publication are M.R.A. Pillai and M.Haji-Saeid of the Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences. EDITORIAL NOTE This publication has been prepared from the original material as submitted by the authors. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA, the governments of the nominating Member States or the nominating organizations. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgments by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Scope of the Book.................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Uses of Accelerator Produced Radioisotopes ........................................................................ 1 1.3 Description of Accelerators.................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Theory of Radioisotope Production ....................................................................................... 2 1.5 Targetry.................................................................................................................................. 3 1.6 Target Preparation and Irradiation ......................................................................................... 3 1.7 Target Processing and Material Recovery ............................................................................. 3 1.8 Future Directions.................................................................................................................... 3 2 USES OF ACCELERATOR PRODUCED RADIOISOTOPES.................................................... 4 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 4 2.2 Radioisotope/Radionuclide Production.................................................................................. 5 2.3 Radioactive Tracers................................................................................................................ 7 2.4 Medical Applications ............................................................................................................. 8 2.5 Radiopharmaceuticals .......................................................................................................... 12 2.6 Industrial Applications......................................................................................................... 13 2.7 Environmental/Biological Applications............................................................................... 13 2.8 Basic Chemical/Physical Sciences....................................................................................... 15 2.9 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 15 3 ACCELERATORS....................................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Development of the Linear Energy Accelerator (LINAC)................................................... 20 3.3 Development of the Cyclotron............................................................................................. 23 3.4 Other Accelerators ............................................................................................................... 29 3.5 Choice of an Accelerator...................................................................................................... 31 3.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 36 4 RADIOISOTOPE PRODUCTION............................................................................................... 38 4.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 38 4.2 Nuclear Reaction Models....................................................................................................