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Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerogr^hically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Alter NO 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/321-0600 NOTE TO USERS The original manuscript received by UMI contains pages with slanted print Pages were microfilmed as received. This reproduction is the best copy available UMI UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE ETHNIC IDENTITY AND INTERGROUP COMMUNICATION AMONG KOREAN AMERICANS AND VIETNAMESE AMERICANS IN OKLAHOMA A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfUlment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Leeva C. Chung Norman, OK 1998 DMI Number: 9905614 UMI Microform 9905614 Copyright 1998, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeh Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 ©Copyright by LEEVA C. CHUNG 1998 All Rights Reserved ETHNIC IDENTITY AND INTERGROUP COMMUNICATION AMONG KOREAN AMERICANS AND VIETNAMESE AMERICANS IN OKLAHOMA A Dissertation APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION BY TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. x CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... I Background of the Problem ......................................................................... I Statement of the Problem ......................................................................... 7 Definition of Terms ..................................................................................... 8 Significance of the Study ......................................................................... 10 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................. 11 General Approaches to Ethnic Identity ................................................ 11 Group Membership ..................................................................................... 13 Assimilation ..................................................................................... 13 Berry’s Acculturation 15 Social identity theory ......................................................................... 19 Ethnic Identity Development Perspective ................................................ 25 Ethnic Identity Formation ......................................................................... 29 Communication Approaches ......................................................................... 31 Identity development ......................................................................... 31 Identity negotiation and communication .................................... 34 Summary ..................................................................................... 37 Rationale for the Study ......................................................................... 37 CHAPTER III: METHODS AND PROCEDURES ............................................. 43 Participants .................................................................................................. 43 Criteria ..................................................................................... 43 Participant recruitment ............................................................. 43 Participant Profile ......................................................................... 44 Survey Instrument ..................................................................................... 46 Ethnic identity and cultural salience (EID) .................................... 46 Interview questions ..................................................................................... 48 Procedures .................................................................................................. 49 Data collection ......................................................................... 49 Data analysis ..................................................................................... 50 Research questions ............................................................. 50 IV CHAPTER IV: RESULTS ...................................................................................... 55 Research Question One ......................................................................... 55 Factor analysis ......................................................................... 55 Two-Way Contingency Tables and Correlations ..................... 57 Research Question Two .......................................................... 59 Two-Way Contingency Tables and Correlations ..................... 59 Research Question Three ......................................................................... 64 CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 74 Review of purpose and rationale .............................................................. 74 Research Questions ....................................................................................... 76 Ethnic Identity Factors .............................................................. 76 Intergroup Communication .............................................................. 77 Perceived Identity .......................................................................... 79 Theoretical implications ....................................................................................... 82 Limitations ................................................................................................... 93 Future Studies ................................................................................................... 95 Conclusion .................................................................................................. 97 REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 100 TABLES ............................................................................................................... I ll APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 129 A. Consent Form ...................................................................................... 129 B. Survey .................................................................................................. 130 C. Outgroup Perceptions ......................................................................... 137 D. Outgroup Perceptions ......................................................................... 138 E. IRB Approval Form ......................................................................... 141 F. Department of Communication Approval ................................................ 142 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Socio-Deomographic Profile of the Korean American and Vietnamese American Sample in Oklahoma ................................................ I ll Table 2. Socio-Deomographic Profile of the Korean American Sample in Oklahoma ..................................................................................... 113 Table 3. Socio-Deomographic Profile of the Vietnamese American Sample in Oklahoma ...................................................................................... 115 Table 4. Factor Analysis Items 117 Table 5. Intercoder Reliability .......................................................................... 121 Table 6. Frequency of New Objective Factor Identity ..................................... 123 Table 7. Crosstabulation: Subjective Ethnic Identity Type by Ethnic Identity Factors ...................................................................................... 124 Table 8. Crosstabulation: Subjective Ethnic Identity Type by Ethnic Identity Factors among Korean Americans .................................................. 125 Table 9 Crosstabulation: Subjective Ethnic Identity Type by Ethnic Identity Factors among Vietnamese Americans ..................................... 126 Table 10 Crosstabulation: Outgroup Perception and amount of Intimate friends within the ethnic group ............................................................... 127 Table 11 Crosstabulation: Outgroup