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Ethnic Media in the Age of Migration. the Role of the Polish Ethnic Media

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Ethnic Media in the Age of Migration. the Role of the Polish Ethnic Media Ethnic Media in the Age of Migration. The Role of the Polish Ethnic Media in the Process of Social Integration of Poles in the United Kingdom after May 2004 – Media Producers’ Perspective Michal Tuchowski School of Journalism, Media, and Culture Cardiff University This thesis is submitted to Cardiff University in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) January 2021 Acknowledgments Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to Dr Kerry Moore and Professor Richard Sambrook for their supervision, counsel, and motivation during my studies at Cardiff School of Journalism, Media and Culture. My special thanks also go to my initial supervisor Professor Verica Rupar for her academic support at the beginning of my research. I would also like to thank Cardiff University for awarding me the President's Scholarship, which allowed me to conduct my research project. Finally, thank you, Magda for your love, encouragement, and endless patience during my studies. 2 Abstract This thesis examines Polish diasporic media's role in the United Kingdom after Poland joined the European Union in May 2004. It focuses upon the process of social integration of the Polish migrant community, critically exploring if, and to what extent Polish diasporic media help Polish migrants to adapt socially, culturally politically and economically within the host society. The public policy context for the research is important: a time when consecutive British governments advocated a retreat from 'multiculturalism' and a renewed public policy of 'social integration'. The research investigates the relationship between ethnic media and public policy, critically exploring how this shift may have influenced the role played by ethnic media in migrants' integration. The investigation begins with critical discussion of theories of ethnic media and social integration. It argues that diasporic media has integrative potential and can play an important role in migrants' social integration, especially within culturally diverse societies such as Britain. The empirical research offers an in-depth investigation of Polish media producers' ideas, beliefs, and attitudes, employing the research method of semi-structured interviews with journalists and media producers about the strategic aims of their journalism, their practices, the opportunities and pressures upon Polish ethnic media. The approach allows for a multifaceted analysis considering the complex correlations between migrant life, ethnic media and social integration. The research highlights some key areas where Polish diasporic media in the UK play an insufficient role in social integration. The research questions whether Polish ethnic media may encourage migrants to live within a closed world of diaspora and highlights how a lack of cooperation between UK governmental institutions (central and local) and diasporic media may negatively influence social integration. The thesis concludes that whilst the social integration role of Polish diasporic media should be rethought and enhanced by media producers. There is also an opportunity for UK public institutions to (re)discover ethnic media as valuable partners in building a socially integrated multicultural society in contemporary Britain. 3 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction………………………………………...............................10 Chapter 2 Polish mass migration to the UK after May 2004…………………..14 2.1 Polish migrant community in the UK – the present ………………………..14 2.2 The history of the Polish migrant community in the UK …………………..19 2.3 Theorising social integration………………………………………………….26 Chapter 3 Ethnic media rediscovered – Polish ethnic media in the United Kingdom.........................……………………………………………..............31 3.1 Conceptualising ethnic media………………………………………………..31 3.2 Social integration (orientation function) of ethnic media…………………..38 3.3 Ethnic media – history and international context …………………………..44 3.4 Ethnic media and global migrations………………………………………….49 3.5 Ethnic media journalists (media producers)………………………………...53 3.6 Polish ethnic media in the United Kingdom – history and contemporary developments…………………………………………………………………..56 3.7 Ethnic media and social integration of migrants……………………………71 Chapter 4 Theorising multiculturalism in the United Kingdom………………...76 4 Chapter 5 Research questions and methodology………………………………84 5.1 Interview research method……………………………………………………84 5.2 Interview research questions…………………………………………………87 Chapter 6 Research findings and discussion…………………………………...91 6.1 From multiculturalism to social integration in the UK – Media producers' perspective……………………………………………………………………..91 6.2 Theorising social integration – Polish diasporic media perspective……...98 6.3 In search of core British values……………………………………………..108 6.4 Polish ethnic media, migrant life and social integration………………….114 6.5 (Re)discovering Polishness - ethnic media and identity formation……..122 6.6 Polish diasporic media operations………………………………………….125 6.7 The future of the Polish ethnic media in the UK…………………………..134 Chapter 7 Key research findings and conclusions……………………………141 5 Tables list Table 1. The map of the Polish diasporic media in the UK..........................66 Table 2. Challenges for British multiculturalism (social diversity) – Polish media journalists’ perspective........................................................97 Table 3. Dimensions of social integration process according to Polish media producers……………………………………………………………...106 Table 4. British core values according to the journalists............................112 Table 5. Ethnic media functions according to the research participants….120 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………..147 Appendix 1 – Consent form…………………………………………………………153 Appendix 2 – Biograms of the research participants……………………………..155 6 Chapter 1 Introduction The scale of Poles' migration to the UK after Poland joined the EU in May 2004 has been one of the largest in post-war Britain. The Home Office records show that 900,0001 Polish citizens have migrated into the UK since 2004. Polish nationals constitute the second biggest and the fastest-growing migrant community in the UK. As Burrell puts it: 'It is difficult to think of another migrant group, which has established itself so quickly and so widely, in the British history' (Burrell, 2009:7; Mori, 2014). However, the ongoing migratory process is often associated with social tensions, misunderstandings, and sometimes hostility between the migrants and host society. The settlement process of Polish migrants continues at a time of a retreat from multiculturalism in the UK (Bailey, Georgiou and Harindranath, 2007; Castles Miller, 2009; Knott, McLoughlin 2010, MHCLG, 2018; APPG, 2018), unprecedented population growth. The recent green paper on social integration by the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government shows examples of the pace and scale of demographic change that British communities have faced after May 2004. For example, between 2006 and 2016, Boston in Lincolnshire saw the non-UK born population rise from 7 per cent to 30 per cent. Another example here is the London borough of Harrow, where the non-UK born population rose from 40 per cent in 2006 to 53 per cent in 2016. The number of non-UK born people residents in the UK rose from 7.8 million in 2012 to 9.2 million in 2016, increasing 18 per cent (APPG, 2018), particularly in metropolitan areas. There is a rising public expectation of the British government to reduce immigration (The 1 According to the Office of National Statistics by 2017 there were 1.02 million Poles living in the UK. However, after the Brexit referendum, the number dropped by 120 000 and there are 900 000 Polish nationals residing in the country (Office of National Statistics, 2017). 7 Migration Observatory, 2012; MHCLG, 2018; APPG, 2018). Consequently, the management of immigration, particularly the social integration of migrants, has been one of Britain's most important political issues today (Gouleborne, 1998, GOV.UK 2018; MHCLG, 2018; APPG, 2018). As the authors of the MORI report titled: 'Perceptions and reality. Public attitudes to immigration' underline: 'it is clear that immigration is a top concern for people in the UK over recent years, it has some relationship with immigrant numbers, and we are more worried than nearly all other major countries' (IPSO Mori, 2014:12). Around 70-80% of British people consider immigration a problem for Britain (MHCLG, 2018; APPG, 2018). The research aims to explore the role of Polish ethnic media in the United Kingdom in the process of integration of the Polish migrant community with British society. More specifically, what is their role in the social, cultural, political, and economic integration of Polish migrants? Since the British government has drifted from the politics of multiculturalism and started putting a stronger emphasis on social integration (MHCLG, 2018; APPG, 2018), it is crucial to critically explore what role the ethnic media play in building an integrated multicultural society. The Polish ethnic media in the United Kingdom are developing. In London alone, five professional newspapers are being produced – mainly weeklies - and two radio stations, creating communication spaces for the migrants. There are many local Polish ethnic media across the UK, mainly in big cities such as Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, and Edinburgh. The local ethnic media include both newspapers and online media. Among the most known Polish media in Great Britain are:
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