DOCSLIB.ORG

Nigeria | Stratas Advisors

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nigeria | Stratas Advisors July 28, 2016 Nigeria: President Buhari Needs Time Stratas Advisors The following excerpt is from Stratas Advisors’ Geopolitical Risk and Executive Dialogue services. The full report includes a Stratas Advisors’ assessment of the situation in Nigeria. Anonymous employees of ExxonMobil estimated last week that it could take perhaps one month for the company to lift force majeure on its Qua Iboe export terminal, which has an export capacity of 300,000 b/d. Although ExxonMobil denied that militants bombed the facility on July11, an anonymous company security official contradicted the company's official statement. The company had just resumed exports from the terminal after lifting force majeure through the month of June after an attack claimed by the Niger Delta Avengers (NDA). Shell's Forcados terminal, which has an export capacity of 400,000, has not resumed exports since February when the NDA bombed an underwater pipeline connected to it. Shell was also forced to halt transports through the Trans-Niger pipeline, which has a 180,000 b/d capacity, after it was bombed earlier in July. NDA has also targeted Chevron and Agip infrastructure as well as pipelines owned by the Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). It has succeeded in disrupting the supply of refined products from two of five Nigerian oil refineries and causing electricity blackouts. Over the past six months, NDA-attributed attacks have reduced oil production by 700,000 barrels a day, according to NNPC. NDA has threatened to kill international oil company (IOC) personnel who attempt to repair infrastructure and has stated that its goal is to cut exports to zero and cripple the Nigerian economy at least until President Muhammadu Buhari agrees to negotiate in the presence of international observers, including foreign government representatives of the IOCs. They have also threatened to conduct attacks targeting IOC headquarters and state facilities in Lagos — specifically referring to Chevron — and Abuja. Interestingly, they have thus far refrained from attacks on Nigerian troops, indicating their intention to build popular support for their cause, including among the rank-and-file of the military. President Buhari’s Reforms From 2005-2009, militants operating under the umbrella Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta contributed significantly to a decline in crude oil production by approximately 25% due to bunkering (i.e. illegal siphoning) and sabotage of oil infrastructure. In 2009, President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua established a system of oil infrastructure payments to reduce such incidents, which cost the country hundreds of thousands of barrels per day in lost production and billions in lost revenues. He also granted amnesty to the militants and provided funding for job training in an effort to help stimulate more self-sustaining economic development of the region. The program succeeded in reducing attacks on oil infrastructure but not bunkering incidents, in which elements of Nigeria’s security forces have been complicit. It largely failed to generate self-sustaining employment. With the downturn in oil prices, President Buhari has felt compelled to phase out these subsidies in the 2017 budget and replace them with economic development aid. He has agreed to honor the amnesty. The subsidies are of dubious value given that they have not reduced bunkering incidents and have largely not trickled down to most of those to whom they were intended. Many of the militant leaders through whom these payments were supposed to be distributed have allocated them primarily to expanding their own largesse and maintaining their patronage networks. They perpetuate dependency on the government and should indeed be phased out, albeit ideally over a longer period of time than Buhari had envisioned considering the time it will take to generate self-sustaining employment. The NDA have declared that they are incensed by high unemployment, lack of public infrastructure, and environmental damage the region suffers from despite the fact that it generates most of the country’s revenue. They are also undoubtedly skeptical of pledges of private sector job creation in lieu of subsidies considering the apparent lack of follow-through or effective implementation of economic development plans during the last seven years. Page 1 of 2 © 2018 Stratas Advisors. 1616 South Voss Road Suite 675 | Houston, TX 77057 | United States | +1.713.260.6426 | stratasadvisors.com The NDA are calling for secession of their oil-rich region from Nigeria. If they succeed in convincing a critical mass to support their cause, this would compel Buhari to devote substantial military resources toward suppressing the insurrection at a time when Nigeria is already facing serious financial strains. Buhari has already been forced to redeploy forces that were engaged in the counterinsurgency against Boko Haram in the northeast down to the Niger Delta in order to hunt down those responsible for the oil infrastructure attacks. The NDA ostensibly perceive that Buhari’s predecessor, Goodluck Jonathan, was a more just ruler and that Buhari is corrupt. Stratas Advisors assesses that the converse is actually the case and that the NDA either misperceive the situation because Buhari is prioritizing reconstruction in the insurgency-ravaged northeast or because they are undeclared partisans of Buhari’s southern state political opponents. Anti-Corruption Reforms According to Nigeria’s Ministry of Finance, the Nigerian government has removed nearly 24,000 ghost workers from its payroll and will save nearly $140 million per year as a result. Since Buhari was elected in May 2015 dozens of government officials, including a former national security advisor and several governors, are facing corruption charges. The outgoing US ambassador to Nigeria, James Entwistle, has vouched for Buhari’s anti-corruption efforts and rebutted skepticism that indictments and prosecutions have targeted political opponents. Stratas Advisors concurs with his view and believes that Buhari must be given time to fix daunting problems in a very leaky ship of state. This will require patience in a democratic country that does have substantial separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. Nevertheless, time is ticking. The IMF predicted in mid-July that Nigeria’s GDP would contract by 1.8 percent in 2016, a significant revision from its April report in which it expected the country’s GDP would grow by 2.3%. The downward revision was spurred by foreign currency shortages resulting from lower oil revenue, low power generation and weak investor confidence. Inflation has also risen to 16.5 percent, the highest since June 2005. You May Also Like... Regional Focus Global Offshore Projects Global Refining & Products Page 2 of 2 © 2018 Stratas Advisors. 1616 South Voss Road Suite 675 | Houston, TX 77057 | United States | +1.713.260.6426 | stratasadvisors.com.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Feed the Future Nigeria Agricultural Extension & Advisory Services
    Nigeria Agricultural Extension and Advisory Services Conflict Assessment FEED THE FUTURE NIGERIA AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND ADVISORY SERVICES ACTIVITY Conflict Assessment July 2020 Submission Date: July 8, 2020 Contract Number: 72062020C00001 Activity Start Date and End Date: May 25, 2020 to May 24, 2025 COR Name: Charles Iyangbe Submitted by: Jennifer Snow, Associate Director, Agriculture, Resilience, & Water Winrock International 2101 Riverfront Drive, Little Rock, AR 72202 Tel: +1 501-280-3073 Email: [email protected] This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development Nigeria (USAID/Nigeria). 1 Nigeria Agricultural Extension and Advisory Services Conflict Assessment 2 Nigeria Agricultural Extension and Advisory Services Conflict Assessment Table of Contents Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction/Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... 5 2. Objective and Methodology ................................................................................................................. 5 Objective ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Oil and Violence: Examining the Niger Delta Crisis and Its Implication to Nigeria’S Democratic Stability
    International Journal of Advanced Academic Research | Social & Management Sciences | ISSN: 2488-9849 Vol. 4, Issue 5 (May 2018) OIL AND VIOLENCE: EXAMINING THE NIGER DELTA CRISIS AND ITS IMPLICATION TO NIGERIA’S DEMOCRATIC STABILITY Iwediba, Innocent Odinaka Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos State, Nigeria. +2348069119178 [email protected] Abstract At the start of oil exploration in the Niger Delta in 1956, the oil bearing communities had anticipated some measure of industrialization and economic empowerment. Unfortunately, this was not the case as oil exploration orchestrated systemic contradictions in the region evidenced in marginalization, social exclusion and environmental degradation. The situation was further complicated by the unholy alliance between the Nigerian state and the oil multinationals which consequently engendered militancy in the region, thus constituting a grave threat to Nigeria’s democratic stability. As a panacea to the crisis, this paper calls for reforms in the country’s land use act, restructuring of the Nigerian federation, stringent measures against the oil firms and continued dialogue between the warring parties amongst others. The qualitative research method of secondary data collection was adopted while the frustration-aggression theory was utilized as a framework of analysis. Keywords: Resource curse, crisis, oil exploration, militia groups, democracy 88 International Journal of Advanced Academic Research | Social & Management Sciences | ISSN: 2488-9849 Vol. 4, Issue 5 (May 2018) Introduction Conflict is as old as human history and an inevitable outcome of human diversity and social interactions. It is a feature of everyday life and subsists in multiple forms and dimensions across the globe (Ajodo, 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Contradictions in Nigeria's Amnesty Programme Implementation in Niger Delta
    Research Journal of Humanities, Legal Studies & International Development |RJHLSID p-ISSN: 2536-6564 | e-ISSN: 2536-6572 Volume 4, Number 1 April, 2020 Contradictions in Nigeria's Amnesty Programme Implementation in Niger Delta 1John T. Kalama & 2Johnson Alalibo Sinikiem 1Department of Political Science, Federal University Otuoke, Bayelsa State, Nigeria 2Institute for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Ibadan, Nigeria A b s t r a c t everal scholars have raised issues bothering on the implementation of Nigeria's amnesty policy in the Niger Delta region hence this paper Sexamined the contradictions inherent in the amnesty programme and its DDR scheme in the Niger Delta region. The paper contend that policy actions and measures can only yield the desired result when they are formulated and conceived holistically taken into account the basic needs and welfare of the people. The study adopted secondary data and the basic human needs theory as its theoretical framework. The study was descriptive while analysis was done qualitatively in order to explain the subject-matter. A major contradiction in the study shows that the federal government's amnesty programme in the Niger Delta region was militant centred and not development centred hence the resurgence of violence in the Niger Delta. The attitude of state governors and other political leaders from the Niger Delta region also constitutes another contradiction responsible for the unending conflict and insecurity in the region. The paper advocates for a comprehensive review of the ongoing amnesty programme and other development policy actions in the Niger Delta. Keywords: Contradictions, Nigeria's amnesty programme, Implementation, Niger Delta and Nigeria's federal government Corresponding Author: John T.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigeria's Resource Wars
    NIGERIA’S RESOURCE WARS Edited by Egodi Uchendu University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria Series in World History Copyright © 2020 by the authors. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Vernon Art and Science Inc. www.vernonpress.com In the Americas: In the rest of the world: Vernon Press Vernon Press 1000 N West Street, Suite 1200 C/Sancti Espiritu 17, Wilmington, Delaware, 19801 Malaga, 29006 United States Spain Series in World History Library of Congress Control Number: 2020939820 ISBN: 978-1-62273-831-1 Cover design by Vernon Press. Cover image designed by rawpixel.com / Freepik. Product and company names mentioned in this work are the trademarks of their respective owners. While every care has been taken in preparing this work, neither the authors nor Vernon Art and Science Inc. may be held responsible for any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in it. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition. Nigeria’s current delineation into six geo-political zones. © Egodi Uchendu 2020. Table of contents List of Figures xi List of Tables xv List of Abbreviations xvii Acknowledgements xxiii Preface xxv Egodi Uchendu University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria Introduction: The Struggle for Equitable and Efficient Natural Resource Allocation in Nigeria liii John Mukum Mbaku Weber State University, Utah, USA Part 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Niger Delta Quarterly Conflict Trends
    Niger Delta Quarterly Conflict Trends July to September 2016 Sustainable peace and security remains a Heatmap of Conflict Incidents in the Niger Delta key challenge in the Niger Delta region. Data shows a significantly higher number of conflict incidents and fatalities in 2016 than in 2015. However, shorter term trends do show a slight improvement from Q2 2016 to Q3 (see page 2). This quarterly tracker looks at the trends and patterns of conflict risk factors and incidents of violence, and their pressures on peace and stability in the Niger Delta. It is not designed as a conflict analysis, but rather it is intended to update stakeholders on patterns and trends in violence. Understanding the deeper conflict drivers, implications, and mitigating options requires a robust participatory, qualitative analysis of these trends by local stakeholders in affected communities, Heatmap shows concentration of incidents reported from July-September 2016 in the Niger Delta. Source: All data sources formatted for including women, traditional authorities, the P4P Peace Map www.p4p-nigerdelta.org political leaders, youths, private sector actors, and others. Conflict issues in the Niger Delta include The Niger Delta comprises 185 out of the Fishing and farming are historically the communal tensions, political competition, 774 local government areas and covers 9 main occupations in the region. The region organized criminality, and resource-based out of the 36 states of Nigeria: Abia, Akwa contains vast reserves of oil and gas, which conflicts. Incidents include militancy, piracy, Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Imo, play an important role in the Nigerian cultism, election violence, communal Ondo and Rivers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Niger Delta Avengers
    International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies Volume 4, Issue 10, 2017, PP 16-26 ISSN 2394-6288 (Print) & ISSN 2394-6296 (Online) The Niger Delta Avengers: An Assessment of the Causes, Agitation, Major Challenges for OMNCs and Suggestions for Tackling Insurgency in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria Mercy Erhi Makpor Department of Human Resources, School of Economics and Management, University of Minho, Portugal. *Corresponding Author: Mercy Erhi Makpor, Department of Human Resources, School of Economics and Management, University of Minho, Portugal. ABSTRACT Current disputes in the Niger Delta (ND) region of Nigeria have resulted in Oil Multinationals (OMNCs) halting oil exploration activities and pulling out of the region. These disputes range from the controversial issue of ownership of the nation’s oil domicile in the region, to a series of heated conflicts between communities and the government. However, the recent rise of a militant group called the ‘Niger Delta Avengers’ (NDA) has spurred the frontiers of these high confrontational disputes and the degree of restlessness in the region. Deducing the root cause of these events (disputes) has proven ultimately challenging. Therefore, the main objective of the study is to evaluate the challenges in the region, through the assessment of activities of the NDA between the period of January and August of 2016. The study also considered implications for OMNCs and suggests ways to tackle agitations and disputes in the region. Keywords: Conflict, Nigeria, Niger Delta, Niger Delta Avengers. INTRODUCTION Thus, while wealth is created for both sides of the divide, the level of neglect in the local Current conflicts have placed local communities communities has constantly taken an upsurge, (both oil-bearing and oil-producing communities) making local community members suffer from in the ND region in an unwanted chaos.
    [Show full text]
  • Niger Delta Quarterly Conflict Trends
    Niger Delta Quarterly Conflict Trends April to June 2016 Sustainable peace and security remains a state and Local Government Area (LGA) Contents key challenge in the Niger Delta region. levels. Data sources include ACLED Recent trends in violence have shown (www.acleddata.com), Nigeria Watch Context and Risk Profile 1 significant rise in conflict incidents and (www.nigeriawatch.org), NSRP Sources (focused on Regional Patterns and Trends 2 violent fatalities since February 2015. violence against women and girls), as well as According to data formatted from the Peace the IPDU SMS early warning system, and State-level Patterns and Trends Map, in April-June 2016 (Q2), the number of others. Abia 3 fatalities is at the highest point since the Akwa Ibom 4 end of the 2009 militancy. To ensure that these trackers are Bayelsa 5 comprehensive, please contribute your Cross River 6 The conflict landscape in the Niger Delta is knowledge by reporting any verified Delta 7 layered and complex, involving communal incident of conflict to the IPDU Early Edo 8 tensions, political competition, organized Warning System by texting a message to Imo 9 criminality, and resource-based conflicts; 080 9936 2222. Kindly include the relevant Ondo 10 exemplified by militancy, piracy, cultism, state, LGA, town, date, and brief description Rivers 11 election violence, armed robbery, of the incident. To read the latest monthly About Us and Contact Us 12 kidnapping, and land disputes varying at tracker, please visit: www.p4p-nigerdelta.org Context and Risk Profile This quarterly tracker looks at the trends information to inform that process of and dialects (Source: www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/ and patterns of conflict risk factors and analysis and joint planning to promote files/AFR_110929_Niger%20Delta_0113.pdf).
    [Show full text]
  • DOWNSTREAM OIL THEFT Global Modalities, Trends, and Remedies
    Atlantic Council GLOBAL ENERGY CENTER DOWNSTREAM OIL THEFT Global Modalities, Trends, and Remedies Dr. Ian M. Ralby DOWNSTREAM OIL THEFT Global Modalities, Trends, and Remedies Dr. Ian M. Ralby ISBN: 978-1-61977-440-7 Cover photo: Reuters/Rafael Marchante. Donkeys cross the closed border between Morocco and Algeria carrying petrol in Beni Drar, near Oujda, November 26, 2007. This report is written and published in accordance with the Atlantic Council Policy on Intellectual Independence. The author is solely responsible for its analysis and recommendations. The Atlantic Council and its donors do not determine, nor do they necessarily endorse or advocate for, any of this report’s conclusions. January 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We extend a special thanks to SICPA for the generous support for this initiative, without which this report would not have been possible. This report was produced by I.R. Consilium LLC in conjunction with the Atlantic Council. Dr. Ian M. Ralby was the lead author, with contributing authorship by Rohini Ralby and Dr. David Soud. Dr. Ian Ralby, founder and CEO of I.R. Consilium, is a recognized expert in international law, maritime security, and the interdiction of transnational crime. He is a leading authority on the regulation, governance, and oversight of private security companies, having been involved in national and international efforts to develop accountability and standards for the private security industry. In addition, he is widely regarded as an expert on maritime security, both in developing national maritime strategy and in devising legally-grounded functional responses to emerging maritime threats. Dr. Ralby’s work frequently involves energy-related matters, both on land and offshore.
    [Show full text]
  • This Book Is Written in an Effort to Expound the Bases of the Armed Insurgencies Occurring in Parts of Nigeria. Beginning with T
    Chapter One Introduction This book is written in an effort to expound the bases of the armed insurgencies occurring in parts of Nigeria. Beginning with the sudden death of General Sani Abacha, Nigeria’s maximum dictator, in 1998, Nigeria has witnessed tremendous social and economic upheavals that are the result of a major political change. It is not out of place to describe this change, which produced dramatic changes in other institutions, as a revolution, although not in the sense of many of the world’s revolutions that were extremely chaotic and disorderly. Still, chaos and disorder characterized this political revolution and the many smaller revolutions that it initiated. On 15 June 1998, Olusegun Obasanjo, a southerner, former Head of State, and coup convict, was released from prison in dramatic circumstances, going on less than a year later to be elected president on the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) in a contest, which for the first time in Nigeria’s history, featured two southerners with the same ethnic and religious affiliation as the only candidates.1 The other candidate, Chief Oluyemisi Samuel Falae or Olu Falae, a former finance minister and secretary to the government of the federation, represented the joint platform of the Alliance for Democracy (AD) and the All People’s Party (APP). This ground-breaking political development in which power shifted non-violently from the north to the south, was unique in many respects, including that it helped to spur and energize many smaller revolutions. Some of these smaller revolutions were positive. The revolution in telecommunications, part of what Moisés Naím would call the “mentality” or “expectations” revolution,2 which enabled millions of ordinary Nigerians, especially poor people living in inaccessible communities to have access to mobile phones and the internet, was one of them.
    [Show full text]
  • Situation Sécuritaire Dans Le Delta Du Niger NIGERIA
    NIGERIA 18 mai 2018 Situation sécuritaire dans le delta du Niger Les facteurs du conflit et ses conséquences pour les communautés locales ; les principaux groupes armés opérant dans la région ; les activités criminelles et modes de recrutement de ces groupes. Avertissement Ce document a été élaboré par la Division de l’Information, de la Documentation et des Recherches de l’Ofpra en vue de fournir des informations utiles à l’examen des demandes de protection internationale. Il ne prétend pas faire le traitement exhaustif de la problématique, ni apporter de preuves concluantes quant au fondement d’une demande de protection internationale particulière. Il ne doit pas être considéré comme une position officielle de l’Ofpra ou des autorités françaises. Ce document, rédigé conformément aux lignes directrices communes à l’Union européenne pour le traitement de l’information sur le pays d’origine (avril 2008) [cf. https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/atoms/files/lignes_directrices_europeennes.pdf ], se veut impartial et se fonde principalement sur des renseignements puisés dans des sources qui sont à la disposition du public. Toutes les sources utilisées sont référencées. Elles ont été sélectionnées avec un souci constant de recouper les informations. Le fait qu’un événement, une personne ou une organisation déterminée ne soit pas mentionné(e) dans la présente production ne préjuge pas de son inexistence. La reproduction ou diffusion du document n’est pas autorisée, à l’exception d’un usage personnel, sauf accord de l’Ofpra en vertu de l’article L. 335-3 du code de la propriété intellectuelle. Situation sécuritaire dans le delta du Niger Table des matières 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Emerging Threats to Nigeria's Petroleum Sector
    COLUMBIA GLOBAL ENERGY DIALOGUES (RE)EMERGING THREATS TO NIGERIA’S PETROLEUM SECTOR: MILITANCY, MISMANAGEMENT, AND LOW OIL PRICES This policy memorandum was written by Matthew Page under the auspices Kachikwu has taken them to several world capitals. In of Columbia University’s Center on Global Energy Policy. It refects August, respected Nigerian technocrat Mohammed Sanusi the sense of a discussion, held under the Chatham House rule, on the Barkindo took over as Secretary-General of the Organization Niger Delta involving more than thirty senior international experts from of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)—though his academia, civil society, government, industry, and the media chaired by appointment will have little effect on Niger Delta dynamics. Professor Antoine Halff, Program Director for Global Oil Markets, in October 2016. Matthew Page was until recently the State Department’s Despite living amid the source of Nigeria’s great oil wealth, top expert on Nigeria and is a co-author of Nigeria: What Everyone the people of the Niger Delta remain deeply impoverished, Needs to Know, forthcoming from Oxford University Press next year. struggling to cope with pollution caused by gas faring and oil spills, as well as the effects of climate change. Decades of poor Nigeria has emerged as one of the main victims of the oil governance and unbridled political corruption have fueled price collapse in the last two years, with growing competition criminality and compounded the region’s socioeconomic from new light sweet crude supply in the United States and challenges. For years, militant and criminal activity has rising output from the Persian Gulf compounding the effect been incentivized by elites, either by direct sponsorship or of its deep-seated fscal problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Indiana Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research Article
    Indiana Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences JOURNALS Abbriviate Tittle- Ind J Human Sco Sci ISSN (Online)- 2582-8630 INDIANA PRODUCTIVE AND QUALITY RESEARCH ACCESS Journal Homepage Link- https://indianapublications.com/Journals/IJHSS OPEN Research Article Volume-02|Issue-08|2021 Niger-Delta Avengers, Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferation and Its Potential Threat to Nigerian Security: Which Way Forward? Abu Frank Ogbemudia*1, Cyrille Ngamen Kouassi2 1Post Graduate Student, National Open University of Nigeria, Benin Study Centre, Nigeria 2Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies, Samuel Adegboyega University Ogwa, Edo-State, Nigeria Abstract: This work has attempted to understand the origin and purpose of Niger-Delta Avengers insurgency in Article History Nigeria. One of the actual obstacles to sustenance of stable peace and security in Nigeria is the existence and Received: 19.08.2021 alarming rate in proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW). The Small Arms and Light Weapons Accepted: 25.08.2021 proliferation stands a principal source of annihilation of human lives and properties, and worsen inter-communal Published: 28.08.2021 clashes, resulting to serious violence. Most of the Nigerian borders are porous, therefore, giving room for easy influx, movement and exit of Arms, human trafficking and drugs. This study interrogates the threats posed by Citation Small Arms and Light Weapons proliferation to the National Security. It assesses the concerted efforts of the Ogbemudia, A. F., & Kouassi, C. Nigerian Government in combating the menace with a plan to proffer solutions on how to resolve the N. (2021). Niger-Delta disheartening phenomenon. The study concludes that, the failing economy, insecurity, high rate of unemployment, Avengers, Small Arms and Light poverty, failure of Government to provide basic necessities of life and corruption stand as a log in the wheel to Weapons Proliferation and Its appreciate efforts and policies at arresting the menace in the country.
    [Show full text]