JUNE, 1907 THE * BVILDER

DEVOTED TO ARCHITECTVRE

TWENTY-FIVE CENTS W«WWW»«IWWWI#WWW«WI»WiWI*WW i s***^*****^********^***^^*^********** Diebold Lumber and I SCOTT A. WHITE LEWIS BUILDING Manufacturing Co* AKRON VITRIFIED ALL KINDS OF ROOFING TILE

j! SHAPES: Spanish, French, Roman \\ LUMBER and j! Grecian, Norman and Shingle Tile. ] [ iII; COLORS: Red, Green, Glaze, BroTton, MILL WORK il Black, Silver, Green, Mottled \\ I Green, Buff and Gray Glaze, Fine Interior Hardwood Work, Em­ bossed Mouldings I Architectural Terra Cotta Batfi Portland Cement OFFICE AND MILL PHONES ^ 9»3» tTOo 10iw5j Wabaswttuaahu Streeairccti Belocul 9y WalnuWlidtttl l Gate Asphalt and Gravel Roofing j! West End Bell 249 Walnut I {

9*ty*00*»HHr0»*!0i9**^ j i<***0*S**af*f4F*******S4*^^ 9<4f«*r4l***f**f*****#f**^^ ; MATTHEWS BROS' 11 James Stewart & Co* 11 MANUFACTURING GENERAL CONTRACTORS

COMPANY Office and Railway Buildings, I Manufacturing Plants, Reinforced Concrete, Structural Steel, " Terminals and Subways, Fine Interior Wood Work Dredging, Dock Work, Heavy Masonry, Grain Elevators. Bank and Office Fittings OFFICES

Furniture, Mantels,Etc. 135 Broadway, - - - - New York. Lincoln Trust Building, . . . St. Louis. Fisher Building, - - - . - Chicago. Hibemia Bank Building, ... New Orleans. Office and Factory No. 14 Grant Avenue. ... San Francisco.

61 to 69 FOURTH STREET WESTINGHOUSE BUILDING, MILWAUKEE, jWIS. PITTSBURGH, PA.

»#^r«^»»>>^^^^^ir»b^»#^<^»^*!»>»J»#i»»j»#J»J»#J»J»i»J»iJ>J THE BUILDER

WM. MILLER&SONS' CO. i

\

Contractors /, and Builders

530 to 534 FEDERAL STREET PITTSBURGH, PA. 4 THE BUIILDER

Atlantic Terra Cotta Company Successors to THE ATLANTIC TERRA COTTA. CO. PERTH AMBOY TERRA COTTA CO. (f, \ EXCELSIOR TERRA COTTA CO. STANDARD TERRA COTTA WORKS. \ The Largest Manufacturers of ARCHITECTURAL TERRA COTTA In the World.

"\A7"e are prepared at all times to offer invaluable information to Architects as to the economical use of Terra Cotta, and to advise with them as to proper con­ struction. Architects desiring approximate and actual estimates and prices for the substitution of our Terra Cotta for more expensive but less desirable building material, may always be sure of receiving prompt attention.

PITTSBURGH OFFICE, 1113-1114 FULTON BUILDING FRANKS G. EVATT, DISTRICT MANAGER

"Fire Protection Without Cost99 FIREFIGHT PAINTS

As its name indicates, Firefight is a fire-retarding paint, and must not be construed as being in the same class with the many so-called fireproof paints. We guarantee that Firefight is a strictly pure linseed oil paint, the pigment being ground in and thinned with pure linseed oil and the drier used being of the best quality procurable. We guarantee that buildings and woodwork protected by Firefight will be rendered fireproof to a degree not obtainable by the use of any other paint. Firefight Paint Company PITTSBURGH, PENN'A. THE BUILDER

DEHYDRATINE FOR DAMP-PROOFING

DEHYDIS/tTINE-

STONE • FOUNDATION • WALL • BRICK • FOUNDATION

5000 Gallons Dehydratine A. C. HORN CO. used on MANUFACTURERS NEW YORK CARNEGIE INSTITUTE HOUSTON BROTHERS CO. Alden (©. Harlow SALES AGENTS Architects PITTSBURGH PITTSBURGH THE BUILDER

It is a common occurrence to have awarded to 'us contracts for fireproofing buildings originally designed for other systems. If all architects and engineers were as familiar with the adaptability of

TERRA COTTA HOLLOW TILE

as is our own engineering department, it is probable that these buildings would be ORIGINALLY designed for construction with our material, and under our methods. Many designers of buildings being familiar with the use of Terra Cotta Hollow Tile under certain conditions only, are unaware of the possibilities of it for all kinds of construction, and therefore ignore the opportunity for its use in the particular buildings they may have in hand. When the information regarding our materials is placed before them as applied to their specific case, they are usually surprised to find that we can give a betterfireproof construction than they had planned, at a cost as low, or lower, than they had figured for other systems. It is upon this basis that we solicit the opportunity to confer with the engineer or architect of a building BEFORE thefinal plan s forfireproofing are made. Let us know what kind of afireproof buildin g YOU are contemplating, and you will find our vast fund of information, our experience and our organiza­ tion, of incalculable help, not only in the designing of your building, but in the securing of the best type offireproof construction at a reasonable cost.

National Fire Proofing Company MANUFACTURERS OF TERRA COTTA HOLLOW TILE CONTRACTORS FOR FIREPROOF CONSTRUCTION CHICAGO PITTSBURG Hartford Building Fulton Building NEW YORK BOSTON PHILADELPHIA Flarirun Building Old Souih Building Land Title Building MINNEAPOLIS ST. LOUIS Lumber Exchange Victoria Buildir

WASHINGTON LOS ANGELES Colorado Building Union Trust Building CINCINNATI LONDON, ENGLAND Union Trust BuildinE 27 Chancery Lane THE BUILDER IRWIN SKYLIGHTS IRWIN SKYLIGHTS owe their marked superiority to the merits of our EXCLUSIVE CARNEGIE BAR as shown in this cut. We will be glad to send you further printed jl.p matter giving detailed instructions as to methods ||||§ of installing, and the reason WHY IRWIThosN SKYLIGHT. W. IrwiS nevenr LEAKMfg. Co. Craig St. Allegheny, Pa.

PENNSYLVANIIL I N E SI A LOW FARE TOURS TO WEEK END EXCURSIONS Pacific CoastConneaut Lake $2.50 Erie $3.00 f North East $3.25 Asntakula$2.50 Los Angeles V Round-Trip from Pittsburgh Every Saturday June 10 to 14—N. E. Medical Association Seattle Spokane ^ Week-Ehd Special with Broiler-Buffet Car June 29 to July 5-C. E. June 2? to July 1 B. Y. P. U. Leaves Pittsburgh Union Station 12.59 noon, Special Through Service (TO Allegheny 1.02 p. m. City Time, Saturdays, (m for Erie and Conneaut Lake, return- Go One Route—Return Another p ing Monday a. m.

CALL ON OR. WRITE

F. W. CONNER, District Passenger Agent,

515 Park Building, PITTSBURGH. \ 8 THE BUILDER

ENAMELING AND GILDING FOR INTERIOR DECORATIONS Sheet Copper Statuary JOHN DEWAR, House Painting. Enameling and Gilding.

FINISHING AND RE-FINISHING OF HARD WOODS.

Bell 'Phone 211 Cedar.

850 North Avenue, West, Allegheny.

ASSOCIATED WITH

DEWAR & CLINTON LIFE-SIZE I.ION MADE IN SHEET COPPER FIRE-PROOF METAL WINDOWS SKYLIGHTS- -CORNICES-FINIALS Dewar, Clinton & Alexander Co. METAL TILE ROOFING SHEET METAL ORNAMENTAL WORK PENN A VENUE, PITTSBURGH, PA. 1 Catalogue of any line you are interested in sent free on request. 1 Prices quoted on special designs made Belt 'Phone 1383 Court. from architects' drawings. 1 We solicit your corres­ pondence. 2l K ST L™™™_ The W. H. MULLINS_„ CO. ™II^ ^>oolo< - THE NICOLA BUILDING CO Building . . Contractors

FARMERS BANK BUILDING PITTSBURGH, PA. THE BUILDER R r A. & S. WILSON % I COMPANY % IS R % t I RW v~ Contractors % J m =^=^= and , R Su libers is t

R I % % PITTSBURGH i PENNSYLVANIA rl % is t n, i 10 THE BUILDER *»£»££*££M£M££^!MI*M£»!^?^^!^^?

ALL THE ORNAMENTAL IRON IN THE CARNEGIE LIBRARY WAS FURNISHED BY

THE % % % % W. & TYLER COMPANY % %

\ % X % % ORNAMENTAL % % % % % % IRON % % % % AND BRONZE. %

% I % % ! BESSEMER BUILDING. 8 % PITTSBURG, PA.

^9^?i%^?i3i9ai^?^%?i?^^9^?^?^?^^^^^?iW THE BUILDER Ji Raymond Concrete Piles Foundation for part of one of the settling basins for Water Department, City 6f St. Louis, Mo. Mote the reinforce' ment in these piles There is no working in the dark, in putting in these piles; conse­ quently, there are no failures. Recommended by the leading architects and engineers. We will gladly investigate con­ ditions and furnish alternate plans and estimates. Work handled anywhere in the United States. Raymond Concrete Pile Company, 135 Adams Street, CHICAGO 71 Nassau Street, NEW YORK 1103 Union Bank Building, PITTSBURGH

OTIS ELEVATORS The Standard of the World

PITTSBURGH OFFICE 1016 Penn Atem te '••12 THE BUILDER

THE THE FORT PITT W. S. TYLER NATIONAL BANK PITTSBURGH, PA. C O M PANY CAPITAL $1,000,000.00 SURPLUS $1,000,000.00

OFFICERS ORNAMENTAL -.ANDREW W. HERRON CHAS S. LINDSAY PRESIDENT CASHIER W. P. KNIGHT THOS. W. POMEROY IRON ASST. CASHIER ASST. CASHIER DIRECTORS AND BRONZE H. ,C. BAIR MYRON L. CASE CAPITALIST PRES, WOOD COUNTY SAVINGS BANK BOWLING GREEN, O. - . • J. B. FINLEY ANDREW W. HERRON CAPITALIST PRESIDENT CHAS. S. LINDSAY GEORGE A. MACBETH CASHIER PRES. MACBETH-EVANS GLASS CO. JAMES W- CHESWRIGHT W. D. MCKEEFREY TREASURER M'CANN & CO. OF McKEEFHEY ft CO.. LEETONIA, O R': S ROBB F. 1_- STEPHENSON TREAS,. THE HOSTETTEH CO, OF WHITNEY, STEPHENSON a CO. BESSEMER BUILDING _ , ,,FRANCIS.,.-J- TORRANCE E. C WEAVER .ifeTiVICEPHES;- [STANDARD SANITARY REAS. WEAVER-COSTELLO CO. MFG. CO. GEORGE I. WHITNEY OF W STEPHENSON a CO, PITTSBURGH, PA.

<*^.<4^.'4j^?*:m*j 4 :? t I Bernard Gloekler Co. x y. 4 •!• MAKER OF THE | Celebrated Eclipse Refrigerator THEBVILDER

IS ALWAYS ON SALE ! II ! :$: )(<•• BY k M I i $ i i R. S. DAVIS & CO.I x 4 t i :=: 441 Wood Street I 11 I u $ ! ii •!• ! Of Any Design For All Purposes. I ! 4 OFFICE, FACTORY AND DISPLA Y ROOM :*: Booksellers and Stationers 1127 to 1133 Penn Avenue. and who PITTSBURGH, PA. I: Handle all Home and Foreign Books and Periodicals i 4 | rr>'^fc'fe^'4i*>'fe^'fe^'fe»i^jrR'fer'fer>'&^^r)'4i*'«*'fe^'4i-»>,-'

M. H

Porcelain Enameled Lavatory

The *,$t&itcla*d'" Porcelain Enameled "Vera" Design Lavatory is one of our new design lavatories which is destined to become very popular. A special feature of this new design is the unusual size of bowl and slab and it is intended to supply the increasing demand for large lavatories. It is especially appropriate for high grade bath rooms and for installation in bed rooms.

v I

All the features which has made "$\tHtda.vd" Ware the standard by which all sanitary equipment is judged are embodied in the " Vera" Lavatory. It combines beauty of design with unsurpassed durability and sanitary perfection.. Snow-white and artistic it will ornament the bed room or bath room in which it is installed. DIMENSIONS Width - - - - 24 inches Length - - - - 33 inches Height of Back - 13£ inches Apron - - - - 5 inches "D" Pattern Bowl 15x19 inches Price, Enameled All Over as shown, $68.00 Standard .Sanitary 11% Co. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania A 14 THE BUILDER

\l/ i&t Follansbee Brothers Company to il/ MAKERS OF \i/ m \l/ SCOTT'S EXTRA COATED il/ (?> af -A N D- m ist il/ FOLLANSBEE BANFIELD PROCESS 0/ ROOFING TIN PLATES m il/ m ili ili m il/ vt/ m \l/ m \l/ >t> t m Hit m il/ m ii/ \i> m ii) MILLS. FOLLANSBEE. BROOKE COUNTY. W. VA. m

The superiority of "SCOTT'S EXTRA COATED" ROOFING TIN m I only ENDS with the coating; it BEGINS at the foundation—the BASE m il/ or BODY which is HAMMERED OPEN HEARTH, following the m ilil// most approved practices of the Welsh mills of 30 years ago, when tlil// tin plate was giving such universal satisfaction. It is so far superiorm il/il/ to other 40-pound coated plates made and sold as equal, as to admit(f > ilil// of no comparison. (t>(tt il/ <»(t>> il/ We guarantee "FOLLANSBEE BANFIELD PROCESS" to last NOT (t(ttt ilil// LESS THAN IS YEARS; otherwise we replace it at our expense. (tt ilit// (tm> (t(ttt il// (tt il/ FOLLANSBEE BROTHERS COMPANY (tt (tt il/ PITTSBURGH >tt (tt il•rJl'fl'S'i'S'S'i'i'S'i'S'S'i'i'S'i'i'i'S'i'i'i'i'S'S'S'S^^'^'^'^'^^'^'^'^'^'^'^^'// l •S-^l-^>-ta>-^>-^-^-^-^-^^-^>-^>-00-^-^-^-^-^-^-^-^-^.^.^^^-Tf^-^1^^^1^^1^^^^^^l-' J)} 0/ il/ il/ «4 LECTURE HALL, SOUTH ENTRANCE CARNEGIE LIBRARY, PITTSBURG, PA. ALDEN & HARLOW, Architects.

| THE BVILDER |

Vol. 25 PITTSBURGH, PA.. JUNE, 1907 No. 3

PUBLISHED MONTHLY plished by the libraries is one of the most valuable things in the life of a child or a man either—Take for BY instance the card systems which are to-day in almost T. M. WALKER universal use in the most progressive business houses in this country ; the business man learned this lesson HEEREN BUILDING PITTSBURGH, PA. of keeping his books at a most salutary saving of both time and money from the system which was inaugur­ Entered at the Tost office at Pittsburgh, Pa., as Second-Class Matter. ated in the libraries. This alone was worth all the money that was ever spent for the purpose of establish­ SUBSCRIPTION. INVARIABLY IN ADVANCE, ONE YEAR. $2 ing and maintaining the libraries." This is only an instance of what the libraries are USEFULNESS OF THE CARNEGIE LIBRARY. doing and many others are as convincing, if the mat­ ter is given thought. Take the young man or young The New Carnegie Library is one of Pittsburg's woman who is struggling to gain an education and at most beautiful buildings and its opening to the people the same time forced to work for his or her living, the •of this city some time ago marked an epoch of history library i.s open to them every evening and there they in the lover of beautiful architecture and design, and can get books on almost any subject and without a it is probably one of the most useful structures to be bit of expense to themselves. found anywhere, containing as it does not only a mag­ To the lover of nature there is the well stocked nificent library, but also a most complete museum, a museum and to the artist is given the beautiful gallery large and beautifully equipped music ball, a lecture containing the work of the world's most talented hall and an art department. painters. For the lover of music there is the music It is doubtful if Mr. Carnegie himself realized hall which contains one of the largest andfinest pip e when hefirst) decide d to make the gift of the library^ organs in existence and where one may weekly enjoy to the people of Pittsburg, the great amount of good the music of all times and all nations without charge. that would result or the gigantic proportions which it Lecture courses are held in the lecture hall and was to attain in so short a space of time. frequent free lectures are given throughout the vear. There seems to be a growing demand in all locali­ The work of the Carnegie Library in Pittsburg is ties for a free library and this is especially true of far-reaching and great credit is due to the one who the great cities where there are so many different has made this institution a possibility and also to the classes of people and where there is especial need for creative geniuses who have worked out its completion instructive institutions which can be within the easy and given their best energies to make the building reach of all, and the public library and reading rooms what it is. seem to be the best method of distributing this infor­ Some facts and figures wdiich may be of interest mation for the greatest good of all the seriously in­ in connection with this wonderful building are that clined. The children especially need this kind of rec­ there were over six thousand tons of stone used in reation and it is regretted that the Children's room of its construction, and sixteen varieties of marble. The the Carnegie Library is forced to remain closed on ac­ dimensions are four hundred feet in length and six count of lack of funds to secure books. hundred feet in depth. The floor space contains over The technical library is also embarrassed by a sixteen acres and there were more than two hundred lack of the necessary appropriation, but it is to be miles of electric wiring used. Everv modern device hoped that the city councils will soon take such action obtainable has been employed to afford light, ventila­ as will remove this, audi that the Children's room and tion, pure water and an absence of dust and dirt, and the technical department will be able to resume the everything that could in any way add to the comfort good work which they have so well begun. of the employes and visitors has been installed. One of the trustees of the library speaking of the To be properly appreciated the Library should be good accomplished by the usage of the free libraries seen and a fact that gives some idea of the interest in this country recently said; taken in it by the people of Pittsburg is shown in the "Those who through ignorance or a lack of knowl­ count which was taken of the number of visitors wdio edge of the true facts are sometimes heard to say, entered the building on one Sunday afternoon shortlv 'What good is there in spending a large sum of money after its opening. In the four hours time which was on such a thing?' My answer is that the good accom­ given over twenty thousand persons entered and in- -B U iR THEBUILDER

spected the many interesting things which are to be see or be seen. It may be said, further, that none of found there and were delighted with all they saw. tliese men have made complaint, but "The Builder" The library is destined to do a great good to the takes it upon itself to mention what it regards as a community at large and to each individual who takes slight that is as unpardonable as it was uncalled for. the time to investigate it for himself for though we have tried to give a complete word picture, our descrip­ tion is like that of the Queen of Sheba in telling of THE NEW CARNEGIE LIBRARY. Solomon's temple and we join her in saying that "The The Enlarged Carnegie Library which was re­ half has not been told." cently opened with impressive ceremonies and dedi­ cated before an assemblage of distinguished guests from all parts of the world is considered one of the THE SEAT OF HONOR. finest buildings of its kind, and is the latest addition to the man_v architectural triumphs of the well-known An Oriental tradition has it—and there is a mag• Pittsburg' firm of Alden and Harlow. The extension nificent picture portraying the story—that when King occupies more than five times the space which the Solomon came to dedicate the Temple at Jerusalem, original building covered although when the old struc­ he had three chairs placed on the dais of the throne, ture was erected twelve )'ears ago, it was thought that the middle one of which he occupied. On his right- it would prove more, than adequate for all purposes hand he sat the architect of the temple, and the one for many years to come. on the left-hand he reserved for occupancy by the chief artificer in its construction. In designing the Extension, the existing work necessarily settled i-he style which must be selected The story goes that there was some colloquy as to for the exterior, though'a slightly later period of the what tradesman should occupy this seat at the left- Italian Renaissance was ultimately chosen. The or­ hand of the King', and, with characteristic wisdom, he iginal building was placed at right angles with Forbes allowed the several artisans to speak for themselves, to Street, while the main facade of the new portion faces substantiate their claim to the "seat of honor." The this street with the entrance to the Music Hall at the chief of the woodworkers, the stone masons, the decor­ Western end. At the Eastern end arc the Science and ators and others were all heard. Then stepped forth Art departments and a carriage entrance in the centre a brawny black-smith, caparisoned in leathern apron, gives easy access to all parts of the building. The his arms bared to the shoulder, his face seamed, his Library proper is reached as formerly, by means of an hair touseled and the grime of his forge still on his entrance at the centre of the Western facade, which perspiring brow, lie had just come from his forge, has been made more imposing by the addition of a hearing of the controversy and zealous for his craft- Corinthian colonnade above the porch. hood and in his own behalf. Plis appearance and stern The materials used in the Extension are in perfect look of determination, as he pressed forward, attract­ harmony with those of thefirst building and the treat­ ed the attention of the Great King, who asked what ment of the lowerfloor is practically identical in both; he desired. Whereupon, the smith is reported to have said : the second story of the facade has, however, been made more decorative by the use of the Corinthian "Oh, King, I come before you to plead the cause columns and pilasters in the loggias of the end pavil­ of my crafthood, and to claim the seat of honor at your, ions and the pilaster treatment of the central portion side on this great occasion. Many have claimed it, with the great marquise covering the carriage en­ but had I not dressed and sharpened the tools with trance. The effect of the entrance pavilions with their which the masons, the hewers of wood and the arti­ deep loggias of the second floor is greatly increased ficers in brass and gold and iron worked, they had by the bronze statues at either end of the steps. not been able to perform their tasks. As the one man Those at the West Pavilion being of Shakespeare and whose work was indispensable to the erection of this Bach, while Galileo and Michael Angelo have been great temple, I claim, as of right, the seat of honof placed at the Science and Art entrance. There are at your side." also large bronze groups representing Science, Art, And the "Wise Man," whose judgments were just, Music and Literature above the corner piers of the whatever may have been his morals in other respects, pavilions, which are the work of J. Massey Rhind, exclaimed; "Right! Come forth Master Blacksmith, the sculptor. and occupy the seat of honor reserved for the crafts­ The frieze encircling the building at the top bears man." the names of distinguished men of all ages ; those of This story, recorded in the book of Maccabee's, composers and musicians being around the Music Hall, has pertinency when one reflects that the men who and those of eminent scientists and artists around the reared the splendid Carnegie Library building were portion devoted to Science and Art. In the 'frieze relegated to back seats at its dedication—so far back above the central entrance has bcciv carved the inscrip­ that they were assigned to a rear row of the top gal­ tion, "This Building Dedicated to Literature, Science lery; and their invitations were not received until the and Art is the Gift of Andrew Carnegie to the People day of the dedication! We know not to whose neg­ of Pittsburgh." lect this oversight was due, but we do know that it It may be interesting as giving some idea of the was a culpability that reflects ill credit on those whose size of this building to state that it covers four acres duty it was to send forth the invitations. of ground, while the Capitol at Washington has an It may be said that these men, who were chief area of but three and one-half acres. There are more among those wdio made the Library building possible, than four miles of marble base around the building each of whom did his work well, should have been seat­ and one hundred thirty-two acres of wall surface were ed on the platform, not back where he could neither; ! covered by plain wall painting. THE BUILDER 19

The quarters of the Library having proved entire­ Hall of Sculpture, a room fifty-eight by one hundred ly inadequate, the old building with the exception of twenty-five feet and two stories in height, surrounded the Music Hall was given to this department and a on the first floor by a Creek Doric colonnade, which large book stack added. The stairs to the second floor is surmounted on the second by columns of the Ionic were removed and replaced at either side of the en­ order. It is interesting to note that the material used trance by new monumental stairways of marble. in these columns, cornices and wainscoting is Grecian The circulation department remains as before op­ Pentellic marble, which is considered one of the most posite the main entrance on thefirst floor ani l has had perfect of marbles and is (he same stone of which the its space enlarged by the addition of the former Child­ Parthenon was built. Above the second story of this ren's and Magazine rooms and by the former book room a broad frieze containing full size casts of the stack. The walls of this department have been lined Parthenon frieze surrounds the room wdiich is beauti­ with bookcases with space for ten to twelve thousand fully lighted by ceiling lights. To the rear of this gal­ volumes, thereby giving opportunity to borrowers lery is a second one, forty-eight by one hundred forty- to reach and consult them directly. four feet designed for the collection of bronzes. The Reference room is on the second floor and Directly on the axis of the carriage entrance open­ the space occupied by the old stack' room has been ing from the main corridor, and also from the Hall of added to this room. The Art departments of the Li­ Sculpture is the Hall of Architecture, one-hundred brary now occupy the old Art Galleries, wdiile the twenty-six feet square devoted to the exhibition of Children's department is on thefirst floor o f the old large sized casts of architectural subjects. The room South wing and the second floor of the old museum is surrounded bv a gallery supported by twenty-eight has been devoted to the librarian's school rooms, the Ionic columns twenty-six feet high with doorways of cataloguing- and other departments. beautifully carved marble leading to the main cor­ The new book stack has been placed across the ridor. end of the old stack building and contains eleven stor­ Occupying the entire central portion of the Forbes ies of stacks and will hold Eight Hundred Thousand Street facade on the secondfloor an d opening from the volumes. It is amply lighted from three large courts stair hall arc two larg'e rooms to be used for the exhi­ and is built of wdiite enamelled terra cotta. The fur­ bition of engravings, prints, water colors and so forth niture throughout is of enamelled iron and great care wdiich, averaging- three pictures high on the walls, has been taken to make the stack as nearly dust proof would make about a mile and three-quarters of pic­ as possible. The windows are hermetically sealed and tures. Opening also from the second floor of the a complete system of ventilation and heating is con­ same hall is the Gallery surrounding the Hall of Sculp­ trolled from the basement. It is equipped with the ture ; wdiile the offices of the Director of the Art De­ most improved book conveyor system connecting' all partment occupy the space immediately in front of the floors of the stack with the circulation and reference de­ stairs. partments by means of an electric elevator and pneu­ Connecting wdth the stair hall and also wdth the matic tubes. All portions of the Library have been balcony of the Hall of Sculpture are the three galler­ equipped wdth new furniture and all redecorated. ies containing twenty-three thousand five hundred The Science and Art departments have been re­ square feet of floor space which will lie used for the moved to the Extension, the main entrance to them annual exhibition of paintings ami for special exhibi­ being at the Eastern end of the Forbes Street facade. tions wdiich mav be given. Entering through a vaulted vestibule wainscoted to On the thirdflror galleries with an area of twen­ the top of the doors wdth beautiful Old Convent Sien­ ty-one thousand two hundred square feet are to be na marble we come to the main staircase hall, sixty- devoted to the use of the permanent collection be­ six feet square and three, stories high, with an open longing to the Institute. There are in these galleries, well in the centre surrounded by a two-story colon­ about three thousand lineal feet of wall surface for nade and a balcony or, the third floor. Broad marble the hanging of pictures. stairs with railing of Hauteville marble and ornament­ One hundred and four thousand square feet of al iron lead upwards to the second floor. The stairs space have been provided for the use of the Museum, from the second to the third floors are in an extension the rooms being grouped about the East and South of the main hall over the vestibules so as not to ob­ fronts and opening as well on the great central court struct the great open well, and are of marble with rail­ obtaining thus an abundance of light. The Museum ings of beautifully modelled iron work. Large eleva­ Library occupies the entire Eastern end of this court tors at either side of the entrance hall give easy access with the curator's preparation and work rooms group­ to all floors. ed in the basement and on the third floor, and con­ The walls of the first story are wainscoted to a nected by large elevators wdiich give easy and quick height of ten feet wdth Plauteville marble while piers methods of transporting specimens from one section of Eschallion marble around the stair well support the to another, while a separate fire proof building con­ Corinthian colonnade of the second floor. The frieze necting- wdth the mam edifice by a narrow passage above the wainscot is decorated wdth paintings de­ is provided for the preparation of alcoholic specimens. picting the labors and triumphs of Pittsburgh clone A Lecture Hall which wdll seat six hundred thirty- by John W. Alexander. three people opens from the Museum section and is On the first floor a broad corridor lined wdth arrang'ed in amphitheater style, giving all an unob­ Hauteville marble crosses the entire front of the Ex­ structed view; of the platform.. Arrangements have tension connecting- the stair hall wdth the foyer of the been made for the installation of a large lantern for Music Hall, the carriage entrance and the various stereopticon views. A corridor encircling this room rooms and hallways on either side. and opening at each end into the main building gives Directly in the rear of the main stair hall is the ample entrances and exits to the outside. 20 THE BUILDER

It was early settled that no alterations involving engines and electrical machinery being made in du­ the size of the Music Hall should be made, but it was plicate. The main switch board controlling some determined to provide larger stair case and foyer fa­ thirty-thousand lights occupies one entire side of this cilities and wdth this end in view the old front portion room and is the largest in the world. of the building- was removed and a broad stair hall The offices of the Superintendent of the building built in its place. This wdth the corridor encircling on thefirst floor ar e at one side of the main entrance the hall itself has been lined with light Montarenti to the Science and Art Departments and are so con­ Sienna marble and the ceilings redecorated in beautiful nected with all parts of the building by telephone, designs. electric bells, etc, as to give him complete control of The problem of finding space for promenade which the entire building at all times. has become such a feature of many concerts and enter­ The Library is one of the chief show-places of tainments, has been met by the great foyer placed im­ Pittsburgh and is considered one of the most beauti­ mediately in front of the stair hall. This is the most ful buildings in this country, and great credit is due elaborate and richest section of the entire building and to the architects and to all who had anything- to do extends the entire width of the Music Hall. It is towards making it one of the masterpieces of modern sixty feet wide and one hundred thirty-five feet long architecture. and forty-five feet high and is surrounded by a col­ The immense new Carnegie Library building onnade of twenty-four columns of Grecian Tinos which is conceded by all who see it as one of the green marble twenty-eight feet high supporting at the most beautiful of the modern architectural triumphs level of the hall balconv a gallery which encircles the is the expression of the creative forces of the well room. These columns have Corinthian caps in gold known Pittsburg architects, Messrs. Alden and Har­ and are surmounted by a cornice and ceiling of great low. richness of detail. The walls surrounding the room The building in its enlarged form covers a ground are lined with pilasters of the same green marble with space of four acres and the distance around the base panels of Eschallioii elaborately inlaid with colored is over four miles, statistics wdiich wdll give some marbles. Access to this room from the outside is idea of the gigantic proportions of this magnificent had through two vestibules both lined to the ceiling structure. with dark Montarenti Sienna marble, the entire en­ The contractors who did the entire constructural trance forming a composition of the greatest richness work on the Library were William Miller and Sons' and splendor. Check rooms open from the Foyer and Company and the manner in which the many diffi­ the problem of keeping the entrance to the street free culties which were encountered were overcome shows from encroachment by carriages has been met by that this contract was in keeping with the high charac­ opening- the Foyer to the main corridor leading to the ter of work, which this Pittsburg firm has been doing central carriage entrance. in this city and elsewhere. A perusal of the photo­ From the vestibules open the offices of the Presi­ graphs of the building will give one the opportunity dent and Clerk- of the Board of Trustees. On the op­ of judging the finished product much better than posite side is the Founders Room entered through a words can describe. beautiful vestibule lined with Italian marble and sur­ All the white enamelled terra cotta used in the mounted by a domed ceiling. The Founders Room court and other portions of the building was manu­ itself is wainscoted with fstrian marble with mantel factured by The North Western Terra Cotta Com­ and door trim of the same ; the floor is of colored mar­ pany of Chicago, who are among the leading manu­ bles and the walls are decorated with panels in color facturers of this product in this country, and was fur­ enclosed in carved wood mouldings and a beamed nished by Scott A. White. Mr. White also furnished ceiling decorated in color completes the scheme of all the tile roofing for the building and this was made the room forming a composition of great richness and by The Akron Roofing Tile Company of Akron, Ohio. beauty. Both of these contracts were let after careful investi­ A fully equipped cafe wdth kitchen, and serving gation of the materials to be used and the fact that rooms has been installed in the basement for the use these contracts were awarded to Mr. White reflects of employees as well as the public. great credit upon both him and the companies which In order to do away with the objection of a large he represents. boiler plant within the building, a boiler house has been All the stone in the building was prepared and set built in the ravine below. The engine room oc­ by The Krum Granite and Stone Company of this cupies one side of the central court of the main build­ city, and amounted to Twenty-five million, six hundred ing, which has been carried down to the level of the thousand pounds. This stone which is known as basement affording light and air to the entire central Amherst Sandstone, is one of thefinest o f sandstones, part of the basement, and is connected with the boiler and over twelve months were required to cut and pre­ house by a tunnel containing the necessary steam, gas pare this order, which is one of the largest done in this and water pipes, and giving quick and easy communi­ stone in the country. cation between both departments. Work that is of especial interest is that of Mr. The courtyard, which is lined wdth white terra J. Massey Rhind, the sculptor of New York City, who cotta, connects with the street by a covered driveway was the modeler of the eight beautiful bronze statutes upon wdiich open numerous freight elevators, and which adorn the Forbes Street exterior of the Library. gives the most convenient arrangement for reaching Mr. Rhind made the models for these casts and had all work rooms and the mechanical plant. The engine them shipped to Naples where they were cast in the room, forty-eight feet wide by one hundred forty-two finest quality of solid bronze under his personal super­ feet long, is lined with wdiite enamelled terra cotta vision and then returned and prepared by him for erec­ and isfitted u p in the most complete manner. All tion in this country. These bronzes which are consid- THE BUILDER 21

ered thefinest in this country, consist of four groups all the materials which were used in this magnificent representing Science, Art, Literature and Music; and edifice. of four singlefigures showing- Galileo, Michael Angelo, The building was rendered damp-proof by the use Shakespeare and Bach. of over five tliousand gallons of Dehydratine, which is Mr. Rhind has long been noted for the fine quality an insoluble water and air resisting compound and of his work in this line and his execution of these mas­ which is applied to the inner face of the weather terpieces shows the high standard for which he is exposed walls to prevent the penetration of dampness. famous. It is manufactured by A. C. Horn of New York City and was supplied by Houston Bros. Company of Pitts­ The ornamental iron work, wdiich furnishes one burg. of the chief beauties of the Library, was manufactured All the elevators in the Library were installed bv by the firm of W. S. Tyler Company, whose Pittsburg the Otis Elevator Company and are of their Standard representative is Mr. H. C. Seipp and whose offices plunger type, which is so well known that it is un­ are located in the Bessemer Building, and they have necessary for us to say anything as to the quality and followed out the general excellence and artistic beauty service for which they have long been known. which marks all parts of the building in their execu­ The painting of the Library was done by E. R. tion of the designs for the great variety of ornamental Cluley of 534 Fourth Avenue, and reflects great credit iron which they furnished, as well as in thefine quali ­ upon him for the manner in which it was done and is ty of the material used. consistent with his past work in this city. All the fireproofing- was furnished by the National Fireproofing Company, wdio are specialists in this line of construction and who have probably the largest or­ CALIFORNIA'S CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL. ganization in the world devoted exclusively to this work. Their plant is fully equipped with the very By Clarence E. Edwords. latest devices for the construction offireproofing an d Since the big fire which swept over San Francis­ a large force of engineers and designers is at all times co there has been much controversy over the question on hand to furnish special designs for all purposes of of building material for the reconstruction of the city, building construction. and in the discussion of such an important subject Several of the rooms in which a special pattern many eastern architects and builders have joined. of furniture was required were furnished by the Baker The surprising part of this discussion is the fact that Office Furniture Company, who are, since the destruc­ nearly all of the outside, and many of the California tivefire which some time ago destroyed their building- men have expressed the opinion that this State is located at 828 Liberty Ave., and wdio are able to do lacking in structural materials. While it is not the a big business by making it a rule to adapt their pro­ intention of this article to criticise these opinions, it is ducts to meet the peculiarities of the special uses for evident that they are based on either a misconception which they are intended. The small chairs and tables of the true condition or unfamiliarity with the subject. in the Children's Department were made by this com­ It may be stated that outside of structural iron pany. and steel there is not a single substance which is nec­ The Thos. W. Irwin Company of Allegheny fur­ essary in the construction of thefinest building s that nished over 143,000 square feet of improved copper is not produced in California. In a paper read before skylights which were constructed with a specially the semi-annual meeting of the Counties Committee made bar known as the Carnegie Bar and which is of of The California Promotion Committee, held at Na­ sixteen ounce cold-rolled copper, with a one-eighth pa, California, Lewis E. Anbury, State Mineralogist inch core plate of black iron in the center. The caps, showed present conditions very plainly, and the sub­ combs and cross-bars are also of copper. This bar is stance of this article is based upon his paper, so the of especially fine construction and can be used on facts stated herein may be taken as official. spans of eight or nine feet without the introduction Eminent engineers the world over have time and of intermediate purloins. again expressed themselves as being' of the opinion that building stones found in an}' section are best suited The success of the Irwin Company is based on for construction in that particular section, being es­ upwards of thirty-five years experience and they have pecially adapted to weathering- conditions, etc. Ex­ always given universal satisfaction to the many large perience has demonstrated the truth of this statement plants which they have equipped. Among the large or­ as far as California is concerned, where, in case of ders they have recently received are the Westinghouse sandstone from Arizona and Utah it is found that Electric and Manufacturing Company and the West­ they do not compare with the local product when sub­ inghouse Machine Company at East Pittsburg, The jected to the coast climate. Sandstone of the best Lorain Steel Company of Johnstown, The P. & L. quality has been quarried principally in the counties E. R. R. train shed at Pittsburg and Baltimore & of Colusa, Los Angeles, San Luis Obispo, Santa Bar­ Ohio Railroad round house at Glenwood, Pa. bara, Santa Clara, Ventura and Yolo, and although One hundred eight thousand square feet of many good deposits are found in other counties, lack floor surface in the Library were covered with the of demand has restrained the owners from developing Pennsylvania Interlocking Rubber Tiling made by them, except superficially. As to quantity, quality, the Pennsylvania Rubber Company of Jeannette, Pa. convenience to transportation and size to be obtained This company claim that their rubber tiles are more there could be no objection found. The extent and durable than Marble and they are certainly as beau­ development of this industry in the past twelve years tiful and with their beauty of design and richness of in California can be shown by the officialfigures o f coloring are in keeping with the superior quality of production which show that in 1893 California pro- 22 THE BUILDER duced but $26,314 worth, and in 1904, the last year in Terra cotta, tiling and other clay products which whichfigures ar e obtainable, sandstone of a total value enter largely into construction, are manufactured of $567,181 was produced. mainly in the counties of Placer, Alameda and San In support of the statement concerning the merits Francisco. The different classes of clay manufactured of California sandstone as compared to the imported compare favorably with any imported. California is when affected bv earthquake orfire, th e best demon­ well supplied with high and low grade clays in such stration is offered in the many monuments of Cali­ abundance as to meet all requirements. Good brick fornia sandstone to be found in the burned district clays are found in all counties of the state, but at pres­ of the City, and which remain practically unscathed. ent the main product comes from twenty eight coun­ The comparison applies equally well to granite, par­ ties. ticularly when used for foundations. California gran­ With the exception of a small quantity manufac­ ite wdien subjected to shock and intense heat in the tured within the state all the glass used in construction recent catastrophe showed its superiority. in California is imported from Indiana and Pennsyl­ The principal areas in wdiich granite is quarried vania. California has within her borders sufficient raw lie in the Sierra Nevada range, of which it forms the material for the manufacture of glass to supply the core. The largest producing- quarries are found in world. Two elements are necessary for the manufac­ Placer, Madera, Nevada, Presno, Riverside, San Diego, ture of glass—soda and glass sand—and they are both Sacramento, San Luis Obispo, Santa Cruz, Solano, here in any quantity. At present there is but one soda Trinity, Tulare and Tuolumne counties. As illustrat­ plant in operation in the state, and that manufactures ing the growth of this industry the official figures in comparatively limited quantities. This soda is made show that in 1893 the production of granite and rub­ from the water of Owens Lake in Inyo Co. and exists ble amounted in value to $531,322; in 1904 the value m inexhaustible quantities. There are thousands of of the product amounted to $1,836,433. The constant­ acres of soda crust on the deserts of the southern part ly increasing demand for granite and the large territory of the state wdiich could be used for tlie manufacture in which desirable granite is to be found in California, of plate, window and bottle glass. These deposits are offer an invitingfield for the investor. available and convenient for railroad transportation. One of the principal and most important articles Of suitable sand there is also an abundance in the which will be used in the reconstruction of San Fran­ state. With cheap fuel oil glass can be manufactured cisco is Portland cement. Given an equal age Cali­ here more economically than in the East. fornia Portland cement has demonstrated its equality, Asbestos, one of the bestfire-proofing materials , and in many cases superiority, which with its lower can also be found 111 California. While much of it price makes it worthy of the consideration of builders. will not compare favorably with the Canadian for When subjected to tests of government engineers, special uses, it is sufficiently good to answer for all which are very severe, they have demonstrated the the purposes to which it is applied. superiority of the local product, and the engineers Volcanic tufa, which is the lightest and most have highly endorsed California cement, and already, easily worked of building stones, is to be found in in some of the largest government contracts ever giv­ abundance in California. It is practically afire proof en on tlie coast, California cement has been specified. material. It can be sawed into any desirable sized The list of counties which are and can be producers blocks, and the longer it is exposed to the air the of cement is so great that the limited extent of this harder it gets. It can be obtained in a variety of article will not permit their being named. The of­ colors, and its durability has been demonstrated in ficial records show that in 1891, 5,000 barrels were pro­ many parts of the State in public and private buildings. duced, valued at $15,000. In 1904 this was increased to 969,538 barrels, valued at $1,539,807. For all the uses to which marble is applied, Cal­ THE SABBATH. ifornia can more than supply the necessities. Marble No greater calamity can befall the, working man is quarried in Amador, Inyo, Riverside, San Bernar­ of any country than abridgement of the Sabbath, dino and Tuolumne counties and has had a slow but to say nothing of its abandonment, wdiich would be steady growth. In 1887 there was quarried $5,000 indeed a horror of great darkness to any community. worth and this increased in 1905 to $94,208 worth. The eminent Frenchman, Montalambert, declared From the pure white to the verde antique, with all the that England owed her commanding place among the intermediate colors, it can be found and quarried to nations to her practical respect for the Sabbath, and any commercial size. There are many deposits of fine marble located in different parts of the State which as much as some people dislike her, they are forced are open to the investor. to admit that her influence in the world's affairs is dominating. Open an ordinary map of Europe and One of the lessons of the recent fire is that if compare her size yy:th many other countries, and it buildings are to be madefireproof the y must have slate awakens wonder how it is possible that this mere roofs. Comparatively few slate roofs have been placed speck on the sea can be so potent in the world's affairs on San Francisco building's but those which have them demonstrate their" unquestionable superiority as it is. Is not Montalambert right? over all others. California contains many deposits of There is a great gulf between England and France the best quality of roofing slates and many quarries in their methods of Sabbath observance, and has been could be opened which would supply all the needs of from time immemorial. San Francisco. 'At present, owing to the limited de­ Tn Paris, manual labor in many places goes on, as mand but one county is producing any quantity. The on other days, and the shops are open for trade as on output of this county, El Dorado, for 1905 was valued week days. Similar things are evident in Vienna, the at $50,000. A quarry in Shasta count)- has begun op­ capital of Austria. We have seen building operations erations within the past sixty days. (Continued on Page 64). DETAIL OF STAIRWAY FROM SECOND TO THIRD STORY, EAST STAIR HALL. CARNEGIE LIBRARY. ALDEN & HARLOW, Architects. STAIRWAY FROM SECOND TO THIRD STORY, EAST STAIR HALL. CARNEGIE LIBRARY. ALDEN & HARLOW, Architects. FIRST STORY MAIN STAIR, EAST ENTRANCE HALL. CARNEGIE LIBRARY. ALDEN & HARLOW, Architects. SECOND STORY, EAST ENTRANCE HALL. CARNEGIE LIBRARY. ALDEX & HARLOW, Architects. B- s>ri&l

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ALDEN & HARLOW, Architects. MAIN ELEVATOR DOOR. CARNEGIE LIBRARY. CIRCULATING DEPARTMENT, CARNEGIE LIBRARY. ALDEN & HARLOW, Architects. EAST ENTRANCE VESTIBULE, CARNEGIE LIBRARY. ALDEN & HARLOW, Architects. LIBRARY ENTRANCE CORRIDOR, CARNEGIE LIBRARY. ALDEN & HARLOW, Architects. ART, FORBES STREET ENTRANCE, CARNEGIE LIBRARY. J. MASSEY RHIND, Sculptor. GALILEO, FORBES STREET ENTRANCE, CARNEGIE LIBRARY. J. MASSEY RHIND, Sculptor. CENTRE ENTRANCE MARQUISE, CARNEGIE LIBRARY. ALDEN & HARLOW, Architects. WEST ENTRANCE PAVILION, CARNEGIE LIBRARY. ALDEN & HARLOW, Architects. CHILDREN'S READING ROOM, SOUTH WING, CARNEGIE LIBRARY. ALDEN & HARLOW, Architects. SCHOOL FOR LIBRARIANS, SOUTH WING, CARNEGIE LIBRARY. ALDEN & HAELOW, Architects. BALCONY FLOOR, HALL OF STATUARY. CARNEGIE LIBRARY. ALDEN & HARLOW, Architects. THIRD STORY, EAST ENTRANCE HALL. CARNEGIE LIBRARY. ALDEN & HARLOW, Architects. THIRD STORY', SOUTH WING OF MUSEUM. CARNEGIE LIBRARY. ALDEN & HARLOW, Architects MUSIC HALL FOYER. CARNEGIE LIBRARY. ALDEN & HARLOW, Architects. DRIVING HOME THE COWS. By Kate Putnam Osgood.

Out of the clover and blue-eyed grass He turned them into the river lane; One after another he let them pass Then fastened the meadow bars again.

Under the willows and over the hill, He patiently followed their sober pace; The merry whistle for once was still, And something shadowed the sunny face.

Only a boy! and his father had said He never could let his youngest go; Two already were lying dead, Under the feet of the trampling foe.

But after the evening work was done, And the frogs were loud in the meadow swamp; Over his shoulder he slung his gun And stealthily followed the footpath damp.

Across the clover and through the wheat. With resolute heart and purpose grim; Though the dew was on his hurrying feet, And the blind bat'sflitting startle d him.

Thrice since then had the lanes been white, And the orchard's sweet with apple bloom, And now, when the cows came back at night, The feeble father drove them home.

For news had come to the lonely farm That three were lying where two hcd lain; And the old man's tremulous, palsied arm Could never lean on a son's again.

The summer day grew cool and late; He went for the cows when the work was done. But down the lane, as he opened the gate, He saw them coming, one by one.

Bundle, Ebony, Speckle and Bess, Shaking their horns in the evening wind. Cropping the buttercups out of the grass; But who was it following close behind?

Loosely swung in the idle air The empty sleeve of army blue, And worn and pale, from the crisping hair Looked out a face that the father knew.

The great tears sprang to their meeting eyes: For the heart must speak when the lips are dumb; And under the silent evening skies Together they followed the cattle home. 64 THE BUILDER

(Continued from Page 22). their erection the Japanese only occupied these dis­ under way- as usual and women acting- as hod carriers, tricts, the other parts of the country being inhabited carrying stone, brick, and mortar up ladders to the by the primitive aborigines—the Ainu. second and third stories. To an American these The distribution of the early imperial mounds is things are shocking, and the two facts—lack of rever­ also of importance historically. They are found in ence for the Sabbath, and of sympathy for womanhood four districts, wdiich goes to prove that at an early —seem to be twin snort-comings in humanity, -'^i the country had DO central government, but that Within the last year and a half, a movement has there were at least four independent tribes, each oc­ sprung- up among the working- people of Paris, and to cupying' one of the districts where the large imperial some extent in (iermany, for the inauguration of a mounds are found. The date of these mounds is be­ Sabbath day of rest—or at least, a cessation from com­ tween the second century B. C. and thefifth and sixth mon labor on that day. It is thought that this de­ of our era. mand is the result of the observations of the working As to the mounds themselves, the Imperial ones men, who have been making periodical visits 1o Eng­ are double, with a conical peak at one end. They are land on the invitation of certain working- men's clubs, all of very great size, and are terraced and moated. whose guests they have been. The working men of In plan they are seen to be a combination of the square England have also visited France in bands, and it is and circular varieties, but whether this has any sig­ claimed that the visits have brought about a more nificance is not known. One interesting feature is sympathetic feeling between the two peoples than has that around each terrace a series of terra cotta tubes— existed for centuries. "Haniwa"—about eighteen inches higdi and fifteen The labor unions of Paris have been quite active inches broad, are set in rows. in the demand for legislation that will substantially They may have been placed there for structural give them an English Sabbath. So also, the shop­ reasons, or they may represent the wives, attendants, keepers' assistance has been quite notable in the de­ etc., who formerly were buried with the emperor. mand. But Sunday shopping has been so common This practice was discontinued in 2 B. C, and by an among the inhabitants that it is difficult to bring- Imperial decree terra cotta figures were substituted about the change. Legislation has been obtained look­ for the human victims.. Many of these figures have ing toward the desired end, but it has caused such a been found, and in some cases they terminate in a disturbance that it will probably be changed and cer­ "Haniwa." The largest of the Imperial mounds are tain concessions granted to the shopkeepers who are in the central provinces; the largest of all is 2,000 complaining of a loss of patronage. The law, as late­ feet long, and covers approximately an area of eighty- ly passed, provides for a weekly rest day on Sunday four acres. The interment is always in the conical except in certain specified circumstances. The shop­ peak of the circular part of the mounds. They are, keepers claim that the forced closing causes them a as a rule, entirely artificial, but occasionally a natural serious loss, because many of the working people and eminence has been turned to account. lower middle class formerly made Sunday their prin­ cipal shopping- dav. The shopkeepers agree to give a series of davs per week, dividing their assistants into MORE GRAFT DISCOVERED IN THE CAPITOL. bands, and thus allowing them to keep open on Sun- Notwithstanding the fact that the machine follow­ clays. The working people object to this arrange­ ers last fall scoffed at the existence of graft in the con­ ment, and rightly, and insist that the rest dav be the struction of the Pennsylvania State Capitol, and as­ same for all, as it is only by this method that families sured their constituents that there was nothing in the can be united and the home feeling be maintained. story, the disclosures that have since been made more As a matter of fact, the community would easily than assure even the most disinterested that there has conform to the law if given time, it really seems that seldom been such a gigantic steal in the construction the world is beginning' to value the Sabbath day. To of a public building as was perpetrated by Architect the working man and his family it is God's best gift. Huston and the band of thieves who were in offices It has been said that the working man that conserves that gave them power to commit this crime. his strength by tlie rest of the Sabbath, which the Lord of the Sabbath garners for him, that it conies back to An investigation now going on in Harrisburg him in a hale old age. shows that the grafters were not content with filching The savings bank of human life is the weekly thousands from the State treasury, they have even Sabbath day rest. endangered the lives of officials—in some cases the very men who made possible their monstrous profits— legislators and thousands of visitors to the $13,000,000 OLD TERRA COTTA FIGURES. fraud. Charles Rich, a Tiffany expert, in the course It is extremely probable that the Japanese obtainedo f his report to the investigating Commission, says: the idea of raising mounds from the Chinese, the ear­ "To say that it is only faulty construction is chari­ liest burial mound In China dating from 1848 B. C. table. It is more nearly criminal." Little is known about the earliest Japanese Expert Rich shows how lighting fixtures were mounds, but the later ones are always more or less loaded with pound after pound of scrap to make the large and invariably contain either a sarcophagus or weight the greater and the profits the bigger. Then dolmen. There is an extremely large number of these thesefixtures, he declares, were fastened to ceilings mounds in Japan. with flimsy screws liable at any moment to crash It is of interest to note that the dolmens are al­ down on the heads of the passerby—governor secre­ ways near the coast or in the basins of the larger tary of the Commonwealth, justices of the supreme rivers, which points to the fact that at the time of court or even Architect Houston himself. THE BUILDER 65

M.'. Rich and his associates show that John H. copper and 35 per cent spelter, including zinc, lead and Sanderson put 210,000 pounds of overweight into his small traces of tin. 300,000 pounds of trimmings. On each pound of this Dr. Mcllhenny declared that all the furnishings useless avoirdupois, Sanderson collected $4.85 per. were coated with a cheap gold lacquer instead of mer­ The expert says the scrap is worth at a liberal curial gold, tie gave it as his opinion that Sanderson estimate $2 a pound. Sanderson's profits in this one thus effected a saving of more than $100,000. item, therefore, were $1,360,000. A few disclosures Herman Plant, vice president of the Black & Boyd in Rich's report are : Company, of New York, chandelier manufacturers, "Solid bronze" is only cheap brass. wdio were competitors of Sanderson, told the commis­ "Mercurial gold," specified for polishing the mas­ sion that Charles Kinsman, associated wdth sive chandeliers, is but tawdy lacquer, which already Sanderson in the bronze contract, learned the price is blackening with tarnish. quoted in the bid of Plant's firm and notified Sander­ Chains used to hold a chandelier in the House son, who made a lower bid. He also charged that caucus room were faultily cast. Four out of every Sanderson's bid as read at the awarding was $3.85 a pound and not $4.85. six links have already been fractured. At any time the 1,600 poundfixture is liable to crash down on the Plant said lie obtained this information from S. M. heads of legislators. Williams. Eighty-six bracket plates had added to them 20 These and many other instances which might be pounds each of useless scrap brass, worth 20 cents a quoted, show that the people of the state have been pound, charged for at $4.85. robbed of many millions of dollars and it is a blight on Fifty-six pound reflectors within the globes of the the name of the architects of the commonwealth to lighting fixtures in the goyrernor's office; absolutely think that one so unscrupulous as Pluston has proven useless. himself to be, is one of their number. A 1,600 pound chandelier in the supreme court room suspended by quarter inch screws; liable to drop NOTABLE TOMBS IN EGPYT. at any moment; already ordered removed by the cus­ todian of the capitol. Egyrpt, that land of mystery and ancient power, A 431 pound chandelier in room 291 hanging like one of the earliest seats of civilization, has left many the sword of Damocles. evidences of her triumphs in political enterprise and Capitol of a standard in 20 parts instead of one, military prowess, but none of these have eclipsed her as the specifications called for. achievements in mechanical engineering. Conspicu­ Wiring in governor's office so defective because ous among these great works was the great temple of cheap fixtures that fire is likely to break out at called the Labyrinth, and the famous artificial lake any moment. of Maoeris. Both of these wonderful structures were Eighteen-pound copper plates—of no use what­ built in the peculiar urn-shaped valley called the ever—in lighting brackets ; supposedly added to swell Feiyoom, a few miles southwest of Memphis. In this the bills at $4.85. place there is a cleft in the Libyan hills through which In summing up his discoveries, Expert Rich used the valley of the Nile spreads out, bayou-like, for a this language in his report: considerable distance to the west. Through this open­ "Byr a careful examination of thefinished articl e ing in the hills and engineers of Armenia cut a broad there can be only one conclusion. Under wdiatever canal, leading from the Nile into the valley of Feiyoom, excuse you wish to extenuate it, the bare fact remains and there, by excavation and dykes, discharged the that in no single instance, in spirit or execution, was waters from the annual inundation into the artificial there any evidence of the original intent or specifica­ lake. tion. A large part of the valley was inclosed within the "There is no greater blotch in the whole building strong dams wdiich held this overflow. The western and from the greatest failure, both as to specifications part of the Feiyoom was a lower level, and to all the and attempts at execution, there can be no escaping waters of the lake were distributed in season, making the conclusion of incompetency or dishonesty or both." the wdiole a luxurient garden throughout the year. This fraud, for that is what Attorney James Scar­ The reservoir was abundantly stocked wdthfish, furn ­ let stamped it, exceeds in enormity any aspect of the ishing food and amusement to the people. capitol scandal yet revealed. Counsel for the commis­ More marvelous than the waters of Maoeris was sion declares that the revelations establish proof that the national temple called the Labyrinth, built near criminal collusion to cheat the State existed, which im­ the entrance of the canal into the lake. Perhaps no plicates not only the contractor and architect, but State structure of antiquity was more justly celebrated. officials who authorized the payment of the fraudulent Herodotus, the father of history, declared, after person­ bills. al inspection, that its merits were greater than its fame, In the bronze investigation Rich had associated inasmuch that not all the temples of the Greeks put with him Edward W. Baileau, of Philadelphia, an ex­ together could eqUd.1, either in cost or splendor, this pert on casting; Dr. P. C. Mcllhenny, a metallurgist, solitary wonder of Eg)rpt. of New York; Herman Plant, a manufacturer of light­ The Labyrinth contained twelve roofed courts, ingfixtures, o f New York, and Lesley McCreagh, an abutting on each other, with opposite entrances, six analytical chemist, of Harrisburg. to the north and six to the south. The whole was en­ Mr. Lesley McCreagh, declared that although San­ closed with a vast wall. The temple was half above derson was required to use 87 per cent copper and 13 the ground and half below, each division containing per. cent tin, there was an average of 65 percent fifteen hundred apartments. 66 THE BUILDER

Those above ground were visited and examined The Erecitheum, one of the famous ruined temples by Herodotus, and ne was amazed at the splendor of of Athens, which w^as built a century later, has the their appointments, their elaborate design, their mi­ bases of its great marble columns inlaid with tesserae, nuteness of detail, their magnificence and enormity of or pieces of colored glass, arranged in a mosaic geo­ size. So great and complicated were the winding metrical design. ways, the system of colonnades, the hidden entrances In the fourteenth century mosaic art underwent a and veiled exits, that a visitor without a guide could sudden and marked decline, being completely eclipsed not extricate himself from the infinite complexity of by the renaissance of painting in Italy. As mural dec­ the palaces around lira. orations, mosaics were almost entirely superseded by I» the tombs of Beni Hassan, (belonging to the frescoes, a form that was more in accordance with the reign of Usertesidae), the domestic life of the times is spirit of the age, because it permitted more freedom of minutely depicted. The life of the farmer is shown treatment and realism in effects. To Michael Angelo, in detail; sheep and goats treading the seed into the the mosaic probably seemed utterly obsolete. Glass ground; wheat gathered into sheaves, threshed, meas­ tesserae were still used, especially in Venice, where ured, and carried in sacks to the granary; flax bundled they were produced by the famous works at Murano, on tne backs of asses ;figs gathered, and grapes thrown but all the leading artists were working in other fields. into the press; wine carried into the cellar; the over­ To this period of decadence belongs the picture of seers and hands in thefields an d gardens—and the bas­ "The Ruins of Paestum," in the Metropolitan Museum tinado laid on the bare backs of the laggards—a just of Art, New York— a picture formed with pieces of concomitant of the industrial system of every ag'e. colored porcelain, and noteworthy for its minute elab­ Then the scene changes to the pastoral, and fine oration, though not a great work of art. landscapes and herds and flocks appear; bullocks, To the latter day revival of mosaic work Italy, calves, cattle, sheep, goats, asses and horses; cows France, England, and America have all contributed. milked, butter made, cheese handled, fowds strutting The late Sir Edward Burne-Jones did much to call proudly in the barnyard, geese, ducks and swans in attention to the possibilities of the long neglected art. the ponds. In other sculptures, spinners and weavers "The 'Free of Life," a large panel in the American are seen at their work, the potter working- his clav or church of Rome, was designed by him, and executed burning hisfinished ware ; the smith making javelins, by Antonio Salviati, who re-established the glass in­ spears, and shields; the painter with his palette, brush dustry at Murano some forty or more years ago. Sir and colors; the mason wdth his hammer, mortar and Frederick Leighton and Wm. Morris also took up the trowel, and the glass-blower, wdth distended cheeks, medium, and helped to claim for it the place it de­ blow-pipe, plying his beautiful and useful art. serves as one of the noblest of the decorative arts. The new mosaics in St. Paul's, which have done much to redeem the grand old cathedral from its former as­ MOSAIC ART. pect of bareness, are the most important product of the The art of the worker in mosaic is one that has modern English school. a long and interesting history and high technical value. The modern craftsman has at command so many After a period of comparative neglect, it has been re­ advantages in the shape of improved processes and stored to a place of honor among the arts, and to-day widened scientific understanding that his product, it is studied and appreciated as it has not been since while it may lack th" lofty inspiration that fired the the golden age of the craftsmen of medieval Italy. An medieval worker, is, in other respects, more technical^ abundant field is open, nowadays, to anything that .perfect. Especially, American mosoacists think, is contributes to "the braise beautiful" and the impressive this the case in the Cnited States, wdiere such remark­ public building; and there is no finer and nobler ably improvements have been made in the manufacture method of structural enrichment than mosaic. of colored glass. It is scarcely more than a score of Mosaic art may be defined as that of joining pieces years since the first American mosaic of American ma­ of colored marble, glass, or other materials in ornamen­ terials was made, buc already our churches, colleges, tal or pictorial design, ranging from simple arrange­ and public buildings show some of the most successful ments of lines to elaboratefigures, an d to the full ex­ examples of the art. One of the most beautiful is the tent of polychromatic effects. The. word itself, it sanctuary in the crypt of the new Episcopal cathedral may be worth while to explain, has nothing to do of St. John the Divine, in New York, where prac­ with the Mosaic dispensation or with the great Pleb- tically the entire surface, except the marble flooring rew lawgiver. It is derived from the Muses, the pre­ and steps, is treated in glass mosaic, with rich color siding divinities of the arts ; and in old manuscripts effects. The brilliancy of the composition is height­ sometimes appears as "musaic." ened by the introduction of mother-of-pearl and semi­ The art is older than authentic history. In the precious stones. ruins of Nineveh the excavators have found ivory Other good examples of modern mosaic work are carvings beautifully decorated with patterns and fig­ "The Art of Coinage," a series of panels in the new ures formed wdth inlaid pieces of colored stone or glass. United States Mint in Philadelphia; some of the dec­ Tiles and capitals of columns ornamented in the same orations of the Chicago Public Library and of the way, but on a larger scale, have been unearthed in Congressional Library in Washington; and "The Song Egypt. Less ancient, though dating from the sixth of Homer," a large triptych in the Alexander Hall at century before Christ, was the pavement in the palace Princeton University. Larger than any of these are of Ahasuerus, mentioned in the Book of Esther as two panels, each eight feet high and thirty-two feet being constructed of porphry, alabaster, and blue stone long, in the Wade Memorial Chapel, Cleveland, whose —evidently mosaic. subject is "The Voyage of Life." THE BUILDER 67

THE PLANTING AND CARE OF ROSES. appear apply the proper remedies promptly and vigor­ ously and keep the ground stirred about the bushes. The gardener wdio has at command only limited As a rule a strong stream of water from a hose applied space on wdiich to grow roses is at once concerned as once a day will keep the roses free from insects. But to how to get the best results in quantity and quality if this is not effective, insecticides must lie resorted to. of blooms. ddie rose bug .is at times very troublesome as well It is of primary importance that the ground where as destructive to the buds. It can lie effectively dis­ rose bushes are to be set should be well prepared, posed of by a kerosene emulsion made and applied as spaded and carefully pulverized to a depth of from follows: Shave up one fourth pound of hard laun­ twelve to twenty inches, and mixed with well-rotted dry soap and dissolve in two quarts of boiling water; compost, to which has been added, while in the heap, add one pint of kerosene oil and stir briskly for four a small quantity of air-slacked lime. Roses require a or five minutes, until thoroughly mixed. Dilute to rich soil and if the ground is not naturally fertile, the twice its bulk with water and sprinkle it on the bushes quality lacking must be supplied. with a spraying syringe or a whisk broom. Repeat as Rose bushes should not be set where the ground is often as required to keep the plants clear of the bugs. low or the drainag'e bad, but if this cannot be avoided About the time the leaves are fairly well developed place a layer of broken brick, cinders or similar ma­ there usually appears the rose caterpillar. It glues terial at the bottom of the bed to act as a sub-drain. the leaves together to form a shelter and its presence Playing the ground in good condition set the rose cannot be mistaken. The only effective remedy i.s to bushes just as near as possible to the way they stood go over the bushes and remove and destroy the leaves in the nursery, i. e., spread out the roots naturally inhabited, thereby destroying the pests. and put the bush in the ground a depth sufficient to bring a dark line wdiich wdll be shown on the stem, Saw-fly larva, and other insects appear at a later even yvith the surface. Fill in around the plant with season than do caterpillars, unless prevented by an oc­ fine soil, mixed with sand if convenient, and press it casional spraying. If they should, however, make down firmly wdth the hand or foot; keep well watered, their appearance destroy and dispose of them by and shade if the weather is warm or sunny. Budded sprinkling the plants lavishly with powdered wdiite and grafted bushes should be set so that the junction hellebore. It is well to moisten the bushes before ap­ of stock and graft is two inches below the surface of plying the hellebore as the moisture will cause it to the soil. Let the habit of growrth of the rose determine stick to the foliage. the distance at wdiich theyr are set. A distance of three Mildew on the plants is best cured by an appli­ feet is not too much for strong growers. cation of sulphur or soot. As wdth the application of Equally important wdth the preparation of the soil hellebore, the bushes should be first sprinkled. and the planting of the bushes is the care and culti­ The observance of these suggestions will in prac­ vation of them. At the time of planting- all roses tically every instance insure healthy plants and blooms should be cut back. If the bushes are already estab­ of the greatest perfection. lished they should be pruned during thefirst spring - month. Cut out weak and decayed parts and such SIMPLE BUSINESS. growth as crowds the plant and prevents light and air from having free access. Advertising is a plain, straightforward, selling A safe rule is to prune growing, delicate plants proposition—governed by the same laws of trade severely, and for strong plants shorten the branches which control the other departments of the business. but little, but thin them out well. Prune for shape­ Buying materials, making them up into products, and liness of plant and promotion of bloom buds. To selling the products, constitute a manufacturing busi­ cause hybrid perpetuals to bloom twice in. summer, ness. An unwise buyer, a factory manager with poor give them a second pruning- after thefirst bloo m in judgment, can soon swamp the firm. Buyer and man­ June. ager must be competent, shrewd, level-headed and Stir the soil about the roots of the roses frequent­ long-headed—but what's the use of all that expense ly, and do not plant annuals among them. To do their and care to make the right goods, if you don't sell the best, the plants should have all the nourishment the goods? The selling is surely the most important of soil can furnish. Avoid an excessive blooming during all, and that cannot be done magically, nor in a hap­ thefirst yea r of the plant: rather let them take strength hazard, unsystematic, incompetent, erractic way. into the root and stem for the second season when A niggardly appropriation for advertising is nearly results will be much more satisfactory. Vigilance is always an extravagance. Cheap advertising is al­ the price of healthy plants and fine blooms. In the most invariably found in doubling and multiplying the autumn mulch heavily with manure and in the winter appropriation. provide some protection by wrapping or covering; A full-page advertisement wdll attract ten or fif­ evergreen boughs make a good covering, and may be teen times as many people's attention as you could stacked about tall bushes wdiich is better than bending otherwise dream of reaching, reacts and arguments them. During the summer make an application of a, convince their thousands—but suggestions put their light straw manure. This will prevent the soil from tens of thousands in the unconscious way of convinc­ drying out too rapidly, and at the same time the rains ing themselves. will wash its nutriment to the roots of the plants. A story is told of an Irishman wdio was hoofing By liberal fertilization and thorough cultivation the country road on a hot summer day when he the plants may be kept healthy and in good growing chanced to see a chicken feather in the dust. "Now," condition. Such roses are not likely to be attacked said he, "Oi'll prove it." He put the feather on a flat by insects, or if attacked not easily injured, If insects stone and laid him down with the back of his head 68 THE BUILDER

carefully on the feather and took an afternoon nap. Prior to the earthquake but little steel entered in­ When he woke up, with a bursting- headache, he ex­ to the construction of buildings here, save in the cor­ claimed : "Wall, be the powers, if wan feather gives rugated roofing, gutters, etc., but since that time many a mon sich a head as thot, how can the gintle-folk beams, frames, and supports are being put into in­ slape on a bag full av thim?" It occurs to us that he jured buildings to strengthen them. In one case a was first cousin to the manufacturer wdio wrote five five-story steel-frame office building, reinforced by or six announcements of his own wares and gave them concrete, has been erected, and others are contemplat­ to the wrong publications, and then said: "If just a ed. Heretofore many of the lighter buildings have few little things will squander money like that, how on been a frame skeletonfilled i n between the uprights earth can any man hire a professional manager and with mud and plastered on both the out and inside, put full page advertisements in a dozen magazines and in many cases the outside entirely covered wdth every month ?" corrugated iron. This is quite true of the residences It is not at all a question whether you shall ad­ in the better parts of the city, where the fewer deaths vertise. The laws of business determine that. You occurred during the earthquake. In the future it is cannot sell goods without advertising. It is simply a proposed to use this plan more for the larg'er business question of how to advertise. All methods, for each houses, only in place of the wooden frames, steel wdll class and grade of products, have been fully tested. It be used, and concrete in the place of the mud. is the part of wisdom not to experiment on problems So far nearly all the ceilings have been made of that have been overwhelmingly condemned by experi­ wood or of white cotton cloth, but from now on there ence. It is equal wisdom to adopt the means which will be more metal ceiling used in the better structures. the vast majority of experiences proclaim effective for Nearly all the limited amount used to date has come this or that article. from Germany. There is a good opening for the Am­ Every manufacturer wants to get his product into erican manufacturer of metal shingles, and I feel sure the hands of the dealers all over the country. It re­ it will pa)' to push the matter. quires a vast amount of advertising- to do it. The demand for cement will be heavy here for the next few years. Portland cement coniesfirst, and then a grade called Roman cement, wdiich has been REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION. the kind in general use in Chile. It comes mostly from Germany, England and the United States. The ever-increasing use of reinforced concrete in the erection of the various types of structures wdiich the needs of a great city demand, is being brought THE BROOMLESS ERA. more and more forcibly to the attention of even the most casual observer. It is scarcely possible to stand It seems only fair that some of the miracles of upon any corner in the business districts of Greater this wonder-working age should be enjoyed by the New York without finding some specimen of rein­ faithful housekeeper. forced concrete construction within range of vision. The horseless age which so lately seemed an im­ It is not strange, therefore, that a certain per­ possibility, has apparently come, and now, though centage of buildings have failed to meet requirements, seeming equally impossible to the housekeeper comes and as buildings cannot be classed as other than fail­ the promise of a broomless era. ures. In this connection, one of the leading rein The broom, after all, has been a senseless sort of forced concrete men in this country states that the ap­ institution, stirring up the dust, which had lain peace­ parent erse with which a reinforced concrete building ably and unobtrusively in out of the way places, and can be erected has caused the business to be taken up inciting it to violent and riotous action. Clouds of by a large number of inexperienced contractors. Es­ dust were swirled through the air only to fall again sentially, a reinforced concrete structure requires care­ upon carpet, curtains and furniture, and then" be ful designing and engineering-, and in addition, a most flirted uncertainly about again by the duster brandish­ thorough and conscientious system of intelligent in­ ed in the wake of the broom. spection while in course of construction. Reinforced Instead of this irrational method of attempting concrete, as well as any other form of construction, to be void of dust and dirt, a more reasonable and more should be executed only by contractors experienced effective one has been discovered and is 111 reality' in that particular line of work. Idle number of firms coming to be used. now specializing in reinforced concrete work leaves In one of the newest apartment houses in the no valid excuse for the acceptance of experimental east, it is said that there will be no need of a broom work. Neglect of this important factor of experience from cellar to garret. Every suite is equipped with spells probable disaster and discredits an excellent an apparatus by wdiich dirt and dust may be gathered form of construction as well. up by suction and sent through a rubber hose and a pipe to the basement. Almost everyone is familiar with the working of the vacuum system of cleaning BUILDING MATERIALS FOR CHILE. but it is surely a matter of some interest to note that this method is gradually being adopted to general use According to Consul A. A. Winslow, of Valpar­ In another generation sweeping and dusting may have aiso, the earthquake of August 16, 1906, has led the become a forgotten exercise. architects and builders of Chile to study seriously the materials to lie used in the future buildings, and they Were there nothing else for which to praise the are more and more settling down to the use of wood, heavens but only love, steel, and cement. The consul portrays the situation That only love were cause enough for praise. as follows: —Gardener's Daughter. THE BUILDER 69

SAVING TREES IN CITIES. window and binds it together. The binding is done with wdiat is known as cam lead, a Hat thread of metal In circumstances the most favorable the tree, containing on each side a channel into which the edge even of the toughest type, has a hard time surviving of the glass fits. The lead is cut into lengths to fit the artificialties which hedge about tree life, and plant- each particular piece of glass. After the whole de­ life generally, in the modern city. They need air; sign is thus assembled, each joint is soldered together. the free play of the winds to loosen up the joints, so From the assembler the window, bound in an iron they may grow larger and stronger, and they need also frame, goes to another work-man, whofills in between alternating sunshine and shadow, that they may toil the glass and the lead with a cement that makes the awhile, as nature gives them, to toil, and sleep awhile window air and water tight. Then, after it is framed when darkness comes, as nature intended they should. in the sash, it is cleaned off with pumice stone and is But these natural anil necessary advantages the ready to be placed. trees of the city enjoy to a limited extent. They fre­ quently are suffocated by high buildings. The free In ordinary windowfigures, th e face and robe are flow of air currents is interfered with. Lights blind first painted on clear glass, which is then baked in a all through the night, and they are thus given light gas furnace. In costlier windows the entire figure when they should have shadow. is made of stained glass, a work- that requires the most Still, trees may and do thrive in cities, and they expert manipulation and a high order of artistic ability. ought to be given whatever advantages it may be In bevelled plate work, plate glass isfirst cut to size possible to give them. n>ees and other green and and then bevelled and repolished. Channelled zinc cheerful forms of life ' e becoming rare, indeed, in strips are used to bind the pieces together. If copper modern cities. Then, should be no wanton destruc­ is desired the whole design, complete, is placed in a tion of these plants. The trees should be saved when­ copper platino- bath. ever and wherever it may be possible to save them There is a wide range of the cost of stained or without doing harm to the diverse progressive move­ bevelled plate glass windows. Some of the work may ments of the citv. be had for as little as a dollar a square foot, and from that price runs up to $10 or $12 a square foot. For mosaic figure work the price is higher yet. The cost MAKING STAINED GLASS WINDOWS. of the ordinary- window depends upon either the num­ Machinery plays only a small part in the fabrica­ ber of pieces of gdass in it or the number of figures. tion of a stained glass window ; it is the hand and the eye that do the work. Practically all the glass used for stained windows is now made in America. For­ DETERIORATION OF CONFINED AIR. merly it was all imported, but now only that style Albert Levy, the noted French chemist and hy- known to the trade as "antique" comes from abroad. gientist, recently delivered a lecture before the asso­ The glass in the common grades come in huge sheets, ciation of civil engineers of France, with reference to 6 and 8 feet in length and from 2 to 6 feet wdde. Be­ the quality of air in closed rooms, wdiich lecture de­ sides the "antique" and the plain plate glass, there serves attention on account of its scientific thorough­ are four grades known as "cathedral," "ondoyant," ness. "opalescent" and "drapery." Each of these grades He stated that the deterioration of air is the result comes in all the shades of the rainbow. The drapery of two causes: The process of combustion which glass isfluted, an d is used to represent clothing in win­ takes place in dwellings, the heating, cooking, the dows containing figures. burning of lights, and also the breathing of the in­ In making a window thefirst thing , of course, is mates, deprive the air of its oxygen, whose quantity the design. From this a full size pattern is drawn. becomes decreased in a degree injurious to health if When this is complete it goes to the cutter, who cuts care is not taken for a sufficient renewal of the air. out duplicates of each piece of the design for which To avoid injury to health, the normal quantity of a piece of glass is to be used. The cutter uses shears oxygen of air must be renewed and the poisonous so made that in cutting the duplicates exactly enough gases removed. Some of these gases are sufficiently space is left to allow for the lead, which goes between discernable through the sense of smell One of the each piece of glass to hold the window together. Some most important, however, the oxide of carbon, is odor­ idea of the work involved is shown in a window now less, and apt to cause more or less severe poisoning being made for a private residence. The window con­ without the least advance notice of such danger, and tains a peacock, and in the tail alone 750 pieces of glass this wdth relatively small quantities of this noxious are used. In the whole design are more than 1,800 gas. pieces of glass. Mr. Levy has constructed an apparatus wdiich in­ From the cutter the duplicate design, in pieces, dicates as low as the one-hundred thousandth part goes to the glazier, who cuts out each separate piece of oxide of carbon of the air in a closed room. The of glass. Diamonds are used exclusively in the cut­ process is based on the fact that oxide of carbon liber­ ting. The glazier must match the glass for each piece. ates the iodine contained in a chemic"! combination Often where just the exact tint cannot be obtained in of the iodine, and that this iodine gas effects a color­ a single piece of glass two pieces are overlaid to get ing of chloroform. To measure the quantity of oxy­ the effect. He may have to cut only one piece for gen contained in the air is difficult, but the quantity each duplicate—for a special design— or he may have of carbonic acid wdiich has replaced that of the oxyg-en to cut a dozen alike for an order for church windows. consumed can be easily determined. The quantity of After all the glass is cut the design is laid out on a wide carbonic acid contained should not exceed one thous­ board and goes to the workman who assembles the andth part. 70 THE BUILDER

RAYMOND CONCRETE PILE COMPANY Caldwell is accused of offering $21,000 to certain OPENS A PITTSBURGH OFFICE. senators and representatives of the Arkansas Legisla­ ture provided such legislators would secure the pass­ The Raymond Concrete Pile Company, with of­ age of a bill increasing the State House building ap­ fices in Chicago and New York, has recently opened a propriation $800,000 ewer the original sum voted for branch in the Union Bank Building, this city, under the this purpose. management of Mr. William F. Flail, wdio has been The firm of architects which drew the capitol identified wdth the concrete business in this vicinity plans and indorsed Caldwell & Drake's demand for for a number of years. more money has been indicted by the Pulaski county The Raymond pile conforms to the best known grand jury. methods of concrete construction, as may be readily understood from the following description of the work: WHAT IS A FIREPROOF BUILDING. A collapsible steel pile core of the desired size is encased in a closelyfitting shee t steel shell. The core In defining what a fireproof building is one should and shell are driven to the required depth by means of remember that a building that is of noncombustible a pile driver (preferablyfitted wit h a steam hammer). materials is not necessarilyfireproof; tha t a building The core is so constructed that when the driving is that is offireproof 'materials, but not offireproof con ­ finished, it is collapsed and loses contact wdth the struction and design, is not necessarilyfireproof ; that shell, so that it is easily withdrawn, leaving the shell or a building that is not offireproof construction and de­ casing in the ground to act as a mould for the concrete sign, except in part, is notfireproof, an d that a build­ and to protect it from back pressure, which would dis­ ing that is strictly and thoroughlyfireproof, bu t filled tort the pile, and'from the admixture of foreign matter with combustible contents, nun- have a destructive fire which would destroy the bond of the concrete. in it but the building itself will not be wrecked or des­ Wdien. the core is withdrawn, the shell is filled troyed. Correct design means the proper application with carefully mixed Portland cement concrete, which of incombustible, nondamageable materials and the ar­ is carefully tamped during thefilling process . rangement of the parts of the building into such units Tliese piles when completed will, by reason of that only a small proportion of the contents can be their shape and the manner of their construction, car­ destroyed by fire.—Metropolitan Magazine. ry from two to three times as much weight as an ordin­ ary woqdcn pile of tlie same length, under the same JAPANESE BRICK FACTORIES. conditions. Now that the war is over, the Japanese are turn­ The use of the Raymond Pile makes it possible to ing their whole attention to. their businesses and a re­ save such a large amount of excavation, concrete, shor­ cent report from Manchuria states that they are get­ ing, sheet piling and other expensive work incidental ting a foothold on the many industrial enterprises in to foundation building that, entirely apart from the that eountrv, and that plans are on foot for the organ­ question of its durability its economy will be apparent ization of a Japanese enterprise called the Manchuria to the careful observer. Furthermore in cases where Joint Stock Brick Manufacturing Company wdth a it is simply a question of piling, the greater carrying- ca­ capital of 1,000,000 yen ($500,000). The company's pacity of Raymond Piles will so reduce the number plant will be located at Choushuiton, in the Ivwantung necessary to be used, that the choice between Ray­ mond and wood piles should not be difficult. Leased Territory, and the latest model of Hoffman's The work done by the Raymond Company in the brick-making machinery wdll be installed. Six other foundations for the new buildings of the Naval Acad­ companies with a smaller amount of capital also intend emy at Annapolis, as shown on pages 70 to 76 of their to engage in this industry. In view of the large amount recent catalogue, indicates that the value of these of construction that will be undertaken in the future, piles is beyond question, the work having stood the both in connection with the railways and in the many severe test of the LT. S. Government officials without cities newly opened to foreign residence and trade, this the slightest indication of failure. enterprise should be a very profitable one. Although The Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing a large number of small native brick kilns are operated Company in the recent construction of their eight- throughout Manchuria, the quality of the product is story building in East Pittsburg, decided in favor of inferior and their capacity is far too small tofill ex­ the Raymond Piles in preference to all others, and tensive orders promptly. the work, wdiich was completed about the 1st of April, has been entirely satisfactory. The contracts above referred to, as well as others which have been carried out bv the Raymond Com­ SPRINGER & PATTERSON I pany in all parts of the country, indicates that archi­ tects, engineers and contractors appreciate the good points of the Raymond Pile. ELECTRICAL

ARKANSAS IN CLASS WITH "PENNSY'S" CONTRACTORS SCANDAL. All Kinds of Electrical Construction. George W. Caldwell, representative in Little Rock, Ark., of the firm of Caldwell & Drake, contractors, 218 FERGUSON BUILDING who are building the new Arkansas State Capitol, has i 2 1 urt been arrested and placed under heavy bond, charged ™»- !p.&A .r2s i ^n . PITTSBURGH, PA. with bribery. T HE BUILDER 7i

—A Six Million Dollar Structure for the building of which its donor said, " SPARE NO EXPENSE,"— One-Hundred-Eight-Thousand Square Feet of vania Interlocking Rubber Tiling cover the floors of the magnificent interiors. Richness of coloring, beauty of design and superior quality of Pennsylvania Interlocking Rubber Til­ ing render it appropriate for the finestan d most expensive buildings. More durable than marble, more handsome, it possesses the added advantage of being absolutely silent to the tread, at the same lime presenting a more agreeable foothold than any other flooringma ­ terial. Above all, it is most easily kept clean. Constant use serves only to enhance its elegant finish. Art-Book-of-Tiling-s, showinc: incomparable combinations possible with Pennsylvania Interlocking: Rubber Tiling, mailed free on request. Pennsylvania Rubber Company J E AN N ETTE, PA.

New York, 1741 Broadway Chicago, 1241 Michigan Avenue Philadelphia, 615 N. Broad Street Atlanta, Ga. 102 N. Pryor Street Boston, 20 Park Square Buffalo, - 717 Main Street Detroit, 237 Jefferson Avenue Cleveland, - 2134-6 East Ninth St. San Francisco, 512-14 Mission St. London, 26 City Road

- uuuuuuummessasam 72 THE BUILDER The Cleaning of Enamel

f§ The surface of enameled baths, lavatories, drinking fountains and all other enameled fixtures is delicate and easily ruined by the use of injurious cleaners. Scouring bricks or soap powders containing acid, sand or grit destroy the lustre, scratch the surface and shorten the life of enameled ware...... IPORCELAI V J is a powder cleaner which cleans and polishes all enameled ware without scratching or defacing the surface. Cleans like magic and preserves the lustre. Free from acid, sand grit or potash and will injure nothing. Easy to use; sifts from the box and is applied with a cloth. .... Sold everywhere in red boxes 10 and 25 cents. THE PORCELA CO. Sole Manufacturers. Pittsburgh, Pa.

RELIANCE ENGRAVING H V PHOTO ENGRAVERS ARROTT POWER BLD'G-REAR BIJOU THEATRE. PITTSBURGH, PA. THEBUILDER 73 "THe Builder"

DURING THE CURRENT YEAR 19 O 71 will publish a series of exceptionally attractive home designs, with floor plans, specially prepared for "THE BUILDER" by different architects.

These plans will be of great practical and sugges­ tive value to contractors and others engaged in sub­ urban home-building.

The best way to insure getting every one of these plans is to subscribe for "THE BUILDER," which is sent to any address for ffc^.OO a year

"THE BUILDER" will also contain an excep­ tional number of special articles of more than ordinary interest to all identified with construction and decoration. 74 THE BUILDER

Enterprise Contracting Go. The Carter Electric Co.

PILE DRIVING, TRESTLE AND DOCK ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS BUILDING, EXCAVATING, DREDGING, SEEP WELLS AND CONCRETE WORK. Electrical Construction Work of all Descriptions

ARROTT POWER BUILDING

Fulton Building PITTSBURGH, PA. Lewis Building PITTSBURGH, PA.

Bell 2694 Grant Telephones: Bell 1774 Giant, P. & A. 1774 Main.

SANKEY BROTHERS Kittanning Brick & Fire Clay Compahy = AN D = MANUFACTURERS OF

ALL GRADES OF Martin Brick Company

(F MANUFACTURERS OP RED BRICK • i B: | j HIGH GRADE GRAY, BUFF, MOTTLED AND Office: 2112 Carson Street, South Side, I RED BRICK. PITTSBURGH BOTH PHONES. Empirei Building PITTSBURGH, PA.

House and Decorative Painting. Office, Sign and Store Painting Tli e Graff Compa ny V. I MORGAN j HARDWOOD FINISHING, ENAMELING MANTELS and TILING ' AND GRAINING, GILDING, TINTING, ETC.

955 Liberty Street, 1 1 1 Oakland Ave., PITTSBURGH. Bell Telephone 445 Schenley. J L P ITTSBUKG IT , P A .

W. W. MILLER BELL CEDAR 029 R R T. GRAHAM General Contractor PAINTER OF HOUSES 540 WINEBIDDLE AVENUE, E. E. 22 Park Way PITTSBURGH ALLEGHENY, PA. THE BUILDER 75

Many Architects and Builders included in BELL 4-02 Court TELEPHONE 267 Main TELEPHONE'S big list of over 25,000 new sub-services last year. 1907 will see many more in the fold. E. R. C L U L E Y How 'bout you ? Painting. Drrnraring, For rates and any other information, DISTANCE call 8000 Grant and ask for . . . TELEPHONE ijaruuwoii iffinisljinn CONTRACT DEPARTMENT BELL TELEPHONE BLDG., SEVENTH AVE. PITTSBURGH 1 543 Fourth Avenue, PITTS BURGH t 4 1 W. J. STEVENSON & CO. PORCELA Marble, Tile and Slate Work

Sole Agents for mm THE OLMSTED BLACKBOARD Cleans Like Magic 312 Park Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. PHONES-P. & A. 2971 Main ; Bell. 754-3 Grant. 1 I i r E.J.DETRICKCO. R. H. ELLIOTT E. KENNEWEG MARBLE and MOSAIC WORK FINE MANTEL and FIREPLACE WORK TILES FOR FLOORS, WALLS, BATH ROOMS, ETC. Ju;Jr;$ity^rtC|lassU/or^5 We solicit opportunity from Archi­ tects and Builders to estimate Corner SANDUSKY and ROBINSON Streets FIFTH FLOOK, HEEREN BUILDING, Penn Ave. and Eighth St., Pittsburgh, Pa. P. ftA . PHONE, 515 NORTH BELL PHONE. 334-R CEDAR ALLEGHENY, PA.

DAVID DUNLOP P. ®, A. Telephone 757 ROOFING ROOF PAINTING DESIGNING SKETCHING W. II. KNODELL ENGRAVING dinner ON = WOOD, COPPER, and ZINC 510 East Diamond Street, Pittsburgh, Pa. ALLEGHENY, PA. P. (§b A. Tel. 2313 CONDUCTORS REPAIRING GUTTERS 76 THE BUILDER

HIGH GRADE McClure Timber Co* TplVJTT'W GAS RANGESRANGES,_FURNACE, Fl S AND LAUNDRY STOVES PITTSBURGH, PA.

Stephenson Manufacturing Co. FIR OAK JOHN C. BASH, Manager. ALL SIZES LARGEST STOCK Bell L. D. Telephone 860 Cedar JZ 207 - 209 Sandusky St. YELLOW PINE HEMLOCK P. & A. Telephone 696 North W ALLEGHENY, PENN'A.

P. LeGOULLON Goehring & Bartley Successor to W. B. LUPTON & CO. EVERY KIND OF ACTINOLITE, ASPHALT, SLATE, TILE AND GRAVEL Builders' Hardware and Structural Iron WHOLESALE AND RETAIL ROOFERS Hardware, Painters' Supplies, Brushes, Window DEALER IN and Plate Glass. ROOFING SLATE AND ROOFING MATERIALS 6203 PENN AVENUE, EAST END, \ ROOMS 614 BESSEMER BUILDING Both Phones : Bell 341 Highland TELEPHONE 539 PITTSBURGH, PA. P. & A. 341 East PITTSBURGH

T. W. JONES THE FRANK B. MIRICK CO. MANTELS, TILES Stair Builder AND FIREPLACES IMPORTERS OF TILE, ARTISTIC BRASS AND MARBLES AND WROUGHT IRON MOSAICS WORK 2603 Penn Avenue 430 PENN AVENUE PITTSBURGH, PA. Telephone Court 2167 PITTSBURGH, PA.

AMERICAN LUMBER & MFG. CO.TELEPHONE S : Bell, 1353 Court—P. <& A. 2292 Main EVERYTHING IN Rodgers Sand Company Lumber and Mill Work DEALERS AND SHIPPERS OF

in • i mmi ALL KINDS OF SAND AND GRAVEL PUBLICATION BUILDING BY BOAT, RAIL OR WAGON PITTSBURGH, PA. 123 Water Street PITTSBURGH, PA. THE BUILDER 77

Bell Phone Brady 355 P. & A. Phone Chester 68 Patterson Coal & Supply Co. Bruckman Lumber Co. ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF COAL Building and Hardwood Lumber, Mill Work Phoenix Portland Cement, Washington Building Lime, Ideal Wall Plaster, Lime, Cement, Sand, Sewer Yards: West Market Street and Preble Avenue Pipe, Fire Brick, Fire Clay, Grate Tile, Etc. Office: Preble Avenue near Island Avenue 1222 Grant Ave., ALLEGHENY, PA.

ALLEGHENY, PA. Phones : Bell, 213 Cedar ; P. & A., 213 North.

F. C. MARTSOLF. RUDY BROS. CO DESIGNERS AND BUILDER AND WORKERS IN GLASS- LUMBER DEALER STAINED, MOSAIC AND LEADED. :: :: ::

No. 218 Fourth Ave. Room 404. PITTSBURGH, PA. HIGHLAND AND CENTER AVENUES, BELL PHONE 379 COURT. E. E. PITTSBURGH, PA.

George A. Cochrane, Jr. Rob't K. Cochrane. Telephones : Bell, Court 104S; P. & A.. Main 3493. CO. George A. Cochrane Co. & Scafllii [FRANK BROWN, MANAGER] 506 Fourth Ave. General Building Contractors c£3s^. a SECTIONAL EXTENSION 1210-1216 WASHINGTON AVENUE, A N D S T E P ALLEGHENY, PA, ADJUSTABLE SCAFFOLD JACKS SWING STAGES Telephones : P. & A., Chester 127 : Bell. Brady 127. SCAFFOLDING FOR HIRE. i

Enterprise (Contracting (jo. AlttiF Curie ait Slylilt Co. Sheet Metal Window Frames and Sash. Pile Driving, Trestle and Dock Building, All Architectural Sheet Metal Work. Excavating, Dredging, Seep Wells and Concrete Work. Slate, Tin, Gravel and Slag Roofing. S-'S"*. Metallic Skylights, Galvanized Iron and Copper Cornices. GRANT AVE. and BOQUET ST. Fulton Building, PITTSBURGH, PA. Phones : Bell. 1957 R Cedar. P. & A., 1161 North. BELL 2694 GRANT. ALLEGHENY, PA. 78 THE BUILDER

STEINER & VOEGTLY

DEALERS IN CHAIRS, TABLES, WAR.DROBES, "ELASTIC" BOOK CASES, Sargent's Fine Builders' Hardware SECTIONAL FILING CABINETS, FILING CABINET SUPPLIES

Luitink, Acme Lane & Coburn

Sliding Door

Hangers

Starrett's Machinists' Tools

Tree Brand Cutlery & Razors

Manufacturers of We carry the largest stock and control more standard Geisey Casement lines than any other dealer. WIHMW CWStO. WINDOW OWN. GIESEY'S ELEVATING CASEMENT WINDOW HINGE. WindOW PiVOtS PATENTED JULY I'm 1698. LSTEINER8tVOEGTLY, 310 WOOD ST. PrnsauBG Pv aflJ HlllfieS Baker Office Furniture Co. 230-234 Diamond Street PITTSBURG, PA. 828 LIBERTY AVE.

The Malone Stone Co.

CLEVELAND, OHIO

ft

7- ___._...... "^ Amherst Blue Cabot's Shingle Stains THE ORIGINAL AND STANDARD

and Baff Stone THE only Shingle Stains that contain No Kerosene, Benzine or Other Cheapener. Made of the Best Pigments, Pure Linseed Oil and Creosote, "the Best Wood Preservative Known."

SAMPLES SENT ON REQUEST

SAMUEL CABOT, Sole Manufacturer BOSTON, MASS. BRANCHES D. C. THOR.NBURG, Jtgent, Pittsburgh irgh Chicago New York THE BUILDER 75

Pope Cement & Brick C< The Northwestern i 421 WOOD ST., PITTSBURGH, PA. Terra-Cotta Co. NORTHAMPTON PORTLAND

CEMENT Manufacturers of the Highest Grades of Tiffany Enameled Brick Sayre and Fisher Gray Brick ARCHITECTURAL Ornamental Terra Cotta

Falston Front Brick TERRA COTTA

LIGONIER PAVING BLOCK AND CRUSHED LIGONIER BLUESTONE Chicago

The Grant Marble Co. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC

FOR INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR WORK MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN i

iO THE BUILDER THE BUILDER

A^b. 'J^.-^.-^r^-.^A o'.-o'.- n\'o\-o',-riv'^.'^1,'^."' .""OVo^. 'O V"I~ j' ,~".-j'. ~"i "V, "r^"."".

Wm. Miller & Sons' Co. Contractors and Builders

530 to 534 Federal Street, PITTSBURGH, PA.

Bell Phone, 1405 Grant P. ®> A., 2289 Main.

The B. P. Young Co. Krum Granite & Stone Co.

Estimates Furnished for all MARBLE, MOSAIC and TILE kinds Granite and Stone # 530 to 534 Federal Street 530 to 534 Federal Street

Bell Phone, 1405 Grant Bell Phone 1405 Grant Mill Office Phone, 494 Schenley

Miller Brick Co. Wm. Miller & Sons, Inc. MANUFACTURERS OF MANUFACTURERS OF Mill Work and Fine VITRIFIED FACE BRICK Interior Woodwork

ROCHESTER, PA. MILLS, ROCHESTER, PA.

Bell Phone, 76 Rochester, Pa. Bell Phone, 19, Rochester, Pa.

(fii-'&i-'&j-' 82 THE BUILDER

WE WIN AGAIN \

WISCONSIN STATE CAPITOL—GEO. B. POST & SONS, ARCHITECTS

THIS TIME IT IS THE LARGEST GRANITE CONTRACT EVER AWARDED—TO QUARRY, CUT, CARVE AND SET 600,000 CUBIC FEET OF FINE CUT HARDWICK WHITE GRANITE FOR THE STATE CAPITOL, WISCONSIN ^K^s&^S1" WOODBURY GRANITE COMPANY

Woodbur/ Gray and Hardwick White Granite

Home Office: HARDWICK, Vermont GEORGE H. BICKFORD, GENERAL MANAGER

PITTSBURGH OFFICE: FARMERS BANK BUILDING—J. B. REINHALTER, Representative ESTABLISHED 1S7Q INCORPORATED 18*0 P. RIESECK, Star Encaustic Tile Company MANUFACTURERS OP * Structural Iron Work,. PIRE ESCAPES, UNSLAZED ENCAUSTIC FL00RIN& TILE Joist Hangers, Pavement Lights, Fire Proof Shatters, FOR DURABLE, SANITARY AND Iron Stairways, Wall Ties. ARTISTIC TILE WORK MEDALS GRANTED AT WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. CHICAGO. ALLEGHENY AVE. and REBECCA ST., ILL.. IBS*. AND AT ST. LOUIS. PAIR. IB04. ALLEGHENY, PA. OFFICE AND FACTORY. DITTCDIIDPU DI BLUFF STREET. NEAR GIST. Tl I I ODUnUll, "R. Phones I Bell 667 Cedar. P. & A 667 North.

BOBEBT W. ABDARY JOHN G. BURNS HENRY SHENK Ardary-Burns Co. CONTBACTOBS FOB COMPANY HEAVY and GENERAL HAULING Contractors and Builders TEAMS FOR HIRE LIBERTY AVE. and 31st ST. PITTSBURGH, PA. Telephones: P. & A. 103 Lawrence—Bell 103 Fisk. LEWIS BUILDING, PITTSBURGH

W. N. Kratzer & Co. Pittsburgh Iron and Wire Works Manufacturers ESTABLISHED 1S47 STRUCTURAL STEEL TAYLOR <& DEAN and STEEL CONSTRUCTION. MANUFACTURERS OF Buildings, Roof Trusses, Girders, Columns, frc. Ornamental Iron and Wire Work, Iron Fencing Structural Shapes tn stock Elevator Enclosures—Artistic Grill Work. for hurry orders. FIRM ESCAPES OF Ahl KINDS GENERAL OFFICE: MARKET STREET. S212'SO Smailman St. PITTSBURGH, PJt. Factories: 201 to 206 Market St. 2318-2420 Penn Jive. .«

H. L. KREUSLER SANKEY BROTHERS MANUFACTURERS OP Building ALL GRADES OF RED BRICK

Construction OFFICE : 2112 CARSON STREET, SOUTH SIDE, PITTSBURGH 3301-3309 Penn Ave. PITTSBURGH, PA. BOTH PHONES Carnegie Library, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Akron Vitrified Roofing Tile

ALL THE TILE ROOFING IN THE CARNEGIE LIBRARY BUILDING WASIMANUFACTURED BY THE AKRON ROOFING TILE COMPANY.

Architectural Terra Cotta "HIS THEfWHlTE ENAMEL TERRA COTTA USED IN THE WALLS OF THE COURT WAS MANUFACTURED BY THE NORTH

— WESTERN TERRA COTTA COMPANY.

• • ' C. .. :-.; BATH PORTLAND CEMENT. SLATE, ASPHALT and GRAVEL ROOFING.

S QO T TA.WHITE PITTSBURG, PENNA. PI