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A Review on Medicinal Plants Exhibiting Antifertility Activity in Males

A Review on Medicinal Plants Exhibiting Antifertility Activity in Males

Natural Product Radiance, Vol. 5(5), 2006, pp.389-410 Review Article

A review on medicinal exhibiting antifertility activity in males R S Gupta* and Rakhi Sharma Center for Advanced Studies, Reproduction Physiology Section Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302 004, Rajasthan, India *Correspondent author, E-mail: [email protected] Received 16 June 2005; Accepted 10 April 2006 Abstract additionally safe and less expensive method that require infrequent and self Fertility control is an issue of global and national public health concern. Many studies administration and should have long have been done on the male contraception. The traditional use of medicinal plants to treat different sorts of diseases, including fertility related problems is widespread throughout the world lasting but complete reversible antifertility as many substances are known for their interferences with the male reproductive system. The effect. present review is an attempt to summarize the fertility regulatory plants with part used, type of Recently efforts are being made extract/isolated compounds (active principles) along with animal model used. The literature to explore the hidden wealth of medicinal covered is of 25 years i.e. from 1980 to 2005 for 105 plants showing antifertility activity in males. plants for contraceptive use. With the Keywords: Antifertility activity, Spermatogenesis, Testes, Medicinal plants. exciting prospects of gene therapy, herbal IPC code; Int. cl.8 — A61K 36/00, A61P 15/00, A61P 15/16 medicine remains one of the common forms of therapy, available to much of Introduction Several potential approaches for world’s population, to maintain health Rising human population induction of infertility have been and to treat diseases. through out the world more particularly investigated over a long period including There has been a steady in developing and underdeveloped hormonal, chemical and immunological accumulation of information regarding parts has detrimental effects on the approaches. the screening of plants having antifertility 3-9 life supporting system on earth. The The chemical compounds efficacy . The folklore information and the ancient literature about the plants and possibility of an effective check on affecting testicular function include different groups like steroidal and non- herbs can help the antifertility program. human fertility may soon be realized steroidal among them are: Danazol, Depot In the recent past a number of plants have through biological means. Fertility medroxy acetate (DMPA), been identified and evaluation of extracts regulation comprising contraception Cyproterone acetate (CPA), Levenogestral, and active principles from different parts and management of infertility forms Melatonin,α-Chlorohydrin, Metapiron of plants like seeds, roots, leaves, flowers, an important component of reproductive and Serotonin. But application of all these stem or stem barks have been done by 1 health . Though considerable progress has compounds has been seriously questioned various researchers. These reports have been made in the development of owing to various hazards as they were been exhaustively reviewed by highly effective, acceptable and reversible proved toxic or idiosyncratic on both the Orzechowski10, Brondegaard11, Kholkute methods of contraception among females, short as well as long term use in the et al12, Kamboj and Dhawan13, Zhu14 and progress and possibilities on males reproductive organs2. Satyawati15. are still slow and limited. With recent Despite the availability of various A literature survey for the period progress towards a better understanding contraceptive modalities, one of the most of 25 years (1980-2005) revealed that of male reproductive physiology there is challenging pursuits in the realm of there are about 105 plants which possesss a need to develop new contraceptive pharmaceutical and medical sciences is antifertility activity in males. They have modalities for male. search for newer, more potent, been discussed in Table1 along with plant

Vol 5(5) September-October 2006 389 Review Article part, type of extract, active principles and Carica papaya Linn. animal model used in the study. (Family - Caricaceae) The status of the more active plants is briefly described below. Administration of chloroform extract of Papaya seeds showed Gossypium herbaceum Linn. suppression of cauda epididymal sperm (Family- Malvaceae, Levant Cotton) motility and counts in rats and suggested that contraceptive effects are mainly post Gossypol, a yellow phenolic testicular in nature without influencing compound isolated from cotton seed oil toxicological profile and libido of was proposed as a animals36. In langur monkey the extract drug, after the Chinese clinical trials in induces long-term reversible 1970’s. Hadley et al16 found that gossypol azoospermia37. An oral dose of crude ripe treatment reduced the level of serum paw seeds in male albino rats caused testosterone (T) and luetinizing hormone degeneration of the germinal epithelium (LH) levels in a dose and duration and germ cells reduction in the number dependent manner. Gossypol acts directly wilfordii of Leydig cells and vacuoles in the on testes and induces azoospermia or tubules38. Pathak et al39 reported the oligospermia17-19. Zavos and Zavos20 traditional herbal medicine for treatment sterility in rats due to total suppression demonstrated that gossypol blocked cAMP of psoriasis and other dermatological of sperm motility. Verma and Chinoy40 formation in sperm, which resulted into conditions were shown to have a reversible concluded that the papaya seed extract inhibition of sperm motility. Nair and antifertility action in male rats in a Task- alters cauda epididymal Bhiwgade21 have studied the effect of Force-supported study26. Its antifertility microenvironment. It was also evaluated gossypol on pituitary gonadal axis and activity is well documented in rats27, that it reversibly reduced the contractile found the decreased secretary activity of mice28 and humans29. It caused responses of cauda epididymal tubules, accessory sex glands. Bai and Shi22 also degenerative changes in seminiferous- which possibly retards the sperm investigated inhibition of T-type Ca2+ tubular epithelium and decrease in transport in cauda epididymis41. currents in mouse spermatogenic cells by plasma testosterone30. Bai and Shi31 also Manivannan et al42 also observed gossypol. Antifertility activities were also investigated inhibition of Ca2+ channels in ultrastructural changes in the testis and found in hamsters23 and in rats24-25. mouse spermatogenic cell by GTW, which could be responsible for the antifertility epididymis of rats following treatment with activity of this compound. , an the benzene chromatographic fraction of active diterpene epoxide isolated from this the chloroform extract of the seeds. plant has been reported to cause infertility in male rats. It’s action is post-testicular Wall. ex and produced severe impairment in cauda Nees (Family - Acanthaceae) epididymal sperm32-33. Tripchlorolide-a derivative of triptolide has significant effect It is manifested that extract of Creat plant (Hindi — Kirayat) showed Gossypium herbaceum on the fertility in male rats. The primary sites of action are spermatids and antispermatogenic and antiandrogenic Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. testicular as well as epididymal effect. Dry leaf powder when fed orally to (Family - ) spermatozoa34. Tripchlorolide T also rats (20 mg powder/day/rat) resulted in 4 cessation of spermatogenesis, A multiglycoside extracted from inhibited hyaluronidase activities of testes degeneration in seminiferous tubules and the root xylem long used in Chinese and epididymis in rats35.

390 Natural Product Radiance Review Article

epididymal spermatozoa. Solasodine, a Catharanthus roseus G. Don syn. steroidal of S. surattense Vinca rosea Linn. caused disruptive changes in the (Family — Apocynaceae) acrosomal membrane of sperm and arrest spermatozoal motility45. Mali et al46, Antispermatogenic as well as found that the root extract caused antiandrogenic actions in male rats have degenerative changes in seminiferous been shown by leaf extract58. Vinblastin epithelium and spermatogenic elements and Vincristine, the indole-indoline in male rats. Oral administration of dimeric isolated from C. Andrographis paniculata solasodine to intact dogs significantly roseus (Hindi — Sadabahar) affect regression of Leydig cells. Degeneration decreased the epithelial cell height of the spermatogenic cell lines other than and reduction has also been seen in the cauda epididymides. Concurrent treatment accessory sex organs and its fluid content43. of solasodine along with testosterone Andrographilode, one of the major propionate was unable to restore the contituents of this plant also showed normal epithelial lumen parameters47. antifertility effect. This compound, when administered in male rats affected Embelia ribes Burm. f. spermatogenesis by preventing cytokinesis (Family - Myrsinaceae) of the dividing spermatogenic cell lines. Sperm counts, motility seems to be Berries of E. ribes have been Catharanthus roseus decreased and sperm also possess reported to possess antifertility activity. It spermatogonia58-59. Averal et al60 reported abnormalities44. shows spermicidal activity in male bonnet the pathological changes in the principal monkeys- (Macaca radiata) as it and apical cells of caput and nuclear cells Solanum surattense Burm f. syn. S. adversely affects the sperm motility, of cauda causing impairment of xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. the quantity and quality of semen, epididymal function supporting (Family - Solanaceae) and lowered the hormonal level48. Embelin antiandrogenic properties of vincristine. (2, 5-dihydroxy-3-undicyl-1, 4- benzoquinone) However, side effects like nausea/vomiting, Crude extract of Yellow berried isolated from the berries altered the alopecia, hepatocellular damage, nightshade (Hindi — Kateli) reported testicular histology and compound is pulmonary fibrosis, etc., are also to possess spermicidal activity on rat suggested to possess antiandrogenic attributed to vincristine treatment61-62. properties49. Gupta et al50 observed that both in vitro and in vivo treatment Abrus precatorius Linn. caused profound morphological (Family - changes. Fabaceae)

It has long been claimed by Ayurvedic physicians in Sri Lanka that the Solanum surattense Embelia ribespowdered Abrus precatorius

Vol 5(5) September-October 2006 391 Review Article seeds of A. precatorius (Indian head of the sperm and its acrosome, Standardization of tests and methods of Liquorice) inhibit conception in humans which is due to its androgen deficiency preparation and documentation of adverse when taken orally63. Degenerative changes consequent upon its antiandrogenic effects of herbal medicines merits were reflected in testes of rats, rabbits and property56. Spermicidal activity of leaf attention. Standardization of methods, presbytis monkey after administration of extract was observed by Khillare and quality control, data on safety and efficacy 50% ethanolic extract of seeds. Rao64 Shrivastav57. According to them minimum are needed for proper understanding of reported that extract-receiving animal effective concentration of aqueous the use of the herbal medicines. showed altered sperm morphology, extract of old leaves attains 100% The development of better reduced sperm motility and metabolism, immobilization and killing of sperm prophylactics requires new breakthroughs which is correlated with its decreased within 20 seconds. of theories about this process that could fertility rate. Dose dependent reduction only be obtained from basic researches in testicular weight, sperm count and Discussion and Conclusion in reproductive biology and medicines. degeneration in later stages of Pharmacological effects of many Owing to the belief that post spermatogenesis were found in the testis plants have been studied in various testicular agents have a more rapid of rats treated with steroidal fraction of laboratories. However, there are many antifertility effect and a correspondingly seeds65. Ratnasooriya et al66 found that limitations regarding safety and efficacy more rapid recovery than would agents the seed extracts caused concentration of these preparations. Knowledge about that acts on spermatogenesis, a dual related impairment of sperm motility with active principles of herbal preparations approach was pursued. Drugs with post the EC50 concentration being 2.29 mg/ml. is not well defined and information on meiotic or post testicular action would According to Sinha67 it caused post- toxicity and adverse effects of these not disturb spermatogenesis, libido or any testicular antifertility effects and formulations are lacking. Information other hormonally related features. Their suppressed sperm motility in cauda regarding pharmacokinetics and effects are rapid both in onset and in the epididymis. bioavailability is not available. Assurance return of normal sperm on withdrawal of of safety, quality and efficacy of medicinal the drug68. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. plants and herbal products are key issues, New targets for drug interventions (Family - Meliaceae) which needs to be addressed. Selection should be pursued through support of of plant material should be based on basic sciences, taking advantage of Extract of neem leaves caused quality, standardization of methods of modern cellular and molecular biological disturbance in structure and function of preparation, enforcement of regulation techniques. The relatively slow emergence testis and spermatozoa in male rats51. regarding appropriate labels are measures, of fertility control technologies for Histological and biochemical changes in which will improve the quality and practical application clearly reflects the the caput and cauda of rats were studied acceptability of herbal preparation. complexities of science and the by Kasturi et al52, who also suggested its Ecotype pharmacological evaluation is requirement of multi-disciplinary research possible antiandrogenic property due to very essential when the drug is used in approach. Recent biotechnological, reduction in concentration of serum crude form. The relative proportion of biochemical and immunological advances testosterone. Mass atrophy of phytochemical present in medicinal plants have overcome some of these difficulties spermatogenic elements in rats was also can vary in different ecotypes. There is also and now make the production and use of reported by Joshi et al53. Ethanolic extract a need for documentation of research and contraceptive vaccines feasible. They can of neem bark and flowers induced publication of results in peer-reviewed provide a valuable alternative to currently reversible infertility in male rats and journals. Most of the information on available methods of family planning. A spermatogenesis was arrested at late pharmacological study of plants are vaccine that targets sperm represents a spermiogenesis stage (late XII)54-55. incomplete since they are published as promising approach to contraception. Morphological changes occurred in the abstract presented at conferences. Antisperm antibodies (ASA) in men and

392 Natural Product Radiance Review Article women cause infertility, but the antigens that prostasomes are available after Acknowledgement that are recognized by ASA are not a new set of antigens for research on The authors are thankful to the characterized. male immunoinfertility and Head, Department of Zoology, Prof. N. K. Prostasomes (organelles secreted immunocontraception. Lohiya, Coordinator SAP, Department of by human prostatic cells) are one of In conclusion the experimental Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur for the major targets for ASA and that studies summarized in this review may providing necessary facilities, as well as several antigens can cause antibody focus researchers’ attention for clinical CSIR, New Delhi and U.G.C., Regional response associated with immunological studies which would be of great scientific Office, Bhopal, M.P. (India) for financial infertility. Carlsons et al69 suggested contribution to the society. support.

Table 1: Summary of medicinal plants exhibiting antifertility activity in males (1980-2005)

S. No. Name of the Common/English Part used Type of plant extract / Animal Activities Reference plant name active principles models (s)

1. Abrus precatorius Chirmi Seed 50% Ethanol extract Rat Reduces sperm 70,71 Linn. motility and density Steroidal fraction ,, Antispermatogenic effect 65 and reduced activity of testicular enzyme 50% Ethanol extract ,, Post-testicular antifertility 67 effect Alcoholic extract ,, Reduced sperm motility 64 Methanol extract ,, Sperm motility activity 66 - Langur Antispermatogenic and 72 Monkey antiandrogenic effect 2. Acacia concinna DC. Shikakai Stem bark Acacic acid Rat Spermicidal and semen 13 coagulating activities 3. Acacia auriculae- - - , - Sperm immobilizing effect 73 formis A. Cunn. saponins 4. Acacia caesia Aila Fruit Saponins - Immobilization of 74 Wight & Arn. spermatozoa 5. Achillea millefolium Gandna Yarrow Flowers Ethanol and hydro - Mice Antispermatogenic effect 75 Linn. alcoholic extract 6. Achyranthes aspera Kadaladi Root 50% Ethanol extract Rat Spermicidal action 77 Linn. 7. Actiniopteris Morepankhi Whole plant 50% Ethanol extract Rat Antifertility effect 76 dichotoma Kuhn Peacock’s Tail 8. Aegle marmelos Bael - - Rat Resist process of spermato- 78,79 Corr. ex Roxb. genesis and decrease sperm motility

Vol 5(5) September-October 2006 393 Review Article

S. No. Name of the Common/English Part used Type of plant extract/ Animal Activities References plant name active principles models (s)

9. Albizia lebbek Siris Pod Methanol extract Rat Antifertility activity 80 (Linn.) Benth. Bark Saponins ,, ,, 81 10. Albizia procera Safed siris Seed and Proceric acid and Rat Spermicidal and semen 13 (Roxb.) Benth. root leanic acid coagulating activities

11. Allium sativum Lahsun Pod Dry powder Rat Antispermatogenic 82 Linn. activity 12. Aloe barbadensis Gheekunwar Leaves 50% Ethanol Dog Antiandrogenic activity 83 Mill. extract 13. Alstonia scholaris Saptaparni Stem bark Methanol extract Rat Antifertility effect 84 R.Br. ,, α- Amyrine Rat Suppression of fertility 85 with marked decline in germ cell population 14. Anagallis arvensis Dhartidhak Whole plant - ,, Spermicidal and semen 13 Linn. coagulating activities 15. Ananas comosus Annanas Unripe fruit Alcoholic extract Rat Antispermatogenic activity 15 Merr. 16. Andrographis Kirayat Leaves Dry powder Rat Antispermatogenic and 43 paniculata Wall. antiandrogenic ex Nees ,, Andrographilode ,, Effect on spermatozoa 44 17. Annona squamosa Sitaphal Seed Alcoholic - Antispermatogenic activity 86 Linn. 18. Aristolochia indica Hukka bel Root Aristolochic acid Presbytes Antispermatogenic and 87 Linn. langur antiandrogenic effects 19. Austroplenckia - - Hydro-methanol extract Rat Affects the sexual 88 populnea (Reiss.) behaviour and epididymal Lundell. sperm concentration 20. Azadirachta indica Neem Seed Seed oil Rat Antispermatogenic and 89 A. Juss. antiandrogenic effect - Neem oil Mouse Antispermatogenic effects 90 - ” Rat Post-testicular antifertility 91 effects - ” ,, Antispermatogenic effect 15 - ” Monkey, Spermicidal activity 92 Human - ” Monkey Induced azoospermia 93 ,, Seed oil ,, Antispermatogenic and antiandrogenic effect 55 ,, ,, Rat Spermicidal activities 94 ,, Praneem cream ,, ,, 95 Leaves Ethanol extract ,, Antispermatogenic activity 96

394 Natural Product Radiance Review Article

S. No. Name of the Common/English Part used Type of plant extract/ Animal Activities References plant name active principles models (s)

Dry powder ,, ,, 51 Seed Neem oil ,, Antispermatogenic activity 97 ,, Dry powder ,, Antispermatogenic 52 activities and histological changes in testes and epididymides Leaves Dry powder ,, Degeneration of fertilizing 53 ability of sperm ,, Aqueous suspension ,, Antiandrogenic activity 56 Bark and 50% Ethanol ,, Antispermatogenic and 54 flower extract antiandrogenic activity Bark and 50% Ethanol extract ,, Leydig cell dysfunction 98 seed and seed oil Leaves Aqueous extract ,, Spermicidal activity 57 21. Balanites Hingan Fruit Pulp extract Dog Antispermatogenic activity 99 roxburghii Linn. Fruit pulp Ethanol extract ,, Testicular necrosis and 100 atrophy 22. Bambusa Baans Shoots Ethanol Rat Impaired the structural 101 arundinacea Willd. (tender) extract and functional activity of epididymis Stem Stem extract ,, Reduced sperm motility 102 23. Barleria prionitis Vajradanti Root Methanol extract ,, Antifertility effect 103 Linn. 24. Berberis chitria - Root Palmitine hydroxide Dog Antispermatogenic action 104 Buch.-Ham. ex Lindl. 25. Bursera sp. Mexican copal Stem, Leaf Saponins, Leaf extract Human Sperm aggregation 105 Bovine 26. Butea monosperma Palash Seeds Butin Rat, Dog Effects on testicular 106 (Lam.) Kuntze and function Whole Plant Water soluble Monkey Antispermatogenic effect 107 ethanol extract Rat 27. Calotropis procera Aak Root Calotropin Gerbil and Antispermatogenic effect 108 (Ait.) R. Br. Rabbit and Leydig cell atrophy Flower Aqueous ethanol Mice Functional alteration in 109 extract the genital organs and inhibition of fertility 28. sativa Ganja Leaves Butin Presbytis Testicular lesions and 110 Linn. Monkey atrophy of Leydig cells 29. Carica papaya Papita Fruit Dry powder Rat Antispermatogenic activity 111 Linn. Seed Aqueous extract Rat Induced total sterility 112 Seed Powder - Rabbit Inhibit fertility 113

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S. No. Name of the Common/English Part used Type of plant extract / Animal Activities References plant name active principles models (s)

Seed Aqueous extract Rat Reversible post testicular 114 antifertility effects ,, Chloroform extract Rat Antifertility activity and 36 reversible sterility ,, Aqueous extract Rabbit Contraceptive effect 115 ,, ” Mouse Antispermatogenic effects 116 ,, Benzene chromatographic Rabbit Induced azoospermia and 117 sub fraction of chloroform reversible regressive effect extract ,, ” ,, Induced azoospermia 118 and oligospermia ” Human Spermicidal activity 119 Aqueous extract Rabbit No side effects 120 ,, Chloroform extraction Langur Induced azoospermia 37 monkey ,, - Rat Antifertility effect 38 ,, - ,, Induce sterility due to 39 total suppression of sperm motility ,, - ,, Alter cauda epididymal 40 microenviroment ,, Benzene extract Rabbit Ultrastructural changes 42 in the testis and epididymis 30. Catharanthus Sadabahar Leaves Extract Rat Antispermatogenic activity 229 roseus G. Don ,, ,, Mice Antiandrogenic activity 58 syn. Vinca rosea Linn. ,, Aqueous extract Mice Antispermatogenic activity 59 Whole plant Vincristin Rat Regression of entire 230 reproductive system ,, ,, ,, Decrease in secretory 231 activity of accessory sex gland ,, ,, ,, Epididymal dysfunction 60 - - ,, Presence of multinucleated 232 giant cells, spermatogenic arrest 31. Celastrus - Seed Seed extract Rat Antispermatogenic activity 121 paniculatus Willd. 32. Cichorium Kasni Whole plant Aqueous extract - Antispermatogenic activity 122 intybus Linn. 33. Cinnamomum - Seed - Sparrow Arrest and inhibition of 123 camphora Nees & spermatogenesis Eberm.

396 Natural Product Radiance Review Article

S. No. Name of the Common/English Part used Type of plant extract/ Animal Activities References plant name active principles models (s)

34. Citrullus Tumba Fruit 50% Ethanol extract Rat Impairment of sperm 124 colocynthis Schrad. ,, ,, ,, Induced reversible 125 antifertility effects 35. Colebrookia - Leaves Ethanol extract Rat Antifertility activity 126 oppositifolia Sm. 36. Convolvulus Shankh pushpi Whole plant Ethanol extract Rat Antispermatogenic effect 127 microphyllus Sieb. ex Spreng. 37. Crotalaria juncea Seeds Ethanol extract Mice Arrest of spermato- 128 Linn. genesis and antiandrogenic activity 38. Cuminum cyminum Jeera Seed Ethanol extract Rat Antispermatogenic effect 129 Linn. 39. Curcuma longa Linn. Haldi Root 50% Ethanol extract Rat Interference with 130 spermatogenesis at later stages and antiandrogenic effect - - Rat Arrest of spermato genesis 131 and antiandrogenic effect 40. Cyclamen persicum Whole plant Saponins - Spermicidal activity 132 Mill. 41. Cynomorum - - Aqueous extract Rat Effect on epididymal 133 coccineum Linn. sperm pattern 42. Daucus carota Linn. Seed - Rat 134 43. Desmodium Chapot Whole plant Gangenticum Rat Antifertility effect 135 gangeticum DC. 44. Diploclisia Stem Ecdysterone - Spermicidal activity 136 echinatus Linn. 45. Ecballium Contrasperm Rabbit Decreases sperm motility 137 elaterium A. Rich. 46. Echeveria Whole plant Aqueous crude extract Guinea pig Reduced sperm motility 138 gibbiflora DC. 47. Echinops Oontkatalo Root 50% Ethanol extract Rat Sperm antimotility. 139, 140 echinatus Roxb. Reduces sperm density in cauda epididymis 48. Embelia ribes Vidang Berry Embelin Rat Reduced testosterone level 141 Burm. f. Antifertility activity 142 Antispermatogenic and 49 antiandrogenic activity Spermicidal activity 50 Antifertility activity 143

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S. No. Name of the Common/English Part used Type of plant extract/ Animal Activities References plant name active principles models (s)

49. Epilobium Rosbay - Hexane/Aqueous extract Rat Reduction in weight of 144 angustifolium accessory sex organs Linn. 50. Eupatorium - - Brevipenin - Spermicidal activity 146 brevipes DC. 51. Euphorbia Thuar Root 50% Ethanol extract Rat Antispermatogenic effects 147 neriifolia Linn. 52. Foeniculum Saunf Whole plant Alcoholic extract Rat Antiandrogenic activity 148 vulgare Mill. 53. Gloriosa Shakar pusphi Tuber Ethanol extract Gerbil Shrinkage of Seminiferous 149 superba Linn. tubules and Leydig cells 54. Gossypium Cotton Seed Gossypol Mice Reduced sperm density 150 herbaceum Linn. and weight of reproductive organs ,, ,, ,, Spermicidal activity 151 ,, ,, Rat Reduced motility of 152 spermatozoa, histological changes in epididymis - ,, Human Antispermatogenic effect, 153 muscular paralysis ,, ,, Mice Reduction in sperm 154 production ,, ,, Rat Antispermatogenic activity 155 ,, ,, Hamster Arrest and inhibition of 156 spermatogenesis ,, ,, Human Reduce sperm motility 157 ,, ,, Rat Alteration in spermatozoa 158 structure ,, ,, ,, Effect on pituitary 21 reproductive axis and antispermatogenic effect - ,, Langur Induce oligospermia, 159 monkey decrease sperm motility ,, ,, Rat Adverse effect on 160 epididymal function ,, ,, ,, Effect on secretory activity 161 of accessory sex organs ,, ,, Human Antifertility effect 162 - ,, Human Reduce sperm motility 163 ,, ,, Hamster Inhibition of sperm 23 acrosomal enzyme, decresed fertilizing capacity ,, ,, Mouse Antifertility effect 22

398 Natural Product Radiance Review Article

S. No. Name of the Common/English Part used Type of plant extract/ Animal Activities References plant name active principles models (s)

55. Hedera - Inflorescence - - Immobilization of 164 nepalensis K. spermatozoa Koch 56. Hibiscus rosa- Gudhal Flower 50% Ethanol extract Rat Antispermatogenic and 165 sinensis Linn. antiandrogenic activity ,, Benzene extract Nonscrotal Antispermatogenic 166 bat activity ,, Benzene/Ether Mice Antispermatogenic/ 167 antiandrogenic activity 57. Hyptis suaveolens Wilayati tulsi Whole plant Benzene /Ether extract Mice Antifertility effect 168 Poit. 58. Justicia simplex Kala adoosa Flower Justicisa saponin - Sperm acrosomal 169 D. Don membrane stabilizing action 59. Maca Root Aqueous extract Rat Invigorates spermato- 170 meyenii Walp. genesis by acting on its initial stages (IX-XIV) 60. Malvaviscus Gercenum Flower Methanol extract Mice Antifertility activity 171 conzattii Greenm. ,, Alcoholic extract Mouse Antispermatogenic and 172 antiandrogenic effect ,, 50% Ethanol extract Rat Antispermatogenic activity 173 61. Martynia annua Bichchhu Root 50% Ethanol extract Rat Antispermatogenic activity 174 Linn. 62. Melodinus - - Solasodine (Plant steroidal - Spermicidal activity 175 fusiformis Champ. alkaloid) ex Benth. 63. arvensis Pudhina Leaves Aqueous extract Mouse Sex organs secretion 176 Linn. decreased, antiandrogenic effect ,, Pet. Ether extract Mice Antifertility activity 177 ,, Methanol extract ,, ,, 178 64. Millettia auriculata Ganj Leaves Alcoholic extract Rat Reduction in implantation 98 Baker. ex Brand. sites in female mated with Milettia treated male rats 65. Momordica Karela Seeds - Rat Antispermatogenic, 179 charantia Linn. antiandrogenic and antisteroidogenic activity 66. Mondia whiteii - Root bark - Rat Reversible antispermato- 180 Skeels genic and antifertility activity 67. Mucuna urens Horse eye bean Seeds - Guinea Effect gonads and sex 181 Medik. pigs accessory glands

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S. No. Name of the Common/English Part used Type of plant extract/ Animal Activities References plant name active principles models (s)

68. Myristica Jaiphal Seed Ethanol extract - Premature ejaculation 182 fragrans Houtt. 69. Nicotiana Leaves Rat Antiandrogenic effects 183 tabacum Linn. 70. Ochna jabotapita Kanakchampa Plant Ethanol - Semen coagulating 184 Linn. (without extract activity root) 71. Ocimum Tulsi Leaves Powder Rat Arrest of spermatogenesis 185, 186 sanctum Linn. and atrophy of Leydig cells Leaves - Rat Reduction of sperm 187 motility and sperm count 72. Ophiopogon - Rhizome n-Octacosanal, - Spermicidal activity 188 intermedius (D. β-sitosterol Don) Maxim 73. Opuntia dilleni Haw. Nagphana Phylloclade Methanol extract Rat Antispermatogenic effect 189 74. Piper betle Linn. Pan Petiole Ethanol extract Rat Reduced sperm motility 72 ” Water soluble Rat Biochemical changes in 190 ethanol extract epididymal fluid Leaf stalk Stalk extract Rat Antiandrogenic effect, 191 altered testicular histology ,, Alcoholic extract Mice Antifertility activity 192 75. Piper longum Linn. Long peeper Flower and Rat Antispermatogenic effect 193 bud 76. Pittosporum - Plant (with Pittosida-A and - Spermicidal and semen 194 neelgherrense out root) pittosida-B coagulating activity Wight & Arn. 77. Plumbago Chitrak Root, Stem Plumbagin Rat Antiandrogenic activity 196 zeylanica Linn. bark 78. Plumeria alba Linn. Leaves - Rabbit Total sterility 195 79. Polemonium - - - Mouse Antispermatogenic effect 15 caeruleum Linn. 80. Portulaca Lunkha Seed Alcoholic extract Mice Impairment of 197 oleracea Linn. spermatogenesis 81. Primula vulgaris - - Saponins - Immobilization of 133 Huds. spermatozoa 82. Pterocarpus - Stem bark - - Semen coagulating activity 184 santalinus Linn. f. 83. Pueraria tuberosa Vidharikand Root Methanol extract Rat Inhibition of 198 DC. spermatogenesis 84. Pyrus cuspidata Naspati Plant (with Extract - Spermicidal and semen 13 Bertol. out root) coagulating activity 85. Quassia amara Linn. - Stem wood Methanol extract Rat Antifertility activity 199, 200 Stem bark Chloroform extract ,, ,, 201

400 Natural Product Radiance Review Article

S. No. Name of the Common/English Part used Type of plant extract/ Animal Activities References plant name active principles models (s)

86. Ricinus communis - - 50% Ethanol extract Rat Alteration in the motility, 202 Linn. mode of movement and morphology of sperms 87. Rubus ellipticus Sm. Katsan Whole plant - - Antifertility activity 203 88. Salvia fruticosa Satari Leaves Aqueous/Ethanol extract Rat No. of implantation site 204 Mill. and viable fetuses reduced in female in pregnant by treated male rats 89. Sapindus Ritha Fruit Aqueous extract Rat Alters the sperm 206 mukorossi Gaertn. Pericarp pericarp membrane physiology 90. Sapindus Ritha Fruit Ethanol extract Gerbils Adverse effect on 205 trifoliatus Linn. spermatogenesis 91. Sarcostemma Somlata Stem Methanol extract Rat Arrest of spermatogenesis 207 acidum Voigt 92. Semecarpus Bhilawa Seed powder Aqueous suspension Rat Antiandrogenic effect, 208 anacardium degeneration of germ cells Linn. f. Fruit Ethanol extract - Antiandrogenic and 209 antispermatogenic activity ” ” ” Arrest of spermatogenesis 210 93. Solanum Kantkari Berries Solasodine Dog Impairment of 211, 45 surattense Burm. f. spermatogenesis syn. S. xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. ,, ,, Rat Reversible antifertility 212 activity ,, ,, Dog Epididymal dysfunction 47 due to its antiandrogenic potency Seed Alcoholic extract Rat Reduced testosterone 213 level and effect on testes and maturing sperms Root 50% Ethanol extract Rat Antispermatogenic effect 46 94. Stephania Aknadi Leaf Aqueous extract Rat Deminution of the 215 hernandifolia activities of testicular Willd. androgenic key enzymes and plasma testosterone with spermatogenesis 95. - Whole plant Aqueous extract Rat Decrease in testosterone 214 Bertoni level 96. Striga Lalagia Whole plant Ethanol extract Rat Antispermatogenic effect 216 orobanchoides and reduced weight of sex Benth. organs

Vol 5(5) September-October 2006 401 Review Article

SNo. Name of the Common/English Part used Type of plant extract/ Animal Activities References plant name active principles models (s)

97. Syzygium Jamun Seed Alcoholic extract - Antispermatogenic effect 72 cuminii Linn. syn. Eugenia jambolana Lam. Flower Oleanolic acid Rat Antifertility effect 145 98. Terminalia arjuna Arjun Bark 50% Ethanol extract Rat Antispermatogenic effect 217 Wight & Arn. 99. Tinospora Neem giloy Stem 70% methanol extract Rat Antifertility activity 218 cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. & Thoms. 100. Trigonella foenum- - Seed - Rat Antiandrogenic effect 219, 220 graecum Linn. 101. Tripterygium - Root xylem - Human Reversible regressive effect 221 hypoglaucum (Level) Hutch 102. Tripterygium - Root Glycoside Human Antifertility activity 27 wilfordii Hook f. and Rat ,, GTW Rat Reduced motility of 222 spermatozoa and sperm count ,, Glycoside Mice Plasma level of testo- 28, 223 sterone decreased ,, GTW Rat Degenerative changes 30, 224 in seminiferous tubules ,, Tripchlorolide Rat Antispermatogenic activity 225 T4 Monomers and T II ,, GTW Mouse Antifertility activity 31 ” ” - Immunosuppressive effect 226 ” Tripchlorolide Rat Antifertility activity 34 ” - ” No side effect 227 103. Tylophora Damabel Leaf and Pure alkaloid Rat Antispermatogenic activity 228 asthmatica Stem Wight & Arn. 104. Vigna ungiculata Cowpea - - Rat Antifertility effect 233 (Linn.) Walp. 105. Vitex negundo - Seed Seed extract Dog Induced azoospermia 234 Linn.

402 Natural Product Radiance Review Article

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36. Lohiya NK and Goyal RB, Antifertility cauda epididymidal spermatozoa, indica (flower and bark) in male rats: a investigations on the crude chloroform Phytother Res, 2000, 14(6), 432-435. biochemical and sperm dynamics analysis, extract of Carica papaya Linn. seeds 45. Kanwar U, Batla A, Ranga A and Sanyal SN, J Curr Biosci, 1990, 7(4), 129-133. in male albino rats, Indian J Exp Biol, Effect of Solasodine on morphology, 55. Dixit VP, Jain P and Purohit AK, Medicinal 1992, 30, 1051-1055. motility and glycolytic enzymes of Buffalo uses of neem (Azadirachta indica) in 37. Lohiya NK, Manivannan B, Mishra PK, Bull spermatozoa, Indian J Exp Biol, fertility regulation, diabetes and Pathak N, Sriram S, Bhande SS and 1988, 26, 941-944. atherosclerosis, Rec Adv Med Arom Panneerdoss S, Chloroform extract of 46. Mali PC, Chaturvedi M and Dixit VP, Spice Crops, 1992, 2, 463-471. Carica papaya seeds induces Antispermatogenic activity of Solanum 56. 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65. Kulshreshtha SS and Mathur RS, Effect of Achillea millefolium Linn. mice, male albino rats following α-amyrin steroidal fraction of seeds of Abrus Contraception, 1998, 58, 309-313. acetate administration, Pharma Biol, precatorius Linn. on rat testis, Indian 76. Sharma A, Mathur A, Verma P, Joshi SC 2004, 42(2), 98-104. J Exp Biol, 1990, 28, 752-756. and Dixit VP, Effects of Actiniopteris 86. Jain GC and Dixit VP, Effect of Annona 66. Ratnasooriya WD, Amarasekera AS, Perera dichotoma (Sw.) on reproductive squamosa EtOH extract and testicular NSD and Premakumara GAS, Sperm function of male rat, J Endocrinol functin of dogs (Canis indicus Linn.), antimotility properties of a seed extract of Reprod, 1999, 3(1), 47-59. II Annual Session of Science, Abstr-15 Abrus precatorius, J 77. Sandhyakumary K, Boby RG and Bhavnagar, 1982, pp. 22. Ethnopharmacol, 1991, 38, 85-90. Indira M, Impact of feeding ethanolic 87. Gupta RS, Dobhal MP and Dixit VP, 67. Sinha R, Post-testicular antifertility effects extracts of Achyranthes aspera Linn. Morphometric and biochemical of Abrus precatorius seed extract in on reproductive functions in male rats, changes in testes of Presbytis entellus albino rats, J Ethnopharmacol, 1990, Indian J Exp Biol, 2002, 40, entellus Dufresne (langur monkey) 28(2), 173-181. 1307-1309. following aristolochic acid 68. Geoffrey MH and Waites SD, Development 78. Sur TK, Pandit S and Pramani KT, administration, Ann Biol, 1996, 12(2), of methods of male contraception: impact Antispermatogenic activity of leaves of 328-334. of the World Health Organization Task Aegle marmelos Corr. in albino rats: A 88. Mazaro R, Stasi LC and Kempinas WG, Force, Fertil Steril, 2003, 80, 1-14. Preliminary report, Biomedicine, 1999, Effects of hydromethanolic extract of 69. Carlsson L, Nilsson BO, Ronquist G, 19, 199-202. Austroplenckia populnea Lundquist M and Larsson A, Identification 79. 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96. Choudhary CN, Singh JN, Verma SK and 106. Dixit VP, Agarwal M, Bhargava SK, Gupta aqueous extract of Carica papaya seeds Singh BP, Antifertility effects of leaf extracts RS and Jain GC, Effect of Butea in male rats, Planta Med, 1994, 60, of some plants in male rats, Indian J monosperma seed extract fraction 400-404. Exp Biol, 1990, 28, 714-716. (Butin) on the testicular function of rats, 116. Chinoy NJ, D’Souza JM and Padman P, 97. Upadyay SK, Dhawan S and Talwar GP, dogs and presbytis monkey, Iugoslav Contraceptive efficacy of Carica papaya Antifertility effects of Neem (Azadirachta Physiol Pharmacol Acta, 1981, seed extracts in male mice (Mus indica) oil in male rats by intra-vas 17(3), 151-162. musculus), Phytother Res, 1995, 9, administration: An alternate approach to 107. Awati BT and Verute AT, Butea 30-36. vasectomy, J Androl, 1993, 14, monosperma leaf extract induced 117. Lohiya NK, Phatak N, Mishra PK and 275-281. alterations in the testicular function of Manivannan B, Reversible contraception 98. Purohit A and Dixit VP, Antispermatogenic albino rats: A histological and biochemical with chloroform extract of Carica efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica study, In: International Symposium on papaya seeds in male rabbits, Reprod A. Juss) materials in male rats, Neem Recent Advances in Male Reproduction, Toxicol, 1999, 13, 59-66. Newsletter, 1991, 8(2), 13-14. Hyderabad, 1988, July 12-14, pp. 16. 118. Lohiya NK, Mishra PK, Pathak N, 99. Dixit VP, Bhargava SK and Gupta RA, 108. 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Das RP, Effect of papaya seeds on the genital of the seeds of Carica papaya in male 1989, 25, 201-212. organs and fertility of male rats, Indian J rabbits, J Ethnopharmacol, 2000, 70, 102. Vanitha Kumari G, Manonayagi S, Padma Exp Biol, 1980, 18, 408-409. 17-27. S and Malini T, Effect of bamboo structural 112. Chinoy NJ and George SM, Induction of 121. Bidwai PP, Wangoo D and Bhullar N, and functional changes in the epididymis functional sterility in male rats by low dose Antispermatogenic action of Celastrus of rats, J Ethnopharmacol, 1989, 25, Carica papaya seed extracts treatment, paniculatus seed extract in the rat with 201-207. Acta Eur Fertil, 1983, 14, 425-432. reversible change in the liver, J 103. Gupta RS, Kumar P, Dixit VP and Dhobhal 113. Vyas DK and Jacob D, Effect of papaya Ethnopharmacol, 1990, 28(3), 293-303. MP, Antifertility studies of root extract of (Carica papaya) seeds on the 122. 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125. Chaturvedi M, Mali PC and Ansari AS, 134. Shah NV and Varute AJ, Effect of Daucus 145. Rahman HAA, Elbadry AA, Mahmoud OH Induction of reversible antifertility with a carrota seed extract on male reproductive and Harraz FA, The effect of the aqueous crude ethanol extract of Citrullus organs of albino rats (testis II), In: All extract of Cynomorium coccineum on colocynthis Schrad. fruit in male rats, India Symposium in Life Sciences, Nagpur, the epididymal sperm pattern of rat, Pharmacology, 2003, 68, 38-48. 1980, 91, pp. 217. Phytother Res, 1999, 13, 248-250. 126. Gupta RS, Yadav RK, Dixit VP and Dobhal 135. Pillai NR, Alam M and Purushothaman 146. 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Ethnopharmacol, 1997, 56(1), 222. Qian SZ, Tripterygium wilfordii, A New Lead 228. Dikshith TSS, Raizada RB and 55-60. in Male Fertility Regulation Today and Mulchandani NB, Toxicity of pure alkaloid 217. Jha RK and Dixit VP, Inhibition of Tomorrow by E Diczfalusy and M of Tylophora asthmatica in male spermatogenesis after chronic Bygdeman (Eds), Raven Press, New York, rats, Indian J Exp Biol, 1990, 28(3), administration of Terminelia arjuna and 1987, pp. 217-232. 208-212. Sapindus trifoliatus (50% EtOH 223. Zheng JR, Fang JL, Xu LF, Effects of total 229. Chinoy NJ and Ranga G, Antiandrogenic extract) in male albino rats, Proc Nat glycosides of Tripterygium wilfordii and antifertility effects of Vinca rosea Acad Sci, 1986, 56(3), 94-99. on animal reproductive organ I leaf extract, Comp Physiol Ecol, 1983, 218. Gupta RS and Sharma A, Antifertility effect Experiments of male rats, Acta Acad 8, 41-52. of Tinospora cordifolia Willd. stem Med Sin, 1985, 7, 1-5. 230. Stanley A, Averal HI and Akbarsha MA, extract in male rats, Indian J Exp Biol, 224. Lan ZJ, Gu ZP, Lu RF and Zhuang LZ, Effects Reproductive toxicity of vincristine in 2003, 41, 885-889. of multiglycosides of Tripterygium male rats, Indian J Exp Biol, 1993, 219. Kamal R, Yadav R and Sharma JD, wilfordii (GTW) on rat fertility and 31, 380-382. Efficacy of the steroidal fraction of Leydig and Sertoli cells, Contraception, 231. Akbarsha MA, Stanley A and Averal HI, Fenugreek seed extract on fertility of male 1992, 45, 249-261. Effect of vincristine on Leydig cell and albino rats, Phytother Res, 1993, 7(2), 225. Ye WS, Deng YC, Huang YL and Xu SP, accessory reproductive organs, Curr Sci, 134-138. Antispermatogenic effect of Tripterygium 1995, 68(10), 1053-1057.

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