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J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2020; 9(2): 112-120.

http://www.herbmedpharmacol.com doi: 10.34172/jhp.2020.15 Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology

A review of the most important natural antioxidants and effective medicinal in traditional medicine on prostate cancer and its disorders

Gholam Basati1 ID , Pardis Ghanadi2, Saber Abbaszadeh3* ID

1Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran 2Medical Student, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran. 3Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Article Type: Herbal plants can be used to treat and prevent life-threatening diseases, such as prostate Review cancer, and other diseases. The findings from traditional medicine and the use of medicinal plants can help control and treat most problems due to prostate diseases. The Article History: aim of this study was to identify and report the most important medicinal plants that affect Received: 19 July 2019 prostate disorders. Based on the results of the review of numerous articles indexed in the Accepted: 28 October 2019 databases ISI, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, etc., a number of plants have been reported to be used in the treatment and prevention of diseases, inflammation, , and cancer of Keywords: the prostate gland. The plants include Panax ginseng, Arum palaestinum, Melissa officinalis, Prostate cancer Syzygium paniculatum, Coptis chinensis, Embelia ribes, , Inflammation wilfordii, Salvia triloba, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Psidium guajava, Ganoderma lucidum, Litchi Prostatitis chinensis, Saussurea costus, paniculata, Magnolia officinalis and Prunus Medicinal plants africana. Phytochemical investigations have examined the therapeutic effects of medicinal Natural antioxidants plants effective on prostate cancer and their possible mechanisms of action and clinical Herbal drugs effects as well as the use of active in production of herbal drugs. Due to the active ingredients and important flavonoids of these plants, they can be used in production of herbal drugs that prevent and treat infections, inflammation and cancer of the prostate gland, and reduce the metastasis of prostate cancer cells, reducing the patients’ suffering and pain.

Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: Medicinal plants presented in this review might be used effectively for some prostate disorders. Cautious about drug interaction and side effects of medicinal plants is very important. Please cite this paper as: Basati G, Ghanadi P, Abbaszadeh S. A review of the most important natural antioxidants and effective medicinal plants in traditional medicine on prostate cancer and its disorders. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2020;9(2):112-120. doi: 10.34172/jhp.2020.15.

Introduction 40’s have histological evidence of prostate adenocarcinoma The prostate gland, as age increases, may be affected by (6). The formation of a tumor in the prostate is related many diseases, including benign prostatic hyperplasia to several factors such as age, race, diet, heredity, and (BPH) and prostate cancer, due to impaired normal the environment (7). In addition, inflammation is also a growth of the gland (1). Prostate cancer is a condition in major contributor to prostate diseases and may play a role which malignant cells originate in prostate tissues and in the growth of tumor cells. Prostate cancer seems to be irregularly proliferate, resulting in an increase in volume partly related to genetics, but environmental factors are of each of the cellular components of the prostate gland also involved (8,9). Prostate diseases have adverse effects (2,3). Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers on fertility and also cause urinary problems due to the and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men (4,5). anatomical condition of the prostate (10,11). Prostatitis is Although prostate cancer is more common in older men, classified as acute, chronic, asymptomatic inflammatory studies have shown that one third of men in the 30’s and (chronic pelvic pain syndrome), and chronic bacterial.

*Corresponding author: Saber Abbaszadeh; Email: [email protected] Basati et al

Prostatitis may develop at any ages (12,13). Several studies extract of Thymus vulgaris on precancerous lesions and in different countries have confirmed the beneficial squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate gland observed effects of herbal therapy on prostate cancer and other in Wistar rats can be attributed to and . diseases (14). In developed countries, prostate cancer is Flavonoids are other compounds in the hydroalcoholic the second leading cancer in men, so that one out of every extract of Thymus vulgaris which have anti-cancer effects six men develops the cancer (15). With the increasing (43). The aim of this study was to identify and report prevalence of prostate cancer deaths and the inefficacy of the most important medicinal plants that affect prostate chemotherapy and radiation therapy in advanced forms disorder. of this cancer, new methods are needed to control this cancer (16). BPH is the fourth leading disease in men over Materials and Methods the age of 50 (17). As the age advances, the prevalence of The information used in this review was obtained from BPH increases (18-22). Most of the plants’ properties are the articles indexed in the databases Iran Medex, Irandoc, related to antioxidant activity (23), which is mainly due PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Scientific Information to the presence of phenolic compounds (24). However, Database, Google Scholar, Magiran, etc. using the other compounds are likely to be involved in the plants’ search terms prostate cancer, prostate inflammation and activities. Nettle is known to exhibit positive effect on the diseases, prostatitis, medicinal plants, medicinal plants treatment of BPH (25). The main activity of nettle seems effective on prostate cancer, medicinal plants effective to be exerted by disrupting dihydrotestosterone binding on prostate inflammation and prostatitis, mechanism of to cytosol and nuclear receptors (26), explaining the role action of medicinal plants effective on prostate cancer, and of the in preventing prostate cancer. A recent study antioxidant and anticancer effects of extracts and essential showed that 20% extract of the nettle had specific anti- oils of medicinal plants effective on prostate diseases. In proliferative effects on the epithelial and stromal cells of this study, 165 articles were reviewed. After the initial the prostate (27,28). There is a compound in the review, 80 articles were found to address the subject of our that has been reported to inhibit the growth of prostate review. Irrelevant articles were also excluded. Finally, 80 cancer cells in vitro. Garlic can counteract cancer causing articles related to the purpose of our review published by agents. In garlic, the compound S-allyl cysteine has 2019 were included in the final analysis. high antitumor properties, thus converting remaining products into low-risk materials (29-31). A Results review study has shown that Allium can effectively inhibit The medicinal plants and their natural antioxidants, proliferation of the LNCaP prostate cancer cells (32). which we examined in this study, effectively influence Green tea can have inhibitory effects on prostate cancer. the treatment and prevention of prostate diseases and Studies on rats have shown that green tea is able to inhibit cancer and prostatitis via the potential mechanisms the enzyme 5-alpha reductase. This enzyme is a conversion reported (Table 1). Based on the results of a review of factor of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, which is a numerous articles, some of the most important plants carcinogenic agent in the prostate (33). Researchers have for the treatment and prevention of prostate cancer, and found that the strongest of these compounds in the green infections and inflammation of the prostate gland include tea is epigallocatechin-3-gallate (34). Epigallocatechin- Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng), Arum palaestinum (black 3-gallate and other green tea compounds inhibit the calla), Melissa officinalis (common balm), Syzygium activity of an enzyme called proteasome. Proteasome is paniculatum (magenta cherry), Coptis chinensis (magenta a key factor in the development of prostate cancer (35). lilly pilly), Embelia ribes (false ), Scutellaria Studies have shown that blocks the growth of baicalensis (Baikal skullcap), the prostate cancer cell by inhibiting the activity of the (thunder god vine), Salvia triloba (Greek sage), Ocimum enzyme in the epidermal tenuiflorum (holy ), Psidium guajava (common (36). One study demonstrated that curcumin guava), Ganoderma lucidum (mushroom ), Litchi chinensis is effective in treating androgen dependent prostate (Lychee), Saussurea costus (costus), Andrographis cancer (37). In a recent study, curcumin was observed to paniculata (green chiretta), Magnolia officinalis (houpu inhibit prostate cancer cells, and completed this action magnolia) and Prunus Africana (African cherry). The by blocking the effects of factors called AP-6 and NF- supplementary information and detailed therapeutic KappaB (38). A study on animal tissue reported evidence action mechanisms of medicinal plants are shown in for the positive effect of the Pygeum africanum extract on Table 1. inflammation involved in the development of BPH (39). The most important active ingredients and A clinical study has shown that P. africanum can improve important flavonoids in these plants include saponins, enlarged prostate gland and prevent development of lignans, coumarins, , phenolic compounds, incidental prostate cancer (40-42). A study suggested that Dammarane-type saponin, , total flavonoids the therapeutic and preventive effects of hydroalcoholic and phenolics, isoquercitrin, flavan-3-ol, cyanidin-

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Table 1. The mechanisms of antioxidant and anticancer actions of the most important medicinal plants effective on prostate diseases and prostate cancer

The mechanisms of antioxidant and anticancer actions of the most important medicinal plants effective on prostate diseases and Scientific name Family name Part of plant Common name Study model Ref. prostate cancer The group treated with P. ginseng showed significantly lesser prostate size and weight than the testosterone-induced BPH group. In Panax ginseng Araliaceae Ginseng Rat (44) addition, P. ginseng decreased the mRNA expression of Adra1d as well as the expression of EGFR and BCL2 in prostate tissue. Arum The aqueous extract of the root and of this plant is used at a dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight and activates caspase 6 and suppresses Araceae Root-leaf Black calla Mice (45) palaestinum the tumor. This caspase is an important marker for prostate cancer.

The flavonoids isolated from this plant, oleanane-type saponin, increase cytotoxicity and alter the morphology of the cell as well as the sub-G0/G1 phase, leading to an increase in apoptosis in prostate cancer cells and other cancerous tissues. It also induces the Androsace Primulaceae Aerial part rockjasmine Rat (46) death of autophagy of the cell by converting LC3B-I to LC3B-II and producing autophagy vaccines. Flavonoids in this plant also inhibit PI3k, Akt, mTOR, and inhibit migration and invasion of cells.

Melissa Polyphenols of hydroalcoholic extract of this plant are used in the treatment of prostate cancer of 100 μg/mL. Extract of this plant officinalis Lamiaceae Lemon balm Human inhibits the expression of Boc2, Her2, VEGF-A and hTERT oncogenes in prostate cancer. Expression of her2 acts as a mitochondria (PI3K (47) dependent activation of AKT). Scoparone is a coumarin present in the extract of this plant. It is an anti-inflammatory compound that carries NF-kB transcription, and the Aerial part extract of this plant at a concentration of 41.3 μmol/L at this concentration causes a stop in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and Prevents Artemisia Asteraceae Wormwood Human (48) and root proliferation of prostate cancer cells, suppressed IL-6-stimulated STAT3 transcriptional activity Controls the transcriptional activity of NF- κB stimulated by TNF-α. The expression of mRNA reduces the STAT3 genes.

Extract from this skin of p21, p27 and PCNA, Cyclin A and Cyclin D1 inhibitors. At a concentration of 125 μg / mL, G1 stops cell cycle and apoptosis. The extract of this plant induces high preopaptotic BAX regulation and decreases the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and XIAP anti- Geissospermum Apocynaceae Stem crust Dogbane Human apoptotic expressions. Immigration and invasion of prostate cancer cells block and inhibit the phosphorylation of AKT and NFκB / p65 (49) and the activity of NFκB DNA binding, and TNFα inhibits NFκB/p65 placement into the nucleus, transcribes it, and inhibits MMP9 activity. NFκB/p65 involved in the proliferation of Cyclin D1),), survival (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and XIAP), and metastasis (VEGFa, MMP9, and GROα/ CXCL1).

Flavonoid Tubeimoside-1 (TBMS1), a triterpenoid saponin is extracted from this plant, and at concentrations (5-100 μmol/L) induces Syzygium Myrtaceae Aerial part Magenta cherry Human apoptosis and stops in the G0 and G1 phases. This family of compounds activates the stress-activated MAPK proteins and induces (50) paniculatum apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK-1) phosphorylation and induces apoptosis due to oxidative. stress

Leaves and Ethyl acetate extracts of this plant suppress the NFKB transcription activity and increase the amount of caspase 3 and increase the Acanthopanax Araliaceae Eleutherococcus. Human (51) stems amount of phospho-Erk1/2 and phospho-Akt. (80 μg/mL) from the leaf and stem of this extract plant. The compound in the rhizome (the stems of the underground) is called Berberine, which is used at various concentrations of 20-100-200 Chinese μM. At a concentration of 20-100 μM, it reduces the proliferation of cancer cells and at a concentration of 20 μM survival decreases. At Coptis chinensis Ranunculaceae Rhizome Human (52) goldthread a concentration of 100 μM, it causes cellular stagnation in the G1 phase and a decrease in the G2/m phase, and increases apoptosis and decreases expression of the PSA. It inhibits EGFR activation and reduces the expression and activation of EGF-induced EGF.

The combination of this plant Embelin, which inhibits the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), induces apoptosis by TNFα and Fruit and White-flowered Embelia ribes Primulaceae Human the TNF-associated apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). At a concentration of 10-20 μM, it causes a stop in the S-cycle of the cell cycle, and (53) stems embelia it can also stop in the G2/M phase and stimulate Caspase 3 activity.

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Table 1. Continued

The mechanisms of antioxidant and anticancer actions of the most important medicinal plants effective on prostate diseases and Scientific name Family name Part of plant Common name Study model Ref. prostate cancer In concentration 200 mg/kg aqueous extract of the plant has effects on cell proliferation, cyclooxygenase 2, decreased prostaglandin E2, Scutellaria Lamiaceae Root Baikal skullcap Human and cyclins / cdks pathway, decreasing PSA. It decreases the expression of cyclin D1 and causes stopping in G1 phase and CDK1 inhibitors (54) baicalensis and kinase activity Causing G 2/M to stop.

The root skin of this plant has antitumor activity and decreases the survival of prostate cancer cells, both in dependent andnon- Tripterygium Thunder god androgenic androgens, and suppresses migration and invasion in a non-toxic dose of less than 1 μM and proliferation at 0.5 μM. This Root crust Human (53) wilfordii vine combination also induces apoptosis (sub-G1 population increase) and Mcl-1 modulation and induction of stopping in the G2/M phase, increases the activity of caspase enzymes 3-9m, blocking the activity of NF-κb and cytosolic IκBα degeneration he does.

At 50, 100 μg/mL concentrations, the entire methanol extract of the plant reduces the survival of prostate cancer cells and increases the rate of death and apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. This plant contains compounds of 1.8-cineole, β-pinene, β -caryophyllene, , Salvia triloba Lamiaceae Whole plant Greek sage Human and stimulates the fragmentation of DNA and Caspase 3/7 activity by concentration-dependent method and inhibits the mobility of (55) cancer cells. The flavonoids of this plant reduce the angiogenic cytokines such as GRO, IL- 6, IL-8, IFN-γ, PIGF, TIMP-1, Angiogenin, PDGF-BB, MCP-1, LEPTIN, RANTES and TIMP-2, VEGF-D, thereby eliminating cells Cancer is effective.

Ocimum Leaf ethanolic extract (25, 50 and 100 lg/mL) reduces the survival of cancer cells and also increases the level of caspase-9 and caspase-3 Lamiaceae Leaves tulasi Human (56) tenuiflorum reduction of Bcl-2, increasing the cleaved PARP in the concentration-dependent manner.

The methanolic extract of this plant, including triterpenoids, flavonoids, essential oil, and tannins, suppresses PI3K/AKT/mTOR/S6K1 and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), also lowers the levels of proteins involved in cell proliferation, Anti-apoptotic and metastatic, Psidium at a concentration of 50 μg/mL, has cytotoxicity and induces cell death, and reduces cell survival by stopping the sub-G1 phase cell cycle. Myrtaceae Leaves Lemon guava Human (57) guajava At concentrations of 100-150 μg/mL, fractionation of procaspase-9 and PARP and induction of procaspase-3-8 result. It also suppresses cell cycle protein (cyclin D1) and proteins associated with metastases and angiogenesis of COX-2 and VEGF, and it inhibits nitric oxide synthase and produces COX-2 through low levels of NFkB, as well as ERK and JNK phosphorylation and Suppresses p38.

The compound in this plant is nummularic acid, which is a triterpenoid. 20 μM and 40 μM is anticologenic and antiproliferative, causes Fraxinus Oleaceae Whole plant Ash Human apoptosis and induces PARP and partition of caspase 3, also induces phosphorylation of Thr172 in the alpha AMPK subunit and also (58) reduces mTORC1.

At concentrations (0.5-2.5 mg/mL) from the plant's extract, it can inhibit invasive prostate cancer by decreasing the expression of NF- kappaB, the activator of plasminogen yerokinase (uPA) and uPA receptor. Meanwhile, G. lucidum (0.125-0.5 mg/mL) can cause apoptosis, Ganoderma Ganodermataceae Whole plant Ganoderma. Human inhibit cell proliferation and suppress the migration of highly invasive PK-3 cancer cells, as well as angiogenesis-dependent prostate (59) lucidum cancer with MAPK and Akt signaling modulation Controlling PC-3 cells The results showed that G. lucidum had the efficacy of clinical treatment for the treatment of prostate cancer.

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Table 1. Continued

The mechanisms of antioxidant and anticancer actions of the most important medicinal plants effective on prostate diseases and Scientific name Family name Part of plant Common name Study model Ref. prostate cancer

Seed extract of this plant has different drug effects, including significant cellular and clonogenic cellular and cellular survival of prostate cancer PC-3, DU145, RM-1 and C4-2B by dose-dependent method (31-25 g/mL) and induction of cell apoptosis and end-of-cycle cycles Litchi chinensis Sapindaceae Seed Lychee Human (60) Cells in the G1 / S phase by disabling the signaling pathway of the protein kinase B (Akt or PKB), in addition, the extracts significantly reduce cell migration and invasion by reducing the phenotypic change of the epithelial prostate mesenchymal cancer.

Hexane extracts of this plant inhibit proliferation inducing (EGF) induction of prostate cancer metastases DU145 and TRAMP-C2 in a dose-dependent manner (1-4 g/mL), while not affecting the survival of a cancer cell. In addition, the extract of this Saussurea Asteraceae Aerial part Costus Human plant reduced the metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 matrix and the metalloproteinase secretion inhibitor (TIMP-1), but the level of TIMP-2 (59) costus increased in the absence or presence of EGF. The results showed that hexane extracts S. lappa may be used as anti-metastases for the treatment of prostate cancer.

Flavonoids derived from this plant, called diterpenoid lactone (1-20 μM), which can inhibit IL-6-induced signaling in an animal model, Andrographis Whole plant Andrographis Human inducing a transducer of transcriptional activator and transcription (STAT3) and extracellular signal phosphorylation Regulator (ERK). At (59) paniculata the same time, it can prevent the survival of cells and inducing apoptosis of cancer cells of the prostate cancer PC3 and DU145.

Honokiol is a compound that is available in this plant and is dosed (20-60 μM). It reduces the survival of PC-3 and LNCaP human prostate Magnolia Magnoliaceae Leaves Houpu magnolia Human cancer cells by stopping the G0/G1 cell cycle and inducing apoptosis (5-20 μM) in PCa cells by activating 9/3.8, and polymorphizes poly- (59) officinalis adenosine diphosphate ribose and also leads to ROS-mediated cytoprotective autophagy.

The most important ingredient in this plant is pentacyclic triterpenoid, which prevents the survival and proliferation of prostate cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and interacting with the microenvironment of the tumor through multiple modulation of signal transmission pathways. This combination prevents cell survival and proliferation and Promoting cell apoptosis and stopping the cell Prunus cycle in the G0 / G1 phase in prostate cancer. Its anticancer effects are as a result of kinase (PI3K) phosphoinositide 3- and protein Rosaceae Leaf Prunus africana Human (60) africana kinase B (Akt) pathway suppression and induces antitumor activity by interfering with the metabolic pathway in cancer cells through the activation of the 5-AMP (AMPK) enzyme -activated protein kinase. Atraric acid is a significant phenolic and sterile compound in this plant that has potent anti-androgenic activity that decreases the proliferation of cancer cells (prostate) and affects androgenic receptors.

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3-glucoside, hypoglycin A, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, glucoside, daucosterol, 2,6-dimethoxy-I,4-benzoquinone. syringol, 2-methoxyphenol, guaiacol,3,5-dimethoxy-4- The supplementary information and detailed the most hydroxytoluene, , , norwogonin, oroxylin important active ingredients and important flavonoids of A, β-sitosterol, , , quercetin-3-O-β- medicinal plants are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Effective bioactive compounds of the herbal plants

Scientific name Effective material Ref. 5, 7-Dihydroxy-8-methoxyl flavone, ginsenoside Rs2, quinquenoside R1, ginsenoside Rs1, notoginsenoside Fe, Panax ginseng (45) ginsenoside Rd2, gypenosiden IX, saponin sovanillin, linolenic acid, β-sitosterol, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside, , , Arum palaestinum (45) esculin, caffeic, ferulic acids Saponin, 3-O-(3-O-acetyl-)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-(2-O-acetyl-)-alpha-L- rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-(3-O-acetyl-)-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O-alpha-L- Androsace (46) rhamnopyranoside, kaempferml 3-O-(4-O-acetyl-)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-alpha-L- rhamnopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, myricetin 3-O-beta-D- glucopyranoside Melissa officinalis Alpha-pinene, borneol, camphene, camphor, verbenone, bornyl-acetate. (47) Artemisia annua Germacrene D, β-pinene, γ-humulene, d-galacturonic acid, d-galactose, d-xylose . (48) O-demethylaspidospermine, flavopereirine, geissoschizoline, geissoschizoline N(4)-oxide, Geissospermum (49) 1,2-dehydrogeissoschizoline α-Pinene, n-hexadecanoic acid, limonene, farnesol, β-ocimene, citronellol, linoleic acid, octahydro-1,4-dimethyl Syzygium paniculatum (50) azulene, citral, phytol, linolenic acid, thymol Triterpenoid saponins, lignans, coumarins, flavones, phenolic compounds, acantrifoic acid C, acantrifoic acid D, Acanthopanax (51) triterpenoids 8,9-dihydroxy-1,5,6, 10b-tetrahydro-2H-pyrrolo[2,1 -alpha] isoquinolin-3-one,(+/-) -5,5'-dimethoxy- Coptis chinensis (52) lariciresinol,3,4-dihydroxy-phenylethylalcohol, methyl-5-O-feruloylquinate, ethyl-5-O- feruloylquinate, apocynol. Embelia ribes Quinones, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, flavones (53) Scutellaria baicalensis , baicalin, wogonin, norwogonin, , β-sitosterol (54) Tripterygium wilfordii Alkaloids, Celastrol, pentacyclic triterpenoid, , a diterpene triepoxide (53) 1,8 - cineole, β -pinene, β-caryophyllene, camphor, flavonoids , salvigenin and cirsimaritin, carnosic Salvia fruticosa (55) acid, carnosol, 12-methoxycarnosic acid. Oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, rosmarinic acid, , carvacrol, , β-caryophyllene, essential oil, eugenol, Ocimum tenuiflorum (56) β-elemene, β-caryophyllene, germacrene, terpenes. Triterpenoids, flavonoids, essential oil, and tannins, -3-O-lyxoside, morin-3-O-arabinoside, quercetin and Psidium guajava (57) quercetin-3-O-arabinoside. Nummularic acid, 8- hydroxy-12-oxoabieta-9,13-dien-20-oic, 20-lactone, 6beta-hydroxyfcrruginol,pisiferic acid, pisiferal(4),(+)-7-dehydroabiet6none, 1-oxomiltirone, subdigitatone, linarionoside B,(3R,9R)-3-hydroxy- 7,8-dihydro-beta-ionol 9-O-beta-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, euscaphic acid, syringaresinol,fraxiresinol, (1-hydroxysyringaresinol, pinoresinol, medioresinol, Fraxinus spp. 8-acetoxypinoresinol, epipinoresinol, (+)-1-hydroxypinoresinol 4"-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside,(+)-syringaresinol (58) O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, liriodendrin, ehletianol D, icariside E5(29) (-)-(7R, 8R)-threo-1-C-syringylglycerol,sin apyladehyde(38), trans-p-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, syringic acid, vanilic acid, , 4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde, (24R)-24-ethyl-5alpha-cholestane-3beta,5,6beta-triol, beta-sitosterol, daucosterol, 2,6-dimethoxy-I,4- benzoquinone. Steroid hormones, polysaccharides, beta-glucan, coumarin, mannitol, alkaloids. Sterols ganoderol, ganoderenic Ganoderma lucidum (59) acid, ganoderiol, ganodermanontriol, lucidadiol, ganodermadiol. Polyphenols, flavan-3-ol, cyanidin-3-glucoside, hypoglycin A, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, syringol, 2-methoxyphenol, Litchi chinensis (59) guaiacol,3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxytoluene

Saussurea costus Costunolide, dehydrocostus lactone, scopoletin, α-linolenic acid (59)

Andrographis diterpenoid lactone, 14-Deoxy-11-dehydroandrographolide, 5-Hydroxy-7,8,2',3'-tetramethoxyflavone, (59) paniculata andrographine, andrographolide, neoandrographolide, panicoline, paniculide-A, paniculide-B, paniculide-C

Magnolia officinalis magnolol, honokiol, saponins, lignans, coumarins, flavones, phenolic compounds. (59)

Prunus africana pentacyclic triterpenoid, magnoloside B, magnoloside A, magnoloside F, magnolol, obvatol and honokiol. (60)

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Discussion The present study sought to introduce the mechanism Due to the numerous complications of anticancer drugs and the effect of some common herbal drugs with special and chemotherapy such as dizziness, headache, weakness, antioxidant effects, so that they can be used as preventive tachycardia, hypotension and high cost of treatment with and therapeutic drug supplements in prostate diseases and anti-prostate cancer drugs, most people today tend to use tumors in humans. The medicinal plants can also be used plant products. The therapeutic effects of many medicinal to deliver pharmaceutical supplements in medicine due plants in many diseases and cancers have been proven to the presence of antioxidant compounds, biologically (61-63), among which Panax ginseng, Arum palaestinum, active compounds, flavonoids, etc. Androsace, Melissa officinalis, Artemisia, Geissospermum, Syzygium paniculatum, Acanthopanax, Coptis chinensis, Authors’ contributions Embelia ribes, Scutellaria baicalensis, Tripterygium SA prepared the manuscript while GHB and MSH edited wilfordii, Salvia fruticosa, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Psidium the manuscript. All authors reviewed, commented and guajava, Fraxinus, Ganoderma lucidum, Litchi chinensis, approved the final draft. Saussurea costus, , Magnolia officinalis, Prunus africana have the greatest impact on Conflict of interests prostate diseases. The authors have no conflict of interests to declare A variety of vitamins and antioxidant substances also regarding the publication of this paper. play a significant role in improving prostate function and are used in many natural products to control prostate Ethical considerations problems. Anticancer, antioxidant compounds in the Ethical issues have been observed by the authors. diet, such as tocopherols and carotenoids, have been proven in many clinical trials and published. Antioxidants Funding/Support can stimulate the immune system to locate the tumor No support for this review article. The author declares that and destroy its cells or inhibit angiogenesis. It also the work was self-funded. causes a widespread expression of the p53 gene, which is a suppressor of tumor cells. According to studies, References consumption of herbs effective in treating prostate diseases 1. McKee TC, Tricoli JV. 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