March 14, 2007 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3143

(B) ensure that the Animal and Plant Whereas more than 75 percent of those S. RES. 106 Health Inspection Service has a national deaths occurred in off-campus occupancies; Whereas the was con- electronic system with real-time tracking Whereas a majority of the students in the ceived and carried out by the Ottoman Em- capability for monitoring, tracking, and re- live in off-campus occupan- pire from 1915 to 1923, resulting in the depor- porting inspection activities of the Service. cies; tation of nearly 2,000,000 Armenians, of (2) FEDERAL AND STATE COOPERATION.— Whereas a number of fatal fires have oc- whom 1,500,000 men, women, and children (A) COMMUNICATION SYSTEM.—The Sec- curred in buildings in which the fire safety were killed, 500,000 survivors were expelled retary shall develop and maintain an inte- systems have been compromised or disabled from their homes, and which succeeded in grated, real-time communication system by the occupants; the elimination of more than 2,500-year pres- with respect to import and entry agricul- Whereas automatic fire alarm systems pro- ence of Armenians in their historic home- tural inspections to alert State departments vide the early warning of a fire that is nec- land; of agriculture of significant inspection find- essary for occupants and the fire department Whereas, on May 24, 1915, the Allied Powers ings of the Animal and Plant Health Inspec- to take appropriate action; issued the joint statement of England, tion Service. Whereas automatic fire sprinkler systems , and Russia that explicitly charged, (B) ADVISORY COMMITTEE.— are a highly effective method for controlling for the first time ever, another government (i) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary shall or extinguishing a fire in its early stages and establish a committee, to be known as the protecting the lives of the building’s occu- of committing ‘‘a crime against humanity’’; ‘‘International Trade Inspection Advisory pants; Whereas that joint statement stated ‘‘the Committee’’ (referred to in this subpara- Whereas many students are living in off- Allied Governments announce publicly to graph as the ‘‘committee’’), to advise the campus occupancies, sorority and fraternity the Sublime Porte that they will hold per- Secretary on policies and other issues relat- housing, and residence halls that are not sonally responsible for these crimes all mem- ing to import and entry agricultural inspec- adequately protected with automatic fire bers of the Ottoman Government, as well as tion. alarm systems and automatic fire sprinkler those of their agents who are implicated in (ii) MODEL.—In establishing the com- systems; such massacres’’; mittee, the Secretary shall use as a model Whereas fire safety education is an effec- Whereas the post- Turkish the Agricultural Trade Advisory Committee. tive method of reducing the occurrence of Government indicted the top leaders in- (iii) MEMBERSHIP.—The committee shall be fires and the resulting loss of life and prop- volved in the ‘‘organization and execution’’ composed of members representing— erty damage; of the Armenian Genocide and in the ‘‘mas- (I) State departments of agriculture; Whereas students are not routinely receiv- sacre and destruction of the Armenians’’; (II) directors of ports and airports in the ing effective fire safety education through- Whereas in a series of courts-martial, offi- United States; out their entire college careers; cials of the Young Turk Regime were tried (III) the transportation industry; Whereas it is vital to educate future gen- and convicted on charges of organizing and (IV) the public; and erations in the United States about the im- executing massacres against the Armenian (V) such other entities as the Secretary de- portance of fire safety to help ensure the people; termines to be appropriate. safety of young people during their college Whereas the officials who were the chief (3) REPORT.—Not less frequently than once years and beyond; and organizers of the Armenian Genocide, Min- each year, the Secretary shall submit to Whereas by educating a generation of ister of War Enver, Minister of the Interior Congress a report containing an assessment adults about fire safety, future loss of life Talaat, and Minister of the Navy Jemal, of— from fires may be significantly reduced: were tried by military tribunals, found (A) the resource needs for import and entry Now, therefore, be it guilty, and condemned to death for their agricultural inspection, including the num- Resolved, That the Senate— crimes, but the punishments imposed by the ber of inspectors required; (1) designates September 2007 as ‘‘Campus tribunals were not enforced; (B) the adequacy of— Fire Safety Month’’; and Whereas the Armenian Genocide and the (i) inspection and monitoring procedures (2) encourages administrators of institu- failure to carry out the death sentence and facilities in the United States; and tions of higher education and municipali- against Enver, Talaat, and Jemal are docu- (ii) the strategic plan developed under sub- ties— mented with overwhelming evidence in the section (e)(5)(B)(i); and (A) to provide educational programs about national archives of Austria, France, Ger- (C) new and potential technologies and fire safety to all students during ‘‘Campus many, Russia, the United Kingdom, the practices, including recommendations re- Fire Safety Month’’ and throughout the United States, the Vatican, and many other garding the technologies and practices, to school year; countries, and this vast body of evidence at- improve import and entry agricultural in- (B) to evaluate the level of fire safety tests to the same facts, the same events, and spection. being provided in both on- and off-campus the same consequences; (4) FUNDING.—The Secretary shall pay the student housing; and Whereas the National Archives and costs of each import and entry agricultural (C) to take the necessary steps to ensure Records Administration of the United States inspector employed by the Animal and Plant fire-safe living environments through fire Health Inspection Service— holds extensive and thorough documentation safety education, installation of fire suppres- on the Armenian Genocide, especially in its (A) from amounts made available to the sion and detection systems, and the develop- Department of Agriculture for the applicable holdings for the Department of State under ment and enforcement of applicable codes re- Record Group 59, files 867.00 and 867.40, which fiscal year; or lating to fire safety. (B) if amounts described in subparagraph are open and widely available to the public (A) are unavailable, from amounts of the f and interested institutions; Commodity Credit Corporation. SENATE RESOLUTION 106—CALL- Whereas the Honorable Henry Morgenthau, (g) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments ING ON THE PRESIDENT TO EN- United States Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1913 to 1916, organized and led made by this section take effect on the date SURE THAT THE FOREIGN POL- that is 180 days after the date of enactment protests by officials of many countries, of this Act. ICY OF THE UNITED STATES RE- among them the allies of the Ottoman Em- FLECTS APPROPRIATE UNDER- f pire, against the Armenian Genocide; STANDING AND SENSITIVITY Whereas Ambassador Morgenthau explic- SUBMITTED RESOLUTIONS CONCERNING ISSUES RELATED itly described to the Department of State TO HUMAN RIGHTS, ETHNIC the policy of the Government of the Ottoman CLEANSING, AND GENOCIDE DOC- Empire as ‘‘a campaign of race extermi- SENATE RESOLUTION 105—DESIG- UMENTED IN THE UNITED nation’’, and was instructed on July 16, 1915, NATING SEPTEMBER 2007 AS STATES RECORD RELATING TO by Secretary of State Robert Lansing that ‘‘CAMPUS FIRE SAFETY MONTH’’ the ‘‘Department approves your procedure THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE Mr. BIDEN (for himself, Ms. COLLINS, . . . to stop Armenian persecution’’; Mr. DURBIN (for himself, Mr. EN- Whereas Senate Concurrent Resolution 12, Mr. KENNEDY, Mr. LAUTENBERG, and SIGN, Mr. SCHUMER, Ms. SNOWE, Ms. 64th Congress, agreed to July 18, 1916, re- Mr. MENENDEZ) submitted the fol- STABENOW, Mr. COLEMAN, Mrs. BOXER, solved that ‘‘the President of the United lowing resolution; which was referred States be respectfully asked to designate a to the Committee on the Judiciary: Mr. SUNUNU, Mr. FEINGOLD, Mr. DODD, Mr. KERRY, Mr. KENNEDY, Mr. day on which the citizens of this country S. RES. 105 may give expression to their sympathy by LIEBERMAN, Mrs. FEINSTEIN, Ms. MIKUL- Whereas tragic fires in student housing in contributing funds now being raised for the SKI, Mr. REED, Mr. ALLARD, Mrs. DOLE, Nebraska, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Pennsyl- relief of the Armenians,’’ who, at that time, vania have cut short the lives of college stu- Mr. LAUTENBERG, Mr. BROWN, Ms. were enduring ‘‘starvation, disease, and un- dents in the United States; KLOBUCHAR, Mr. WHITEHOUSE, and Mr. told suffering’’; Whereas, since January 2000, at least 99 MENENDEZ) submitted the following Whereas President agreed people, including students, parents, and chil- resolution; which was referred to the with such Concurrent Resolution and en- dren, have died in campus-related fires; Committee on Foreign Relations: couraged the formation of the organization

VerDate Aug 31 2005 00:33 Mar 15, 2007 Jkt 059060 PO 00000 Frm 00067 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\A14MR6.040 S14MRPT1 bajohnson on PROD1PC60 with SENATE S3144 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 14, 2007 known as Near East Relief, which was incor- too many other people—the lessons of the why similar genocides have recurred and porated by the Act of August 6, 1919, 66th Holocaust must never be forgotten’’; may recur in the future, and that a just reso- Congress (41 Stat. 273, chapter 32); Whereas House Joint Resolution 247, 98th lution will help prevent future genocides: Whereas, from 1915 through 1930, Near East Congress, adopted by the House of Rep- Now, therefore, be it Relief contributed approximately $116,000,000 resentatives on September 10, 1984, resolved Resolved, That the Senate— to aid survivors of the Armenian Genocide, that ‘‘April 24, 1985, is hereby designated as (1) calls on the President to ensure that including aid to approximately 132,000 Arme- ‘National Day of Remembrance of Man’s In- the foreign policy of the United States re- nian orphans; humanity to Man’, and the President of the flects appropriate understanding and sensi- Whereas Senate Resolution 359, 66th Con- United States is authorized and requested to tivity concerning issues related to human gress, agreed to May 11, 1920, stated in part issue a proclamation calling upon the people rights, ethnic cleansing, and genocide docu- that ‘‘the testimony adduced at the hearings of the United States to observe such day as mented in the United States record relating conducted by the subcommittee of the Sen- a day of remembrance for all the victims of to the Armenian Genocide and the con- ate Committee on Foreign Relations have genocide, especially the one and one-half sequences of the failure to realize a just reso- clearly established the truth of the reported million people of Armenian ancestry’’; lution; and massacres and other atrocities from which Whereas, in August 1985, after extensive (2) calls on the President, in the Presi- the Armenian people have suffered’’; study and deliberation, the United Nations dent’s annual message commemorating the Whereas such Senate Resolution followed Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimi- Armenian Genocide issued on or about April the report to the Senate of the American nation and Protection of Minorities voted 14 24 to accurately characterize the systematic Military Mission to Armenia, which was led to 1 to accept a report entitled ‘‘Study of the and deliberate annihilation of 1,500,000 Arme- by General James Harbord, dated April 13, Question of the Prevention and Punishment nians as genocide and to recall the proud his- 1920, that stated ‘‘[m]utilation, violation, of the Crime of Genocide’’, which stated tory of United States intervention in opposi- torture, and death have left their haunting ‘‘[t]he Nazi aberration has unfortunately not tion to the Armenian Genocide. memories in a hundred beautiful Armenian been the only case of genocide in the 20th valleys, and the traveler in that region is century. Among other examples which can Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, I rise seldom free from the evidence of this most be cited as qualifying are . . . the Ottoman today to submit a resolution calling on colossal crime of all the ages’’; massacre of Armenians in 1915–1916’’; the President to ensure that the for- Whereas, as displayed in the United States Whereas such report also explained that eign policy of the United States re- Holocaust Memorial Museum, Adolf Hitler, ‘‘[a]t least 1,000,000, and possibly well over flects an appropriate understanding of on ordering his military commanders to at- half of the Armenian population, are reliably the Armenian Genocide and sensitivity tack Poland without provocation in 1939, dis- estimated to have been killed or death concerning issues related to human missed objections by saying ‘‘[w]ho, after all, marched by independent authorities and eye- speaks today of the annihilation of the Ar- witnesses and this is corroborated by reports rights, ethnic cleansing, and other menians?’’ and thus set the stage for the Hol- in United States, German, and British ar- mass atrocities that made up the Ar- ocaust; chives and of contemporary diplomats in the menian Genocide. Whereas Raphael Lemkin, who coined the Ottoman Empire, including those of its ally The President usually issues an an- term ‘‘genocide’’ in 1944, and who was the Germany’’; nual message commemorating the Ar- earliest proponent of the Convention on the Whereas the United States Holocaust Me- menian Genocide issued on or about Prevention and Punishment of Genocide, in- morial Council, an independent Federal April 24. This resolution calls on the voked the Armenian case as a definitive ex- agency that serves as the board of trustees of President to accurately characterize ample of genocide in the 20th century; the United States Holocaust Memorial Mu- Whereas the first resolution on genocide seum pursuant to section 2302 of title 36, what happened to the Armenian people adopted by the United Nations, United Na- United States Code, unanimously resolved on as genocide and to recall the proud his- tions General Assembly Resolution 96(1), April 30, 1981, that the Museum would ex- tory of United States intervention in dated December 11, 1946, (which was adopted hibit information regarding the Armenian opposition to it. at the urging of Raphael Lemkin), and the Genocide and the Museum has since done so; The definition of ‘‘genocide’’ is ‘‘the Convention on the Prevention and Punish- Whereas, reviewing an aberrant 1982 ex- deliberate and systematic extermi- ment of Genocide, done at Paris December 9, pression by the Department of State (which nation of a national, racial, political, 1948, recognized the Armenian Genocide as was later retracted) that asserted that the the type of crime the United Nations in- facts of the Armenian Genocide may be am- or cultural group.’’ tended to prevent and punish by codifying biguous, the United States Court of Appeals Scholars agree that what the Arme- existing standards; for the District of Columbia in 1993, after a nian people suffered in 1915 to 1917 fits Whereas, in 1948, the United Nations War review of documents pertaining to the policy the definition of genocide. Crimes Commission invoked the Armenian record of the United States, noted that the The sheer scale of the death toll is Genocide as ‘‘precisely . . . one of the types assertion on ambiguity in the United States evidence of a systematic, organized of acts which the modern term ‘crimes record about the Armenian Genocide ‘‘con- plan to eliminate the Armenians. One against humanity’ is intended to cover’’ and tradicted longstanding United States policy and a half million people were system- as a precedent for the Nuremberg tribunals; and was eventually retracted’’; Whereas the Commission stated that ‘‘[t]he Whereas, on June 5, 1996, the House of Rep- atically and deliberately annihilated, provisions of Article 230 of the Peace Treaty resentatives adopted an amendment to H.R. many simply left to die of starvation of Sevres were obviously intended to cover, 3540, 104th Congress (the Foreign Operations, and exposure. in conformity with the Allied note of 1915 Export Financing, and Related Programs Ap- To date, 19 countries and the Euro- . . . offenses which had been committed on propriations Act, 1997), to reduce aid to Tur- pean Parliament have officially recog- Turkish territory against persons of Turkish key by $3,000,000 (an estimate of its payment nized this violence as genocide. Coun- citizenship, though of Armenian or Greek of lobbying fees in the United States) until tries officially recognizing the Arme- race. This article constitutes therefore a the Government of Turkey acknowledged the nian Genocide include: Argentina, Ar- precedent for Article 6c and 5c of the Nurem- Armenian Genocide and took steps to honor berg and Tokyo Charters, and offers an ex- the memory of its victims; menia, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, ample of one of the categories of ‘crimes Whereas President William Jefferson Clin- France, Greece, Italy, Lebanon, Lith- against humanity’ as understood by these ton, on April 24, 1998, stated, ‘‘This year, as uania, The Netherlands, Poland, Rus- enactments’’; in the past, we join with Armenian-Ameri- sia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Whereas House Joint Resolution 148, 94th cans throughout the nation in commemo- Uruguay, Vatican City and Venezuela. Congress, adopted by the House of Rep- rating one of the saddest chapters in the his- Thirty-seven States of the United resentatives on April 8, 1975, resolved that tory of this century, the deportations and States recognize the Armenian Geno- ‘‘April 24, 1975, is hereby designated as ‘Na- massacres of a million and a half Armenians cide. They are: Alaska, Arizona, Ar- tional Day of Remembrance of Man’s Inhu- in the Ottoman Empire in the years 1915– manity to Man’, and the President of the 1923’’; kansas, California, Colorado, Con- United States is authorized and requested to Whereas President George W. Bush, on necticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, issue a proclamation calling upon the people April 24, 2004, stated, ‘‘On this day, we pause Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, of the United States to observe such day as in remembrance of one of the most horrible Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, a day of remembrance for all the victims of tragedies of the 20th century, the annihila- Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mon- genocide, especially those of Armenian an- tion of as many as 1,500,000 Armenians tana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hamp- cestry’’; through forced exile and murder at the end shire, New Jersey, New , New Whereas Proclamation 4838 of April 22, 1981 of the Ottoman Empire’’; and York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Or- (95 Stat. 1813) issued by President Ronald Whereas, despite the international recogni- Reagan, stated, in part, that ‘‘[l]ike the tion and affirmation of the Armenian Geno- egon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, genocide of the Armenians before it, and the cide, the failure of the domestic and inter- South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, genocide of the Cambodians which followed national authorities to punish those respon- Vermont, Virginia, Washington and it—and like too many other persecutions of sible for the Armenian Genocide is a reason Wisconsin.

VerDate Aug 31 2005 02:06 Mar 15, 2007 Jkt 059060 PO 00000 Frm 00068 Fmt 0624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\A14MR6.044 S14MRPT1 bajohnson on PROD1PC60 with SENATE March 14, 2007 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3145 Genocide is wrong. It is evil. to die of thirst and hunger. Large num- ment in a systematic campaign of mur- It is evil whether its victims are Ar- bers of Armenians were methodically der, deportation, and forced starvation. menians, Sudanese, Rwandan Tutsis, massacred throughout the Ottoman Ninety-two years later, nearly all of Cambodians or European . Empire. Women and children were ab- the survivors are no longer with us. Not to acknowledge genocide for ducted and horribly abused. Yet their solemn voices still echo, urg- what it is denigrates the memory of its There is one word that describes the ing us to remember them and work to victims. horrific attempt to annihilate the Ar- ensure that their suffering was not in Recognition of genocide is part of the menian people, and it is genocide. Iron- vain. healing process. ically, while the United States has In my 15 years in the U.S. Senate, I Reminding the world that genocide failed to make that recognition, Adolf have received thousands of letters from has occurred far too often serves to Hitler, in defending his own plans to members of the Armenian-American help prevent it from happening again. rid the world of Polish people, among community in my home State of Cali- Recognizing the Armenian Genocide others, asked, ‘‘Who, after all, speaks fornia, encouraging our government to takes on added importance in the face to-day of the annihilation of the Arme- recognize the Armenian Genocide. of the genocide occurring right now in nians?’’ Many of them are descendants of the the Darfur region of Sudan. The resolution I introduce today, genocide’s survivors, who immigrated As we recognize the role Americans with my distinguished colleague Sen- to the United States and, over the played in exposing the Armenian Geno- ator DURBIN, calls on President Bush to course of a few decades, built a strong cide and trying to relieve the suffering ensure that the foreign policy of the and vibrant community in California of the Armenian people, we remind our- United States demonstrates significant and elsewhere. selves that it is our tradition to speak understanding of the issues sur- For the genocide’s victims, there can out and do something. rounding the Armenian Genocide. The be no justice. But by preserving and During the Armenia Genocide, Amer- resolution encourages the President to cherishing their memory, we can begin ican consuls and missionaries, in what commemorate the Armenian Genocide healing the wounds that still linger. The recent murder of Hrant Dink, a was then the Ottoman Empire, re- by recognizing the persecution and ex- Turkish-Armenian journalist who ported the atrocities which were tak- termination of over 1,500,000 Armenian championed human rights and advo- ing place far from the capital in citizens as genocide. cated Turkish recognition of the Arme- Istanbul. Our ambassador, Henry The resolution calls on the President nian Genocide, serves as a chilling re- Morganthau Sr., confronted the Otto- to state that the slaughter of Arme- minder of the dangers that loom in our man government with the accusations. nians by the Ottoman Empire was silence. An open, informed, and toler- Ambassador Morganthau wrote in his genocide and to recall the proud his- ant discussion of the genocide is nec- memoirs: tory of United States intervention in essary for true and lasting reconcili- Whatever crimes the most perverted in- opposition to the Armenian genocide. ation between present-day Turkey and stincts of the human mind can devise, and It is important that the United States whatever refinements of persecution and in- the Armenian people. once and for all reaffirms the incon- Equally important, recalling the Ar- justice the most debased imagination can testable facts of history and allows our conceive, became the daily misfortunes of menian Genocide is essential to the this devoted people. I am confident that the representatives to speak out about the prevention of ongoing and future atroc- whole history of the human race contains no crimes perpetuated against the Arme- ities, including the genocide in Darfur. such horrible episode as this. The great mas- nian people from 1915–1923. By taking an unequivocal stance sacres and persecutions of the past seem al- It is my hope that through recogni- against genocide—regardless of where most insignificant when compared with the tion of these crimes our Nation and the or when it occurs—we and other mem- sufferings of the Armenian race in 1915. entire world community will be able to bers of the international community The American Near East Relief Com- prevent further instances of genocide, will send a strong message that such mittee, a relief organization for refu- ameliorate relations between Turkey atrocities will not be tolerated. Let us gees in the , raised over and Armenia, and increase awareness remember Adolf Hitler’s ominous $102 million for Armenians both during of issues such as ethnic cleansing and words on the eve of the 1939 Nazi inva- and after the genocide. human rights around the globe. sion of Poland: ‘‘Who, after all, speaks As we fight to ensure freedom around As I have said in this Chamber be- today of the annihilation of the Arme- the globe, we must ensure that our fu- fore, the response to the atrocities was nians?’’ the birth of the American inter- ture reflects the lessons of the past. In So today, let us speak loudly. Let us national human rights movement. this case the facts are incontestable. join the hundreds of thousands of Ar- Official recognition of the role Amer- Yes, the Armenian people were victims menian Americans in my home State icans played in confronting the Arme- of genocide. Genocide at any time, at of California and across the United nian Genocide over 90 years ago will re- any place, is wrong and needs to be States, as well as millions of people affirm our tradition of protecting the confronted and remembered. Let us around the world, in acknowledging vulnerable and inspire us to not stand come together to remember that by and commemorating the Armenian by and watch as genocide occurs in our recognizing that what happened to the Genocide. Let us ensure that the leg- time. Armenian people from 1915–1923 was acy of these atrocities is one of rec- Mr. ENSIGN. Mr. President, I rise genocide. We owe it to the victims and onciliation and hope. And let us fulfill today to speak about an issue of great to the future of freedom. the promises our parents made us, and importance to the Armenian commu- Mrs. FEINSTEIN. Mr. President, as we made to our children: never again. nity. In order to move forward, we we approach the 92nd anniversary of must not repeat the mistakes of the the Armenian Genocide, I rise today in f past. It is for this reason that I have support of a resolution introduced by SENATE CONCURRENT RESOLU- long sought to bring proper recognition Senator RICHARD DURBIN, calling on TION 19—EXPRESSING THE to the crimes perpetuated against the the President to recognize the Arme- SENSE OF CONGRESS ON THE Armenian people. nian Genocide. NUCLEAR PROGRAM OF IRAN April of this year will mark the 92nd Specifically, this resolution would: Mr. GRAHAM (for himself and Mr. anniversary of the attempted annihila- encourage the President to incorporate BROWNBACK) submitted the following tion that occurred in the Ottoman Em- the memory and lessons of the Arme- concurrent resolution; which was re- pire from 1915–1923. Millions of Arme- nian Genocide into the foreign policies ferred to the Committee on Foreign nians of all ages were subjected to de- of the United States, and; urge the Relations: portation, expropriation, abduction, President to accurately portray this S. CON. RES. 19 torture, massacre, and starvation. terrible episode as ‘‘genocide’’ in his Whereas President of Iran Mahmoud The great bulk of the Armenian pop- annual statement. Ahmadinejad refuses to abandon the ura- ulation was forcibly removed from Ar- Between 1915 and 1923, as many as 1.5 nium enrichment program of the Govern- menia and Anatolia to Syria, where the million Armenians perished and 500,000 ment of Iran, and continues to work towards vast majority was sent into the desert were exiled by the Ottoman govern- advancing that program;

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