DOCSLIB.ORG

Congressional Record—Senate S1792

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Congressional Record—Senate S1792 S1792 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 19, 2012 SUBMITTED RESOLUTIONS which are open and widely available to the Turkish territory against persons of Turkish public and interested institutions. citizenship, though of Armenian or Greek (9) The Honorable Henry Morgenthau, race. This article constitutes therefore a SENATE RESOLUTION 399—CALL- United States Ambassador to the Ottoman precedent for Article 6c and 5c of the Nurem- ING UPON THE PRESIDENT TO Empire from 1913 to 1916, organized and led berg and Tokyo Charters, and offers an ex- ENSURE THAT THE FOREIGN protests by officials of many countries, ample of one of the categories of ‘crimes among them the allies of the Ottoman Em- against humanity’ as understood by these POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES pire, against the Armenian Genocide. enactments’’. REFLECTS APPROPRIATE UN- (10) Ambassador Morgenthau explicitly de- (20) On May 28, 1951, in a written statement DERSTANDING AND SENSITIVITY scribed to the Department of State the pol- submitted to the International Court of Jus- CONCERNING ISSUES RELATED icy of the Government of the Ottoman Em- tice concerning the Convention on the Pre- TO HUMAN RIGHTS, CRIMES pire as ‘‘a campaign of race extermination,’’ vention and Punishment of the Crime of AGAINST HUMANITY, ETHNIC and was instructed on July 16, 1915, by Sec- Genocide, the United States Government CLEANSING, AND GENOCIDE DOC- retary of State Robert Lansing that the ‘‘De- stated, ‘‘The Genocide Convention resulted partment approves your procedure . to from the inhuman and barbarous practices UMENTED IN THE UNITED stop Armenian persecution’’. which prevailed in certain countries prior to STATES RECORD RELATING TO (11) Senate Concurrent Resolution 12, 64th and during World War II, when entire reli- THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE, AND Congress, agreed to February 9, 1916, re- gious, racial and national minority groups FOR OTHER PURPOSES solved that ‘‘the President of the United were threatened with and subjected to delib- Mr. MENENDEZ (for himself, Mr. States be respectfully asked to designate a erate extermination. The practice of geno- day on which the citizens of this country cide has occurred throughout human history. KIRK, Mrs. BOXER, Mr. LIEBERMAN, Mr. may give expression to their sympathy by The Roman persecution of the Christians, BENNET, Mr. WHITEHOUSE, Mrs. FEIN- contributing funds now being raised for the the Turkish massacres of Armenians, the ex- STEIN, Mr. LEVIN, and Mr. REED of relief of the Armenians,’’ who at the time termination of millions of Jews and Poles by Rhode Island) submitted the following were enduring ‘‘starvation, disease, and un- the Nazis are outstanding examples of the resolution; which was referred to the told suffering’’. crime of genocide. This was the background Committee on Foreign Relations: (12) President Woodrow Wilson concurred when the General Assembly of the United and also encouraged the formation of the or- Nations considered the problem of genocide. S. RES. 399 ganization known as Near East Relief, char- Not once, but twice, that body declared Resolved, tered by the Act of August 6, 1919, 66th Con- unanimously that the practice of genocide is SHORT TITLE gress (41 Stat. 273, chapter 32), which con- criminal under international law and that SEC. 1. This resolution may be cited as the tributed some $116,000,000 from 1915 to 1930 to States ought to take steps to prevent and ‘‘Affirmation of the United States Record on aid Armenian Genocide survivors, including punish genocide.’’. the Armenian Genocide Resolution’’. 132,000 orphans who became foster children of (21) House Joint Resolution 148, 94th Con- the American people. gress, adopted on April 8, 1975, resolved, FINDINGS (13) Senate Resolution 359, 66th Congress, ‘‘That April 24, 1975, is hereby designated as SEC. 2. The Senate finds the following: agreed to May 11, 1920, stated in part that ‘National Day of Remembrance of Man’s In- (1) The Armenian Genocide was conceived ‘‘the testimony adduced at the hearings con- humanity to Man’, and the President of the and carried out by the Ottoman Empire from ducted by the sub-committee of the Senate United States is authorized and requested to 1915 to 1923, resulting in the deportation of Committee on Foreign Relations have clear- issue a proclamation calling upon the people nearly 2,000,000 Armenians, of whom 1,500,000 ly established the truth of the reported mas- of the United States to observe such day as men, women, and children were killed, sacres and other atrocities from which the a day of remembrance for all the victims of 500,000 survivors were expelled from their Armenian people have suffered’’. genocide, especially those of Armenian an- homes, and the elimination of the over 2,500- (14) The resolution followed the April 13, cestry . .’’. year presence of Armenians in their historic 1920, report to the Senate of the American (22) President Ronald Reagan, in proclama- homeland. Military Mission to Armenia led by General tion number 4838, dated April 22, 1981 (95 (2) On May 24, 1915, the Allied Powers of James Harbord, that stated ‘‘[m]utilation, Stat. 1813), stated that, in part ‘‘[l]ike the England, France, and Russia, jointly issued a violation, torture, and death have left their genocide of the Armenians before it, and the statement explicitly charging for the first haunting memories in a hundred beautiful genocide of the Cambodians, which followed time ever another government of commit- Armenian valleys, and the traveler in that it—and like too many other persecutions of ting ‘‘a crime against humanity’’. region is seldom free from the evidence of too many other people—the lessons of the (3) This joint statement stated that ‘‘the this most colossal crime of all the ages’’. Holocaust must never be forgotten’’. Allied Governments announce publicly to (15) As displayed in the United States Hol- (23) House Joint Resolution 247, 98th Con- the Sublime Porte that they will hold per- ocaust Memorial Museum, Adolf Hitler, on gress, adopted on September 10, 1984, re- sonally responsible for these crimes all mem- ordering his military commanders to attack solved, ‘‘That April 24, 1985, is hereby des- bers of the Ottoman Government, as well as Poland without provocation in 1939, dis- ignated as ‘National Day of Remembrance of those of their agents who are implicated in missed objections by saying ‘‘[w]ho, after all, Man’s Inhumanity to Man’, and the Presi- such massacres’’. speaks today of the annihilation of the Ar- dent of the United States is authorized and (4) The post-World War I Turkish Govern- menians?’’ and thus set the stage for the Hol- requested to issue a proclamation calling ment indicted the top leaders involved in the ocaust. upon the people of the United States to ob- ‘‘organization and execution’’ of the Arme- (16) Raphael Lemkin, who coined the term serve such day as a day of remembrance for nian Genocide and in the ‘‘massacre and de- ‘‘genocide’’ in 1944, and who was the earliest all the victims of genocide, especially the struction of the Armenians’’. proponent of the United Nations Convention one and one-half million people of Armenian (5) In a series of courts-martial, officials of on the Prevention and Punishment of the ancestry . .’’. the Young Turk Regime were tried and con- Crime of Genocide, invoked the Armenian (24) In August 1985, after extensive study victed, as charged, for organizing and exe- case as a definitive example of genocide in and deliberation, the United Nations Sub- cuting massacres against the Armenian peo- the 20th century. Commission on Prevention of Discrimination ple. (17) The first resolution on genocide adopt- and Protection of Minorities voted 14 to 1 to (6) The chief organizers of the Armenian ed by the United Nations at Mr. Lemkin’s accept a report entitled ‘‘Study of the Ques- Genocide, Minister of War Enver, Minister of urging, the December 11, 1946, United Na- tion of the Prevention and Punishment of the Interior Talaat, and Minister of the Navy tions General Assembly Resolution 96(1), and the Crime of Genocide,’’ which stated that Jemal were all condemned to death for their the United Nations Convention on the Pre- ‘‘[t]he Nazi aberration has unfortunately not crimes, but, the verdicts of the courts were vention and Punishment of the Crime of been the only case of genocide in the 20th not enforced. Genocide recognized the Armenian Genocide century. Among other examples which can (7) The Armenian Genocide and these do- as the type of crime the United Nations in- be cited as qualifying are . the Ottoman mestic judicial failures are documented with tended to prevent and punish by codifying massacre of Armenians in 1915–1916’’. overwhelming evidence in the national ar- existing standards. (25) This report also explained that ‘‘[a]t chives of Austria, France, Germany, Great (18) In 1948, the United Nations War Crimes least 1,000,000, and possibly well over half of Britain, Russia, the United States, the Vati- Commission invoked the Armenian Geno- the Armenian population, are reliably esti- can and many other countries, and this vast cide, ‘‘precisely . one of the types of acts mated to have been killed or death marched body of evidence attests to the same facts, which the modern term ‘crimes against hu- by independent authorities and eye-wit- the same events, and the same consequences. manity’ is intended to cover,’’ as a precedent nesses. This is corroborated by reports in (8) The United States National Archives for the Nuremberg tribunals. United States, German and British archives and Record Administration holds extensive (19) The Commission stated that ‘‘[t]he and of contemporary diplomats in the Otto- and thorough documentation on the Arme- provisions of Article 230 of the Peace Treaty man Empire, including those of its ally Ger- nian Genocide, especially in its holdings of Sevres were obviously intended to cover, many’’.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Campaign and Transition Collection: 1928
    HERBERT HOOVER PAPERS CAMPAIGN LITERATURE SERIES, 1925-1928 16 linear feet (31 manuscript boxes and 7 card boxes) Herbert Hoover Presidential Library 151 Campaign Literature – General 152-156 Campaign Literature by Title 157-162 Press Releases Arranged Chronologically 163-164 Campaign Literature by Publisher 165-180 Press Releases Arranged by Subject 181-188 National Who’s Who Poll Box Contents 151 Campaign Literature – General California Elephant Campaign Feature Service Campaign Series 1928 (numerical index) Cartoons (2 folders, includes Satterfield) Clipsheets Editorial Digest Editorials Form Letters Highlights on Hoover Booklets Massachusetts Elephant Political Advertisements Political Features – NY State Republican Editorial Committee Posters Editorial Committee Progressive Magazine 1928 Republic Bulletin Republican Feature Service Republican National Committee Press Division pamphlets by Arch Kirchoffer Series. Previously Marked Women's Page Service Unpublished 152 Campaign Literature – Alphabetical by Title Abstract of Address by Robert L. Owen (oversize, brittle) Achievements and Public Services of Herbert Hoover Address of Acceptance by Charles Curtis Address of Acceptance by Herbert Hoover Address of John H. Bartlett (Herbert Hoover and the American Home), Oct 2, 1928 Address of Charles D., Dawes, Oct 22, 1928 Address by Simeon D. Fess, Dec 6, 1927 Address of Mr. Herbert Hoover – Boston, Massachusetts, Oct 15, 1928 Address of Mr. Herbert Hoover – Elizabethton, Tennessee. Oct 6, 1928 Address of Mr. Herbert Hoover – New York, New York, Oct 22, 1928 Address of Mr. Herbert Hoover – Newark, New Jersey, Sep 17, 1928 Address of Mr. Herbert Hoover – St. Louis, Missouri, Nov 2, 1928 Address of W. M. Jardine, Oct. 4, 1928 Address of John L. McNabb, June 14, 1928 Address of U.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title A Soldier at Heart: The Life of Smedley Butler, 1881-1940 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6gn7b51j Author Myers, Eric Dennis Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles A Soldier at Heart: The Life of Smedley Butler, 1881 - 1940 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Eric Dennis Myers 2013 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION A Soldier at Heart: The Life of Smedley Butler, 1881 - 1940 by Eric Dennis Myers Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2013 Professor Joan Waugh, Chair The dissertation is a historical biography of Smedley Darlington Butler (1881-1940), a decorated soldier and critic of war profiteering during the 1930s. A two-time Congressional Medal of Honor winner and son of a powerful congressman, Butler was one of the most prominent military figures of his era. He witnessed firsthand the American expansionism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, participating in all of the major conflicts and most of the minor ones. Following his retirement in 1931, Butler became an outspoken critic of American intervention, arguing in speeches and writings against war profiteering and the injustices of expansionism. His critiques represented a wide swath of public opinion at the time – the majority of Americans supported anti-interventionist policies through 1939. Yet unlike other members of the movement, Butler based his theories not on abstract principles, but on experiences culled from decades of soldiering: the terrors and wasted resources of the battlefield, ! ""! ! the use of the American military to bolster corrupt foreign governments, and the influence of powerful, domestic moneyed interests.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 April 24Symbolizes the Beginning of the Young Turk Government's
    April 24 symbolizes the beginning of the Young Turk government’s organized genocidal campaign to eliminate Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. On that day in 1915, the Ottoman Turkish government arrested some 200 Armenian community leaders, most of whom were later murdered. Background During the second half of the nineteenth century, the Armenian population of the decaying Ottoman Empire became the target of heightened persecution. This policy culminated in the Armenian Genocide. Conceived and carried out by the Young Turk regime from 1915 to 1923, the first genocide of the 20th century resulted in the deportation of nearly 2,000,000 Armenians, of whom 1,500,000 men, women, and children were killed, while the remaining 500,000 survivors were expelled from their homeland of 3,000 years. At the beginning of World War I, there were some 2,100,000 Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire. Following the Armenian Genocide, fewer than 100,000 declared Armenians remained in Turkey. A Proud Chapter in U.S. History American intervention prevented the full realization of Ottoman Turkey’s genocidal plan. In 1919, President Woodrow Wilson authorized Major General James Harbord, who served as General John J. Pershing’s Chief of Staff during World War I, to lead an American Military Mission to Armenia. Major General Harbord submitted his FACT SHEET FACT report from the U.S.S. Martha Washington that same year, which read in part: “mutilation, violation, torture and death have left their haunting memories in a hundred beautiful Armenian valleys, and the traveler in that region is seldom free from the evidence of this most colossal crime of all the ages.” The U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Dials and Channels David Sarnoff and His
    Dials and Channels The Journal of the National Capital Radio & Television Museum 2608 Mitchellville Road Bowie, MD 20716-1392 (301) 390-1020 Vol. 25, No. 3 ncrtv.org September 2019 David Sarnoff and His RCA By Brian Belanger Introduction threw a tantrum. He ordered all copies of the first draft destroyed and rewrote sections himself. Book Along the stairway to the second floor of the critics were quick to comment on how over-the-top Museum are displayed about a dozen photos of laudatory the sanitized version was. It did not sell individuals that we felt were deserving of recognition well. for their roles in the history of radio and television. David Sarnoff’s photo is included. It is certainly A later and more balanced biography was authored appropriate that his story and how he shaped RCA, by Kenneth Bilby after Sarnoff’s death. Bilby was the Radio Corporation of America, be told in Dials Sarnoff’s public relations manager and a close and Channels. associate. This article relies heavily on that source. Any author outside of RCA intending to write a Sarnoff is a controversial figure. His supporters have Sarnoff biography who sought access to company called him a visionary and a genius, and are in awe of records would probably have received cooperation him, while critics have described him as a ruthless in proportion to how likely that author was to praise egotist. A case might be made for either label. I recognize Sarnoff’s shortcomings, yet I admire him for reasons that will become clear later in this article.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of American Discourse on the Mission to Armenia
    SWAYED BY HEADLINES OR HARDENED BY EXPERIENCE? THE INFLUENCE OF AMERICAN DISCOURSE ON THE MISSION TO ARMENIA Rosanne M. Horswill A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts degree in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2020 Approved by: Sarah Shields Cemil Aydin Wayne E. Lee ©2020 Rosanne M. Horswill ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Rosanne M. Horswill: Swayed by Headlines or Hardened by Experience? The Influence of American Discourse on the Mission to Armenia (Under the direction of Professor Sarah Shields) In August 1919, President Wilson commissioned the American Military Mission to Armenia to investigate the post-World War I situation in Anatolia and report recommendations to Congress on potential American responsibilities in the region. The President expected the final report, composed by Major General James Harbord, to present impartial observations consistent with the dispassionate language characteristic of military prose. This would have allowed Congress to base its decisions on military judgements rather than on existing partisan reports which favored diplomatic or humanitarian agendas. Though Harbord’s report predominately exhibited the institutional style he adopted as an officer and reflected a hardened worldview shaped over his thirty-year career, his lifetime exposure to American media narratives on Armenians was indelibly present as well. Examining Harbord’s sources reveals that he had absorbed competing public and military narratives that needed reconciliation in his report. I analyzed 23,399 articles from American newspapers, alongside pamphlets published by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and diplomatic reports produced by the Inquiry, to trace discursive trends on Armenians as they evolved in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Was There an Armenian Genocide? Geoffrey Robertson
    University of St. Thomas Journal of Law and Public Policy Volume 4 Article 6 Issue 2 Spring 2010 Was There an Armenian Genocide? Geoffrey Robertson Follow this and additional works at: http://ir.stthomas.edu/ustjlpp Part of the Human Rights Law Commons Bluebook Citation Geoffrey Robertson, Was There an Armenian Genocide?, 4 U. St. Thomas J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 83 (2010). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UST Research Online and the University of St. Thomas Journal of Law and Public Policy. For more information, please contact Editor-in-Chief Patrick O'Neill. WAS THERE AN ARMENIAN GENOCIDE? THE OPINION OF GEOFFREY ROBERTSON, QC. THE ISSUE There is no doubt that in 1915, the Ottoman government ordered the deportation of up to two million Armenians from Anatolia and other provinces: they were marched towards Syria and hundreds of thousands died en route from disease, starvation, and armed attack. There were other atrocities committed against Armenians in that year because of their race and their Christian religion, beginning with the rounding up of several hundred intellectuals in Constantinople on April 24th. The "Young Turk" government was accused of responsibility for what the governments of Britain, France, and Russia, jointly and formally declared to be a "crime against humanity." These allies solemnly promised to punish the perpetrators, and after the war, special provisions were made to do so in the Treaty of S~vres. The United Kingdom rounded up sixty-seven Turkish officials suspected of ordering atrocities and held them for trial in Malta, but for reasons of diplomatic expediency, they were eventually released.
    [Show full text]
  • Congressional Record—Senate S3143
    March 14, 2007 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S3143 (B) ensure that the Animal and Plant Whereas more than 75 percent of those S. RES. 106 Health Inspection Service has a national deaths occurred in off-campus occupancies; Whereas the Armenian Genocide was con- electronic system with real-time tracking Whereas a majority of the students in the ceived and carried out by the Ottoman Em- capability for monitoring, tracking, and re- United States live in off-campus occupan- pire from 1915 to 1923, resulting in the depor- porting inspection activities of the Service. cies; tation of nearly 2,000,000 Armenians, of (2) FEDERAL AND STATE COOPERATION.— Whereas a number of fatal fires have oc- whom 1,500,000 men, women, and children (A) COMMUNICATION SYSTEM.—The Sec- curred in buildings in which the fire safety were killed, 500,000 survivors were expelled retary shall develop and maintain an inte- systems have been compromised or disabled from their homes, and which succeeded in grated, real-time communication system by the occupants; the elimination of more than 2,500-year pres- with respect to import and entry agricul- Whereas automatic fire alarm systems pro- ence of Armenians in their historic home- tural inspections to alert State departments vide the early warning of a fire that is nec- land; of agriculture of significant inspection find- essary for occupants and the fire department Whereas, on May 24, 1915, the Allied Powers ings of the Animal and Plant Health Inspec- to take appropriate action; issued the joint statement of England, tion
    [Show full text]
  • Pershing's Right Hand
    PERSHING’S RIGHT HAND: GENERAL JAMES G. HARBORD AND THE AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR A Dissertation by BRIAN FISHER NEUMANN Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2006 Major Subject: History PERSHING’S RIGHT HAND: GENERAL JAMES G. HARBORD AND THE AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR A Dissertation by BRIAN FISHER NEUMANN Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Chair of Committee, Arnold P. Krammer Committee Members, H.W. Brands Charles E. Brooks Peter J. Hugill Brian M. Linn Head of Department, Walter Buenger August 2006 Major Subject: History iii ABSTRACT Pershing’s Right Hand: General James G. Harbord and the American Expeditionary Forces in the First World War. (August 2006) Brian Fisher Neumann, B.A., University of Southern California; M.A., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Arnold P. Krammer This project is both a wartime biography and an examination of the American effort in France during the First World War. At its core, the narrative follows the military career of Major General James G. Harbord. His time in France saw Harbord serve in the three main areas of the American Expeditionary Forces: administration, combat, and logistics. As chief of staff to AEF commander General John J. Pershing, Harbord was at the center of the formation of the AEF and the development of its administrative policies.
    [Show full text]
  • Command & Commanders in Modern Warfare
    COMMAND AND COMMANDERS , \ .“‘,“3,w) .br .br “Z ,+( ’> , . I ..M IN MODERN WARFARE The Proceedings of the Second Military History Symposium U.S. Air Force Academy 23 May 1968 Edited by William Geffen, Lt. Colonel, USAF, Air Force Academy O5ce of Air Force History, Headquarters USAF and United States Air Force Academy 1971 2nd edilion, enlarged let edition, United States Air Force Academy, 1969 Views or opinions expressed or implied in this publication are those of the authors and are not to be construed as carrying official sanction of the Department of the Air Force or of the United States Air Force Academy. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2.65 Stock Number 0874-0003 ii PREFACE The essays and commentaries which comprise this book re- sulted from the Second Annual Military History Symposium, held at the Air Force Academy on 2-3 May 1968. The Military History Symposium is an annual event sponsored jointly by the Department of History and the Association of Graduates, United States Air Force Academy. The theme of the first symposium, held on 4-5May 1967 at the Air Force Academy, was “Current Concepts in Military History.” Several factors inspired the inauguration of the symposium series, the foremost being the expanding interest in the field of military history demonstrated at recent meetings of the American Historical Association and similar professional organizations. A professional meeting devoted solely to the subject of military his- tory seemed appropriate. The Air Force Academy’s Department of History has been particularly concerned with the history of military affairs and warfare since the founding of the institution.
    [Show full text]
  • Views Expressed in This Work Are Those of the Author and Do Not Reflect the Official
    “With A Little Help From Our Friends:”1 The Development of Combat Intelligence in the American Expeditionary Forces, 1917-1918 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By James L. Doty III, M.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Dr. John F. Guilmartin, Advisor Dr. Nathan Rosenstein Dr. Stephanie J. Smith 1 The title is inspired by the Beatles song, “With a Little Help From My Friends,” Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, 1967. Copyright by James L. Doty III 2010 Disclaimer The views expressed in this work are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. Abstract The United States Army, like its counterparts in Europe, especially the United Kingdom, struggled to achieve recognition as a profession during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Army developed educational institutions, improved standards of conduct, and further developed specialized knowledge in areas such as intelligence. US army officers and military officials sponsored these changes knowing and sometimes adapting from similar developments in other armies. When the First World War started in 1914, the American army was close to par with the British army in its development of intelligence as a specialized field and body of military knowledge. By 1917, Britain and the other belligerents had tremendously advanced their intelligence practices as part of the broader development of warfighting techniques through three years of warfare.
    [Show full text]
  • Protecting the Mission
    © COPYRIGHT by Joshua S. Jones 2013 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Dedicated to my family. PROTECTING THE MISSION: THE CASE OF THE U.S. ARMY BY Joshua S. Jones ABSTRACT In the literature of organizational change, scholars generally agree that organizations resist change, a phenomenon usually described as organizational inertia. Most of this literature, however, ignores the question of how such resistance to change is manifest. I seek to fill this gap by explaining the tactics that organizations use to resist change. Most of the literature on organizational change also treats resistance as a byproduct of organizational nature. In contrast, I start from the presumption that resistance can be an intentional act and not solely a passive characteristic or byproduct of organizations. In seeking to understand resistance as an intentional act, I explore the following questions: How does an organization resist the external and internal forces for change that act upon it? Are there similarities and differences to this resistance depending on whether the force is internal or external? Are organizations more or less successful in resisting internal or external forces for change? Over time, do organizations become more skilled at resisting? To answer these questions, I use the case study approach to look at the U.S. Army and its response to challenges to its sense of mission, something the literature predicts the Army should resist. More specifically, I test these hypotheses: 1) organizations employ different types of tactics of resistance depending on whether the force for change is internal or external; 2) organizations are more successful at resisting internal than external forces for change; and 3) organizations become more effective at resisting over time.
    [Show full text]
  • Col Albertus Catlin Biography
    John Frederick Andrews Novels of the Great War Colonel Albertus Catlin, right, with MG Omar Bundy Albertus Wright Catlin was born on 12/1/1868 in Gowanda, NY. At some point his family moved to Minnesota. He was appointed from that state to the United States Naval Academy in 1886. He was a halfback on the football team for three years and graduated in 1890. He then had two years of sea duty as a midshipman on the USS Charleston. Upon his return, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corp on 7/1/1892. Catlin was promoted to first lieutenant in April of 1893. He first served at the Marine Barracks on League Island in the Philadelphia Naval Yard, then served on the USS Cincinnati beginning in 1895. He commanded the Marine Guard on the USS Maine when the ship blew up in Havana harbor in February, 1898. Twenty-eight of his men were killed in the explosion. He then served on the USS St. Louis and led the first Marines to land on Cuba. John Frederick Andrews Novels of the Great War He was promoted to captain in March,1899 and then major in 1905. He served in New York, South Carolina, the Philippines, and became the first commanding officer of the Marine Barracks in Hawaii. He served twice at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. He commanded a battalion of Marines aboard the USS Wyoming, and led them in the battle of Vera Cruz in 1914. Catlin was awarded the Medal of Honor on 12/4/1915: “For distinguished conduct in battle, engagement of Vera Cruz, 22 April 1914.
    [Show full text]