UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL OKLAHOMA Edmond, Oklahoma College of Graduate Studies and Research The Battle of Belleau Wood: America’s Indoctrination into 20 th Century Warfare A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS IN HISTORY, MUSEUM STUDIES By Kevin C. Seldon Edmond, Oklahoma 2010 The Battle of Belleau Wood: America’s indoctrination into 20 th Century Warfare A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY March 29, 2010 I have a rendezvous with Death At some disputed barricade, When Spring comes back with rustling shade And apple-blossoms fill the air-- I have a rendezvous with Death When Spring brings back blue days and fair. It may be he shall take my hand And lead me into his dark land And close my eyes and quench my breath-- It may be I shall pass him still. I have a rendezvous with Death On some scarred slope of battered hill, When Spring comes round again this year And the first meadow-flowers appear. God knows 'twere better to be deep Pillowed in silk and scented down, Where love throbs out in blissful sleep, Pulse nigh to pulse, and breath to breath, Where hushed awakenings are dear . But I've a rendezvous with Death At midnight in some flaming town, When Spring trips north again this year, And I to my pledged word am true, I shall not fail that rendezvous. -Alan Seeger Killed in action July 4, 1916 at Belloy-en-Santerre, France iii Acknowledgements There are many people who deserved my gratitude in writing this thesis. My interest in this topics stems from a long history of wanting to understand the mindset of the men who fought at Belleau Wood nearly a century ago. My real connection to the human side of this story came on March 14, 2004 when I met 104 year-old William Eugene Lee. In 1918 Lee was an eighteen year-old private serving with the 51 st Company, 2 nd Battalion, 5 th Marine Regiment at Belleau Wood. During our visit I realized that this frail man before me represented the last living memory of an American story which has earned an iconic place in American military history. The images of that death-riddled wilderness had not left his memory even at the eve of his death. The nearly nine intervening decades had done very little to ease the nightmares that he undoubtedly carried with him ten days after our visit when he took his final breath on this earth. My understanding of this battle as a human story came to a fruition on the day that I met Eugene Lee. I will forever be thankful to him. I would also like to thank my parents whose constant encouragement to pursue this program inspired me to continue my efforts despite my overwhelming life as a teacher and coach out of state. On more than one occasion my amazing mother even accompanied me on my endeavors to examine huge amounts of records in a very short amount of time. She helped copy and scan numerous documents so I could maximize my time. More importantly, she provided the best company I could hope for on some of these long trips. I also would like to thank my brother and sister-in-law for their willingness to house me upon my many trips back to Oklahoma to meet with my committee. My late grandmother Geraldine Seldon, who constantly iv encouraged me to work diligently on this thesis, remained vigilant and unwavering in her support until her death last year at age ninety-six. Dr. Stanley Adamiak also provided me guidance and direction over numerous phone calls and email contacts in order to help me complete this thesis. Dr. Patricia Loughlin was also instrumental in her encouragement and direction in properly completing this paper. I also want to thank Dr. Carolyn Pool who was very patient and understanding of the circumstances that often seem to inhibit my ability to devote my complete attention to the completion of this thesis. I would also like the thank Eric Voelz, an archivist at the National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis, Missouri. Mr. Voelz was instrumental in my access to the hundreds of individual personnel records of the individuals who fought at Belleau Wood. Many of these records were extremely time consuming to track down and his efforts streamlined the process. I would also like the thank Dr. Mitch Yokelson, a senior archivist at the National Archives and Records Administration facility in College Park, Maryland. Mitch was very encouraging in my desire to explore the burial files, a very crucial source of information that has helped me outline and piece together the human stories from the battle. He has also encouraged me to abandon my own biases about this battle, one very much belonging to the Marine Corps. As a former Marine myself, I have struggled to look objectively at an engagement that has been bred into me almost as family history as much as American history. I am forever thankful for this scholarly advice and feel that it allowed me to look at this campaign with new insight. I would also like to thank my father, a combat Marine in Vietnam and my grandfather James Goodrich, a Marine from the Second World War. These men have, throughout my life, brought about my curiosity regarding the experiences of men in battle. I realized that v participation in combat will forever change a man. No matter what he does in the intervening years, he will never forget the horrors of those days under fire. I hope that this work will perpetuate the memory and experiences of those men who were forever changed by their terrifying days in Belleau Wood. vi Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………...…………………………………..iv LIST OF MAPS AND PHOTOGRAPHS…………………………………..……viii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………….ix INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….....1 HISTORIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………6 Chapter I- Germany’s desperate hours….….……………………………………..24 Chapter II-Movement to the front and the pending battle...………………………37 th Chapter III- Learning the Ways of 20 Century Warfare…………………………76 Chapter IV-The Failed Assault on Belleau Wood………………………………...94 Chapter V-Assault on the Town of Bouresches…………………………...…….117 Chapter VI- Conclusion and Aftermath of a Costly Day………………………..156 vii List of Maps and Photographs Belleau Woods: Where the Marines Stopped the Kaiser on his way to Paris..……………………………………......6 Appendix A Map of situation on June 1, 1918 …………………………………...34 Appendix B Map of area around Belleau Wood …………………………..…..…40 Appendix C Map of Les Mares Farm…………………………………………..…69 Appendix D Map of attack on Hill 142…………………………………….……..80 Appendix E Map of 3rd Battalion, 5 th Marines attack on Belleau Wood………………………..….100 Appendix F Map of 3rd Battalion, 6 th Marines attack on Belleau Wood………………………..….122 Appendix G Formation of 3 rd Battalion, 6 th Marine Regiment during attack on southern edge of Belleau Wood June 6, 1918.......................……………..….122 Appendix H Map of 2nd Battalion, 6 th Marines attack on Bouresches………………………...……134 viii ABSTRACT OF THESIS University of Central Oklahoma Edmond, Oklahoma NAME: Kevin C. Seldon TITLE OF THESIS: The Battle of Belleau Wood: America’s Indoctrination into 20 th Century Warfare DIRECTOR OF THESIS: Dr. Stanley Adamiak PAGES: 182 ABSTRACT: The battle of Belleau Wood serves as a microcosm of the American experience in the Great War. Several misconceptions surrounding the battle, born largely out of its propaganda value, created a legacy that overshadows the significance of the battle as a baptismal of modern twentieth-century warfare. The experience, unprecedented in the annals of American military history, placed largely inexperienced troops into a situation where poor decisions, inferior tactics and faulty communication methods delayed orders and sent unsuspecting men into a cauldron of chaos and terror. Historians have painted a picture that implies that the battle had epic ramifications in that it halted the German drive on Paris. This myth is born out of the desire of the American Expeditionary Force commanders to obtain a decisive victory on the battlefield. Belleau Wood provided that opportunity and gave birth to a legendary story of American military arms devoid of the dreadfulness and futility that characterizes so much of the fight. These depictions ix overshadow the horrific nightmares of the fighting that men carried with them through the remainder of their lives. Those terrible sights and sounds baptized participants and an entire nation into the horrors of a new age of warfare. The main focus of this thesis rests largely on first-hand accounts of the fighting at Belleau Wood. Examination of several eye-witness reports and unpublished memoirs and oral histories reveal the true cost which bought in blood the glory that dictates most interpretations of the engagement. This work also assesses human stories behind this epic battle in context to the common myth which depicts the fight simply as the engagement which saved Paris. x Introduction The Legacy, interpretation and significance of Belleau Wood The flickering glow of illumination shells created an eerie view of the seemingly lifeless landscape. Shattered trees, silhouetted on horizon in a grotesque posture, embodied the carnage and devastation that took place weeks earlier. Belleau Wood was relatively quiet on this warm July night. The momentary brightness appearing from the illumination rounds fired from behind German lines far beyond Belleau Wood interrupted the tranquility. Burial details, working under the light of the glimmering flares lazily descending to the earth, carried out the grizzly task of dealing with the numerous corpses strewn throughout the broken landscape. Many of the dead had been exposed to the summer heat for days and even weeks since the twenty-six day struggle to capture the woods had ended.