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A Beginner’s Guide to Water

A resource for the Wasatch High School Program

Evan Bee Brady Tree Marissa Tree Table of Contents

HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE 1

Audience 1

Application 1

Introduction 2 OVERVIEW OF WATER POLO 3

Objective of Water Polo 3

Game Organization 4

Physicality and Skills of Water Polo 4 THE 5

Overview 5

Origins of Water Polo 5

Evolution of Water Polo 6

Popularity/Prominent Polo Players 6

Water Polo Myth or Fact? 7 WATER POLO EQUIPMENT 8

Overview 8

Water Polo 8

Water Polo 9

Water Polo /Cage 9

Water Polo Pool Specifications 10

Water Polo Suits 11 WATER POLO TERMINOLOGY 12 WATER POLO SKILLS 14

Overview 14 Eggbeater 14

Head-up Freestyle 15

Passing 16

Shooting 17 WATER POLO OFFENSE 18

Overview 18

Offensive Objective 18

Offensive Rules 19

Offensive Numbering System 20

Offensive Plays 21 WATER POLO 26

Overview 26

Defensive Objective 26

Defensive Rules 26

Defensive Skills 29

Defensive Body Position 30

Defensive Numbering System 31

Defensive Plays 32 SPORTSMANSHIP 34

Coach Tree’s Thoughts Coaching 35

Conclusion 35 Works Cited 36

Images Cited 37

Pictures 37

Figures 38 1 HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE

Audience This beginning guide to the of water polo was created as a resource and a study companion for the Wasatch Water Polo Program. Furthermore, this guide is for team members of the Wasatch Water Polo Program as well as their friends and family who are interested in learning more about the physically and mentally challenging sport of water polo. However, even though this guide was created for a specific audience, its contents are available to anyone.

Application There are two primary purposes for this guide: 1. To provide a study companion for members of the Wasatch Polo Team, and 2. To serve as a reference guide for friends and families of team members. Members of the Wasatch Polo Team are expected to study from this guide regularly. Players will be expected to read entirely through this guide before they are allowed to practice in the water. Moreover, during the season, this guide will be referred to often. At least once a week there will be a dry-land practice where each player is required to bring this guide, since we will be referring to it and discussing the skills and strategies contained in it. In addition, the offensive plays (pages 21-25) and the defensive plays (32-33) contained in this guide are specific plays created by Brady Tree. Furthermore, friends and families of Wasatch Water Polo team members are greatly welcomed and appreciated. This guide provides a basic understanding and simple explanations regarding the various parts of water polo. A basic overview of the game can be found on pages 3-4, the history of water polo on page 5, and a brief description of the equipment used on pages 8-11. In addition, like many other , there is some terminology that is specific to the sport of water polo. Consequently, a table of terms and definitions can be found on pages 10-11. 2

Introduction This Beginner’s Guide to Water Polo has been created with a specific purpose in mind. Its main purpose and use is as a resource for the Wasatch Water Polo Program. However, the contents of this guide will not be limited to members of the program only. It may also be used by family and friends of water polo players who wish to gain a basic understanding of the sport of water polo as well as anyone else with the same desire. For reader and user convenience, we have divided our guide into eight main sections with each main section being divided into subsections. The primary purpose of the first four sections is to give our audience (Wasatch water polo players, family, and friends) a basic understanding of where the sport of water polo came from as well as the basic set up and parts of water polo. (1) We begin with an overview of water polo which includes the objective, game organization, and physicality and skills of water polo. (2) We then proceed with the history of water polo which includes the origins and evolution of water polo as well as the popularity/prominent people of water polo and a fact or fiction section. (3) Next, is our water polo equipment section which includes information on standard water polo , caps, goals/cages, pool specifications, and suits. (4) Moreover, we also included a water polo terminology section with a table of common terms and definitions. The purpose of the next two sections of our guide is to provide a basic overview of the skills needed to play water polo as well as how the offense functions. (5) The skills section gives an overview of eggbeater, head-up freestyle , passing, and shooting skills used in water polo. (6) Furthermore, the offense section provides details on the offensive objective, rules, numbering system, and plays of water polo. Finally, the last two sections of our guide serve to provide information about the defense and sportsmanship of water polo. (7) The defense section includes details about the defensive objective, rules, skills, body position, numbering system, and plays of water polo. (8) Last, but not least, our sportsmanship section serves to explain the ethics of sports in general. In addition, this section includes Coach Brady Tree’s thoughts on coaching. These sections are not meant to be extensive, but are rather meant to build a basic understanding of the sport of water polo. Moreover, this guide is meant to serve the Wasatch High School Water Polo Program as a resource and study companion. Henceforth, each of the eight main sections in our guide were included in an effort to establish these purposes. 3 OVERVIEW OF WATER POLO

Picture 2: (Image taken from water polo website).

Like most sports, water polo’s main purpose is simple: the most goals in order to win the game. However, the strategies used to score the goals are much more complex. In addition, water polo is a that requires working together rather than individually to succeed. Consequently, in this section of our Beginner’s Guide to Water Polo we will expound upon the objective of water polo, the game organization, and the various physical aspects and skills of water polo.

Objective of Water Polo The main objective of water polo is similar to most team sports. According to World of Sports Science, “The object of water polo is to throw a ball into a net defended by a goal keeper and six teammates who use physical means to hinder the offensive team’s attack. The ball is advanced using passing plays and other offensive tactics” (“Water Polo”). This may seem simple, but remember all this needs to be accomplished while . 4 Table 1: Water Polo Game Organization

Game Organization

PLAYERS A team consists of seven active players and subs. Six players play in the field and one player, the goal keeper, guards the goal/cage.

SUBSTITUTION Players are generally substituted between quarters and after goals.

DEFENSE When a team does not have possession of the ball and they try to prevent the other team from scoring.

OFFENSE When a team has possession of the ball and they try to score.

QUARTERS “Game is divided into four time periods each of which is called a quarter” (“Water Polo Planet”- Figure 1.1 Water polo Glossary). Each quarter lasts for seven minutes. standard (Image taken from water There are generally two referees; one that watches polo website). the inside and one that watches the outside of the happenings of the game. Water polo referees wear all white as opposed to stripes like most referees of other sports. See figure 1.1 for standard uniform.

Game Organization Physicality and Skills of Water Polo The sport of water polo requires a lot of physical stamina and determination. It is considered to be, “one of the toughest, most physically demanding sports in the world” (“Water Polo”). This is due in part to the fact that water polo combines various aspects of other sports. For example, swimmers need to be good at swimming and soccer players need to be good at passing and working as a team, but water polo players need to be good at not only swimming, but also passing and working as a team. Furthermore, Picture 3: (Image taken from website). water polo players need more than the basic swimming skills (“Water Polo”). Being able to tread water when one’s arms are free and no one is attacking you is completely different from treading water only with one’s legs while someone is trying to get the ball away from you. (These skills are explained in more detail in the skills section of this guide). 5 THE HISTORY OF WATER POLO

Overview

The origins of water polo began in , but the sport itself has evolved . In addition, the popularity of water polo has continued to grow as well as the of prominent people associated with the sport. Therefore, in this section we will expound upon the origins and evolution of water polo as well as the popularity and prominent people associated with water polo. Furthermore, we will conclude with denouncing the common myth that the origins of water polo began with horseback polo.

Origins of Water Polo Although many people have not heard of or do not know much about the sport of water polo, it has been around for over a hundred years. According to World of Sports Science “Water polo was born as an aquatic version of rugby in England in the 1870s” (“Water Polo”). Moreover, History of the Game of Water Polo stated, “It is believed that British holiday resort owners invented this rather strange pastime during the mid-1800s, in an attempt to attract guests. The first games were played on nearby rivers and lakes . . ..” However, today water polo is played in swimming pools where visibility, rules, and precise standards are easier to keep track of.

Picture 5: Water Polo Game in River Picture 6: Water Polo Game in (Image taken form water polo website). (Image taken from website). Picture 4: “Big Ben” (Image taken from website). 6

Evolution of Water Polo Even though water polo has been around for a long time, it has not aways been played the same. When it was first created, there were hardly any rules. In other words, players could kick, hit, wrestle, drown, and use many other maneuvers to get the ball way from opponents (“Water Polo”). The game got so violent that “it was not uncommon for players to be dragged from the water unconscious (“History of the Game”). Fortunately, today water polo has evolved into focusing more on ability than aggressiveness. Excessively aggressive tactics are no longer allowed, but it is still challenging to keep oneself above the water while being pressed by an opponent.

Picture 7: Leather Picture 8: Water Polo Ball (Image taken from water polo website). (Image taken from website).

Furthermore, the standards for a water polo ball have not always been the same. The first water polo balls were small and made of leather and then rubber (Snyder). Because the ball was so small, “A common ploy players used was to place the small ball in their swimming trunks and swim underwater towards the goal, where they would score by removing the ball and slamming it onto the pool deck” (Snyder). This would be very hard to accomplish with the standard water polo ball today that is about the size of a . In addition, it is now against the rules to even take the ball under water.

Popularity/Prominent Polo Players After its origination in England, it didn’t take long for the sport of water polo to spread to other parts of the world. Water polo was first played in the United States in 1888, and soon thereafter became very popular (“History of the Game”). Consequently, water polo has been a part of the Olympics since 1900 and was the first team sport to be included in the (Terret). However, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has only “sanctioned a water polo championship since 1969” (“Water Polo”). Today water polo teams are prominent in many different countries including Italy, , , , Spain, USA, , Germany, Australia, and Canada (“Teams”). Therefore, water polo is not a sport that has been limited to one or two countries; it is prevalent throughout the world. 7

In addition to the sport of water polo being rather popular, there have been many famous people that have played water polo as well. For example, Prince William (figure 2.1), son of Prince Charles, competed on the St Andrews University water polo team and Sean Paul, a singer, competed on the Jamaican national water polo team (“Famous Players”). Furthermore, it is said that “ (figure 2.2) is regarded as the top water polo player in the world,” while (figure 2.3) is the most famous female water polo player (“Teams”). These two players were not necessarily famous before they played water polo, but rather they have become famous due to their accomplishments and prestige in the water polo world.

Figure 2.3 Kami Craig Figure 2.2 Tony Azevedo (Image taken from water polo website.) (Image taken from water polo website). Figure 2.1 Prince William (Image taken from website).

Water Polo Myth or Fact?

A common myth is that water polo is a version of horseback polo. Some people may even wonder how they get the horses into the pool. However, this myth is just that, a myth. The only thing water polo and horseback polo share in common is the word “polo,” which comes from the Indian word “pulu” meaning ball (“History of the Game”). Considering the meaning of the word polo is ball, there is no reason to think that these two sports are connected just because they share the word polo.

Picture 9:“Water Polo” Picture 10: Water Polo Meme Picture 11:“Years of training, down the (Image taken from website). (Image taken from website). drain” (Image taken from website). 8 WATER POLO EQUIPMENT

Overview There are various types of equipment that those wishing to play water polo should become familiar with. For example, there are specific specifications for a standard water polo ball, caps, goal/cage, and swimming pool set up. Furthermore, there are preferred styles of suits that are commonly worn among water polo players. Also goggles are not aloud to be worn when playing water polo.

Water Polo Ball Qualifications: • Round • Air chamber with self-closing valve • Waterproof • • No less than 400 grams • No more than 450 grams Figure 3.1 Standard water polo ball • Men (Image taken from website). • Circumference • No less than .68 meters • No more than .71 meters • • 90-97 kilo Pascals • Women • Circumference • No less than .65 meters • No more than .67 meters • Pressure • 83-90 kilo Pascals Figure 3.2 Standard volleyball * Specifications taken from “FINA/USA Water Polo Rules.” (Image taken from website).

Even though water polo balls similar to volleyballs, they are not the same. They are made out of different materials and water polo balls are harder to the as opposed to softer volleyballs. Refer to figure 3.1 and 3.2 for visual references. 9

Water Polo Caps

• Colors Example of field Example of goal • Goal keepers players keepers cap • Red • Field players • Contrasting color other than red Figure 3.3 Standard caps • Fastened under the chin (Image taken from website). • Have malleable ear protectors • Numbered on both sides Cap number • Numbers .10 meters in height • Goal keeper wears cap no. 1 Ear protector • Other players wear caps no. 2-13 Fastened under chin * Specifications taken from “FINA/USA Water Polo Rules.” Refer to figures 3.3 and 3.4 for visual references.

Figure 3.4-How to wear caps (Image taken from website).

Water Polo Goal/Cage Goal • “It is a 3 x 10 rectangular enclosure where a ball must pass over the goal line to cause a score and it can be fixed to the side of the pool or it can be floating” (*). Cage • “Another name for the water polo goal” (*). Net • “A 3 x 10 M/Y rectangular enclosure placed around the goal” (*).

* Definitions taken from “Water Polo Planet”-Glossary. See figure 3.5 and 3.6 for visual references.

Figure 3.5 Attached goal Figure 3.6 Floating goal (Image taken from website). (Image taken from website). 10

Water Polo Pool Specifications

There is a specific pool set up for standard water polo games. Swimming pools are typically marked by cones at the two and five meter lines as well as at half court. In addition, there are team benches for each competing team, a score table, and goal cages on either side of the pool. Moreover, there is an ejection zone/area where players are sent when they are ejected from the game and where some substitution takes place. See figure 3.7 for visual representation of a standard pool set up.

Standard Pool Set Up

Team Bench

2 Meter Line

5 Meter Line

Half Court Score Table

Penalty Area Goal/Cage

Figure 3.7 Basic set up for a standard water polo game. Team benches, score table, goals, ejection zone, and meter markers. 11

Water Polo Suits

There is not a specific type of that is required for water polo, but there are some styles that are more convenient than others when playing the sport. Figures 3.8 and 3.9 are pictures of a common style of swimsuit that is worn by girls. These suits generally zip up resulting in a tighter fit that reduces drag and grabbing from other players. Figure 3.10 is a picture of a , which is most commonly worn by boys because there is less material for opponents to latch on to. Figure 3.11 is a picture of jammers, as they are often called, that some boys prefer to wear because they provide a little more coverage than a speedo.

Figure 3.10 Male water polo speedo Figures 3.8 and 3.9 Female water polo suit (Image taken from website). Figure 3.11 Male jammer (Image taken from website). (Image taken from website).

Also, goggles are not aloud when playing water polo. This is due to the fact that water polo is a and wearing goggles could cause an injury to other players or even yourself. The official rule handbook states, “Players. . . before taking part in a game shall remove any articles likely to cause injury” (“FINA/USA Water Polo Rules”). This can be a big change for those who are accustomed to swimming with goggles. However, many water polo players still wear contacts. A study recently published in Journal of Sports Science stated, “These findings indicate a high percentage of players were using contact lenses while playing water polo between 1996 and 2011 . . . The results suggest that increasing use of contact lenses by water-polo players is beneficial” (Ichiro Kono, et al.). Therefore, contacts can still be worn even when goggles cannot be worn.

Picture 12: Swimming Goggles (Image taken from website). 12 WATER POLO TERMINOLOGY

There are certain terms that are specific to the sport of water polo. Consequently, defining these terms will be necessary for a basic understanding of the sport. The definitions of some of these terms taken from “Water Polo Planet”-Glossary are listed in the table below according to alphabetical order. However, this is not an extensive list of water polo terms.

Table 2: Terms and Definitions (“Water Polo Planet”-Glossary).

Ter m Definition

Ball Under Technical foul called for taking the ball under water when attacked by an opponent.

Center Defense Defender whose primary responsibility is to guard the offensive 2 meter person.

Center Forward Player whose primary offensive position is on opponents 2 meter line.

Egg Beater Kick Type of support kick which is best described as an alternating frog or kick.

Ejection/Exclusion A player is removed from the water by the referee for 20 seconds of playing time because of a rule violation.

Flats Field players in positions 2 and 4.

Foul Breach of rules of the game for which a free throw, an ejection, or a penalty shot is the outcome.

Free Throw A free pass awarded to a player because of a rule violation by his or her defender. Opponents must not interfere with taking of the throw.

Hips Up A prone treading position with the hips at water level which is essential for a good offensive and defensive play.

Hole Set Field player in position 6; plays on the 2 meter mark.

Man Down A player’s ejection resulting in a team having to play 5 on 6 defense.

Nail Check Pre-game checks by referee to insure that finger or toe nails of players don’t constitute a .

Terms and definitions continued on next page. 13

Ter m Definition

Off The Bottom Player using the pool bottom to gain advantage or simply to play the game is a rule violation; however, players may rest on the bottom.

Ordinary Foul To violate a playing rule that results in a free throw being awarded to the opponents team.

Penalty Area Area marked on the end of the pool where ejected players must go and remain until penalty time expires.

Point/Driver The player on the outside of the offense usually directly out from the midpoint of goal. Field player in position 3.

Pump Fake To move the arm to simulate a shot on the goal in an attempt to get the to commit.

Push Off To use the hand or arm to push off of an opponent to gain an advantage. If detected offending player is ejected.

Shot-Clock Clock which times the possession of the ball by offense also called the 35 second clock.

Wet Pass A pass that lands in the water at an arms-length distance. The only pass that should be made into the .

Wings Field players in positions 1 and 5. 14 WATER POLO SKILLS

Overview

Before you jump in the pool, you’re going to want to know how to do a few basic skills that are essential to play water polo. Those skills include, but are not limited to, eggbeater, head-up freestyle, passing, and shooting. In the next few sections, you’ll get a technical explanation of each skill along with a few drills and videos to help illustrate how the skills can be practiced.

Eggbeater Players are not allowed to touch the bottom of the pool while playing water polo (Snyder). Consequently, eggbeater is a useful technique for players to keep themselves afloat as well as rise out of the water to catch or shoot the ball. Eggbeater is also useful for defense; it enables a player to get high enough out of the water to block a shot. The eggbeater is done in a sitting position and can be practiced outside of the water by sitting on a chair or even on the edge of a pool. The lower legs will move while the upper legs essentially stay stationary. The right leg will move in a counter-clockwise motion and the left leg will move in a clockwise motion. By moving in this way, a player will find that with enough he or she will be able to propel himself out of the water. A good way to check if your legs are moving in the correct directions is to try Figure 4.1 Instructional and reverse direction in both legs. This will suck you down into the water. video on Eggbeater (Expertvillage). (For a video tutorial on how to do the eggbeater scan the code in figure 4.1). In addition, there are many ways to improve your skills once you start to get the hang of eggbeater. There are a few drills outlined in table 3 on the next page that can help strengthen your eggbeater ability and help you to jump out of the water higher (figure 4.2). Professional water polo players can jump upwards of six feet out of the water (Platanou). Eggbeater is the technique they use and should be the technique every water polo player learns and uses if he or she wishes to be a successful water polo player. Figure 4.2 Using eggbeater to jump out of the water (Image taken from website). 15

Table 3: Eggbeater Strengthening Drills (Snyder).

The drill What the drill helps strengthen *Eggbeater 4 directions-forward, backward, Leg strength, eggbeater proficiency, body sideways left, and sideways right. position as necessary for passing, shooting, and goaltending. Eggbeater pushing -players Leg strength, flutter kick, eggbeater proficiency, paired and facing each other; eggbeater should body position as necessary for passing, shooting, “win.” and goaltending. Lateral (sideways) lunges-eggbeater with Lateral mobility for effectiveness in offensive arms extended. Stay stationary and lunge to a and defensive movements, leg strength, and side. goaltending technique. Lateral lunges-eggbeater with arms extended. Lateral mobility for effectiveness in offensive While swimming, stop and lunge to a side. and defensive movements and transition from horizontal to vertical leg strength. Submersing of partner-hands on shoulders Leg strength, vertical power, physical contact, from behind: straight arm, bent arm, and and fun. complete sink for decreasing amounts of time.

*Multiple variations for this drill – hands in water, out of water, on head, extended, carrying resistance (A gallon of water), weight belts, etc.

Head-up Freestyle

Head-up is an easy skill to learn and is immensely beneficial when playing water polo. Goggles are not allowed in water polo, so players must find a way to swim that still enables them to see what is going on around them. Furthermore, head-up freestyle allows players to ‘dribble’ the ball by pushing the water in front of them and centering the ball, thus enabling them to swim with the ball. To swim head-up freestyle, simply swim freestyle and lift you head out of the water to about chin level. This keeps your face out of the water so you can see what is going on around you. Also, your arms will come a little more out of the water than they do in regular freestyle swimming (See figures 4.3 and 4.4).

Figure 4.3 Angle arm makes without ball (Tursi). Figure 4.4 Angle arm makes with ball (Tursi). 16

Passing Passing is an integral part of water polo and something players should master. Arm position is very important when passing and players need to make sure they are not shot-putting the ball. The ball should start high above the head with the arm extended; the arm needs to come back before tossing the ball to a partner, teammate, or against a wall for practice. Refer to figure 4.5 to see proper arm position for passing or shooting. Also, when passing into the hole set, make sure the ball hits the water in front of your teammate, so that they can turn and shoot it quickly. Moreover, there are many drills that players can practice to improve their passing technique. Passing against a wall works, but unfortunately is not good for the ball. Practicing other drills with a partner can help improve passing accuracy and strength. A list of such drills can be found in figure 4.6. However, keep in mind that you will not have the advantage of time or space when a defender is guarding you. Figure 4.5 Arm above head for pass (Gould).

Figure 4.6 Passing drills (Snyder). 17

Another technique to help aid players with passing is the layout pass. This involves putting your shoulder into the defender to create as much space between the ball and the defender as possible. A player then “steps out” to the ball by quickly moving toward the ball, scooping his or her hand under it, getting up high (using eggbeater), and then making a pass without the defender blocking the pass. For a visual demonstration scan the QR code in figure 4.7, which will lead you to an instructional video on the layout pass. Figure 4.7 The layout pass (Kap).

Shooting Shooting is usually done from either the hole set position, the perimeter (wings or flats), or on a breakaway. The shooting styles vary depending on the position the player is in regardless of the type of shot. Therefore, we will look at each position’s different styles.

Hole Set: The hole set player is normally positioned on or near the two meter mark in the pool. Consequently, the hole set player presents a huge threat to the defending team because he or she is close to the opponent’s goal. Defenders will immediately rush in to try and knock or steal the ball away when passes come into this position. Therefore, if the hole set player does not pay attention or act quickly enough, his opportunity to score disappears as well as the team’s possession of the ball (most likely). This is why it is so important to perfect the skill of ‘stepping out’ from your defender to give yourself some space to shoot. It is the same procedure followed when stepping out to make a pass, except a shot should have much more power behind it as one tries to slam the ball into the net inside the goal. Another shot option for hole set, which can be very effective if done properly, is the backhand shot. The following two steps explain how to perform the backhand shot. 1. Hold the ball in front of you between your fingers and inside forearm, but DO NOT grip the ball with your hand. 2. Swing your arm behind and to the side that you are holding the ball (If you have the ball in your right hand, swing your arm behind you to the right). Make sure to aim a bit upwards when doing this; the backhand shot is not very effective when it plops two feet behind you because the shot Figure 4.8 Hole set shot was not aimed high enough. For a visual demonstration scan the code in (CWPA Waterpolo). figure 4.8 to watch a video and get a better feel of a backhand shot.

Perimeter: The players in the perimeter positions, either the wings or the flats, also have the chance to take shots. However, these shots do not occur as often and are only recommended if a player has a wide open shot at the goal or is very confident in his or her shooting skills. Also, shots taken from the left side often present the greatest opportunity for a goal because they offer the greatest angle of attack and most people are right handed. When taking a shot from this area, as when taking most any shot, be prepared to get high out of the water (using eggbeater) and shoot hard. 18

Breakaway: The breakaway shot refers to when a defender steals the ball away from an opponent on offense and swims toward their opponent’s goal, most likely being tailed by many defenders trying to impede the breakaway. The best thing to do in this situation is to take a “T- shot” instead of getting high out of the water and shooting like previously explained. This is done by reaching under the ball and holding it on the surface or slightly above the surface of the water with your weak hand. Then hit or push the ball forward and upwards toward the opponent’s goal with your strong hand. This sneaky move, that can come at any time, makes it hard for the goalie to determine where and when the shot will take place. In addition, it does not give the defenders enough time to catch up to you. For a visual demonstration on how to do the T-shot, refer to the QR code in figure 4.9.

Figure 4.9 The T-shot (SETWPC). WATER POLO OFFENSE

Overview A team lacking a good offense will not win many games. Defense is important because it stops the other team from scoring, but without a good offense to score goals, a team simply cannot win. Consequently, offense is the key to winning games. Furthermore, there are many different ways to set up offensively; choosing which way to set up will be influenced by a team’s personal style. Therefore, in this section of our guide, we will go over the objective, rules, numbering system, and basic plays for the offense.

Offensive Objective

The main objective of any offense should be to score goals. There are many different ways to go about scoring goals, but there is no one particular way to set everything up. Therefore, it is important that everybody know his or her position and what that position entails. In offense, there are six possible positions: the hole set, driver, wings (left and right), and flats (left and right).

Picture 13: (Image taken from website). 19

Offensive Rules In this section we will cover offensive fouls or fouls committed while in the offensive position. However, this list is not extensive as most fouls are committed while on defense. • A player cannot be within the two meter mark. If a player is within the 2 meter mark without the ball or ahead of the ball, it is considered offsides (Snyder). This results in a turnover of the ball. • A player cannot push off his or her defender with his arm or leg to gain an advantage; this also results in a turnover. For example, a player in the hole set position pushes off his defender in order to have space to take a shot. The proper technique to use here is the layout shot that was discussed earlier. (See figure 5.1 for inappropriate methods)

Figure 5.1 Illegal push-off (Snyder).

• A player may not stand on the bottom of the pool while in possession of the ball. If this happens, it also results in a turnover. However, most pools are too deep to touch the bottom, so this is not a common issue. • A player may not use two hands to touch the ball regardless of offense or defense; results in a turnover • A player may not push the ball under the water; results in a turnover. (See figure 5.2)

Figure 5.2 Holding the ball underwater (Snyder).

• A player only has 35 seconds of offense in which to score. If the runs out, it is a turnover. However, a player will often either take a shot or throw away the ball in order to make the opponent’s goalie retrieve the ball and waste the opponent’s shot clock time.

While there are other fouls, these are the ones that you will run into while on offense most often. Play fair and have fun! 20

Offensive Numbering System In offense there are particular positions, each with a specific purpose and goal. In the following section each position will be explained in detail along with the numbering system used by coach Brady Tree at Wasatch High School. This system helps with learning offensive plays to be used in the game. See figure 5.3 for a visual of position numbers.

Figure 5.3 Offensive Numbering System (Tree).

Hole Set: The hole set is position 6 in the offensive numbering system where he or she is front and center. The hole set is the most physical of all positions. This player needs to have substantial eggbeater skills as well as a strong and confident shot. The hole set generally positions himself on the 2-meter mark as close as possible to the goal. This player usually receives a wet pass wherein he has about one second to either shoot or pass the ball. The hole set’s body position is crucial. Hips need to always, always be up. A defender will often grab the suit of the hole set as soon as he or she drops his hips. Therefore, it is pertinent for the hole set to always keep his hips up. With the hips up, the hole set then puts his or her shoulder into the chest of the defender. It is at this moment that the ball should be wet passed into the hole set.

Picture 14: Hole set (Image taken from website). 21

Wings: The wings are positions 1 and 5 in figure 5.3 above. They are responsible to get open to receive passes from the hole set or other team members as well as to alert the hole set when defenders are crashing in on him or her. In addition, since the wings are positioned close to the goal, they need to be available to quickly take a shot if the ball is passed in to them and the goalie is not yet in place. Furthermore, the wings need to maintain the 3-3 offensive position and need to rotate to the flat position when players 2, 3, or 4 drive in order to accommodate spacing in the pool. (This will be explained in greater detail in the following section). Flats: The flats are positions 2 and 4 in figure 5.3 above. These players are the ones that will have the most control of the ball in offense and are most often responsible for passing into the hole set. This is due to the fact that the flats are generally further away from the goal and have more leeway in passing, looking for a shot, or possibly running a play. Even though shots do not usually come from the flat positions, the flats are still important to the plays, particularly when it comes to weak drives, which will be explained in the play section. Point/Driver: The driver/point is position 3 on the figure. The driver gets its name from the fact that when the hole set has the ball, the driver will often ‘drive’ to either wing position to open up an opportunity for a shot. The opportunity for a shot comes when the driver swims from his or her original position 3 to position one (if right-handed) or position 2 (if left-handed). Then the driver gets high out of the water (using eggbeater) to present an opportunity for the ball to be passed to him or her from the hole set and consequently have a chance at taking a shot. (This will be explained in greater detail in the plays section).

Offensive Plays There are a nearly unlimited amount of plays that can be run, and they all happen very quickly. In this section of our guide, we will cover the three basic plays that are most often used by Coach Brady Tree in his water polo program at Wasatch High School. However, more plays can be developed by players and coaches to fit any particular style of coaching or team.

Table 4: Offensive Tips

Offensive Tips

Try to always maintain ball-side positioning. If a player does not have the ball, then he or she should try to get on the ball-side of their defender in order to receive a pass.

Be aware of the hole set’s position. Generally the hole set will gain position on the right or left side of their defender. Every player needs to be aware of what side the hole set has open so that the ball can be passed to that side of the pool and then into the hole set.

Master the pressure pass. Passing under pressure is critical for maintaing a successful offense. Be comfortable passing with a defender pressing. Keep your hips up and push of the defender while swinging your hips to create enough space to pass. 22

Play 2 is named such because the player in position 2 will drive up towards the goal and offset the offense and defense. Please refer to figures 5.4 and 5.5 to get a visual of the play. 1. Player 2 drives and posts up on the left post of the goal 2. Player 6 slides to the right post 3. Players 1 and 5 slide up 4. Players 3 and 4 slide left

Figure 5.4 (Tree).

Figure 5.5 (Tree). 23

Play 3 is named such because the player in position 3 (point) will drive to either wing, thus providing an opportunity for the hole set to pass to him or her and shoot. (See description in point/driver section above). There are two different options due to the fact that there are two wings and each option is outlined in figures 5.6 thru 5.9. The point will drive to either side and all other players will rotate to maintain a 3-3 offense.

Three-Right Movement

Figure 5.6 Three-right (for lefties) movement (Tree).

Figure 5.7 Play 3 right final positions (Tree). 24

Three-Left Movement

Figure 5.8 Three-left (for righties) movement (Tree).

Figure 5.9 Three-left final positions (Tree).

Whether the driver executes the three-left or three-right depends upon the driver’s preference. If the driver is right-handed, he or she will most likely drive left for a greater shooting area and a wider shooting angle. If he is left-handed, he will most likely drive to the right for the same reason. Therefore, it is important that the hole set know his or her players and be able to anticipate which way each will drive. 25

Play 4 is so named because the flat in position 4 will drive in and take the post position. This is similar to play 2 except this play involves the player in position 4 rather than 2. Refer to figures 5.6 and 5.7 to see a diagram of player movement. 1. Player 4 drives and posts up on the right post of the goal 2. Player 6 slides to left post 3. Players 1 and 5 slide up 4. Players 2 and 3 slide right

Figure 5.10 Play 4 movement layout (Tree).

Figure 5.11 Play 4 final positions (Tree). 26 WATER POLO DEFENSE

Overview

It is often said that the best defense is a good offense. In water polo this saying is no exception. Great defense begins by effectively managing the ball when on offense. Effective defense also includes knowledge of rules, skills, body position, and numbering system (pool position), as well as knowing when and how to run certain defensive plays. When hard work, discipline, brains, and talent are combined, great water polo defense is born. Because of the physical and mental intenseness of water polo, proficient defense will not come easily. In order to improve and excel, practice, time, and diligence are required.

Defensive Objective The objective of defense in water polo is simple: keep the opposing team from scoring! This is best done by removing the time the opponent has the ball and eliminating prime positioning when they do have the ball. Like most sports rules are enforced, but the are unique. As long as your opponent has possession of the ball, you can pull, push, shove, and perhaps even sink them as long as you are not unnecessarily aggressive. However, if the opponent does not have the ball or if they let go of the ball, then they will be protected by the rules. In addition, in order to comply with the rules and to minimize the scoring against you, defensive skills and plays have developed.

Defensive Rules In order to protect the integrity of the game, rules have been established by the governing body of water polo also know as FINA. The rules that are established are to help the attacking team gain the advantage (FINA). In other words, the rules are for protecting the team that is on offense. Furthermore, there are three kinds of fouls that the referees may call in accordance with the rules: ordinary fouls, exclusion fouls, and penalty fouls. All fouls allow advantages for the offensive team, but also provide safety and fair play for all players. Playing good defense requires a sound understanding of theses rules. The official rule book can be found online at www.fina.org. In addition, it is recommended that all players, parents, and spectators Picture 15: (FINA). become familiar with the rules of the game. This section of the guide will explain the basic rules, how they are called, and the enforcement of each rule. Moreover, the table on the following page gives a brief overview and examples of ordinary and exclusion fouls. 27

Table 5: Description of Ordinary and Exclusion Fouls (FINA).

Ordinary Fouls Exclusion Fouls

To walk, jump, or stand on the bottom of the Interfering during an ordinary foul pool

To strike the ball with a clenched fist Using two hands to attempt to block a pass or shot

To impede the free movement of an offensive Intentionally splashing an opponents face person who does not have possession of the ball

Pushing off another player who does not have Restraining, sinking, or pulling back on an the ball opponent who does not have the ball

Kicking or striking an opponent

Foul play, lack of respect, inappropriate language, or aggressive behavior

Ordinary fouls (Described in table 4) are rewarded with a free throw to the team on offense. To signal an ordinary foul the referee will blow one whistle and put up one hand in the direction of the attacking team as shown in figure 6.1. For the free throw the defensive player must back off one meter and may not interfere with the free throw. In addition, the defensive player cannot wave his or her hand or follow the ball with his hand until after the free throw is made. However, the defensive player can and should put an arm straight up in the air (see figure 6.2) to try to limit the sight and passing zones of the offensive player.

Figure 6.2 Free throw Figure 6.1 Referee signals for an ordinary foul (FINA). (Image taken from website). Exclusion fouls (Described in table 4) are rewarded to the offensive team by ejecting the defensive player for 20 seconds. The ejected player must swim directly to the without further interfering with the game. Once in the penalty box, the defensive player is either excluded for 20 seconds, until a score is made, or until a turnover depending on whichever comes first. Moreover, if the ejection happens at the end of a quarter then the ejection will carry 28 over into the following quarter. Then the ejection will last until the original 20 seconds are expired, a score is made, a turnover, or if his or her team wins the sprint. To signal an exclusion foul the referee will blow his or her whistle three times, point at the player, and then point to the ejection box. The referee will then signal with their hands the ejected player’s number. (See figure 6.3 and 6.4 for visual examples of exclusion fouls).

Figure 6.3 and 6.4-Examples of Exclusion Fouls

Figure 6.4 Exclusion foul Figure 6.3 Examples (Image taken from website). (FINA).

Penalty fouls (Described in table 5) are generally exclusion fouls that occur inside the five meter line and where a possible goal could have been scored (FINA). These fouls are rewarded with a penalty throw.

Table 6: Description of Penalty Fouls (FINA).

Penalty Fouls

To commit an exclusion foul inside the 5-meter when a goal could have been scored

Interfering with pool set up and position of the goal

When an ejected player re-enters the playing field before he or she is allowed

To commit acts of brutality

For a goalie to take the ball under water

Maximum Number of Fouls There is no limit or personal penalty for the amount of ordinary fouls that a player receives in a game. There is however, a limit on the amount of exclusion fouls a player can obtain. After a player commits their THIRD exclusion foul, he or she is excluded from the remainder of the game. The excluded player is to then remain in the team area with his cap on for the duration of the game while a substitute takes his place in the game. 29

Defensive Skills

Picture 16: (Image taken Picture 17: (Image taken Picture 18: (Image taken from website). from website). from website).

Important skills to practice and develop for water polo defense are anticipation, body position, and a sound understanding of the numbering system. This section will discuss the critical importance of anticipation. The following sections will explain in greater detail proper body position, the defensive numbering system, and particular defensive plays.

Anticipation-Like many other sports, water polo is not only a physically demanding sport, but is also mentally complex and challenging. Because a player cannot use the bottom of the pool, a player must depend on swimming for all movements. Unlike moving on dry ground, swimming takes more effort and time to move and change direction. Because of this increased effort and time to move, being able to anticipate the opponents moves often gives a player the advantage. Therefore, it is critical to anticipate the opponents moves when playing defense. If a defender hesitates it gives the offensive player an opportunity to make that critical pass, score, or overtake the defense. (See figure 6.5 for a few tips about anticipating).

Figure 6.5: Tips for Anticipating (Tree).

• Watch the shot-clock; if the shot-clock is expiring quickly then be prepared to start *Picture 19 swimming to the other end of the pool.

• Predict where the ball is going. Ask yourself: Who has the ball? Who is open? Where is the easiest pass to make? Remove the open and easy passes and force the longest pass. *Picture 20 • Move before your opponent does. If you sense your opponent is going to start to swim or move, then be prepared to swim and move the instant your opponent does.

*Picture 21 *Pictures 19, 20, and 21 (Images taken from websites). 30

Defensive Body Position

Body position involves using different parts of your body to restrict the ease of your opponent scoring. There are four main key points to proper body position: head, hands, hips, and legs.

1. Head: Your head should be up and alert. You should know where the ball is, where your teammates are, and what the other team is doing. Try and keep your head between your opponent and the ball. 2. Hands: Water polo is a contact sport. When playing defense on the perimeter always keep a hand on your opponent! By gently resting your hand on your opponents shoulder you will be able to sense the slightest movement of your opponent, while at the same time keeping an eye on the game. If your opponent starts to move, use your hand to “check” your opponent.

Picture 23: Defender (white cap)

(Image takenshot-blocking from website).

Picture 22: Defender ( cap) with head, hands, hips and legs in appropriate position. (Image taken from website).

3. Hips: Hips should always, and I repeat always, be up on the surface. If hips are up then a defender can move quickly and effectively. When a defender drops his or her hips he is unable to move quickly and efficiently in the water and his opponent can simply push him out of the way. 4. Legs: A skilled defender will use his or her legs to try and push their opponent out of position. Defenders should constantly be trying to push their opponents out and to the side. As discussed above, it is a foul to restrict the movement of a player, but it is good water polo to make your opponent work for their spot in the pool. 31

Defensive Numbering System

For referencing and play calling convenience, a basic numbering system has been established. Each of the six field players in the game are assigned a number based on their offensive position in the pool. While there have been and are different numbering systems, the numbering system starts with player one as the left wing, moves counter clockwise around the perimeter, and ends with the whole set as player number six. For a visual reference please refer to figure 6.6 below.

1 6 5

2 4 3

Figure 6.6 Defensive numbering system (Tree).

Table 7: Tips for Great Defense (Tree).

1. Stay between your opponent and the cage, always. 2. Be aware of everything behind you. 3. Control ball side: (whatever side of the pool the ball is on) and be on that side of your opponent. 4. “Check” your opponent: stiff arm your opponent as they begin to move or swim (note: you cannot impede the swimming of your opponent, but a friendly shove to remind your opponent you are there is totally fine). 5. Fight for your position: make your opponent work to get the spot in the pool they want. Your opponent may have the advantage, but make them work for it! 6. Mirror when shot-blocking: mirror the hand the opponent has the ball in. 32

Defensive Plays Front and Press Defense Generally the most common type of defense used in water polo is a man-to-man defense. A man- to-man defense is where every player takes one opponent and is in charge of defending that opponent. This defense is most productive when the defensive hole set (defender #6) fronts his or her opponent. To front means to be locked up arm-in-arm with the offensive player being closest to the cage and the defender blocking all possible passes into the hole set. When the defense is able to gain a front, players 1-5 run a tight man-to-man defense also known as a press. Refer to figure 6.4 for visual reference.

1 6 5

2 4 3

Figure 6.7 Front & Press Defense (Tree). 33

Drop Defense Often a defensive front is lost because of the skill of the offensive hole set. When the front is lost, the defense should move from a Front and Press Defense to a Drop Defense. A Drop Defense is when defensive players 2 and 4 slide towards the middle of the pool to help cover the offensive hole set. If defensive player 2 or 4 has dropped and his or her opponent receives the ball, the defender should shot block while sculling toward his opponent. However, the defender should not swim out to his opponent, but should remain vertical with a hand high in the air. Since there are other forms of drop defense, we will refer to this particular one as a “M”-Drop Defense. Refer to figure 6.5 for visual reference.

1 6 5

2 4 3

Figure 6.8 “M”-Drop Defense (Tree). 34 SPORTSMANSHIPSPORTSMANSHIP

Picture 25: (Image taken from website).

Picture 24: (Image taken from website). Good sportsmanship is the primary requirement for being a member of the Wasatch Polo Team. Good sportsmanship is to be exemplified in and out of the pool at all times. As a member of the Wasatch Polo Team it is expected that you will positively represent yourself, your teammates, your coaches, and your program by practicing good sportsmanship.

Good sportsmanship includes: 1. Character Character involves treating others with respect and value. Character means that you respect your coaches, you teammates, and yourself. Athletes with character constantly seek to uplift, motivate, and congratulate their teammates. 2. Integrity Integrity is an act of personal moral discipline. Players with integrity uphold high moral standards and hold themselves accountable for those standards. Those with high integrity live and act the same way no matter who is watching them. 3. Hard Work Go fast, go hard, go again! Hard work is pushing yourself as hard as you can as often as you can. Hard work means never cutting corners and always going the extra mile. Players who work hard seek to find what more they can do rather than what they can get away with not doing. 4. Discipline Discipline includes focus and self-control. In order to constantly maintain good character, integrity, and hard work a player needs to be disciplined. Players need to know when and how to appropriately show proper emotion. 35

Coach Tree’s Thoughts on Coaching Focus on developing the integrity, character, talents, and skills of willing athletes to establish a championship team of qualified individuals.

• Time For Everything • Time to Win • Time to Lose • Time to Learn • Time to Rejoice • Time to Struggle • Time to Succeed

• Aspire to See “True” Perspective • Do not overcomplicate what you do • Live what you know and actively seek for what you do not know • Focus on what you can control

• Remember Who You Are • There are too many influences telling us who we should be, what we should do, and how we should act. Do not let these influences determine who you are. • We are each capable of some things, but not everything; that is why we are a team • Alone we cannot do it, but together we can and will!

Conclusion This concludes the eight sections of our Beginner’s Guide to Water Polo. The intended purpose of this guide was to be used as a resource and study companion for the Wasatch Water Polo Program. Furthermore, it was created to give a basic overview and understanding of the sport of water polo for friends and family as well as those wishing to expand their knowledge of water polo. We hope that this guide served its intended purposes well! 36

Works Cited

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Images Cited

Pictures

Picture 1. Wasatch High School Water Polo Team Picture

Picture 2. “NCAA WATER POLO.” www.collegiatewaterpolo.org

Picture 3. Mouhtaropoulos 2009. www.zimbio.com

Picture 4. “Big Ben.” mymzone.com

Picture 5. Water Polo Game in River. www.fina.org

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Picture 7. Leather Water Polo Ball. www.waterpoloplanet.com

Picture 8. Water Polo Ball. www.amazon.com

Picture 9. “Water Polo.” thefunniestpictures.com 38

Picture 10. Water Polo Meme. starcasm.net

Picture 11. “Years of training, down the drain.” uncyclopedia.wikia.com

Picture 12. Swimming Goggles. www.sablewateroptics.com

Picture 13. Water Polo Picture. www.greenwichtime.com

Picture 14. Hole set. www.zimbio.com

Picture 15. (FINA). See Works Cited

Picture 16. (Berger) www.glendalenewspress.com

Picture 17. (Pascual) lahainalunasports.blogspot.com

Picture 18. Block. www.mtdemocrat.com

Picture 19. Shot Clock. www.esp.on.net

Picture 20. Ball. en.wikipedia.org

Picture 21. Clip Art. www.123rf.com

Picture 22. Defender (blue cap). www.zimbio.com

Picture 23. Defender (white cap). www.mtdemocrat.com

Picture 24. Sportsmanship. www.youtube.com

Picture 25. Sportsmanship Meme. tmisgpeterson.edublogs.org

Figures

Figure 1.1. “Alex Stankevitch.” www.collegiatewaterpolo.org

Figure 2.1. Prince William. www.h2opolo.be/famousplayers

Figure 2.2. Tony Azevedo. nelsonndhs.org/2012_Spring_Per7/Waterpolo/famous

Figure 2.3. Kami Craig. nelsonndhs.org/2012_Spring_Per7/Waterpolo/famous

Figure 3.1. Standard water polo ball. www.amazon.com 39

Figure 3.2. Standard volleyball.“KENIER.” www.aliexpress.com

Figure 3.3. Standard caps. nelsonndhs.org

Figure 3.4. How to wear caps.“.” store.speedo.com

Figure 3.5. Attached goal.“Water Polo goal...wall mounted.” www.archiexpo.com

Figure 3.6. Floating goal.“Excel Floating Goal Cage.” www.espsupply.com

Figure 3.7. Basic set up for a standard water polo game. Author: Marissa Tree

Figure 3.8 and 3.9. Female water polo suit. www.speedousa.com

Figure 3.10. Male water polo speedo. www.srsport.com

Figure 3.11. Male jammer. “Aqua Sites Jammer.” www.jdpence.com

Figure 4.1. Instructional video on Eggbeater (Expertvillage). See Works Cited

Figure 4.2. Using eggbeater to jump out of the water (Joan Gould). www.waterpoloplanet.com

Figure 4.3. Angle arm makes without ball (Tursi). See Works Cited

Figure 4.4. Angle arm makes with ball (Tursi). See Works Cited

Figure 4.5. Arm above head for pass (Gould). See Works Cited

Figure 4.6. Passing drills (Snyder). See Works Cited

Figure 4.7. The layout pass (Kap). See Works Cited

Figure 4.8. Hole set shot (CWPA Waterpolo). See Works Cited

Figure 4.9. The T-shot (SETWPC). See Works Cited

Figure 5.1. Illegal push-off (Snyder). See Works Cited

Figure 5.2. Holding the ball underwater (Snyder). See Works Cited

Figure 5.3. Offensive Numbering System. Author: Brady Tree

Figure 5.4. Play 2. Author: Brady Tree 40

Figure 5.5. Play 2. Author: Brady Tree

Figure 5.6. Three-right (for lefties) movement. Author: Brady Tree

Figure 5.7. Play 3 right final positions. Author: Brady Tree

Figure 5.8. Three-left (for righties) movement. Author: Brady Tree

Figure 5.9. Three-left final positions. Author: Brady Tree

Figure 5.10. Play 4 movement layout. Author: Brady Tree

Figure 5.11. Play 4 final positions. Author: Brady Tree

Figure 6.1. Referee signals for an ordinary foul. www.waterpoloqld.com

Figure 6.2. Free throw (FINA). See Works Cited

Figure 6.3. Examples (FINA). See Works Cited

Figure 6.4. Exclusion foul. www.swimming.org

Figure 6.5. Tips for Anticipating. Author: Brady Tree

Figure 6.6. Defensive numbering system. Author: Brady Tree

Figure 6.7. Front & Press Defense. Author: Brady Tree

Figure 6.8. “M”-Drop Defense. Author: Brady Tree