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Embodying Martial Arts for Mental Health: Cultivating Psychological Well-Being with Martial Arts Practice

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Embodying Martial Arts for Mental Health: Cultivating Psychological Well-Being with Martial Arts Practice REVIEW ARTICLE SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS Embodying martial arts for mental health: cultivating psychological well-being with martial arts practice Authors’ Contribution: Adam M Croom A Study Design B Data Collection Department of Philosophy, University of Pennsylvania, USA C Statistical Analysis D Manuscript Preparation Source of support: Departmental sources E Funds Collection Received: 11 July 2014; Accepted: 15 September 2014; Published online: 26 September 2014 ICID: 1122906 Abstract The question of what constitutes and facilitates mental health or psychological well-being has remained of great interest to martial artists and philosophers alike, and still endures to this day. Although important questions about well-being remain, it has recently been argued in the literature that a paradigmatic or prototypical case of human psychological well-being would characteristically consist of positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment. Other scholarship has also recently suggested that martial arts practice may positively pro- mote psychological well-being, although recent studies on martial arts have not yet been reviewed and integrated under the PERMA framework from positive psychology to further explore and explicate this possibility. This arti- cle therefore contributes to the literature by reviewing recent work on psychological well-being and martial arts to determine whether there is substantive support for the claim that practicing martial arts can positively contribute to one flourishing with greater psychological well-being. Key words: meaning in life • personal accomplishment • positive psychology • social relationships Author’s address: Adam Croom, Department of Philosophy, University of Pennsylvania, 433 Cohen Hall, Philadelphia, USA; e-mail: [email protected] Accomplishment - an element AN INTRODUCTION TO MARTIAL ARTS “Well-being and Resilience […] as the integration of of psychological well-being that is concerned with competence, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING positive emotions, engagement, positive relationships, mastery, and achievements. The question of what constitutes and facilitates men- meaning and accomplishment (PERMA)” to propose tal health or psychological well-being has remained of a new program of strength-based interventions for chil- Emotion - nn element of psychological well-being that is great interest to martial artists and philosophers alike dren and adolescents [7] while Noble and McGrath [8] concerned with positive feeling 1 or affective valence. [1-6], and still endures to this day. Although impor- similarly drew upon the PERMA model to propose tant questions about the constitution and cultivation of a new program of positive education aimed at helping Flow - an element of psychological well-being remain, it has recently been students develop their “Social and emotional compe- psychological well-being that is concerned with attentive argued in the literature that a paradigmatic or proto- tencies”, including “Positive emotions”, “Positive rela- absorption in an activity. typical case of human psychological well-being would tionships”, “Positive purpose”, and “Optimal learning Meaning - an element of characteristically consist of “PERMA: positive emo- environments that facilitate achievement” [8, 9-11]. So psychological well-being that is tion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accom- given the application of the PERMA model to other concerned with serving as a part of something larger than oneself. plishment” [3, 5, 6]. Consider for instance that in two areas of research in clinical and educational settings, studies recently published in Increasing Psychological this approach of investigating psychological well- Relationships - an element Well-Being in Clinical and Educational Settings, being by investigating its common characteristics of of psychological well-being that is concerned with human Rashid et al. [7] drew upon this conceptual model of positive emotions, engagement, relationships, mean- interpersonal interaction. 1. For Sifu, Master Charles Robert, with much gratitude. ing, and accomplishments is plausibly also useful to © ARCHIVES OF BUDO SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS AND EXTREME SPORTS 2014 | VOLUME 10 | 59 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. Review Article | Science of Martial Arts adopt for the purpose of investigating whether martial THE INFLUENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS ON arts practice and participation can contribute to one POSITIVE EMOTIONS flourishing with greater psychological well-being. In “Flourish”, Seligman [3] maintained that psycho- logical well-being characteristically consists of pos- The martial arts are commonly characterized as itive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, “structured fighting systems” that consist of individ- and accomplishment [3, 5] and so the first charac- ual and partner routines (i.e. forms or kata) as well teristic component of well-being to be considered as more freestyle fights with or without the use of here is positive emotions. Fredrickson [17] for one external weapons [12, 13]. A study by Clearing House proposed that “pleasant affective states appear to be [14] reported that martial arts were among the top 10 critical ingredients within the recipe for human flour- most practiced sports across 26 European countries ishing” [17] and so prior work in the psychological and Shahar [15] suggested that the reason why mar- literature has considered positive emotions to be an tial arts have appealed to millions of people in the important characteristic component of psychological West is because of their “unique synthesis of military, well-being. In “Building a Neuroscience of Pleasure therapeutic, and religious goals” [15]. Woodward [16] and Well-Being”, Berridge and Kringelbach [18] further proposed that “Martial arts provide health- explained that well-being characteristically consists promoting and meaningful exercise for millions of of “at least two crucial ingredients: positive affect or practitioners” which include “better overall health pleasure (hedonia) and a sense of meaningfulness or and balance, as well as an improved sense of psy- engagement in life (eudaimonia)” [18] and accord- chological well being” [16]. So since recent studies ingly suggested that “happiness springs not from any from the literature on martial arts offer empirical sup- single component but from the interplay of higher port for its effectiveness in promoting psychological pleasures, positive appraisals of life meaning and well-being or mental health, the proposal here that social connectedness, all combined and merged by martial arts practice and participation can positively interaction between the brain’s default networks and contribute to one flourishing with greater psychologi- pleasure networks” [18].2 In research on the relation- cal well-being is surely a plausible one worth further ship between affective priming and life satisfaction investigating. Yet recent studies from the literature in participants (n = 198), Robinson and Von Hippel on martial arts have not yet been reviewed and inte- [19] proposed that “the memory organization of pos- grated under the PERMA framework from positive itive and negative thoughts influences life satisfac- psychology to further explore and explicate the pos- tion”, since they found that the participants low in life sibility that practicing martial arts can positively con- satisfaction showed relatively larger negative (com- tribute to one flourishing with greater psychological pared to positive) affective priming effects whereas well-being. This article therefore contributes to the the participants high in life satisfaction showed rela- extant literature on the psychology of martial arts and tively larger positive (compared to negative) affective well-being by reviewing the recent literature to offer priming effects [19]. In other research on the relation- support for the claim that practicing martial arts can ship between subjective evaluations of positive affect, positively contribute to one flourishing with greater negative affect, and life satisfaction in participants psychological well-being by positively influencing (n = 438), Busseri, Choma, and Sadava [20] found emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and that higher levels of subjective well-being were asso- accomplishment. ciated with greater positive psychological, physical, and interpersonal functioning. Further, in “The Role In order to appropriately begin the investigation of of Passion in Sustainable Psychological Well-Being”, whether practicing martial arts can positively con- Vallerand [21] makes the important point that during tribute to one flourishing with greater psychological engagement in an activity that takes place on a regu- well-being, the next section (The Influence of Martial lar and repeated basis, one begins to cultivate positive Arts on Positive Emotions) will first review the recent emotions and “passion [that] contributes to sustained literature on martial arts and positive emotion to fur- psychological well-being while preventing the expe- ther clarify how martial arts can function as a useful rience of negative affect, psychological conflict, and means for positively influencing the emotions,
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