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Biology and Control of the American Plum Borer (Pyralidae) on Tart Cherries in Michigan

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Entomology degree in WW RNfi‘L \l Major fifessor Date RMglI-(l‘ \RQZC( 0-7639 MS U is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution PLACE N RETURN BOX to runovo this checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or baton duo duo. f—__'—_——'——_‘_—'l DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE JUL} 42q9 nr- _ UUJU MSU Is An Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution -_ IRE BIOLOGY.AND CONTROL OF THE EMERICAN PLUMIBORER (PYRALIDAE) OI EAR! CHERRIES INIMICBIGHN BY David John Biddinger A.TEESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ‘HISTER.OI SCIENCE Department of Entomology 1989 ABSTRACT TEE BIOLOGY AND CONTROL 01' THE AMERICAN PLUM BORER (PYRAIJDAE) OI TART CHERRIES IN MICHIGAN 3}! David John Biddinger The American plmm borer, Eusophera semifuneralis (walker) has been a major pest in cherry and plum orchards in Michigan since the early 1970’s. The rapid spread of this cambium borer has been facilitated by the increase in tree wounding resulting from the extensive use of mechanical harvesters. Its wide geographical range and its extreme diversity in foodplants has allowed this insect to be a pest on many other fruit, nut, and ornamental crops throughout the 0.8. Extensive field and growth chamber observations found two generations a year in Michigan with peak adult emergences in mid May and in mid July with full grown larvae overwintering under the bark. A commercially available pheromone was developed with Dr. wondell Roeloffs. venturia gigricoxalis (Ichneumonidae) and a Hirsutella fungal pathogen were the most prevalent biocontrol agents. Control trials conducted over 4 years showed chlorpyrifos 4EC to give effective seasonal control on cherries and plums. WW3 I wish to especially thank Dr. Gus Hewitt, for allowing me this opportunity to work on a little known but very important pest. His perceptive advice and the financial support obtained from, the Michigan Stone Fruit Decline Project was invaluable in opening up the complex world of fruit entomology to a field crop farm boy that couldn’t tell a cherry tree from an apple when he first started. He has served as my professional mentor and one of my closest friends since the year I started with him as a student and on through the years I worked for him as his research assistant. He has taught me true dedication not only to the science of entomology, but also to the growers to whom we are responsible for giving answers to. I am one of the last of a long list of graduate students that Gus has guided over his almost thirty years as he has now started his well deserved retirement. He will leave an unforgettable impression on the fruit industry of Michigan and myself, as well as a monument to his efforts in the form of the Trevor Nichols Research Station. I also wish to thank my family for their support and especially my mother and father, Sharon and John. They may ii have thought I was a little crazy chasing bugs when I was young, but they supported me and my father would even run around with a butterfly net on the tractor once in a while to catch something for me. I will always remember a certain "color tour" up north in October when they helped me dig out borers. A.special thanks to George Ayers for his advice on this project and for all the practical knowledge of entomology he has passed on to me in his classes and a thanks to Jim Miller for a word of encouragement when I needed it most. Thanks to Larry Bradford, John Hayden, Patti, and Marilyn for their friendship during my isolated years at Hart and to Bob, Beth, and Sue in the years after. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ........................................ LIST OF EIGURES. ...................................... GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION ............................ DESCRIPTION OF LIFE STAGES ........................... Egg.. ............................................ Larvae .......................................... Pupae ........................................... Adult ............................................ LIFE EISTOR! OBSERVATIONS ............................ Egg .............................................. Larvae ........................................... Pupae... ......................................... Adult...... ...................................... Foodplants ....................................... Larval Damage .................................... Pheromone Development ............................ Natural Control .................................. DISCUSSION OF BIOLOGY ................................ CONTROL EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS ...................... INTRODUCTION ..................................... MATERIALS AND METHODS . .......................... CHEMICAL CONTROL ................................. 1974 Field Evaluations ........................ 1985 Field Evaluations ........................ 1986 Field Evaluations ........................ 1987 Field Evaluations ........................ 1988 Field Evaluations ........................ iv SUI-GR! .............................................. 98 APPENDIGS ..... ..................................... 102 Appendix 1: Artificial diet ..................... 102 Appendix 2: North American distribution ......... 103 Appendix 3: Orchard damage survey ............... 106 Appendix 4: North American Foodplants ........... 108 LITERATURE CITED ..................................... 110 LIST 0' TABLES Table Average head capsule for the larval instars of the American plum borer .................. p.18 Table Duration in days of the egg and immature stages of the American plum borer at 68 F in growth chambers ................................. p.27 Table The proportion of overwintering American plum borer larval instars in Michigan at the start of diapause (October 15, 1985.) .......... p. 31 Table Development time of American plum borer pupae in the field in Ocean County, summer generation 1986 ..................................... p. 33 Table Lepidoptera associated with the American plum borer .................................... p. 37 Table Relationship of tree wounding to American plum borer infestation in western Michigan cherry orchards ................................
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