Parks Pares Canada Canada I'lEirtTiLtj Guide to Canada's , •National Historic Paj^g kerosene and thus laid the basis for the Ceffe publication est aussi disponible en Introduction ber board consists of two representatives each from Ontario and Québec and one petroleum industry; Charlie Edenshaw, français. the Haida Carver; Nellie McClung, the pi­ From the remains of a Viking settlement from each of the eight other provinces, Cover: Yukon Territory, and Northwest Territories. oneer women's rights advocate; John at L'Anse aux Meadows and the inven­ Hamilton Gray, a Father of Confederation; Bellevue House National Historic Park. Kingston. tions of Alexander Graham Bell to the now A representative from National Museums Ontario of Canada, the Dominion Archivist, and and sites such as the group of inuksuit silent gun batteries of Fort Rodd Hill and near Cape Dorset, Baffin Island - stone The drawings in this guide were drawn for the beacon of Fisgard Lighthouse, each an officer from Parks Canada complete Parks Canada by C. William Kettlewell. the board's membership. cairns "in the likeness of a person." These national historic park in this guide relates cairns dotted the coastline and caribou Published by authority of a rich story of Canada's history. Canada's national historic park system the Minister of the Environment was initiated in 1917 with the establish­ grounds of northern Canada to guide trav­ ' Minister of Supply and Interpretive programmes with tour ellers, mark good fishing, or guide caribou Services Canada 1982 guides, historical displays, and audio­ ment of Fort Anne at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia as the first national historic towards hunters. They are testimony to QS-7054-000-EE-A1 visual presentations offer visitors a better the ingenuity of northern native peoples. Catalogue No. R62-103 1982E understanding of and appreciation for our park. Since then more than 60 national ISBN 0-662-11912-6 Many national historic parks are open 1982 cultural heritage. At Fort Langley and historic parks representing a variety of to visitors year-round, but most are open HAUGHION i.KAl'HK s l l.MlîM i Lower Fort Garry, for example, men, historical themes have been developed in women, and children in period costume locations across the country. during the summer season only, from mid- present a glimpse of life in another cen­ As well, more than 700 national historic spring to early autumn. Exact dates and tury. At the Fortress of Louisbourg, visitors plaques across Canada now commemor­ hours of operation for each park and site Canada have the opportunity to sit down to an ate persons such as Abraham Gesner, the can be obtained by writing to one of Parks 18th-century meal. geologist and inventor who first distilled Canada's regional offices. See the inside back cover of this brochure for addresses The national historic parks of Canada and telephone numbers. commemorate persons, places, and events that have been declared of national The historic parks and sites described significance by the minister responsible on the following pages are examples of for Parks Canada on the recommendation special places in Canada to celebrate the of the Historic Sites and Monuments achievements of our ancestors. Board of Canada. The seventeen-mem-

Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Park, near Sydney, Nova Scotia National Histoid Parks

Ontario ~*^<. 19 Fort St. Joseph British Columbia 20 Fort Maiden 1 Fort Rodd Hill 21 Woodside 2 Fisgard Lighthouse 22 Fort George Nova Scotia 3 St. Roch 23 Butler's Barracks 52 Fort Edward 4 Fort Langley 24 Queenston Heights and Brock's 53 Grand Pré 5 Kitwanga Monument 54 Fort Anne 6 Fort St. James 25 Kingston Martello Towers 55 Port Royal Alberta 26 Bellevue House 56 Halifax Waterfront Buildings 7 Rocky Mountain House 27 Battle of the Windmill 57 Halifax Citadel Yukon 28 Fort Wellington 58 Prince of Wales Martello Tower 8 Klondike Sites 29 Rideau Canal 59 York Redoubt 9 S.S. Klondike 30 Bethune Memorial House 41 Fort No. 1 60 Fortress of Louisbourg Saskatchewan Québec 42 Battle of the Châteauguay 61 Alexander Graham Bell 10 Fort Walsh 31 Fort Témiscamingue 43 Louis S. Saint-Laurent 62 St. Peters Canal 11 Cypress Hills Massacre 32 Coteau-du-Lac 44 Québec Canals Prince Edward Island 12 Battleford 33 Sir Wilfrid Laurier House 45 Lachine Canal 63 Fort Amherst 13 Batoche 34 Fort Chambly 46 Jacques Cartier Monument 64 Province House 14 Fort Espérance 35 Fort Lennox New Brunswick Newfoundland Manitoba 36 Les Forges du Saint-Maurice 47 Beaubears Island 65 Port au Choix 15 Lower Fort Garry 37 The Fortifications of Québec 48 St. Andrews Blockhouse 66 L'Anse aux Meadows 16 Riel House 38 Artillery Park 49 Carleton Martello Tower 67 Signal Hill 17 Fort Prince of Wales 39 Cartier-Brébeuf 50 Survival of the Acadians 68 Cape Spear 18 York Factory 40 National Battlefields of Québec 51 Fort Beauséjour 69 Castle Hill Québec 31 Fort Témiscamingue 32 Coteau-du-Lac 33 Sir Wilfrid Laurier House 34 Fort Chambly 35 Fort Lennox Ontario 36 Les Forges du Saint-Maurice 19 Fort St. Joseph 37 The Fortifications of Québec 20 Fort Maiden 38 Artillery Park 21 Woodside 39 Cartier-Brébeuf 22 Fort George 40 National Battlefields of Québec 26 Bellevue House 41 Fort No. 1 23 Butler's Barracks 27 Battle of the Windmill 24 Queenston Heights and Brock's 42 Battle of the Châteauguay 28 Fort Wellington 43 Louis S. Saint-Laurent Monument 29 Rideau Canal 25 Kingston Martello Towers 44 Québec Canals 30 Bethune Memorial House 45 Lachine Canal /? Nova Scotia 52 Fort Edward 53 Grand Pré 54 Fort Anne 55 Port Royal 56 Halifax Waterfront Buildings 57 Halifax Citadel 58 Prince of Wales Martello Tower 59 York Redoubt 60 Fortress of Louisbourg 61 Alexander Graham Bell 62 St. Peters Canal

Prince Edward Island Québec 63 Fort Amherst 46 Jacques Cartier Monument 64 Province House New Brunswick Newfoundland 47 Beaubears Island 65 Port au Choix 48 St. Andrews Blockhouse 66 L'Anse aux Meadows 49 Carleton Martello Tower 67 Signal Hill 50 Survival of the Acadians 68 Cape Spear 51 Fort Beauséjour 69 Castle Hill illuminate targets. With these additions Fisgard Lighthouse Fort Rodd Hill National Historic Park National Historic Site Victoria, British Columbia Fort Rodd Hill became the most extensive coastal artillery fortification on the west Victoria, British Columbia Fort Rodd Hill overlooks the entrance to coast of Canada. Fisgard Lighthouse stands as a historic Esquimau Harbour - a commanding site In 1956, with the advent of missiles and reminder of the role of navigation on the for coastal artillery gun batteries. The up­ west coast of Canada. per and lower batteries were constructed nuclear weapons, coastal artillery for­ in 1895 and provided secure and strategic tifications became obsolete. Today the The need for a lighthouse at the en­ positions for three heavy 6-inch disap­ Fort Rodd Hill fortifications of 1895 and trance to Esquimalt Harbour was recog­ pearing guns and emplacements installed 1899 are still largely intact, and together nized by Admiral Baynes, who in 1858 in 1896. Fort Rodd Hill was then one of with later constructions and modifications recommended the erection of a light that two powerful forts defending Esquimalt they are a remarkable record of the his­ "would enable vessels to enter the har­ and Victoria. tory of the Victoria-Esquimalt coastal bour at any time of night; at present it is defences. almost impossible after dusk, the en­ Belmont Battery was constructed at Visitors can walk the self-guided tour of trance being so difficult to distinguish." Ford Rodd Hill in 1899 when lighter guns Fisgard Island, an outcrop of volcanic were needed to defend Esquimalt Har­ Fort Rodd Hill; signs and displays along the way explain the history of coastal de­ granite near the entrance to Esquimalt bour against torpedo-boat or launch Harbour, was the site selected for the attack. Two 12-pounder quick-firing guns fences in the area. Fort Rodd Hill National Historic Park is open year-round. lighthouse. On November 16,1860, were mounted here in 1900, and search Fisgard Lighthouse became the first navi­ lights were positioned on the shoreline to Mailing address for more information: Fort Rodd Hill National Historic Park gational aid to be located on the west 501 Belmont Road coast of what was then known as British Victoria, British Columbia North America. V9C1B5 (604)388-1092

Fisgard Lighthouse National Historic Site, Fort Rodd Hill, British Columbia St. Roch National Historic Site Fort Langley National Historic Park buildings include the palisade, bastion, ar­ Vancouver, British Columbia Forf Langley, British Columbia tisan's shop, trade store, and blacksmith's The St. Roch, a short, two-masted 40 km southeast of Vancouver forge. The Big House, the scene of the schooner, was described by her skipper, Built on the south bank of the Fraser ceremonial declaration of British Colum­ Staff Sergeant Henry Larsen, as "an ugly River by the Hudson's Bay Company, Fort bia as a British colony, contains offices duckling." As an arctic supply and patrol Langley played a major role in the devel­ and living quarters of the chief trader and vessel for 26 years, however, the ship and opment of what is now the province of senior clerk. her crew did much to establish Canadian British Columbia. Animators in period costume demon­ sovereignty in the North. She also has the In 1827 the fort was constructed four strate the various trades and tasks of the distinction of being the first ship in history kilometres downriver, but was moved in day. In the cooper's shop visitors can see to sail the Northwest Passage in both di­ 1839 to its present location closer to the how barrels were made for packing rections, first to travel the northern deep- fertile Langley prairie. It burned shortly af­ salmon. Blacksmithing, fur trade pro­ water route, first to complete the passage terwards, but was rebuilt the same year. cedures, period carpentry, open-fire cook­ in a single season, and first to circum­ Fort Langley prospered in the 1850s, ing, and baking are all part of 19th-century navigate North America. when it pioneered an all-British fur-bri­ life at the fort. Built in Vancouver in 1928, the St. Roch gade route to the interior and became the Fort Langley National Historic Park is carried out annual patrol and supply voy­ supply depot for inland posts. When gold open year-round. There is a charge for ages in the western arctic for two was discovered on the Fraser River in admission. decades. Her sturdy hull was built of thick 1858, the fort supplied prospectors with Mailing address for more information: Douglas fir reinforced with heavy beams. tools, provisions, and news of recent Fort Langley National Historic Park An outer sheath of Australian iron bark discoveries. Box 129 added the finishing touch and helped to The fort has been partially recon­ Fort Langley, British Columbia St. Roch National Historic Site, Vancouver, British protect the ship from treacherous northern structed to its appearance in the 1850s. VOX 1 JO Columbia ice floes. The original storehouse building, circa (604) 888-4424 On the first voyage through the North­ 1840, remains on the site. Reconstructed west Passage, the ship left Vancouver in Fort Langley National Historic Park, Fort Langley, June 1940 on what proved to be a 28- British Columbia During the period 1860 to 1909 when month journey. Twice trapped by ice, the the lighthouse was occupied, living condi­ St. Roch did not reach Halifax until Octo­ tions for the keeper and his family were ber 1942. The return trip through the more often rugged and uncomfortable. Poor northerly waters of the Arctic archipelago pay, isolation from the mainland, and in 1944 took only 86 days. questionable working conditions added to In 1950 when the ship was transferred the keeper's hardships. to Halifax it sailed through the Panama Located a short distance offshore from Canal, becoming the first vessel to sail Fort Rodd Hill National Historic Park, and completely around North America. The accessible by a narrow causeway, this St. Roch was retired four years later, and functioning harbour lighthouse has mod­ put on display in drydock at the Vancouver ern displays that recount the history of Maritime Museum in 1958. The ship was early west coast lighthouses. declared a national historic site in 1962 Because its light is still operational, and has been restored by Parks Canada Fisgard Lighthouse Tower is not open to to her 1944 appearance. the public. Audio-visual presentations and guides Mailing address for more information: describe the St. Roch's illustrious past Fisgard Lighthouse National Historic and her contribution to arctic exploration Site in Canada. 501 Belmont Road Mailing address for more information: Victoria, British Columbia St. Roch National Historic Site V9C1B5 Vancouver Maritime Museum (604)388-1092 1100 Chestnut Street Vancouver, British Columbia V6J 3J9 (604) 732-4362 The trail to Battle Hill is marked at a visitor reception centre. Fort St. James parking pull-off. Future developments at National Historic Park is open year-round. the site will include historical markers and Mailing address for more information: an audio station, in which visitors will hear Fort St. James National Historic Park more of the fascinating story of Kitwanga. Box 1148 Kitwanga National Historic Site is open Fort St. James, British Columbia year-round. V0J1P0 Mailing address for more information: (604) 996-7191 Kitwanga National Historic Site c/o Fort St. James National Historic Rocky Mountain House Park National Historic Park Box 1148 7 km west of Rocky Mountain House, Fort St. James, British Columbia Alberta V0J1P0 200 km southwest of Edmonton (604) 996-7191 On the banks of the North Saskatche­ wan River, a two-day horse ride from the Fort St. James National Historic Park Rocky Mountains, the North West and 161 km northwest of Prince George, Hudson's Bay companies maintained a British Columbia series of fur trading posts between 1799 Fort St. James was established by Si­ and 1875. mon Fraser for the North West Company The rival companies intended to attract in 1806. It was the first post in the territory the Kootenay Indians from the mountains of the Carrier Indians, who traded furs to trade at their posts. The North West here for manufactured goods and provi­ Company also planned to use its post as sions. When the North West and Hud­ son's Bay companies merged in 1821, Fort St. James became the headquarters of the fur trade district of New Caledonia - now central British Columbia. As chief post in the New Caledonia dis­ trict, Fort St. James was the trans­ shipment centre for the furs and trade goods exchanged at all the company Kitwanga National Historic Site, east of Terrace, posts in the territory. Furs traded at Fort British Columbia St. James were sent by company schooner and pack train to steamers on the Skeena River and Pacific Coast for Kitwanga National Historic Site the Nass to the Skeena River, passed shipping to the fur markets of the world. 720 km east of Terrace, British Columbia within sight of the Kitwanga fort. Isolation, severe winters, hard work, Co-operation between the Kitwanga To defend Battle Hill's refuge of houses, and a monotonous diet of smoked dried people and Parks Canada has led to an Nekt and his warriors hoisted huge logs salmon earned Fort St. James the name Indian hilltop stronghold called Battle Hill up the palisade walls and fastened them "the Siberia of the fur trade." (Ta'awd^ep) becoming the first national with cedar ropes. When the war horn sig­ Five buildings dating from 1884-1889 historic site in western Canada to com­ nalled an enemy attack, the logs were are still standing - the general warehoure memorate native culture. Last occupied rolled down to crush the invaders. and fur loft, fish cache, men's house, of­ as a fortified site in the 19th century, this A self-guided interpretive programme ficer's dwelling house, and dairy. All of steep-sided 13-m hill overlooking the recounts the legends of Battle Hill and these are fine examples of Red River Skeena River stands out as a historic leads visitors to archaeological evidence frame and dove-tailed log construction. Rocky Mountain House National Historic Park, landscape feature. of plank houses, food cache pits, puberty To complete the fort, several features near Rocky Mountain House, Alberta Kitwanga legend tells of the fierce war­ pits, and a sweat pit from the 1750-1835 have been reconstructed to their ap­ rior chieftain, Nekt, who used Battle Hill period. pearance in the 1890s: the trade shop and as a base to make raids against Nass The totems of Kitwanga, now located in office, Graham warehouse, the wharf, and River and coastal peoples for food, the village four km north of the site, dis­ the tramway used to haul cargo from the slaves, and control of lucrative trade rou­ play crests relating Nekt's original flight company schooner to the warehouse. tes. The Grease Trail, named for the from the Queen Charlotte Islands, his ex­ In addition to period exhibits in the his­ greasy candlefish oil packed along it from ploits as a warrior, and his occupation of toric buildings, there are displays and Battle Hill. audio-visual presentations in the modern a base of exploration for a practical route Dawson City grew as a supply and en­ to the Pacific. The Kootenay trade did not tertainment centre for the Klondike Gold- materialize, but in 1806-1807 David fields. For a few brief years gold poured Thompson successfully crossed the into town from the creeks as Klondike Rockies from the North West Company Kings and wage earners alike rushed to post. spend their new-found wealth on Daw­ Following the 1821 merger of the two son's many entertainments. The pros­ companies, the revitalized Hudson's Bay perity was short-lived, however, and by Company retained a post at Rocky Moun­ 1900 many miners had left the Klondike to tain House to trade with the Blackfoot try their luck elsewhere. Dawson's popula­ Confederacy and other northern Plains tion declined gradually, but the once- Indians. fabulous city did not become a ghost Trails in the park lead to four archae­ town. Today Dawson City is a thriving ological excavation sites within a four- tourist and mining centre. kilometre area. Solar-powered audio Many of Dawson's surviving gold rush guides along the trails recount the events buildings are being preserved and re­ of the exciting fur trade days of the 18th stored. The Palace Grand Theatre is a and 19th centuries. faithful reconstruction of Arizona Charlie Replicas of the York boat and the Red Meadows's 1899 luxurious and flamboyant River cart illustrate the principal types of original, where entertainments reminis­ transportation used by the traders to carry cent of the goldrush era are performed furs, provisions, and trade goods to ports nightly during the summer. The old Post to international markets. Exhibits in the Office, sternwheeler Keno, and Har­ visitor centre, summer interpretive pro­ rington's Store Exhibit offer insights into grammes, and audio-visual presentations different aspects of Dawson's exciting in the theatre explain the history of Rocky past. Mountain House. Robert Service's rustic two-room cabin The park is open daily from the first sits on the hillside overlooking the city. Sunday in May until Labour Day. The visi­ The famous northern poet wrote many of tor centre is open weekdays year-round, his best-known works here. It has been except holidays. refurbished, and Service's ghost reads his Mailing address for more information: poetry to the public daily. Rocky Mountain House National His­ In the Klondike Goldfields, Gold Dredge toric Park No. 4, a huge gold-mining machine that Box 2130 worked Bonanza Creek for many years, Rocky Mountain House, Alberta awaits visitor inspection. A nearby cairn TOM 1T0 marks the Discovery Claim where the (403) 845-2412 nugget that started it all was found more than 85 years ago. Klondike National Historic Sites Tours of the Klondike National Historic Dawson City, Yukon Territory Sites and readings of Robert Service's po­ In August 1896 gold was discovered in etry are offered from June 1 to Rabbit Creek (soon renamed Bonanza mid-September. Creek) in the Klondike watershed. When Mailing address for more information: news of the discovery reached the "out­ Klondike National Historic Sites side," it set in motion one of history's most Box 390 unusual phenomena, the Klondike Gold Dawson City, Yukon Territory Rush. Drawn to the North by dreams of YOB 1 GO great wealth and adventure, more than (403) 993-5462 200,000 men and women set their sights on Dawson City. By 1899 Dawson was a city of 30,000 with the luxuries, facilities, and aspirations of large southern cities.

Dawson City Post Office, Klondike National Historic Sites, Yukon Territory few passengers from Whitehorse to Daw­ Fort Walsh National Historic Park son. She made the run downstream in 36 Maple Creek, Saskatchewan hours with one or two stops to take on 171 km southwest of Swift .Current wood; the return run against the current In the summer of 1875, "B" Division of was much tougher and required four or the North West Mounted Police, under the five days and six wood-stops. command of Superintendent James M. The construction of all-weather roads in Walsh, built a police fort in the Cypress the early 1950s signified the passing of Hills to suppress the whiskey trade and to sternwheelers as freight carriers on the establish contact with the Indians of the Yukon River. In August 1955 the S.S. area. Fort Walsh was located on the Klondike II steamed into Whitehorse to banks of Battle Creek, just three kilo­ end her last run up river. metres above the site of the tragic Carefully restored to her 1937-1945 ap­ Cypress Hills Massacre that had occurred pearance, she now sits in permanent two years before. retirement on the bank of the Yukon River The police of Fort Walsh successfully in Whiskey Flats, Whitehorse. negotiated the return to the United States Tours of S.S. Klondike National Historic of Sitting Bull and the Sioux warriors who Site are offered daily from June 1 to La­ had taken refuge in Canada after the Bat­ bour Day, and by appointment only the tle of the Little Bighorn. In 1883 when remainder of the year. most of the Plains Indians had accepted Mailing address for more information: treaties with Canada and settled on re­ S.S. Klondike National Historic Site serves, the post was dismantled and c/o Parks Canada abandoned to private ranching activity. 200 Range Road More than half a century later, in 1942, Whitehorse, Yukon Territory the R.C.M.P. established a horse ranch Y1A3V1 on the site of Fort Walsh and ranch build­ (403)668-2116 ings were constructed in the style of the original fort. In 1967 Farwell's and Sol­ omon's trading posts were reconstructed

Fort Walsh National Historic Park, Maple Creek, Saskatchewan

Palace Grand Theatre, Klondike National Historic Sites, Dawson City, Yukon Territory

S.S. Klondike National Historic Site The Klondike was the first boat built large Whitehorse, Yukon Territory enough to handle 270 tonnes of cargo In Whitehorse, the stemwheeler S.S. without having to push a barge; her cargo Klondike has been declared a'national capacity was 50 per cent greater than that historic site to commemorate the signifi­ of other boats on the river. cance of river transportation in the The career of the S.S. Klondike I came development of the Yukon. For almost to an abrupt end in 1936 when the vessel four generations the stemwheeler was the struck a reef and broke her back. The mainstay of the Yukon transportation sys­ company had the S.S. Klondike II built tem. From the late 1860s to the mid-1950s immediately, a carbon copy of her some 250 sternwheelers plied the Yukon predecessor. River from Whitehorse to Dawson. For fifteen years the S.S. Klondike la­ The S.S. Klondike I, the forerunner of boured primarily as a cargo vessel, the vessel that has been restored by carrying merchandise, supplies, and a Parks Canada, was launched in 1929 by the British Yukon Navigation Company. near the site of the Cypress Hills Mas­ The following day a trading post lodger sacre as part of the R.C.M.P. centennial reported a horse missing. He enlisted the celebrations. Since the transfer of Fort assistance of the wolf hunters and Métis Walsh to Parks Canada in 1968, historical freighters and set out to confront the Indi­ and architectural research and recon­ ans and retrieve the horse. Firing broke struction programmes have restored the out, and in the ensuing battle about 20 fort to its appearance at the height of its Indians were killed. What remained of the importance in 1875. Assiniboine camp after the survivors had Exhibits and audio-visual presentations fled was burned. in the modern visitor reception centre When news of the massacre reached provide an introduction to the park. Ottawa the government began to recruit Guides in period costume conduct tours men for a police force to establish law and of Fort Walsh and Farwell's Trading Post, order in the West. which has been restored and refurnished. Attempts by American and Canadian Two cemeteries, the Fort Walsh townsite, authorities to bring the participants in the and the magnificent natural setting are massacre to justice were thwarted by in­ added attractions. A free bus service for sufficient evidence and conflicting testi­ visitors is provided within the park monies of witnesses. Those eventually boundaries. tried for murder were acquitted. Fort Walsh National Historic Park is Although the actual site of the mas­ open from May 1 to Thanksgiving. sacre is closed to visitors, interpretive Mailing address for more information: staff in period costume conduct tours of Fort Walsh National Historic Park Farwell's Trading Post, which was recon­ Box 278 structed in 1967. A three-kilometre trail Maple Creek, Saskatchewan along the ridgetop overlooking Battle S0N1N0 Creek leads to the historic features within Batoche National Historic Site, Batoche, (306) 667-2645 Fort Walsh National Historic Park. Saskatchewan Mailing address for more information: Cypress Hills Massacre Cypress Hills Massacre National His­ When native discontent broke into re­ variety of activities undertaken by the National Historic Site toric Site bellion in the spring of 1885, police force. Maple Creek, Saskatchewan Box 278 reinforcements were dispatched from Bat­ Battleford National Historic Park is open 171 km southwest of Swift Current Maple Creek, Saskatchewan tleford to troubled areas in Métis strong­ from the first Sunday in May to In the spring of 1873, the blood of In­ SON 1 NO holds. Fearing an Indian attack, the Thanksgiving. dian men, women, and children ran in the (306) 667-2645 people from the Battleford area sought re­ Mailing address for more information: valley of Battle Creek in the shelter of the fuge within the police post. The antici­ Battleford National Historic Park Cypress Hills when an Assiniboine camp Battleford National Historic Park pated attack never came, but the vacated Battleford, Saskatchewan was attacked. Battleford, Saskatchewan village was looted and some buildings SOM 0E0 The Indian camp was near Solomon's 153 km northwest of Saskatoon burned. (306) 937-2621 and Farwell's trading posts, where the Battleford National Historic Park is situ­ Canadian troops suppressed the re­ American frontier traders exchanged ated in the townsite of Battleford on a bellion in a decisive battle at Batoche. Batoche National Historic Site axes, blankets, and trinkets for Indian triangular area between the Battle and Afterwards a number of prisoners were Batoche, Saskatchewan hunters' robes and furs, and Métis freigh­ North Saskatchewan rivers. Battleford tried at Battleford; eight were hanged. 88 km northeast of Saskatoon ters delivered Montana goods. A general was established in 1876 in Crée Indian With peace restored, the police returned Frustration and discontent led to the hostility between the Indians and the territory as the fifth North West Mounted to their duties, essential to public order Métis uprisings along the South Saskat­ traders pervaded the valley. Police post and served as a divisional and welfare and for the self-sufficiency of chewan River in 1885. The Métis were A party of wolf hunters was returning headquarters for the Saskatchewan the post. Battleford was abandoned finally faced with the disappearance of the buf­ home to Montana when about 40 of its District. in 1924. falo on which they depended for food, horses were stolen by a band of Crée In­ In the last quarter of the 19th century, In addition to the five original North clothing, and shelter; the decline of the dian raiders. The enraged men pursued law and order in the West was the awe­ West Mounted Police buildings that re­ freighting business; the influx of white set­ the thieves, but lost the trail in the some responsibility of the North West main today, a stockade has been recon­ tlers from Ontario; and a land survey that Cypress Hills. Scouts sent ahead to the Mounted Police. Intermittent tribal warfare structed on the original site. Three stone caused alarm about land claims. This Assiniboine camp found no trace of the between the nomadic and Plains Indians, pillars display a bronze plaque that pays combination of circumstances led to stolen horses, so the party decided to the illicit whiskey traffic to the native peo­ national tribute to the Battleford Police armed resistance and bloodshed for the camp near Farwell's Trading Post for food, ple, and the growing tensions as white Post. A visitor reception centre provides Métis and the North West Mounted drink, and rest. immigration encroached on Indian and literature and displays artifacts. Interpre­ Police. Métis lifestyles produced an uneasy tive signs mark former police building and atmosphere. utility locations and are testimony to the Lower Fort Garry National Historic Park, near Winnipeg, Manitoba

The small village of Batoche served as Fort Espérance National Historic Site lars, most of the early site is now a Lower Fort Garry headquarters for Louis Riel and the Métis 222 km east ofRegina, Saskatchewan ploughed field. Remains of fireplaces and National Historic Park during the Northwest Rebellion of 1885, Fort Espérance, the first post on the cellars of the upper post are clearly visi­ 30 km north of Winnipeg, Manitoba and was the scene of the decisive battle of Qu'Appelle River, was one of the North ble, and a depression marks the location The Hudson's Bay Company built the the uprising. After three days of fighting, West Company's most important pem- of a stockade. magnificent stone fort at Lower Fort Garry the Métis were overwhelmed, Batoche mican provision posts in the Assiniboine The posts are commemorated by a on the shores of the Red River in 1830. captured by the Canadian militia, and the River district. Plains Indians and Métis symbolic monument placed on a small George Simpson, Governor of Rupert's Métis insurrection ended. supplied the company regularly with bison knoll between the two sites of Fort Es­ Land, intended it to become the head­ Scarred with bullet-holes, the parish hides and meat, which was used to make pérance. The link between the buffalo and quarters of the richest fur region in the church of St. Antoine de Padoue, built in pemmican, a mixture of dried flaked meat the fur trade is imaginatively symbolized British Empire. 1884, and the Rectory, built in 1883, stand and melted fat that served as a food sta­ by three white granite markers: the plaque Although the new fort was unable to today as reminders of the Métis who ple for European fur traders on trips to the commemorating both posts, and bronze overcome the momentum of Upper Fort risked their lives for rights they held dear. more northerly posts. sculptures of a buffalo head and of a Garry at the confluence of the Red and Tours of Batoche National Historic Site The first Fort Espérance was used from stretched beaver hide inscribed with ca­ Assiniboine rivers, it evolved as a signifi­ are offered from the first Sunday in May to 1787 to 1810. Rivalry with the Hudson's noe and buffalo pictographs. cant fur trade provisioning and trans­ Thanksgiving. Bay Company twice forced relocations a- Fort Espérance National Historic Site is shipment centre and retail outlet for the Mailing address for more information: long the Qu'Appelle River before a post open year-round. Red River settlement. Batoche National Historic Site was again built at this location in 1816. It Mailing address for more information: The fort's 150-year life has seen its c/o Battleford National Historic Park was abandoned in 1819. Fort Espérance National Historic Site structures and landscape adapted and Battleford, Saskatchewan Fort Espérance National Historic Site c/o Lower Fort Garry National Historic transformed as a trading post, country re­ SOM 0E0 preserves the remains of the first fort, situ­ Park treat, trans-shipment centre, agricultural- (306) 937-2621 ated beside the river, as well as those of Box 7, Group 342 industrial complex, penitentiary-asylum, the last fort, which was built on a small R.R.3 country club, and ultimately, a national rise higher up the bank. Although a few Selkirk, Manitoba historic park. depressions indicate the presence of cel­ R1A 2A8 (204) 949-6341 Lower Fort Garry's visitor reception cen­ Riel House was built in 1880-1881. The Fort Prince of Wales was never re- York Factory National Historic Site tre contains historical displays, a restau­ land on which the house stands had been occupied. Churchill, Manitoba rant, and a theatre, which presents an given to Riel's mother, Julie Lagimodière The walls of the restored fort, measur­ When York Factory closed its doors as award-winning slide show "Window on the Riel, by Bishop Taché on the death of her ing 9 to 12 m thick at the base and 6 m a trading post in 1957, it signalled the end Fur Trade." husband in 1864. Julie and her children high, connect four bastions. A number of of an era. For much of its 275-year history, The focus of the park's interpretive pro­ first lived in a house at the Seine River cannons standing on the raised gun gall­ the fort, located on the shore of Hudson gramme is on the fur trade and the Red end of the lot. Most of the timbers from ery and the shells of several structures, Bay at the mouth of the Hayes River, River settlement. The visitor programme that building were re-used in the con­ including a barracks, stores building, and served as one of the most important fur- is designed to interest and entertain chil­ struction of the present house at the Red governor's quarters, greet visitors to the trade supply centres in North America. dren, adults, enthusiasts, or casual River end of the lot. site. The Hudson's Bay Company first estab­ visitors. Although Louis Riel never resided in Fort Prince of Wales is accessible by lished a post here in 1682. Wars with the The park grounds are open year-round. this house, he visited it briefly in the sum­ boat or snowmobile from the nearby town French and the ravages of nature led to From mid-May to Thanksgiving costumed mer of 1883, and it was here that his body of Churchill. Boat trips to the fort can be frequent rebuilding and relocation of the staff re-enact 19th-century life in the lay in state following his execution for his arranged at the tourist reception centre in post. It was built finally on the present site largest group of original fur trade build­ involvement in the Northwest Rebellion. It Churchill. in 1788. ings remaining in Canada. was also in this house that his young wife, The park grounds are open year-round. After the merger of the Hudson's Bay Privately operated sightseeing cruise Marguerite, died in May 1886. Guided tours are available from June to and North West companies in 1821, York ships, paddlewheel riverboats, and buses The house remained in the Riel family October. Factory replaced Montréal as the major transport visitors from downtown Win­ until 1968, and was acquired by Parks Mailing address for more information: shipment depot for North American furs nipeg along the historic Red River to Canada in 1969 to commemorate Louis Fort Prince of Wales National Historic heading to England. Increased business Lower Fort Garry. There is a charge for Riel's role in the history of western Can­ Park and periodic flooding forced the con­ admission to Lower Fort Garry. ada. It has been restored and refurnished Box 127 struction of new buildings, including the Mailing address for more information: to its appearance in the spring of 1886, six Churchill, Manitoba existing depot built in the 1830s. By the Lower Fort Garry National Historic Park months after the death of Louis Riel. R0B0E0 end of the 19th century the post's impor­ Box 7, Group 342 Riel House National Historic Site is (204) 675-2672 tance had declined as a result of more R.R. 3 open from mid-May to mid-October. efficient American routes to European Selkirk, Manitoba Mailing address for more information: markets, and the buildings deteriorated or R1A 2A8 Riel House National Historic Site were torn down. Only the depot building (204) 949-6341 330 River Road survived. St. Vital, Manitoba The depot building, or "Great House," is Riel House National Historic Site R2M 3Z8 York Factory National Historic Site's cen­ St. Vital, Manitoba (204) 257-1783 tral feature. Artifacts are exhibited on the On the cold, clear morning of Novem­ main floor, and displays of the fort and a ber 16,1885, Louis Riel-leader of the Fort Prince of Wales photo exhibit are located on the upper Red River Resistance in 1869 and of the National Historic Park floor. Northwest Rebellion at Batoche in 1885, Churchill, Manitoba The inaccessibility of York Factory limits father of the province of Manitoba, and Located at the mouth of the Churchill its visitors to those who fly in on chartered prophet of the Métis people - was hanged River, this great stone fort was built by the aircraft or travel by canoe. Summer tours at the North West Mounted Police Jail in Hudson's Bay Company in the 18th cen­ are available by appointment. Regina. In early December his body was tury to protect its fur-trading interests in Mailing address for more information: returned to his mother's home in St. Vital, the far North. York Factory National Historic Site Manitoba. He lay in state here for two Although construction began in 1731, Box 127 days until his coffin was borne the ten kilo­ the fort was not completed until 1771. Two Churchill, Manitoba metres to his final resting place in the years later, Samuel Hearne, an employee ROB 0E0 churchyard of St. Boniface Cathedral. So of the Hudson's Bay Company, set out (204) 675-2672 passed one of the most tragic and least from Fort Prince of Wales on his overland understood figures in Canada's history. expedition to the Arctic Ocean. Despite its formidable appearance, the fort was never manned or armed for seri­ ous warfare. In 1782, when three French warships appeared in the bay, Hearne, then governor of the fort, surrendered the under-garrisoned post immediately. The French invaders sacked the fort, spiked the cannon, burned the gun carriages, blew up parts of the wall, and set fires. Fort Prince of Wales National Historic Park, Churchill. Manitoba Fort St. Joseph National Historic Park Fort Maiden National Historic Park St. Joseph Island, Ontario Amherstburg, Ontario 48 km southeast ofSault Ste. Marie 32 km south of Windsor Fort St. Joseph's ruins are located on a In 1796, after the British abandoned small headland at the southwest tip of St. Detroit under the terms of Jay's Treaty, Joseph Island in St. Mary's River between they established a new base on the De­ Lake Superior and Lake Huron. In 1796 troit River in present-day Amherstburg. the British built the most westerly of their Fort Maiden, officially known as Fort military posts here in an effort to Amherstburg, became a major base for counteract the American Fort Michili - defense of the Detroit frontier during the mackinac's importance in the Upper Great War of 1812 and the Rebellion of 1837. Lakes Region. The first fort was a large, square, pick­ As the western headquarters of the eted enclosure with four earthen bastions, British Indian Department and the meet­ and served as headquarters of the Right ing place of hundreds of warriors from the Division of the British army in Canada, Upper Great Lakes Indian Nations, Fort branch of the British Indian Department, St. Joseph was an important base for op­ and navy yard for the Upper Great Lakes. erations in the old northwest and became In 1812 General Isaac Brock led an army a major fur-trade supply depot. of British soldiers, Canadian militia, and When the Americans declared war on Indians from Fort Maiden to launch a suc­ Great Britain in 1812, the British at Fort St. cessful attack on Detroit, and subse­ Joseph heard the news before the Amer­ quently made several raids into American icans at Fort Michilimackinac. A force of territory. regular soldiers, fur traders, voyageurs, The defeat of the British fleet in the Bat­ Woodside National Historic Park, Kitchener, government officials, and Indian allies tle of Lake Erie in September 1813 forced Ontario captured the American fort. the garrison to burn Fort Maiden and re­ Only a small guard was left at Fort St. treat up the Thames River. Today most of the post-rebellion fort lies Woodside National Historic Park Joseph, and eventually the fort was aban­ American troops then occupied the within the park's boundaries. Visitors can Kitchener, Ontario doned. An American force on its way to fort's ruins. The peace treaty following the view the remains of the bastions, a re­ Woodside, the boyhood home of recapture Fort Michilimackinac in 1814 War of 1812 allowed the British to reoc- stored pensioner's cottage, and an origi­ William Lyon Mackenzie King, Canada's burned Fort St. Joseph. Over the years all cupy Amherstburg and they built a nal 1820 barracks building. A large brick 10th prime minister, was built in 1853 on but the stone bakehouse, powder maga­ smaller fort, which also eventually fell into building from the asylum period and a vis­ spacious tree-covered grounds in Kitch­ zine, and a chimney disappeared under a ruin. itor reception centre contain exhibits on ener. The recollections of Mackenzie King blanket of earth. During the Rebellion of 1837, Fort Mai­ the fort's history, and an interpretation guided Parks Canada's restoration of den was repaired and several new centre contains a theatre and exhibits Woodside to the period of the early 1890s Archaeological excavations at the site gallery. when the King family lived here. have revealed the outlines of palisades buildings were constructed in preparation and the foundations of several buildings, for possible conflict with the United Fort Maiden National Historic Park is Woodside was leased to John King, a including a blockhouse, guardhouse, two States. The fort continued to be gar­ open year-round. lawyer of means, from 1886 to 1893. His bakeries, and some traders' huts. The un­ risoned until 1851. As the political situa­ Mailing address for more information: wife, Isabel, was the daughter of William covered foundations of the blockhouse tion stabilized, regular soldiers were Fort Maiden National Historic Park Lyon Mackenzie, leader of the abortive re­ walls and the two large chimneys in the withdrawn and replaced by British army Box 38 bellion of 1837 in Upper Canada blockhouse are impressive sights. pensioners. From 1859 to 1870 the site Amherstburg, Ontario (Ontario). The King's four children, the second of whom was William (Willie), held The fort's ruins have been stabilized, was used as a provincial lunatic asylum. N9V 2Z2 (519)736-5416 fond memories of the time they lived at and a visitor reception centre illustrates In 1875, when no further use could be Woodside, although the family never the significance of the fur trade, the British found for Fort Maiden, the land was sub­ owned the property. Mackenzie King re­ military, the Indian Department, and divided and sold at a public auction. called years later that the years spent in man's relationship with nature in the Gradually the fort buildings were de­ this rambling mid-Victorian house "left the northwest in the early 1800s. stroyed. The federal government acquired most abiding of all impressions" on him. Fort St. Joseph National Historic Park is part of the site of the fort in 1939. open year-round. King is remembered best for his efforts Mailing address for more information: towards a more independent role for Can­ Fort St. Joseph National Historic Park ada in international affairs and his Box 188 leadership of the country during the Sec­ Richards Landing, Ontario ond World War. P0R1J0 Guides in period costume interpret the (705) 246-2664 historic home and its furnishings, and a modern exhibit illustrates the story of Mackenzie King. Woodside National His­ Period displays and animators in period Butler's Barracks National Historic Site eastern American frontier throughout the toric Park is open year-round. costume portray everyday life in a British Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario American Revolution. The rangers were Mailing address for more information: military post nearly two centuries ago. A The destruction of Fort George by the among the first Loyalists to settle in the Woodside National Historic Park self-guided walking tour introduces visi­ Americans in 1813 proved how vulnerable Niagara Peninsula. 528 Wellington Street North tors to the features of this historic park. the site was to bombardment by enemy Overcrowding at Fort Niagara had Kitchener, Ontario Fort George National Historic Park is guns. Following the war, the British began prompted construction of the first bar­ N2H 5L5 open year-round. Reservations are re­ work on a group of buildings across the racks in 1778. Additions were made (519) 742-5273 quired from the end of October to mid- plain behind the fort. By 1852 at least 20 towards the end of the century, but before May. There is a charge for admission. timber structures had been erected, serv­ 1800 a fire gutted most of the buildings. Fort George National Historic Park Mailing address for more information: ing as storehouses, barracks, and offices. What remained was destroyed during the Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario Fort George National Historic Park The barracks, gun-shed, commissariat 1813 bombardment. Situated on high ground on the west Box 787 store, and commissariat officer's quarters The structures in the second Butler's side of the Niagara River about two kilo­ Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario are the only structures still standing. Barracks were built after 1815 and were metres from Lake Ontario, guarding the LOS 1J0 The name Butler's Barracks was de­ used until the mid-1860s by the British river channel and the town of Newark, Fort (416)468-2741 rived from an earlier complex built near military. From 1871, when the British George was the principal British fort on the Niagara River to house Butler's troops were withdrawn from Canada, until the Niagara frontier during the War of Rangers, a British force with Iroquois al­ the 1960s, Butler's Barracks was used for 1812. lies led by John Butler that raided the Canadian army training in war and peace As British military headquarters for the time. Niagara frontier, Fort George was con­ tinually involved in battles with the United Fort George National Historic Park, Niagara-on- States armies. Artillery duels were fought the-Lake, Ontario with the Americans at nearby Fort Niagara, and in October 1812 troops from Fort George defeated a U.S. army at Queenston Heights. A combined land and naval bombard­ ment and assault by the Americans levelled the fort in May 1813. The victors occupied the ruins and rebuilt the fort's defences, but abandoned this position in December, allowing the British to regain control. Before departing, however, the retreat­ ing Americans burned Newark (Niagara- on-the-Lake). In retaliation, the British at­ tacked Fort Niagara, burned Buffalo, and ravaged settlements along the American shore. After the war, the newly constructed Fort Mississauga and Butler's Barracks replaced Fort George, and by the 1820s the British had abandoned the fort as a military post. Today the fort represents the installa­ tions at the period of British occupation (1796-1813). Its extensive layout consists of six small earthen bastions connected by cedar picketing. A dry ditch surrounds the complex. The stone powder magazine is an origi­ nal building from 1796. The officers' quarters, officers' kitchen, artificer's build­ ing, sawpit, blockhouses, and guard­ house are of timber construction. Historical markers guide visitors on a The grounds are open year-round. The Kingston Martello Towers Bellevue House National Historic Park walking tour of the grounds, which are monument is open from mid-May to Kingston, Ontario Kingston, Ontario open year-round. The buildings are not Labour Day. The British recognized that Kingston In 1848-1849 Bellevue House was the open to visitors. Mailing address for more information: was a vital link in the maintenance of home of John A. Macdonald, who later Mailing address for more information: Queenston Heights and Brock's Monu­ naval operations on the Great Lakes, and became Canada's first prime minister. Butler's Barracks National Historic Site ment National Historic Site after the War of 1812, developed plans to The house was built between 1838 and Box 787 Box 787 improve the harbour defences. These 1840 by Charles Hales, a Kingston grocer Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario plans led to the erection of four round and entrepreneur, from whose trade it re­ L0S1J0 LOS 1J0 stone towers between 1845 and 1848. To­ ceived the nickname "Tea Caddy Castle." (416)468-2741 (416)468-2741 day only Murney Tower and Fort Frederick In August 1848 it was rented to John A. Tower are open to the public. Macdonald, Kingston's member of the Queenston Heights and Brock's Murney Martello Tower National His­ Legislative Assembly and Receiver Gen­ Monument National Historic Site toric Site, which was one of the most eral for the province of Canada. Niagara Falls, Ontario sophisticated martello towers in British The home was renamed "Bellevue" by A critical battle of the War of 1812, North America, is located on Kingston's the Macdonalds in appreciation of the which resulted in a victory for the British King Street West, not far from Bellevue breathtaking view from its tower. Their over an invading American army, was House. It is operated by the Kingston His­ brief stay here was not a happy one, fought at Queenston Heights overlooking torical Society, whose collection of mili­ however, for Macdonald's ailing wife, the Niagara River. tary displays interprets the use of this type Isabella, was confined to a groundfloor Before dawn on October 13,1812 an of tower. sickroom, and their infant son died a army of American soldiers crossed the The exterior of the 11-m tall limestone month after they moved in. Setbacks in Niagara River from Lewiston to launch a structure is highlighted at its base by four John A.'s law practice forced the family to surprise attack on the small garrison and extensions, called caponiers. Musket fire move to more modest quarters after only town of Queenston. Although they out­ could be directed through loopholes in a year. numbered the British and caught them off- these domed chambers, providing cover Macdonald went on to become leader guard, the Americans failed to break into for the ditch surrounding the tower. High of the Conservative Party and was one of the village. One group managed to scale earthworks with a stone revetment face the chief architects of Confederation in the heights without being seen by the Brit­ the lake side of the ditch. 1867. He became the first prime minister ish, however, and swooping down on the The Murney Martello Tower is open of Canada and was knighted by Queen redan battery, an important defensive from Victoria Day to Thanksgiving, with Victoria. position, they drove out Major-General Sir guided tours offered during the summer Bellevue House was acquired by Parks Isaac Brock and his men. months. There is a charge for admission Canada in 1964 and restored to its ap­ Determined to regain the battery, Brock to the tower. pearance when John A. lived here. led a charge up the hill, but was struck The Fort Frederick Martello Tower is a Situated on beautifully landscaped down by an American sharpshooter's bul­ museum operated by the Royal Military grounds, the Italian style villa features let. The British then retreated. College of Canada. broad overhanging eaves, decorative bal­ Later, British reinforcements comprising Mailing address for more information: conies, and a square central tower. regular soldiers, Canadian militia, Indian Kingston Martello Towers Guides in period costume greet visitors allies, and liberated slaves outflanked the c/o Bellevue House National Historic and relate the history of the house and its Americans on the heights and won the Park most famous occupant, and exhibits on battle. The British had succeeded in 35 Centre Street the main floor illustrate the highlights of thwarting an American invasion, but had Kingston, Ontario their narratives. lost their most capable commander. K7L 4E5 A large garden yields poppies, zinnias, A tall columnar monument marks the (613) 542-3858 corn, cabbage, lettuce, squash, tobacco, graves of Brock and his aide-de-camp, beans, tomatoes, and other flowers and Lieutenant-Colonel Macdonell. A narrow, vegetables grown in Kingston during the winding staircase leads to an observation mid-1800s. deck inside the monument, and a small Bellevue House National Historic Park room at the base displays plaques com­ is open year-round, except on statutory memorating the soldiers who fell in the holidays from Labour Day to the end of battle. Details of the battle are presented May. along the self-guided walking tour of the Mailing address formore information: area. A brochure, available at the monu­ Bellevue House National Historic Park ment, explains the significance of the 35 Centre Street eight markers erected along the route. Kingston, Ontario Queenston Heights and Brock's Monument K7L4E5 National Historic Site, Niagara Falls, Ontario (613) 542-3858 Battle of the Windmill National Historic Site Highway 2 near Prescott, Ontario After the unsuccessful rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada, a group of Canadian patriots living in the United States joined with American sympathizers in an attempt to capture British Fort Wellington. Their strategy was to sever the St. Lawrence communications link and leave Upper Canada vulnerable to invasion. In a battle that lasted five days in November 1838, heavy casualties were suffered on both sides. The attack was ill-fated from the start. As two schooners attempted to land at Prescott an alarm was sounded. While re­ treating, one of the schooners ran aground just off Windmill Point. The other returned to the American shore, but failed to bring back reinforcements. The stranded party was forced to seek refuge in a nearby windmill whose stone walls, measuring one metre in thickness, made it a practically impenetrable defence. Commanded by Nils von Schoultz, the insurgents held fast for five days, despite a massive rally by the British involving 2,000 men, four gun boats, three heavily armed steamers, and one field cannon. Inadequate supplies, cold weather, and recognition of their hopeless situation fi­ nally compelled the invaders to surrender. Many of the 190 invaders had been Bellevue House National Historic Park, Kingston, wounded or killed. Von Schoultz and 10 Ontario others were hanged; some were exiled to Fort Wellington National Historic Park Prescott, to liberate Canada from British Australia; and the rest were pardoned and Prescott, Ontario imperialism. The small garrison in the fort, allowed to return to their homes. 88 km southeast of Ottawa reinforced by regular troops from In 1878 a beacon was mounted on the The first Fort Wellington at Prescott was Brockville, Cornwall, and Kingston, de­ windmill, and it served as a lighthouse un­ built during the War of 1812 to help protect feated the rebels after a five-day battle. til the early 1920s. the vital St. Lawrence River transportation After the rebellion, Fort Wellington was The windmill is now being restored and route. It was named after the Duke of used as an armoury and its garrison con­ is closed to the public. The grounds are Wellington, the renowned British soldier. sisted of a company of the Royal open year-round. In February 1813 its garrison marched Canadian Rifle Regiment. In 1870 the gar­ Mailing address for more information: across the frozen St. Lawrence to capture rison was withdrawn. Fort Wellington was Battle of the Windmill National Historic and demolish the American fort at Og- transferred to the Department of the Inte­ Site densburg, New York. rior in 1923 and subsequently became a c/o Fort Wellington National Historic In 1837 rebellion broke out in Upper national historic park. Park Canada. In an effort to guard the border The historic buildings of Fort Wellington Box 479 against invasion from the United States, have been restored to the period when the Prescott, Ontario the British army completely rebuilt Fort Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment was sta­ K0E1T0 Fort Wellington National Historic Park, Prescott, Wellington, which had been abandoned tioned here. The fort embodies a principle (613)925-2896 Ontario and allowed to fall into ruin. developed first by French military engi­ In November 1838, while the fort was neers in the 18th century, when stone still under construction, a force of rebel fortifications were no longer able to with­ patriots and American sympathizers stand the heavier artillery carried by the landed at Windmill Point, downriver from armies: They substituted earthen ones, Mailing address for more information: struction of the canal system to connect Burritts Rapids which could easily absorb the impact of Fort Wellington National Historic Park the Ottawa, Rideau, and Cataraqui rivers The Tip to Tip Trail passes cool cedar for­ cannonballs. The blockhouse is the Box 479 between Kingston, which was then Upper ests, muskrat marshes, historic houses, largest in Canada and has been refur­ Prescott, Ontario Canada's largest town, and Bytown, a tiny and a beech nut grove and introduces vis­ nished to represent its original function as KOE1T0 settlement at the mouth of the Rideau. It itors to the details of canal operations. a combination barracks and armoury. The (613)925-2896 was opened in the summer of 1832 and Trail brochures are free at the lock office. officers' quarters have also been served as a valuable commercial artery refurnished. Rideau Canal until the 1850s. After its transfer to the Ottawa Locks Other original features include the fort's Between Ottawa and Kingston, Ontario colonial government by Britain, the Lieutenant-Colonel John By had his office massive earthworks and a stone caponier, Now a scenic waterway, the 196.8-km Ottawa and Rideau system became a lo­ here in Entrance Valley. The flight of eight designed to defend the flank of the fort. Rideau Canal was constructed by the Brit­ cal transportation route for an area poorly locks is unique in Canada; it lifts boats the Modern facilities include an exhibit on the ish military after the War of 1812 to served by roads. Today the historic and 24-m from the Ottawa River to the man- history of the area, and animators in provide Upper Canada (now Ontario) with scenic Rideau Canal is a recreational cor­ made portion of the canal. The oldest period costume perform activities com­ a transportation route away from the St. ridor for pleasure-boaters investigating building in Ottawa, which was a supply mon at the fort in 1845. Lawrence River in the event of an Amer­ Canada's history. depot during construction of the canal, Fort Wellington National Historic Park is ican attack. The canal made it possible to Fourteen locks lift vessels 49.38 m from now houses the Bytown Museum and open from Victoria Day to October 31, and navigate from Montréal in Lower Canada Lake Ontario to Newboro, the highest Theatre. The Ottawa locks section of the tours are available by appointment from to Lake Ontario bypassing the rapids of point on the canal; 33 other locks lower canal will be closed from September 1982 November 1 to Victoria Day. During the the St. Lawrence and the international vessels 84.34 m to the level of the Ottawa until the summer of 1984. Please enquire third weekend of July, Fort Wellington boundary, and offered a safe route to the River. There are twenty-three lockstations before you travel. hosts Canada's largest annual military interior of Upper Canada for settlement, where visitors can learn about past and pageant when the Brigade of the Amer­ defence, and provisioning the military. present canal operations. Highlights Dows Lake Reach ican Revolution re-enacts a battle typical Lieutenant-Colonel John By of the include: In winter this stretch of the canal becomes of the fort's period. Royal Engineers supervised the con- a 7.8-km skating rink. Thousands of skat­ Kingston Mills ers travel the historic route from Ottawa At lockmaster Anglin's visitor centre, films, Locks to Hartwell's Locks through the exhibits, and displays tell the story of the heart of downtown Ottawa. Rideau Canal, Jones Falls, Ontario canal. The restored blockhouse, one of All lock stations are accessible by car four on the canal, has been furnished to and are open to navigation from mid-May the 1839 period of occupancy by the to mid-October. Group tours and special Frontenac County militia. programmes are available upon request. Mailing address for more information: Jones Falls Rideau Canal The keystone arch dam, the highest in 12 Maple Avenue North North America when constructed in 1820, Smiths Falls, Ontario was recognized as an outstanding colo­ K7A1Z5 nial engineering feat. Today the calm (613)283-5170 basin waters echo the hammer blows of the Rideau Canal blacksmith producing Bethune Memorial House hardware in his 1843 smithy. The hilltop Gravenhurst, Ontario lockmaster's house has been restored 160 km north of Toronto and furnished to illustrate a 19th-century Bethune Memorial House is the birth­ lockmaster's lifestyle. place of Norman Bethune, a Canadian medical doctor who made significant con­ Merrickville tributions to medical science as a re­ The largest blockhouse on the canal is searcher and surgeon in Canada and now a local museum at Merrickville with abroad. In China, where Bethune many artifacts of the area on display. achieved some of his greatest work, his Walking and driving tours of Merrickville name has been preserved in the writings and the surrounding countryside are de­ of MaoTse-tung, and numerous memori­ scribed in free brochures. The lockside als have been erected to him. ruins of one of the first woollen mills in Upper Canada are worth exploring. The two-storey Victorian manse has Fort Témiscamingue Construction of hydro dams has been restored in the style of 1890 when National Historic Site lowered the St. Lawrence River so that it Bethune was born here. The rooms on the 4 km south of Ville Marie, Québec no longer flows through the canal at main floor have been refurnished to reflect Fort Témiscamingue, built by the Coteau-du-Lac. Only the lock gate sills the tastes and habits of the Bethune fam­ French in response to British competition and the masonry bottom course of the his­ ily. On the second floor an interpretive in the fur trade during the late 17th cen­ toric canal remain. display of illustrations, quotations, and tury, flourished for more than two Coteau-du-Lac National Historic Park is surgical instruments invented by Dr. Beth­ centuries. open from May 1 to mid-October. une portrays his life as a doctor, inventor, As discoverers of the lucrative beaver Mailing address for more information: and humanitarian. fur trade in North America, the French en­ Coteau-du-Lac National Historic Park Norman Bethune was a surgeon, medi­ joyed a trading monopoly with the Indians Box 211 cal researcher, and an inventor of surgical during the 16th century. When four Eng­ Coteau-du-Lac, Québec instruments. In Montréal during the De­ lish forts were built on the shores of J0P1B0 pression, he organized a medical group James Bay in 1668, however, the Indians (514) 763-5631 that promoted socialized medicine in began trading at these nearby posts Canada. rather than travelling to the French mer­ Coteau-du-Lac National Historic Park, Coteau- du-Lac, Québec Sir Wilfrid Laurier House In 1936 he went to Spain to treat the chants in Montréal. National Historic Park wounded republican forces in the Spanish A group of Montréal merchants founded Ville-des-Laurentides, Québec Civil War and developed a mobile blood the Compagnie du Nord and began trad­ Coteau-du-Lac National Historic Park 56 km north of Montréal, Québec transfusion service there that collected ing in the Hudson Bay area in 1685. They 58 km southwest of Montréal, Québec Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Canada's seventh blood and transported it to the wounded built the first Fort Témiscamingue on an During the American Revolution the prime minister and leader of the Liberal at the battlefronts. island, now submerged, at the narrows of British built the first canal along the St. Party for 32 years, spent his childhood in After returning briefly to Canada, Beth­ Lake Témiscamingue. The post was vis­ Lawrence to bypass a stretch of rapids the village of St. Lin north of Montréal, une set off again in 1938 for the ited in 1686 by a French military expedi­ and expedite the transportation of sup­ now called Ville des Laurentides. This battlefields of China. For the next 22 tion under the Chevalier de Troyes, on its plies to British colonies. It was at Coteau- small brick veneer building with a sloping months he worked in the isolated moun­ way to capture three English forts on Hud­ du-Lac at the confluence of the Delisle roof and a front verandah belonged to his tain areas where the battlefront was son Bay: Moose, Rupert, and Albany. It and St. Lawrence rivers. father, and was one of Laurier's first shifting constantly. He gave unstintingly of was closed in 1690 by Governor Fron­ Coteau-du-Lac National Historic Park homes. Now a national historic site, the himself, teaching, operating, and initiating tenac in response to pressure from contains remains of the canal and a Brit­ house has been restored to the early a programme to train doctors. merchants in Montréal. ish military post that protected this 1850s period. Norman Bethune died in 1939 of blood In 1720 Fort Témiscamingue was re-es­ strategic water route and stores depot dur­ Born in 1841, Laurier was educated at poisoning, the result of an infection con­ tablished at its present site at the narrows ing the War of 1812. New Glasgow school and le Collège Clas­ tracted while operating. Today he is on the eastern shore of Lake Témisca­ The canal was protected on the land­ sique l'Assomption before attending law revered in China as a dedicated human­ mingue. After the fall of New France in ward approach by a wet ditch, earthworks, school at McGill University. He practised itarian, and as his story becomes increas­ 1760, British merchants penetrated to and gun platforms. An octagonal block­ law and ran a newspaper in ingly familiar to Canadians, an apprecia­ Lake Témiscamingue. By the 1790s the house stood guard at the canal and a Arthabaskaville between 1866 and 1871. tion grows for the man, his era, and his fort was in the hands of the North West cloverleaf-shaped bastion was set by the His political career was launched when accomplishments. Company, and in 1821 it passed to the river channel. A trapezoidal bastion was he was elected to the Québec provincial Bethune Memorial House is open year- Hudson's Bay Company. built to the north. Other defences included legislature in 1871. Laurier won a seat in round. Fort Témiscamingue declined after the a barracks, guard house, powder maga­ the House of Commons in 1874, became Mailing address for more information: mid-1830s as lumbering activities de­ zine, hospital, bakehouse, cookhouse, leader of the Liberal Party in 1887, and Bethune Memorial House stroyed beaver habitat in the area and store, and warehouse, as well as two served as prime minister from 1896 to 235 John Street beaver hats went out of fashion. The fort other blockhouses guarding the entrance 1911. He was knighted by Queen Victoria Gravenhurst, Ontario was abandoned finally in 1901. to the canal. in 1897. P0C1G0 A few stone fireplaces and a cemetery Only a few remains of the fort at Laurier is remembered best for his (705) 687-4261 are all that remain of the post. Displays in Coteau-du-Lac were visible before Parks efforts to strengthen Canadian unity by the twenty-seven hectare park illustrate Canada archaeologists began excavation striving for a closer co-operation between the history of the fort and the fur trade. in 1966. A replica of the octagonal block­ English and French Canada. He died in The park grounds are open year-round. house has been erected on-site, and 1919 at the age of 78. The displays are open from the end of interpretive displays and artifacts illustrate The Laurier house was declared a na­ May to Labour Day. Coteau-du-Lacs history. tional historic site on November 20,1941, Mailing address for more information: the 100th anniversary of the prime minis­ Fort Témiscamingue National Historic ter's birth. Site Ville-Marie, Québec J0Z3R0 (819)629-3222 An accidental fire destroyed the fort in Fort Lennox National Historic Park 1702, leaving the settlement vulnerable to lle-aux-Noix, Québec British and Indian attack. A second log 48 km southeast of Montréal fort was built hastily; but by 1709 wooden Fort Lennox, named for Charles Len­ fortifications were considered to be use­ nox, the Duke of Richmond and a less against cannonfire, and the con­ Governor General of Canada, was con­ struction of the existing stone fort was structed by the British between 1819 and ordered. 1829. Strategically situated on the In 1760 a British force stormed and cap­ Richelieu River on lle-aux-Noix the fort tured the fort, which was surrendered by was easily reached, easily supplied, and the French before a shot was fired. Amer­ could block any advance via the ican rebels and local supporters suc­ Richelieu. ceeded in taking the fort in 1775; but ill- Originally fortified by the French in health and British reinforcements forced 1759, lle-aux-Noix served as a defensive them to retreat the following year. position for French garrisons in Montréal During the War of 1812 Fort Chambly and Québec. British forces attacked and served as a supply centre for a small captured the island the following year and group of British soldiers. Only a token General Amherst subsequently destroyed force remained after the war, and the mili­ all fortifications here. tary importance of the fort declined in the During the American Revolution, an in­ 19th century. vading American army used the unoc­ Abandoned in 1851, the dilapidated fort cupied island as its base while it ad­ was preserved by a Chambly resident, vanced down the Richelieu River towards Joseph-Octave Dion, who began restora­ Montréal. After recapturing the island in tion in 1882-1883. Fort Chambly was 1776 the British built new fortifications. declared a national historic park in 1921. lle-aux-Noix served again as a British Its walls of stone and four bastions re­ naval base during the War of 1812. The call the military history of New France and fortifications were repaired and barracks, the strategic importance of the Richelieu a hospital, and storehouses constructed. River in the 17th and 18th centuries. The The British also built a shipyard that remains of storerooms and living quarters, turned out a number of warships including interpretive displays, and audio-visual the largest warship on Lake Champlain, a presentations portray the fort's historic 1,2001, 36-gun frigate named Confidence. Fort Chambly National Historic Park, Chambly, past. Restoration of the exterior to its 1750 Québec appearance has begun. The construction of the Chambly Canal Fort Chambly National Historic Park is and a railway eventually reduced the fort's open year-round. strategic importance, and the British A living room, dining room, kitchen, and Fort Chambly National Historic Park Mailing address for more information: turned it over to Canada in 1870. master bedroom occupy the lower floor of Chambly, Québec Fort Chambly National Historic Park The rectangular fort has steep earthen the building; a bedroom and a workroom 32 km southeast of Montréal 2 Richelieu Street ramparts surrounded by a wide moat. In­ for spinning and weaving are upstairs. In 1665, four French companies from Chambly, Québec side are officers' quarters, barracks, a Women in period costume relate the his­ the Carignan-Salières Regiment led by J3L2B9 guardhouse, a powder magazine, and tory of the house and its famous occupant Jacques de Chambly sailed up the Rivière (514)658-1585 ordnance stores. Some of the buildings and display techniques of spinning, weav­ des Iroquois and built a fort on a site at contain museum displays and some inte­ ing, and candlemaking. the rapids. The fort's location on an invas­ riors have been restored. An interpretive centre adjacent to the ion route from the south determined that A privately operated ferry takes visitors house outlines the major steps in Laurier's it would change hands often throughout to the fort for a small charge. Fort Lennox career. the 17th and 18th centuries. National Historic Park is open from mid- Sir Wilfrid Laurier House is open The first fort was built of logs and May to mid-October. year-round. served to safeguard the garrison and Mailing address for more information: Mailing address for more information: nearby settlers from attack by the Fort Lennox National Historic Park Sir Wilfrid Laurier House National His­ Iroquois. Saint-Paul-de-l'île-aux-Noix, Québec toric Park Chambly became seigneur of the re­ J0J 1G0 12 Laurier Avenue gion and started the first permanent (514)424-5700 Ville-des-Laurentides, Québec European settlement on the river near the J0R1C0 fort. This settlement grew into the town of (514) 439-3702 Chambly. Les Forges du Saint-Maurice axes, cannon balls, and wheels for rail­ National Historic Site way cars were produced. In 1810 about Trois-Rivières, Québec 300 men worked at the forges smelting, Canada's first iron-making industry be­ moulding, hammering iron, mining for ore, gan in the 1730s in the Mauricie region of cutting wood, and making charcoal. Québec, north of Trois-Rivières. Les For­ Public protest against Bell's power and ges du Saint-Maurice stand as the control over the economic development of remains of the once-major operation that the region brought an end to his mining influenced the economic, social, and polit­ rights in 1846. A succession of proprietors ical life of the region for more than 150 headed the enterprise until it was aban­ years. doned finally in 1883. A combination of iron-ore deposits of Recent archaeological excavation has exceptional quality, an abundant water unearthed a number of the industrial and supply, rich forests for the making of char­ domestic buildings. Historical markers de­ coal, and proximity to transportation on scribe life in the village and tour guides the Saint Maurice River contributed to the explain the significance of the ruins. There choice of this site for an iron-making in­ are displays and audio-visual presenta­ dustry in 1729. tions in the interpretive centre. Over its long history, Les Forges have Les Forges du Saint-Maurice National been owned and leased by both govern­ Historic Site is open from mid-May to La­ ments and private companies. They bour Day. underwent their greatest territorial, eco­ Mailing address for more information: nomic, and social expansion between Les Forges du Saint-Maurice National 1793 and 1845 during the administration Historic Site of Matthew Bell. In the first 14 years of his 10150 des Forges Boulevard partnership with David Munro and George Trois-Rivières, Québec Davidson, 25 new buildings were built on G9C1B1 the site, and iron bars, cauldrons, kettles, (819) 378-4576 ploughshares, heating stoves, cannons,

Fort Lennox National Historic Park, lle-aux-Noix, Québec

The Fortifications of Québec National Historic Site, Québec, Québec

The Fortifications of Québec The fall of Louisbourg in 1745 spurred National Historic Site the construction of major fortifications be­ Québec City, Québec tween August 1745 and July 1746. Chief The Fortifications of Québec were initi­ engineer Chaussegros de lléry intended ated by the French and strengthened by to encircle the entire upper town, but com­ the British during the 17th, 18th, and 19th pleted only an enclosure between the Cap centuries. Diamant and the Côte du Palais. Towards the end of the 17th century, After the fall of New France in 1760, the Québec was the administrative centre of a British military halted expansion of the de­ French colony that stretched as far south fences, but tension between the United as Louisiana. States and Britain prompted British engi­ Between 1690 and 1713, the French neers to complete the fortifications from colonists undertook four projects to build the Côte du Palais to the Château Saint- fortifications at the west end of the town. Louis and build the martello towers be­ Of these works only the Cap Redoubt, le tween 1806 and 1812. The construction of cavalier du Moulin, and the Dauphine Re­ the citadel in the 1820s firmly established doubt have survived. Québec as a fortified city. Artillery Park National Historic Park Cartier-Brébeuf ges mission not far from Cartier's winter­ Québec City, Québec National Historic Park ing site. They founded a seminary for Covering about one-sixteenth of the 175 de I'Espinay Street Indian children, which failed after five area of old Québec City, Artillery Park Québec City, Québec years when the Jesuit College was estab­ played a major political and military role Jacques Cartier spent the winter of lished. The founding of a college for the during a 250-year period of French, Brit­ 1535-1536 in a natural haven at the con­ children of settlers and the establishment ish, and Canadian governments. fluence of the St. Charles and Lairet rivers of an apostolate mission for native people In the city's early years, the French near today's Québec City. Ninety years living in outlying areas were more suc­ erected defences on this site to guard the later Jesuit missionaries including Jean cessful ventures. A cross erected to their colonial capital and principal fort of the de Brébeuf established a residence at the memory is now the only reminder of their immense empire of New France against same location. presence. British attack via the St. Charles River. Jacques Cartier was the first European A full-size replica of Cartier's flagship, After the fall of Québec in 1759, the British known to have wintered in what is now La Grande Hermine, lies at anchor at the added to the fortifications and constructed mainland Canada. It was during the sec­ mouth of the Lairet River in the park. Visi­ many of the buildings standing today. ond of his three voyages to Canada that tors can explore the 23 m long vessel, Artillery Park was transferred to the Ca­ Cartier harboured his three ships, La where guides relate the history of Cartier's nadian government in 1871, and a factory Grande Hermine, La Petite Hermine, and voyage. An interpretive centre in the park for the manufacture of munitions was built L'Emérillon, for the winter near the Lau- devotes displays to both Cartier and in 1880. The factory was expanded signifi­ rentian Iroquois town of Stadacona, now Brébeuf. cantly between 1897 and 1910, and after Québec. His discovery of the St. Law­ Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Park 1901 was officially called the Dominion Ar­ rence River opened the way for French is open year-round. Artillery Park National Historic Park, Québec, senal, which played a predominant role in settlement and exploration of the Mailing address for more information: Québec both world wars. It closed in 1945. continent. Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Park The Dominion Arsenal now houses the Brébeuf, Father Charles Lalemant, and c/o Parks Canada climate-controlled display of the Duberger Enemond Masse, the first Jesuit mission­ 2 d'Auteuil Street Following the departure of British troops Maquette, the 1808 model of Québec by aries, arrived in New France in June 1625 Québec, Québec from Québec in 1871, federal authorities Jean-Baptiste Duberger and Captain and established the Notre-Dame-des-An- G1K7R3 yielded to public sentiment and autho­ John By. The model depicts approx­ (418) 694-4038 rized the demolition of the city gates. The imately 1,000 handcarved buildings of Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Park, Québec, Québec Prescott, Hope, St. Louis, and Palace upper and lower town Québec, topo­ National Battlefields of Québec gates and their guardhouses were torn graphical and land-use details, a street National Historic Park down, and the ramparts between the Côte plan, and planned and constructed for­ Québec City, Québec du Palais and St. George Street were tifications. It is a vivid illustration of lowered to chest height. Internationally known as the "Plains of Governor James Craig's vision of de­ Abraham," National Battlefields Park was The walls would have suffered a similar fences for Québec. the site of the historic battle between fate but for the intervention of Frederick Among the many structures of Artillery Wolfe and Montcalm that preceded the fall Temple Blackwood -the Earl of Dufferin Park are the Dauphine Redoubt, a mas­ of New France. and Governor General of Canada. sive building constructed by the French in On September 13,1759 General Wolfe Dufferin proposed a plan to preserve the 1712, the Potasse demi-bastion, the St. led the British army up the steep cliffs historic walls and beautify the city without John Bastion, the Captain's Quarters, and above Québec to attack a French force impeding urban development. a warehouse for cannon carriages. An in­ commanded by the Marquis de His original project was only partially terpretive centre is located in the cartridge Montcalm. Wolfe was killed in the battle, completed despite his personal expendi­ factory. and Montcalm, mortally wounded in the ture and gifts from the city council, Artillery Park National Historic Park is brief struggle, died a few hours later in provincial legislature, the British Army, open year-round. Québec. The town surrendered to the Brit­ Queen Victoria, and the federal Mailing address for more information: ish five days later. government. Artillery Park National Historic Park The following April, the French com­ The Fortifications of Québec are open 2 d'Auteuil Street mander Chevalier de Levis besieged the year-round. Québec, Québec town after his defeat of General Murray's Mailing address for more information: G1K7R3 British troops at Ste-Foy. The British were The Fortifications of Québec National (418) 694-4205 forced to retreat until the arrival of an addi­ Historic Site tional fleet turned the tide, and Levis 2 d'Auteuil Street returned to Montréal. By September the Québec, Québec fall of New France to the British was G1K7R3 complete. (418)694-4205 Battle of the Chateauguay Louis S. Saint-Laurent National Historic Park National Historic Park Howick, Québec Compton, Québec 40 km southeast of Montréal 25 km south of Sherbrooke In October 1813 Major-General Louis S. Saint-Laurent National Historic Hampton advanced along the Cha­ Park commemorates the career and child­ teauguay River towards Montréal at the hood of Canada's twelfth prime minister, head of 3,000 American soldiers. The in­ the Right Honourable Louis S. Saint- vaders were expected. Lieutenant-Colo­ Laurent. nel Charles-Michel de Salaberry and Saint-Laurent was born at this home­ 1,700 men, including two companies of stead in 1882 and began his academic the Voltigeurs Canadiens and a few Indi­ training at the village elementary school in ans, established lines of defence and an Compton. After studying law at Université abatis between Allen's Corner and Howick Laval, he accomplished a brilliant legal to stop the Americans. The defence was career in which he earned renown for his composed of 300 soldiers in the front line mastery of the law, eloquence, and com­ with 1,400 bringing up the rear. mand of French and English. At 10:00 a.m. on October 26, Hampton Saint-Laurent was elected to the federal and half his army advanced on the abatis. Parliament in 1941, and served in the Cab­ The remainder of his troops had left the inet of William Lyon Mackenzie King, first previous day to surprise the defenders as Minister of Justice and Attorney Gen­ with a simultaneous attack from the rear. eral and later as Secretary of State for The men became engaged across the External Affairs. He was elected leader of river by another part of Salaberry's force, the Liberal party in 1948 and succeeded National Battlefields of Québec National Historic however, and arrived too late to assist King as prime minister. His nine-year Park, Québec, Québec Hampton. leadership achieved progress in legal, The 300 Canadians stationed behind constitutional, and cultural independence The panoramic beauty of this 95-ha rampart, considered to be less effective the abatis greeted Hampton's 1,500 men for Canada, a more active role in world park is complemented by two British mar- and more vulnerable. with sustained fire. After four hours of affairs, and the negotiation of Newfound­ tello towers and numerous monuments The British feared an American invas­ sporadic skirmishes the enemy retreated, land's entry into Confederation. commemorating heroic and historic fig­ ion; they felt that the Americans would try and a few days later the Americans re­ The Saint-Laurent estate includes the ures, including Wolfe, Montcalm, and the to annex their northern neighbours follow­ turned to the United States. Montréal was restored original family residence, victors of the Battle of Ste-Foy. ing the Civil War. In 1871, however, the safe, and Charles-Michel de Salaberry grounds, and his father's general store, National Battlefields of Québec is open signing of a trade and fishing rights treaty became an immediate hero. which was built in 1866. The park's inter­ year-round. restored friendly relations between the Parks Canada has built an interpretive pretation programme re-creates Saint- Mailing address for more information: two countries. centre at the site of this historic battle, the Laurent's legal and political career and his National Battlefields of Québec Na­ Used sporadically until World War I the last in Lower Canada. Displays illustrate family environment in Compton. tional Historic Park fort then became a munitions depot and a the battle, explain its causes, and sketch Louis S. Saint-Laurent National Historic 390 de Bernières Avenue barracks for soldiers leaving for Europe. the life of Salaberry. The centre also de­ Park will open to the public in 1982. Québec, Québec Troups were also stationed here at the be­ scribes military life of the period and Please confirm dates and hours of opera­ G1R2L7 ginning of World War II. analyses war and its heroes in the context tion before you travel. (418) 694-3506 The casemates, caponiers, ditches, of the Battle of Châteauguay. A 30-minute Mailing address for more information: tunnels, barracks, and powder house are National Film Board film, "The Battle of Louis S. Saint-Laurent National Historic Fort No. 1 National Historic Park being restored. Châteauguay," is presented in the theatre. Park Lauzon, on the St. Lawrence River across Guided tours in summer show visitors The Battle of the Châteauguay Inter­ Rue Principale from Québec City, Québec the military aspects of the fort as well as pretation Centre is open year-round. Compton, Québec Built by the British between 1865 and what life was like here in the late 1800s. Reservations are required from mid-Octo­ J0B1L0 1872, this fort was one of three overlook­ Fort No. 1 National Historic Park is open ber to mid-May. ing the St. Lawrence River and the south from mid-May to September 1. Mailing address for more information: shore to protect Québec City against pos­ Mailing address for more information: Battle of the Châteauguay National His­ sible invasion from the south. Fort No. 1 National Historic Park toric Park The pentagonal fort reflected the theory c/o Parks Canada Box 886 of defence construction in the 19th cen­ 2 d'Auteuil Street Ormstown, Québec tury: A series of forts that could maintain Québec, Québec JOS 1 KO continuous rifle fire was superior to a long G1K7R3 (514) 829-2003 (418) 694-4205 Québec Canals reational corridor in winter and summer. Carillon Lock The historic canals and locks of the Nine locks along a distance of 19 km be­ 65 km north of Montréal on the Ottawa Richelieu and Ottawa rivers in Québec tween Chambly and Saint-Jean lift boats River open the door to a system of navigable 22 m. Most of the locks are still The Carillon Lock, built between 1960 waterways unique in North America: Lake hand-operated. and 1963, is an impressive single-lock Champlain, the Great Lakes, the Rideau The Chambly Canal is operated from concrete structure. It is 57 m by 14 m and and Trent-Severn canals, the St. Law­ mid-May to mid-October. carries boats over a difference in water rence Seaway, and the canals of the level of 20 m in one operation, a feat that United States. Saint-Ours Lock formerly would have required ten locks. This system of heritage canals oper­ Québec, on the Richelieu River The first construction at this site dates ated by Parks Canada introduces plea­ 23 km southwest of Sorel from 1825 and the remains of the lower sure-boaters to thousands of kilometres of The construction of the Saint-Ours lock of the original canal can still be seen. inland waterways. Lock, which opened in 1849, marked an­ The British, fearing an American block­ other step in increasing the north-south ade of the St. Lawrence River, decided to Chambly Canal flow of trade on the Richelieu River. build a series of canals on the Ottawa to Between Chambly and Saint-Jean Wood, coal, hay, flour, iron, and copper ensure a military supply route between on the Richelieu River moved between Canada and the United Montréal and Kingston. This strategy proved unnecessary; for the era of war The opening of the Chambly Canal States through the Chambly Canal and Lachine Canal, Montréal, Québec marked the beginning of heavy commer­ the Saint-Ours Lock. with the United States was at an end. In­ cial traffic on the Richelieu River. Boats Today the Saint-Ours Lock is popular stead the Carillon Lock became a com­ from as far away as Bytown - Canada's with recreational boaters travelling be­ mercial waterway for transporting wood Lachine Canal future capital - passed through the canal tween Lake Champlain and the St. from the forests of the Ottawa Valley. Montréal, Québec on their way to markets in the United Lawrence River. The Carillon Lock is operated from mid- Between 1825 and 1959 ships on the States. Schooners, small sailboats, and The Saint-Ours Lock is operated from May to mid-October. St. Lawrence River bypassed the Lachine later, paddlewheelers carried wood, mid-May to mid-October. Rapids between the port of Montréal and grain, coal, iron, and other goods as local Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Lock Lac Saint-Louis through the Lachine and international trade flourished. Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Canal. The economic importance of the canal west end of Ile de Montréal Construction of the first canal began in declined as other methods of transporta­ Thousands of recreational boaters pass 1821 when 500 men dug a channel 14.5 m tion were developed and trade in lumber through the Sainte-Anne Lock between wide with seven locks. Work continued on declined. Today the canal is a popular rec­ the Ottawa Valley and the St. Lawrence that project until 1825. Modifications dur­ River each year. ing the 19th century created the existing In 1816 a lock was built between He Per- canal, which is 4.2 m deep, 82 m to 91 m Louis S. Saint-Laurent National Historic Park, rot and the mainland by a private wide, and about 13.7 km long, with five Compton, Québec company that charged its competitors locks. high tolls to use the waterway. As a result At the turn of the 19th century the of numerous petitions to the legislature of Lachine Canal was the site of the largest Lower Canada a second lock was built be­ concentration of industry in Canada be­ tween 1840 and 1843. cause of its proximity to the port of Built of cut stone, the lock was poorly Montréal, the commercial transport it car­ designed with a winding shallow channel. ried, and its hydraulic potential. The In 1882 a better lock was built parallel to opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in the first. It measured 2.7 m deep, 61 m 1959 marked the end of navigation on the long, and 14 m wide. canal. The bridges were fixed in position The Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Lock is and the locks closed. operated from mid-May to mid-October. Today the canal is a popular urban rec­ Mailing address for more information: reational facility. Situated on the south­ Québec Canals western sector of Ile de Montréal, it 1369 Bourgogne Street crosses five cities: Lachine, La Salle, Chambly, Québec Montréal West, Ville Saint-Pierre, and J3L1Y4 Montréal. (514) 658-0684 A bicycle path along the historic canal Beaubears Island When licensed privateers from south­ Carleton Martello Tower becomes a favourite cross-country ski trail National Historic Park ern states ranged the coastline, the National Historic Site in winter. Some stretches are used by ca­ On the Miramichi River citizens built a blockhouse behind each of Saint John, New Brunswick noeists in summer and skaters in winter. 80 km south of Bathurst, New Brunswick the twelve coastal batteries in New The British built the Carleton Martello Picnic tables are provided. This new national historic park is in the Brunswick, including the three of St. An­ Tower during the War of 1812 to guard drews. The West Point Blockhouse is the Mailing address for more information: early stages of development. It is inten­ against an American attack on New only surviving example of these fortifica­ Brunswick's commercial and military Lachine Canal ded to offer visitors picnicking facilities tions. It was declared a national historic centre. 1156 Mill Street and a trails system that will introduce site in the early 1960s. Montréal, Québec them to the island's natural beauty. Overlooking the western end of Saint H3K 2B3 A multi-species forest including 65-m The simple style of the blockhouse was John Harbour, the tower offers an out­ (514) 932-8321 giant white pines covers the island and is an architectural response, using local ma­ standing view of the city and the sea. habitat for many bird species and visiting terials, to the colonial need for rapid Except for a rooftop addition that Jacques Cartier Monument grounds for mammals from the mainland. construction and defensive strength. served as the harbour's fire control centre National Historic Site The name Beaubears Island is thought Today, after historical research and in World War II, the exterior of the nine- Gaspé, Québec to be a distortion of that of a French com­ careful restoration, the two-storey wooden metre stone tower looks much as it did In July 1534 Jacques Cartier landed at mander-General Charles Deschamps building looks much as it did in the early when it guarded Saint John more than 165 Gaspé and claimed possession of the sur­ de Boishébert - who established a camp 19th century. years ago. Inside, historic relics from the rounding territory in the name of the king on the island for the Acadians expelled Guides and interpretive displays ex­ early 1800s are displayed on the main or of France. from Fort Beauséjour in 1755. plain the role of the blockhouse in the War barrack floor, and exhibits on the upper floor recount the tower's history. A cadet in This historic event is commemorated by When the fur and fish trade generated of 1812-1814 and its significance in Can­ the period costume of the 104th Regiment a distinctive monument at Gaspé. It is the New Brunswick's shipbuilding industry ada's history. of Foot greets visitors to this historic site. work of Bourgault and Legros, sculptors later in the century, a shipyard was estab­ The park grounds are open year-round. from Saint-Jean-Port-Joli, and consists of lished on the island. The blockhouse is open from June to mid- The park grounds are open year-round. six figurative bronze pillars in a three-hec­ Beaubears Island National Historic September. The tower is open from mid-May to mid- tare park. The Musée d'Art et des Park is open year-round and is accessible Mailing address for more information: October. Traditions populaires de la Gaspésie is by private boat only. St. Andrews Blockhouse National His­ Mailing address for more information: also located in the park. Mailing address for more information: toric Site Carleton Martello Tower National His­ Mailing address for more information: Beaubears Island National Historic c/o Parks Canada toric Site Jacques Cartier Monument National Park 454 Whipple Street 454 Whipple Street Historic Site c/o Parks Canada Saint John, New Brunswick Saint John, New Brunswick c/o Forillon National Park 454 Whipple Street E2M 2R3 E2M2R3 Box 1220 Saint John, New Brunswick (506) 674-2663 (506) 674-2663 Gaspé, Québec E2M 2R3 G0C1R0 (506) 674-2663 St. Andrews Blockhouse National Historic Site, (418) 368-5505 St. Andrews, New Brunswick St. Andrews Blockhouse National Historic Site St. Andrews, New Brunswick 99 km west of Saint John When war broke out between the United States and Great Britain in 1812, the people of St. Andrews feared an American attack on their isolated town. Batteries were constructed at the east and west points of the community to guard against seaward attack, and later a third was built above the town at Joe's Point to cover the strategically important inland approaches. Survival of the Acadians Fort Beauséjour National Historic Park Mailing address for more information: Grand Pré National Historic Park National Historic Site Aulac, New Brunswick Fort Beauséjour National Historic Park 700 km northwest of Halifax, Nova Scotia St. Joseph, New Brunswick 40 km south of Moncton c/o Parks Canada The Acadians of Grand Pré came to the 24 km southeast of Moncton The French built Fort Beauséjour in 454 Whipple Street Minas Basin of Nova Scotia from Port This thematic exhibit portrays Acadian 1751 to defend their territories near the Saint John, New Brunswick Royal in the 1670s in search of arable history and culture from early Acadia Bay of Fundy during the French and Brit­ E2M 2R3 land. Their reclamation of hundreds of through the 19th and 20th centuries. The ish struggle for Acadia. (506) 674-2663 hectares of rich marine alluvium from the exhibits, craft displays, publications, and The British succeeded in capturing the Minas Basin served to make Grand Pré audio-visual presentation make this a fort in June 1755 and renamed it Fort Ford Edward National Historic Site the largest settlement in Acadia. The vil­ good orientation point for visitors inter­ Cumberland. The fort was finally aban­ Windsor, Nova Scotia lage was completely destroyed by British ested in the Acadian culture of the doned by the military in 1833. 76 km west of Halifax troops in 1704. Maritimes. By the turn of the 20th century, most of Fort Edward, built by the British in 1750 In 1713 the Treaty of Utrecht ceded On the grounds of the Memramcook In­ the buildings had decayed, leaving only and named for Governor Edward Corn- Acadia to the British, and those Acadians stitute for Continuing Education, the the pentagon-shaped outline formed by wallis, represented Britain's efforts to who decided to remain were required to exhibit is located in the Monument the earthworks, sections of walls, and one extend its influence in the colony. take an oath of allegiance to the British Lefebvre, one of the original buildings in of the casemates. Situated on a hill overlooking the Avon Crown. In the 1740s war between France the College of St. Joseph, the first Aca­ In recent years, extensive archaeology and Windsor rivers, the fort safeguarded and Britain broke out again, and in 1747 a dian College in Canada. has unearthed the remains of many of the the British overland communications surprise French attack captured Grand Survival of the Acadians National His­ fort's original features. The system of en­ route with the Bay of Fundy and estab­ Pré. In 1755 the British decided to expel toric Site is open from mid-May to mid- trenchments raised by the British is lished a strong British presence in the those Acadians who continued to refuse October. located north of the fort. A modern inter­ Piziquid area, one of the major Acadian to take the oath of allegiance. Mailing address for more information: pretive display portrays Fort Beauséjour's settlements. About 2,000 Acadians were then de­ Survival of the Acadians National His­ turbulent history. Between 1755 and 1762, Fort Edward ported from Grand Pré. Families were toric Site The park grounds are open year-round. served as the centre for the deportation of separated and dispersed to other British c/o Parks Canada The buildings are open from mid-May to about 1,000 Acadians who refused to territories. Many eventually returned, 454 Whipple Street mid-October. pledge allegiance to the British Crown. however, and their descendants now live Saint John, New Brunswick Originally the fort consisted of a block­ in parts of what was once Acadia. E2M 2R3 house, barracks, officers' quarters, and Today the village preserves the memory (506) 674-2663 storehouses. The blockhouse, the oldest of the Acadians. A stone church of French Fort Beauséjour National Historic Park, Aulac, surviving example of this type of defen­ design stands as a memorial to the Aca­ New Brunswick sive structure in Canada, and the outlines dian culture and houses a collection of of a ditch are all that remain. historical displays. A bronze statue of the Fort Edward's history is described in an fictional heroine of Longfellow's poem interpretive display. "Evangeline" portrays the tragedy of The park grounds are open year-round. deportation. The blockhouse is open from mid-June to The park grounds are open year-round. Labour Day. The buildings are open from mid-May to Mailing address for more information: mid-October. Fort Edward National Historic Site Mailing address for more information: c/o Parks Canada Grand Pré National Historic Park Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia c/o Parks Canada BOS 1A0 Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia (902) 532-5197 BOS 1A0 (902) 532-5197 Fort Anne National Historic Park bastion and the storehouse in the north­ Port Royal National Historic Park Baron de Poutrincourt brought over a Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia west bastion. The museum - a recon­ Port Royal, Nova Scotia group of settlers to re-occupy the colony, 201 km west of Halifax struction of the officers' quarters built in 210 km west of Halifax but three years later a band of Virginia This fort was built by the French be­ 1797 - contains exhibits of maps, ships, In 1604 a group of colonists led by Sieur raiders plundered Port Royal and burned tween 1702 and 1708 to protect the Indian culture, and the natural history of de Monts and accompanied by explorer the buildings. settlement of Port Royal a few kilometres the area. Samuel de Champlain set out from The Port Royal Habitation was recon­ to the west. It also served as the seat of Fort Anne's sweeping view of the beau­ France to develop the lucrative fur trade of structed in 1938-1939 using local mate­ European government in Nova Scotia tiful Annapolis Basin from the centre of the New World. In 1605 de Monts fash­ rials and based on descriptions and from 1713 to 1749. Annapolis Royal makes it one of Canada's ioned the settlement of Port Royal, one of drawings by Champlain and Marc Lescar- Situated at the confluence of the Allain most picturesque historic parks. the first European settlements in North bot and an archaeological survey of the and Annapolis rivers, Fort Anne was de­ Fort Anne National Historic Park is America. original foundations. The exterior of the signed primarily to guard the town against open year-round. Two years later de Monts's trading mo­ habitation, with its steeply inclined roofs, naval attack. Its batteries were concen­ Mailing address for more information: nopoly was cancelled, and the entire tall stone chimneys, a few small windows, trated on the rivers, leaving the landward Fort Anne National Historic Park community returned to France. In 1610 and restricted access, resembles a fort. approach vulnerable to assault. Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia Inside, the atmosphere of 17th-century Although the earthwork defences have BOS 1A0 Port Royal is re-created in the sparsely survived, the only original buildings are (902) 532-5197 furnished quarters of an early French the powder magazine in the southwest settlement.

Grand Pré National Historic Park, northwest of Halifax, Nova Scotia

Port Royal National Historic Park, Port Royal, Nova Scotia The park grounds are open year-round. The buildings are open from mid-May to mid-October. Mailing address for more information: Port Royal National Historic Park c/o Parks Canada Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia BOS 1A0 (902) 532-5197 Halifax Citadel National Historic Park is first and second storeys and the terreplein open year-round. (the roof level where the guns are Mailing address for more information: mounted) are open to the public. Exhibits Halifax Citadel National Historic Park portray the tower's history, architectural Box 1480, Halifax North features, and significance as a defensive Halifax, Nova Scotia structure. B3K5H7 The park grounds are open year-round. (902) 426-5080 The tower is open from mid-June to La­ bour Day. Prince of Wales Martello Tower Mailing address for more information: National Historic Site Prince of Wales Martello Tower Halifax, Nova Scotia National Historic Site The Prince of Wales Martello Tower, Box 1480, Halifax North built in 1796-1797 to protect British bat­ Halifax, Nova Scotia teries from French attack, was the first B3K5H7 tower of its type in North America. Autho­ (902) 426-5080 rized by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, and named in honour of his brother the York Redoubt National Historic Site Prince of Wales, it was the prototype of a 6 km from downtown Halifax, Nova Scotia new system of coastal defences then York Redoubt first served as a defen­ being designed by British military engi­ sive post when Maj. Gen. James Ogilvie, neers in response to the threat of a Commander of the British forces in Nova Napoleonic attack. Scotia, established a two-gun battery Halifax Citadel National Historic Park, Halifax, Today the tower stands largely en­ here in 1793. The battery was enlarged to Nova Scotia closed by the forest amid the quiet eight guns in 1796 by Prince Edward, surroundings of Point Pleasant Park. The Duke of Kent. Two years later a martello Halifax Waterfront Buildings Halifax Citadel National Historic Park tower was built, its walls measuring nine National Historic Site Halifax, Nova Scotia metres high and one metre thick. Upper Water Street, Halifax The massive defences of the Halifax Between the 1860s and the end of the The texture of the early 19th-century Citadel offer one of the best surviving ex­ century, York Redoubt's fortifications were Halifax waterfront has been re-created amples of 19th-century fortifications in expanded and strengthened. During this through a unique effort by Parks Canada, Canada. From the founding of Halifax in York Redoubt National Historic Site, near Halifax, period the City of Halifax grew to become the City of Halifax, and private industry. A 1749 as a British army base for the North Nova Scotia one of the most important and most heav­ group of historically and architecturally Atlantic, Citadel Hill provided an ideal lo­ ily guarded naval bases in the British valuable buildings has been restored and cation for defences. The present fort, Empire. returned to use as shops, restaurants, initiated in 1828 and completed in 1856, is York Redoubt served as a training boutiques, and office complexes. the fourth and most extensive structure to ground for Canadian troops during World The summer berthing place of the be erected on this site. War I, and as the site of the Fortress Plot­ schooner Bluenose II, Historic Properties During World War I the citadel served ting Room and Fire Command Post for also houses Parks Canada's Atlantic Re­ as a detention camp for prisoners of war. Halifax defences during World War II. gion office, and information centres for In World War II it served as a signal post There are historical displays in the Fire Parks Canada, the Province of Nova and a command centre for the anti-aircraft Command Post and Fortress Plotting Scotia, and the City of Halifax. defences of Halifax. Room, both built during the Second World Mailing address for more information: Although none of its defences were War. Halifax Waterfront Buildings National ever tested by enemy attack, the citadel The park grounds are open year-round. Historic Site safeguarded British North America for The buildings are open from mid-June to Parks Canada more than a century. Labour Day. Historic Properties The Halifax Citadel houses the army Mailing address for more information: Upper Water Street museum and new exhibits opening from York Redoubt National Historic Site Halifax, Nova Scotia year to year, and offers a superb 50-min- Box 1480, Halifax North B3J1S9 ute sight and sound theatre presentation Halifax, Nova Scotia (902) 426-3457 on the defences of Halifax. A major restor­ B3K5H7 ation project has begun and will continue (902) 426-5080 for several years. Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Park, Fortress of Louisbourg Visitors are encouraged to explore the near Sydney, Nova Scotia National Historic Park ruins of the town and fortress, which en­ 35 km southeast of Sydney, Nova Scotia close an area of approximately 30 Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic hectares. One-fifth of the original town Park contains the ruins and partial recon­ and its fortifications has been rebuilt as it struction of what was once the largest was before the siege of 1745. Recon­ French fortress and naval base in North structed buildings include the fortress America and a major focus for trade and gates and Dauphin demi-bastion, the the cod fishery. king's bastion and barracks, guard­ Construction of the fortified town began houses, and more than thirty homes, in 1719 and continued until its capture by storehouses, inns, and cabarets. Several New England and British forces in 1745. buildings contain exhibits that illustrate Returned to the French in 1748 by the facets of life in the 18th-century fortress, Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, the fortress was and guides in period costume interpret the re-captured by the British army under the historic park as it was in summer 1744. command of Brig. Gen. James Wolfe and At L'Hôtel de la Marine and L'Epée Maj. Gen. Jeffrey Amherst in 1758 and Royale, food is prepared and served ac­ systematically demolished in 1760 to pre­ cording to 18th-century practices. Freshly vent a French return. baked bread is available daily at the garri­ son bakery, and baked goods and beverages are served in a period café Tours are conducted regularly, and Alexander Graham Bell seven information kiosks are located National Historic Park St. Peters Canal throughout the park. Buses operate fre­ Baddeck, Nova Scotia 50 km northeast of Port Hawkesbury quently from the visitor centre to the 75 km west of Sydney Nova Scotia reconstructed area. Alexander Graham Bell, inventor, Commanding the isthmus separating Louisbourg s 60-km2-natural park of At­ teacher, humanitarian, and researcher, is the Atlantic Ocean and Bras d'Or Lake, lantic coastline, salt marshes, marshy most famous as the inventor of the tele­ St. Peters had always been considered an plains, and sand beach provides rich hab­ phone. Bell was born in Edinburgh, ideal site for fortifications, and has been a itat for numerous species of waterfowl and Scotland in 1847, but emigrated to Can­ centre of Cape Breton's fishing industry mammals - and another perspective for ada with his family and settled in since Nicolas Denys established the first visitors. Brantford, Ontario. In 1871 he left to teach European settlement in 1653. Denys and Overnight accommodation is available in Boston and eventually became an his French successors erected small in the town of Louisbourg and in the city of American citizen. While visiting Baddeck, forts, and in 1793-1794 the British built Sydney, 35 km from the park. Nova Scotia with his family in 1885, Fort Dorchester on the east side of St. Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic however, Bell was so captivated with the Peters. Evidence of Fort Dorchester can Park is open from June 1 to September beauty of Cape Breton Island that he built still be found. 30. Although the park is not fully opera­ a summer estate here that he called Construction of the canal along traces tional in May and October, tours are Beinn Bhreagh, Scottish Gaelic for of a French portage across the narrow offered daily. There is a charge for "beautiful mountain." He died here in 1922 isthmus began in 1854, but was not com­ admission. at the age of 75. pleted until 1869. The canal was enlarged Mailing address for more information: One of Bell's greatest achievements in 1876-1880, again in 1912-1918, and is Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic was helping the deaf to overcome their now about 805 m long. The navigation Park barrier of silence. He taught voice therapy season is from mid-May to mid-October. Box 160 to deaf children, founded a school in Mailing address for more information: Louisbourg, Nova Scotia Boston to train teachers for the deaf, and St. Peters Canal BOA 1 MO was appointed Professor of Vocal Physiol­ Box 8 (902) 733-2280 ogy at the University of Boston in 1873. Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Park, St. Peters, Nova Scotia Some of the items on display in the Bell Baddeck, Nova Scotia B0E 3B0 complex are models of early telephones, (902) 535-2118 Fort Amherst National Historic Park Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Park 16 km east of Charlottetown, Prince kites, aeronautical equipment, and a vac­ Edward Island uum jacket, the forerunner of the iron Port LaJoye, the first French capital of lung. The building has been expanded He Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island), and and now consists of three major exhibit Fort Amherst, built by the British after they areas. won control of the island in 1758, are the The first hall, Alexander Graham Bell - highlights of Fort Amherst National His­ Teacher and Inventor, tells the story of toric Park. Bell's early life and unique education. Ex­ In 1720 about 300 French settlers perimenters Hall houses a 100-seat sailed into what is now Charlottetown Har­ theatre where films recounting Bell's ac­ bour. At a site on the southwestern shore complishments in the field of aviation and the fishing and farming community of Port his contributions to medical science are LaJoye was founded. It was the first per­ shown continuously. Hydrofoil Hall con­ manent settlement on the island, and life tains the remains of the Bell-Baldwin for its settlers was difficult. They suffered HD-4 hydrofoil craft, along with a full- crop failures, famine, and continual con­ scale reproduction built by Parks Canada flicts with the British and the New staff. Englanders. Alexander Graham Bell National His­ toric Park is open year-round. Mailing address for more information: Alexander Graham Bell National His­ toric Park Box 159 Baddeck, Nova Scotia B0E1B0 (902) 295-2069 In 1758 the French regime surrendered Restoration work may restrict access to Port LaJoye to the British. Fort Amherst some sections of the building. was built, but it quickly fell to ruin after Province House is open year-round. 1763 when peace returned and the British Mailing address for more information: War Office authorities decided to central­ Province House National Historic Site ize maritime defence in Halifax. Box 487 Although only the earthworks of Fort Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island Amherst remain, the park's displays offer C1A7L1 an appreciation of the fort's chaotic his­ (902) 892-0203 tory, and the grounds provide a pictur­ esque view of the countryside and Port au Choix National Historic Park Charlottetown Harbour. 250 km north of Corner Brook, The park grounds are open year-round. Newfoundland The visitor centre is open from mid-May to The small Newfoundland fishing village mid-October. of Port au Choix is the site of a burial Mailing address for more information: ground of the Maritime Archaic Indians, Fort Amherst National Historic Park who inhabited the Newfoundland and La­ Box 487 brador coasts more than 5,000 years ago. Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island In 1962, three Maritime Archaic Indian C1A7L1 cemeteries containing the remains of 100 (902) 892-0203 individuals and many artifacts were dis­ covered at Port au Choix. Many of the Province House National Historic Site graves concealed hunting weapons, such Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island as harpoons, lances, stone-tipped darts, The birthplace of Confederation and the and snares, all of which indicate a tech­ seat of Prince Edward Island's provincial nology based on the exploitation of local legislature since 1847, Province House resources. stands as a significant example of Can­ Artifacts are on display in Port au ada's architectural heritage and a national Choix's visitor reception centre, which is historic landmark. open from mid-June to Labour Day. The three-storey sandstone building Mailing address for more information: was constructed by island craftsmen be­ Port au Choix National Historic Park tween 1843 and 1847. In 1864, eight c/o L'Anse aux Meadows National His­ delegates from the Province of Canada toric Park met in Province House's Confederation Box 70 Chamber with representatives from the St. Lunaire-Griquet, Newfoundland three maritime colonies of New A0K 2X0 Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Ed­ (709)623-5151 ward Island to discuss proposals for the union of the colonies of British North America. Although the interior of Province House has undergone extensive renovation, the Confederation Chamber has been pre­ served much as it was in 1864, complete with the original table and chairs used by the Fathers of Confederation. The build­ ing's varied history as the seat of colonial government, a law court, an administra­ tion complex, and entertainment rooms for state visitors is related by guides and illustrated by displays on the main floor.

Province House National Historic Site, Charlotte­ town, Prince Edward Island Signal Hill National Historic Park Castle Hill National Historic Park St. John's, Newfoundland 120 km southwest of St. John's, Guarding the entrance to the city and Newfoundland the harbour of St. John's, Signal Hill was In the mid-1600s the French court, look­ the site of the final battle of the Seven ing for a major base for its Newfoundland Years War in North America, fought on fishing fleets, selected the small fishing September 18,1762. village of Plaisance. It offered an excellent Europeans began to frequent St. John's harbour, a broad stone beach for drying Harbour in the early 1500s and used the cod, and a convenient supply of hill as a natural lookout and later as a freshwater. signal station. The guns of the Queen's The site was also flanked by a promi­ Battery of 1796 overlook the harbour nent hill, which later served as the channel, and the remains of a British bar­ location of the town's defences. Fort racks, powder magazine, platforms, and Royal, the main defensive structure, had parapet are nearby. massive rubble-filled walls mounted with a In 1901 Guglielmo Marconi chose Sig­ wooden gun platform. nal Hill for the first trans-Atlantic transmis­ When Plaisance was ceded to the Brit­ sion of signals by wireless telegraph. A ish under the terms of the Treaty of monument recognizing Marconi's Utrecht in 1713, the town was renamed achievement stands on the hill. Cabot Placentia, and the hill on which Fort Royal Tower, built between 1898 and 1900 to stood became Castle Hill. commemorate Queen Victoria's Diamond Castle Hill's strategic value can be ap­ Jubilee and the 400th anniversary of John preciated best by walking among the ruins Cabot's voyage to the New World, served and observing its commanding position as a visual signal station until 1958. overlooking the town, Placentia Bay, and Displays and audio-visual presenta­ the countryside. Picnicking facilities and tions in the visitor centre describe the walking trails connect the various fortifica­ L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Park, communications history of Signal Hill. tions in the park. north of Corner Brook. Newfoundland Several scenic and historically interest­ Fort Royal's interior includes the re­ ing trails lead to lookouts with viewfinders, mains of a guardroom, barracks, powder L'Anse aux Meadows The lifestyle of these early settlers is remains of defence installations from both magazine, early hearths, and a block­ National Historic Park depicted in three reproduction sod houses world wars, and traces of Prowse's Folly, a house. The interpretation centre exhibits 400 km north of Corner Brook, constructed near the historic mounds and 19th-century smallpox hospital built by recount Placentia's history since the ar­ Newfoundland in the interpretation centre, where repro­ Judge Prowse of the Newfoundland Court rival of the first fishermen in the early 16th A grassy plain of turf at the northern­ ductions of collected artifacts are but rarely used as a result of its inaccessi­ century. most tip of Newfoundland's Great North­ exhibited. ble location. Trail brochures are available Castle Hill National Historic Park is ern Peninsula is the site of the oldest Picnic tables are provided at the site. in the visitor centre. open year-round. known European settlement in the New There is a provincial park with 30 camp­ A picnic site with a superb view of St. Mailing address for more information: World. Beneath grass-covered mounds at sites at Pistolet Bay, and commercial John's and its harbour is located near the Castle Hill National Historic Park L'Anse aux Meadows, archaeologists accommodation is available at St. An­ visitor centre. c/o Parks Canada have discovered the only authenticated re­ thony, 48 km from the park. Signal Hill National Historic Park is Box 5879 mains of a Viking period Norse settlement L'Anse aux Meadows was declared a open year-round. St. John's, Newfoundland in Canada or the United States. Unesco World Heritage Site in 1978, an Mailing address for more information: A1C5X4 Digging has uncovered the remains of honour that confirmed its universal Signal Hill National Historic Park (709) 737-5365 six sod houses, a smithy, a sauna, and cultural value. Box 5879 cooking pits. The design and features of The park grounds are open year-round. St. John's, Newfoundland the excavated houses and the items found The visitor reception centre is open from A1C5X4 within, such as a soapstone spindle mid-May to mid-October. (709) 737-5365 whorl, a bronze pin, and a stone lamp, Mailing address for more information: attest to the settlement's Norse origins. L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Radio-carbon dating of bone, charcoal, Park and turf indicates that a Norse settlement Box 70 was established here around the year St. Lunaire-Griquet, Newfoundland 1000. A0K 2X0 (709) 623-5151 Cape Spear National Historic Park The original lighthouse has been re­ Cape Spear National Historic Park, near St. 16 km south of St. John's, Newfoundland stored to the 1839-1840 period, and John's, Newfoundland Perched at the easternmost point of researchers are identifying appropriate ar­ North America, Cape Spear is one of the tifacts to furnish the residence. oldest surviving lighthouses in Canada. The park grounds are open year-round. More than 65 m above sea level, it served Guides are available from mid-May to as a navigation beacon for mariners from mid-October. 1836 to 1955. Mailing address for more information: During World War II a coastal battery Cape Spear National Historic Park was constructed at Cape Spear to guard c/o Parks Canada allied shipping against the threat of Ger­ Box 5879 man submarines. St. John's, Newfoundland Today a modern concrete tower has re­ A1C5X4 placed the old lighthouse, but the lighting (709) 737-5365 apparatus, transferred to the new tower in 1955, is still in use. For more information about Canada's na­ tional historic parks and sites, contact a regional office of Parks Canada:

Parks Canada Atlantic Region Historic Properties Upper Water Street Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 1S9 Telephone (902) 426-3457

Parks Canada Ontario Region 132 Second Street East Cornwall, Ontario K6H 5V4 Telephone (613) 933-7951

Parks Canada Prairie Region 391 York Avenue Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 0P4 Telephone (204) 949-2110

Parks Canada Québec Region 1141 Route de l'Eglise Ste-Foy, Québec Fort Langley National Historic Park, Fort Langley, G1V4H5 British Columbia Telephone (418) 694-4177

Parks Canada Lower Fort Garry National Historic Park Fort Lennox National Historic Park Western Region National Historic Parks Fees (Manitoba) (Québec) Room 520 Admission is free to all national historic Adult, daily: $1.25; child, daily: 50c; fam­ Although there is no charge for admission 220 Fourth Avenue South East parks and sites operated by Parks Can­ ily, daily: $3.50 to Fort Lennox, access to the island fort is ada except to the four parks listed below. Calgary, Alberta Family, annual: $10 provided by a privately operated ferry. These historic parks offer exceptional ser­ T2P 3H8 School or other organized non-profit Round-trip rates are vices and special programmes. There is group, daily: $2 Adult: $1 ; children 18 years of age and no charge for Canadian citizens 65 years Telephone (403) 231 -4745 under: 75c; infants two years and under: and over or children under five years. Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic free; Canadian citizens 65 years and over: or Park (Nova Scotia) 50C Forf George National Historic Park Adult, daily: $2; child, daily: 50c; family, Organized groups (with reservation): 50c (Ontario) and Forf Langley National His­ Parks Canada daily: $4 per person toric Park (British Columbia) School or other organized non-profit Ottawa, Ontario Adult, daily: $1 ; child, daily: 50c; family, group, daily: $2 K1A1G2 daily: $3 (Group members must pay 20c per child Park fees are subject to change. Telephone (819) 997-2800 Family, annual: $10 and 70c per adult for the park's transit School or other organized non-profit system.) group, daily: $2 The Parks Canada Beaver

The beaver has been used as a symbol of Canada's national parks for almost 50 years. The new stylized beaver also identifies Parks Canada's role in heritage preservation at national historic parks and sites and heritage canals.