Field Chemical Examination of the Waters in Tennessee Streams

FIELD CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE WATERS IN TENNESSEE STREAMS

CHARLES S. SHOUP Department of Biology, Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee

Reprinted from the JOURNAL OE THE TENNESSEE ACADEMY OE SCIENCE, Volume XXV, Number 1, January, 1950. FIELD CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE WATERS IN TENNESSEE STREAMS' CHARLES S. SHOUP Department of Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee

INTRODUCTION Fresh-water biology is a relatively new field of investigation in the southern United States, particularly in connection with fisheries re- sources and potential fish production. In the country as a whole such studies began only a little more than a half-century ago, and date from pioneer work on the Great Lakes and the important examinations made of the Illinois River system by S. A. Forbes (1877, 1893, 1911, 1928) with varied studies in other regions. The work of E. A. Birge and Chancy J uday (1904, 1907, 1910, 1914) on Wisconsin lakes beginning almost with the new century and of J. E. Reighard (1894) in Michigan and of C. A. Kofoid (1903) in Illinois initiated recognition of the importance of knowledge regarding biological balance in fresh waters, the maintenance of which pays dividends in fishable streams and sometimes in marketable fish flesh. These studies of the general water chemistry from Tennessee streams were begun in 1938 as a part of the biological survey work which was at that time being conducted by the Tennessee Department of Conservation, Division of Game and Fish, and which ended as a state-supported enterprise in the summer of 1941. Since the war the additional supplemental and confirmatory information contained in this report has been obtained by the author, and is now offered as a contribution to support the previously-published papers which have resulted from the efforts of the first biological survey in Tennessee (Shoup, 1940; Shoup and Peyton, 1940; Shoup, Peyton, and Gen- try, 1941 ; Gentry, 1941 ; Hobbs and Shoup, 1942; Shoup, 1943; Wright and Shoup, 1945; Shoup, 1947). The remarks in this introduction are intended to be of an inform- ative nature with respect to interpretation of the tabulated results, and are intended to be general enough to serve as a guide for individuals who may begin field water chemistry studies in relation to other biological problems. The environment of fresh-water organisms is a complex of many continuously-operating processes and unstable conditions. The physical factors are determined by materials held in suspension or in

'The author wishes to acknowledge with thanks a summer grant-in-aid for completion of this work, awarded from the Carnegie Foundation Research Fund allotted to the Graduate Faculty of Vanderbilt University, and a small grant towards extra printing costs from the Natural Science Research Fund of Van- derbilt University. —4- Chemical Examination of Tennessee Waters 5

solution in the water and by the water temperature, depth, movement, illumination, shoreline, and bottom. Chemical factors which are in- fluential upon both plant and animal life in a stream, and which must be recognized, are found in the acidity or alkalinity of the waters and in the gases, salts, and the extraneous harmful or beneficial organic materials contributed to the stream from the environment. The organisms themselves which live in water make up a biological environment, and living or dead, as food, as feeders, as parasites or hosts, are a portion of the environmental complex. The problem of the fisheries biologist would be to determine as best he could the optimum favorable conditions of the aquatic environment. His problem is to learn something of the beneficial relations of these constituents, both living and non-living. On becoming acquainted with these factors in any local situation, the fisheries biologist is aided enormously in his setting up of a system of fish management which could become essentially a method of environmental control. Provid- ing extraneous factors are favorable, this environmental control should, ideally, result in higher water fertility, more food organisms, a greater production of food or game fish in a stream, and the elaboration of concepts which could result in a sound stocking policy for a region. Chemically pure water does not exist in or upon the earth, and most natural waters show considerable differences in their chemical content as solvents. It is quite likely that the exposed waters with but apparent minimal solutes are nevertheless rather complex. A lake or stream receives from the atmosphere and from its drainage area many materials which occur in the waters as dissolved or sus- pended matter. Water itself dissolves more substances than any other liquid, it combines chemically with quite diverse compounds, and shows a marked ability to gain or lose gases with great rapidity. For these reasons the chemical examination of water is an essential part of the fisheries survey and an integral part of any program directed toward fisheries management and improvement.

DISSOLVED OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS Most all organisms living in fresh waters, with the exception of anaerobic bacteria in bottom deposits or perhaps certain parasites, demand a suitably-maintained supply of free oxygen for a continued existence. Most game fishes seem to prefer water with at least three or four parts per million of dissolved oxygen (Needham, 1938). This means that it becomes necessary to establish where in a lake, providing oxygen deficiences are known to exist, the four parts per million line of oxygen concentration is located. This also means that determination of oxygen concentration should be made from time to time in streams in order to detect pollution or oxidation processes which cause a drop in oxygen concentration. Generally, in an unpolluted stream, there is no problem as to the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the water. Flowing water, moving alternately 6 Report of the Reelfoot Lake Biological Station through pools and riffles, is usually maintained saturated with oxygen in equilibrium with any given temperature, and is sufficiently areated to free it of unusually large amounts of carbon dioxide, the concentration of the latter being equilibrated for any given temperature with the carbon dioxide of the atmosphere. This concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (0.03 percent) is not likely of detectable influence upon respiration or respiratory movements of aquatic organisms, but a rise in carbon dioxide concentration to fairly high values may accelerate these processes in aquatic organisms as shown by Botjes (1932) in Coriza at six percent CO2, and by Dontcheff and Kayser (1936), who demonstrated that the European frog Rana viridis increased its oxygen consumption 20 percent at 10°C. and 10 percent at 20°C. when exposed to air in which the amount of carbon dioxide had been raised to 1.0 percent of an atmosphere. In a lake, only the surface waters are exposed to the atmosphere, and by mix- ing, have some chance to liberate carbon dioxide and take on a new supply of oxygen through solution. In most lakes, especially in our southern regions, this surface water is too warm on hot days of midsummer, not only for rainbow trout (Needham, 1938, pp. 50-51), but perhaps in many cases for small-mouth bass as well (Kuhne, 1939, p. 96). On such occasions, in order to survive, game fishes must retreat into the cooler deeper waters or into bottom waters where, unfortunately, in many instances there is an insufficient oxygen supply. Since warm waters are incapable of carrying as much oxygen as cool waters (Theroux, Eldridge, and Mallmann, 1936, Table 9, p. 186), our southern warm-water streams also may have at times a somewhat low oxygen concentration in exposed deep pools during the height of a hot season. This means that such conditions should be checked to see if they may exist before stocking is attempted in any lake or stream.

CARBON DIOXIDE There appears to be but little accurate information on the true and exact toxic action of carbon dioxide upon aquatic organisms living in our fresh waters, but Powers (1934, 1937) is of the opinion that sudden changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide in water or the migration of fishes into alternate high or low or low and high CO.-tension regions will be markedly detrimental to them. We know, of course, that normally the waters of streams carry but very low levels of carbon dioxide tension as free CO2 approximately in equilibrium with that of the atmosphere at about 0.23 mm. Hg. partial pressure. Abnormal conditions can be imagined which would cause the saturation of waters with carbon dioxide due to its great solubility. In such an event, carbonic acid in great quantities could be formed, and in these rare cases, considering the ease of permea- bility of carbonic acid to cells and tissues, toxic action on aquatic organisms would be immediately manifest. When a rapid reduction in concentration of carbon dioxide occurs in an atmosphere above the water, there would be a correspondingly marked fall in the car- Chemical Examination of Tennessee Waters 7

bonic acid level in the water. Carbon dioxide normally liberated in natural waters comes from plant and animal metabolic processes which are essentially oxidations which eventually also involve an uptake of oxygen, from the decay and oxidation of vegetation in the bottoms of lakes and streams, and from slow oxidative processes oc- curring in bottom muds and caused by large numbers of certain bacteria. Under ordinary conditions, as stated above, the water flow and turbulence at rapids and riffles is sufficient for elimination of excess carbon dioxide. Occasionally, in deep pools and in very long reaches of slow flow in streams, and in deep lakes, the carbon dioxide content of the waters may rise to physiologically-active levels, generally in association with a lowered oxygen tension. A lowered oxygen tension serves to stimulate the rate of respiration in many aquatic forms (Westerlund, 1906; Heerdt u. Krijsman, 1939) and in many fishes an increased carbon dioxide tension is a disadvantage heaped upon the already-present detrimental state of diminished oxygen supply in view of the fact that oxygen-combining and carrying power of haemoglobin-containing bloods decreases at high levels of carbon dioxide tension (Krogh and Leitch, 1919; Willmer, 1934). Sometimes, in ponds, high carbon dioxide content is associated with waters having an odor indicative of the presence of sulphur compounds (N. Y., 1932). It may be that the amount of carbon dioxide in lakes and streams, while in itself not sufficient to be harmful to fish life, is an indication of the presence of pollutants which are deleterious. For these reasons, the determination of carbon dioxide content is a necessary procedure during the chemical examination of lakes and streams. It should be realized that in limestone regions all carbon dioxide free in the waters of streams may be combined to form bicarbonate, but in streams flowing over siliceous rocks the very soft water may carry a measurable amount of carbon dioxide at all times, depending on the degree of areation offered. Absence of buffering action in these soft waters, as indicated below, may permit relatively small amounts of carbon dioxide to provide a distinct acidic reaction to the waters. DISSOLVED SOLIDS WHICH DETERMINE ALKALINITY Carbon dioxide occurs in water in two other important forms, i. e., as a part of the nearly insoluble monocarbonates of calcium (CaCO3 ) and magnesium (MgCO3 ) and is called "fixed" or "bound" carbon dioxide, and also as that additional amount required to con- vert monocarbonates into bicarbonates such as Ca(HCO3) or Mg(HCO3 ). These bicarbonates are called the "half-bound" carbon dioxide and regarded as being in a less-stable state. Wiebe (1930) has shown that algae in lakes and streams can utilize a portion of this "half-bound" carbon dioxide. Free carbon dioxide is the active agent in the conversion of monocarhonates into soluble bicarbonates which can then pass into solution and produce a large portion of the titratable methyl orange alkalinity. In fact, determination of the total alkalinity by titration of the sample with 0.02N 8 Report of the Reelfoot Lake Biological Station sulphuric acid using methyl orange as indicator, followed by absence of a test for phenolphthalein alkalinity will show that the whole of the titratable alkalinity of a natural water is due to bicarbonate, generally with some small quantity of free carbon dioxide still present. Phenolphthalein alkalinity (titration of the sample with N/44 NaOH, with phenolphthalein as indicator) is an indication of the presence of carbonates or "bound" carbon dioxide, so no appreciable amount of free carbon dioxide in solution would be expected. This is characteristic of strongly alkaline streams flowing in limestone regions such as those found in the Ordovician of Middle Tennessee or the Knox Dolomite of East Tennessee. Examination of the total alkalinity of a stream followed by estimation of bicarbonate and carbonate alkalinity forms a part of the study of field chemical conditions in natural waters which are intended for fisheries management.

HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION The terms acidity, alkalinity, and neutrality are in very common -usage but should be related to a quantitative scale. The condition of acidity involves two components, (1) quantity, or the total of available weak or strono- acid present, and (2) the intensity, or the "concentration" of hydrogen-ions6 yielded from the acid. Water yields to a very small degree both hydrogen and hydroxyl (OH-) ions, and if some acid is added to water, the total intensity of hydrogen-ions will be increased and the total of hydroxyl-ions will be depressed, so we may now say that the water is acid because it contains an excess of hydrogen (acid) ions over the quantity of hydroxyl (basic or alkaline) ions. In ordinary water or in aqueous solutions the sample is said to be acid when its hydrogen-ion concentration exceeds its hydroxyl-ion concentration. Likewise, in ordinary field work, a water is described as alkaline when added hydroxyl-ions from any source exceeds the hydrogen-ions in the same sample. Because natural waters are either slightly alkaline or slightly acidic, the determination of hydrogen-ion concentration becomes an important step in analysis of lakes and streams and marked deviation from the low levels of acidity and alkalinity is almost certainly a sign of environmental conditions which demand immediate attention. It is not necessary here to go into the intricate subject of hydrogen- ion concentration and the adoption of the pH scale with which the trained worker becomes acquainted, but it should be noted that pH 7.0 is the point of neutrality of aqueous solutions. Any determined -value of pH greater than 7.0 indicates alkalinity, and values below 7.0 indicate acidity. The symbol "pH" has been adopted from the original proposals of S. P. L. SOrensen (1909) and the values from 0.0 - 14.0 on the pH scale represent degrees of normality of hydrogen- ions in water. By use of certain dyes called "indicators" which change color at definite pH intervals, it is possible for the water .analyst to rapidly determine the degree of acidity of any water sample Through addition of the proper indicator dye in known proportions. Chemicat Examination of Tennessee Waters 9

Because of the great number of substances of infinite variety which are found in water or in contact with it, and because water is the great universal solvent found upon the surface of the earth, numerous compounds are continually entering natural waters which may alter acidic and alkaline conditions in lakes and in streams. Probably the general chemistry of natural waters is largely determined by materials from soils with which they come into contact, but many sources of pollution are now supplied by man on the shores of our lakes and streams. If we disregard pollution for the moment, and confine our consideration to a listing of constituents which may be supplied by the soils and rocks over which streams may flow and in which lakes may lie, the list furnished by Wherry (1920) exhibits typical groups of substances which occur in soils and which yield hydrogen-ions to natural waters and diminish the natural buffering effect of monocarbonate and bicarbonate :

SOIL CONSTITUENTS YIELDING HYDROGEN-IONS I. Directly, when treated with water alone. A. Inorganic: I. Strong, highly-ionized acids, such as HO, H2504, HNO, 2. Weak, slightly-ionized acids, such as carbonic acid, H2CO3. 3. Acid salts, such as potassium acid sulphate ( KHSO4), which may be moderately or slightly ionized as acids. 4. Salts of weak bases with strong acids, such as aluminum chloride or ammonium sulphate, which are slightly hydrolyzed. B. Organic: 1. Fairly strong organic acids, such as oxalic. 2. Weak, slightly ionized acids, such as acetic. 3. Acid salts, as indicated above. 4. Salts such as ammonium citrate or oxalate. 5. Amino-acids, yielded from breakdown of protein products, which are very weakly ionized. 6. Humic acids, leached from the soils, which, if present, may be weakly ionized. II. Indirectly, when treated with salt solutions. A. Inorganic, particularly colloidal clay products B. Organic, particularly colloidal humus. In the various natural and unmodified waters, the hydrogen-ion concentration varies between extremes of pH 3.2 to 10.5, with most waters confined to a range from more than pH 5.0 to about 8.5. It must be realized that this will depend upon the amount of stagnation, decaying vegetation, coal beds, bogs, limestone, sandstone, chert, shales, clays, the presence of phosphates, of coal mine drainage, and of the various types of soils. Acids from coal mine drains, products from phosphate plants, canneries, tanneries, mines, and a multitude of industrial establishments, all produce unnatural modifications which are frequently detrimental to lakes and streams so far as fisheries management and biological balance are concerned. 10 Report of the Reelfoot Lake Biological Station

The relationships of carbon dioxide content, presence or absence of acid carbonate (bicarbonate), and the hydrogen-ion concentration in natural waters are all connected together, and from these relationships Shelford (1925) has indicated : That pH of a river water will decrease (become more acid) with increase in carbon dioxide content. The pH of a river will increase (become more alkaline) with increase in bicarbonate content. If the pH of a river is greater than 8.0 it contains practically no measurable free carbon dioxide and contains some carbonate. If the pH of a river is less than 8.0, in all probability it contains some free carbon dioxide, and the total alkalinity as measured by methyl orange titration is due to bicarbonate. (Free mineral acids have the same effect, but are not found in unpolluted waters.)

VOLATILE ACIDITY Some field workers not only make a determination of pH immediately on obtaining a water sample without further disturbance of the sample, but also obtain another value for the pH, after thorough- ly aerating or shaking the sample with air. This will indicate the presence of excess carbon dioxide which is blown off on aeration, causing the second pH reading to be higher than the first. No change on aeration would indicate that the sample is already in equilibrium with the atmosphere so far as carbon dioxide is concerned at about 2.0 parts per million. As stated above, carbon dioxide in water produces carbonic acid, and this is the volatile acid liberated and the cause of the original lower pH value. This will be apparent in regions where the natural buffers of the water are lacking or at a minimum. Non-aerated and aerated pH values are shown in data as pHI and pH2 respectively for the same sample. TEMPERATURE In the case of most fishes and other aquatic organisms there is a maximum and a minimum temperature which they are capable of tolerating, and between these extremes there is a level of temperature, an optimum temperature, at which any organism thrives best and to which it would appear adapted most adequately. The temperature limits are not fixed for particular species, but may vary, depending on the stages in the life cycle of the species, the physiological state of the organism, or the general environment. It is possible to divide fishes in very indefinite fashion into two groups ; those which are able to tolerate a wide temperature range and those which are quite restricted to a relatively narrow temperature level. A warm-water fish such as the black bass can exist in a cold spring-fed pool, but its growth rate would quite likely be retarded and it might not spawn at all. The general metabolism of the fish would be slowed and this would be reflected in the slow growth rate. In this same environment a brook trout would thrive and develop normally and could spawn and rear young, but the brook trout planted in warmer waters suitable for Chemical Examination of Tennessee Waters 11. normal growth of the bass would doubtless be killed due to complica- tions produced by the higher temperature. It has been indicated that approximately 65.0°F. is a suitable temperature to be maintained for trout in lakes and streams. Needham (1938, P. 35) indicates that the maximum limiting temperature at which trout can exist are 75.0°F. for brook trout, 81.0°F. for brown trout, and 83.0°F. for rainbow trout, with these figures subject to confirmation through additional investigation. Maximum water temperatures should be taken on the hottest days of the year during midafternoon or late afternoon during a period of clear sky and settled weather, and the warmer waters avoided for game fish management even if the occasional maximum temperature is found to be in the high ranges. Maximum air temperatures vary greatly with elevation so that altitude should be considered along with the temperature problem. Differences in temperature from top to bottom in streams are not likely to be very great, although in the case of lakes considerable thermal stratification occurs, even in small lakes such as those found in Tennessee outside the domain of TVA. If the situation is so fortunate that the lower layers of water remain relatively cool and at the some time retain sufficient dissolved oxygen, many cold-water fishes may survive a very hot summer period when the upper strata of water may be warm enough to kill game fish. Too often, however, the upper warm layer of water is quite deep while at the same time the cool bottom layer below the thermocline will be decidedly de- ficient in oxygen. METHODS The methods and procedures used throughout the course of stream examination and water analysis followed the principles outlined by Theroux, Eldridge, and Mallmann (1936) and given in the manual of the American Public Health Association (1936), with the modifications which have been used by the New Hampshire survey (Re- port No. 2, 1937) and by the author (Shoup, 1948). Chemical results are expressed in terms of parts per million (p.p.m.) of methyl orange alkalinity, phenolpthalein alkalinity, free carbon dioxide, and dissolved oxygen. The hydrogen-ion concentration of natural waters is expressed in terms of pHi and pH2 for unaerated and aerated samples. Air and water temperatures are given in Farenheit degrees as has been customary in most survey work for immediate practical ends. Particular precautions were taken in titration for free carbon dioxide with N/44 NaOH. Considerable criticism has been directed toward the accuracy of the field method, and as Peters, Williams, and Mitchell (1940) have shown, the titration is particularly subject to error in determination of the small amounts of carbon dioxide such as those generally encountered in streams. We believe this has been largely adjusted through titration to a "vanishing" pink with phenolphthalein as indicator, with the coloration disappearing within one or two seconds. It appears that titration to a vanishing pink rather than to a "permanent" faint pink has been shown to give a 19 Report of the Reelfoot Lake Biological Station

much more exact and true value for the free carbon dioxide present.

In Tennessee fairly large proportions of acid carbonate (HCO3) will be encountered in waters which flow through lands whose surface geology is represented by rocks bearing quantities of limestone, and this has been already commented upon in a previous publication (Shoup, 1944) which also gave the generalized relationships of bio- geochemistry for the areas examined within Tennessee. The regions of considerable alkalinity are especially abundant in the great valley of East Tennessee and in the Central Basin. Patches of Silurian rocks in Wayne County and to a lesser degree in western Perry County and eastern Decatur County along the west bank of the Tennessee River also bear quantities of limestone which assure a high pH value to the surface waters and a high level of total alkalinity. In general, the fertile agricultural regions are those whose streams show moderate to high alkalinity as total alkalinity. These are mainly the warm-water streams which also support aquatic vegetation and a considerable bottom fauna. The streams which flow entirely in the eastern and western Highland Rim and in the sands and clays of West Tennessee to the west of the Tennessee River are generally of moderately-low alkalinity, obtaining from the natural soils and from cultivated lands the materials which contribute to buffer action. In West Tennessee where erosion into underlying alluvium has occurred, very little additional alkalinity is acquired, and some of these streams, particularly where they are sluggish and filled with long pools of standing water, show some degree of acidity due to the presence of carbonic acid. The clear natural waters of the State with but little measurable alkalinity and total buffer may be found in the uplands of the Great Smoky Mountains and in the sandstones and shales of the Cumberland Plateau. The streams of the Cumberland Plateau which have little or no alkali reserve are the very ones which are consequently particularly susceptible to acid mine-water pollution from mines and slack heaps. They are found in abundance in the very areas where most mining operations are being carried out. In the few cases where natural conditions are such that a stream flows over limestone bedrock following pollution with acid mine drainage, all or most of the acid will be neutralized within a few miles and a partial recovery from the adverse conditions will be accomplished. This is a situation we have observed in the East Fork of the Obey River below Wilder, Fentress County, but even here a spring flood will drive quantities of acid water over the limestone into lower areas of the stream without neutralization, and thus can have injurious action upon aquatic organisms in the major portion of the stream. In the case of New River, Scott County, a tributary of the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River, at no point does this stream come into contact with soluble limestones. so that it remains at nearly all times throughout its length in an adverse somewhat acid state due to mining operations at its headwaters. Recognition of these features in streams constitutes a duty of a biological survey. Chemical Examination of Tennessee Waters 13

A peculiar condition in regard to water chemistry exists in the case of the Sequatchie River, a tributary of the Tennessee River. This stream lies in a valley of the Cumberland Plateau which has been cut down below the general level of the Plateau to meet an upthrust of limestone-bearing rocks. As a result, the Sequatchie River is an alkaline stream through most of its length, although adjacent streams of the Plateau carry waters which are neutral in reaction.

RESULTS Approximately 430 localities have been examined on the principal streams of the State of Tennessee in association with this study. The stations for water sampling, as can be seen from the tabulations ef results, are scattered through all soil provinces of the state and are actually from streams localized in 16 separate geological formations with respect to the nature of their bedrock (Shoup, 1947). In the condensed data, values for pH are given before and following areation to remove volatile acid (CO2 ), and the results for alkalinity, free carbon dioxide, and oxygen, are all expressed in terms of parts per million. In the cases where named localities appear more than once, this means that several stations were taken in that portion of a stream or else there were several samplings from the stream at separate time intervals. It will be observed that air temperature readings are indicative of the summer values encountered, with all the stream examinations being made during the summer season when stream conditions are stabilized and the waters not disturbed by floods nor by ice. The following condensation represents results from more than five years of effort toward obtaining a picture of water chemical conditions for maintenance of an aquatic fauna and flora. CONDENSED DATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS OF IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS

TEMPERATURE ACIDITY ALKALINITY LOCATION STATION TURBID- FREE DissoL. No. STY CO2 OXYGEN AIR WATER pH, pH2 M. O.' P.'

Beaverdam Cr.: Johnson Co. Upper part ------6 Cl 2.0 9.40 72 60 6.8 4.5 0.0 Upper part ...... 1 Cl 4.0 8.60 75 64 6.9 7.0 11.0 0.0 Upper part ...... 2 Cl 2.0 8.80 75 66 7.0 .. 0.0 Lower part ...... 20 Cl 2.0 8.80 76 64 7.1 ._ 13.0 0.0 Lower part ...... 21 Cl 2.0 8.60 79 68 7.2 7.0 14.5 0.0 Park Branch ------3 Cl 3.0 8.60 69 60 7.0 7.1 21.0 0.0 Birch Branch ...... 4 Cl 2.0 9.00 71 58 6.8 6.8 6.0 0.0 Fagall Branch ------7 Cl 2.0 9.00 78 62 6.8 6.6 6.5 0.0 Haunted Hollow ------8 Cl 2.0 8.90 76 60 6.8 6.5 4.5 0.0 Laurel Cr., Johnson Co. : Upper part ...... 9 Cl 1.5 9.30 65 65 7.6 7.4 35.0 0.0 Middle part ...... 11 Cl 2.0 9.20 70 64 7.4 7.3 26.0 0.0 Lower part ...... 13 Si 2.5 8.80 76 67 7.4 7.4 28.0 0.0 Owens Creek ...... 12 Cl 2.5 9.20 76 62 7.2 7.2 17.0 0.0 Gentrys Creek' ...... 10 Cl 2.0 9.40 72 57 6.8 6.4 5.0 0.0 r-e) 'Temperatures are give' in °F. ; alkalinity by methyl orange (M. 0.) and phenolphthalein ( P.). This fishable stream of East Tennessee is a portion of the Holston River watershed, and lies in Cambrian rocks containing some cal- careous shales. The locality is Shady Valley. Vegetation is scant but there is fair cover and pool grade. 8A. few cold water tributaries, such as Gentrys Creek, provide interesting contrasts to the main stream IN the chemistry of their waters. Conditions are similar to those in Beaverdarn Creek. Stony Cr.,3 Carter Co.: Upper part ------14 Cl 2.0 9.60 69 55 6.8 6.5 5.5 0.0 Middle part ------15 CI 3.0 9.40 74 60 7.0 7.4 27.5 0.0 Lower part ------17 Cl 2.0 9.40 72 63 7.2 7.1 27.0 0.0 Mill Creek ...... 16 CI 1.5 9.60 72 59 6.9 6.6 4.0 0.0 Roan Cr.4 and tributaries, Johnson Co.: Upper part ...... 19 Cl 3.0 7.90 74 70 7.2 7.2 20.0 0.0 Middle part ...... 28 Si 2.0 9.40 66 63 7.4 7.3 28.0 0.0 Lower part ------29 Marked 3.0 8.80 76 64 7.4 38.0 0.0 Doe Creek ...... 23 Cl 2.0 8.30 84 70 7.6 7.4 48.0 0.0 Doe Creek ...... 22 Cl 3.0 8.00 82 74 7.4 7.6 42.0 0.0 Town Creek ...... 25 Cl 3.2 7.40 77 74 7.2 7.4 30.0 0.0 0 • Goose Creek ...... 24 Cl 4.0 7.20 76 74 7.2 7.6 30.0 0.0 Elk River,' Carter Co.: Upper part ...... 27 Cl 2.5 8.40 76 68 7.1 7.0 18.0 0.0 Lower part ...... 26 Cl 3.0 8.40 76 70 7.2 7.2 19.0 0.0 'This stream of the Holston River watershed flows into the Watauga River east of Elizabetinon. Drainage from the upper sections ( Station No. 14) comes from sandstone and shales, but down stream some alkaline conditions are apparent. The stream is exposed and there is the possibility of sewage pollution from homes. It is occasionally subject to torrential flooding. 'Roan Creek originates near Mountain City in exposed pasture lands and in scattered woodlots. It receives some town drainage. Lower portions of this stream were formerly heavily polluted from manganese mine washings, resulting in very heavy silt deposits in the stream bed. 'Elk River flows into the Watauga River at Butler and has its origin beyond the North Carolina line. Upstream areas are wooded c, and rugged with a fair grade of pools and cover. The lower reaches now comprise the headwaters of the lake formed by the T.V.A. Watauga Dam.

1.••-■ tik CT■ CONDENSED DATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS OF IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS (Continued)

TEMPERATURE ACIDITY ALKALINITY LOCATION STATION TURBID- FREE DISSOL. No. ITY CO2 OXYGEN AIR WATER pH 1 p112 M. 0. P. CO,

Doe River6 Carter Co.: Upper part ------32 Cl 3.0 7.80 80 68 7.2 7.3 60.0 0.0 Lower part ...... 37 Cl 2.5 8.90 80 69 7.2 7.3 32.0 0.0 Little Doe River ------31 C I 4.0 8.70 80 68 7.0 7.2 19.0 0.0 is Laurel Pork ------33 Cl 3.0 8.10 76 67 6.5 7 6.8 5.5 0.0 Watauga River, and trib- is utaries, Johnson and is Carter Cos.: IS Upper part ------30 Si 2.0 9.00 78 69 7.3 7.4 21.0 0.0 IS Lower part ------65 Marked 4. CI 8.00 8'7 76 7.4 7.6 46.0 0.0 Little Stony Creek._ 34 CI 2.5 8.60 70 63 6.4 6.6 5.5 0.0 slo Gap Creek ------36 SI 2.5 9.20 80 61 8.0 8.4 175.0 0.0 Big Cherokee Cr.," Wash- ington Co.: b"J Upper part ------38 Si 8.0 8.90 82 64 7.8 8.3 177.0 0.0 Lower part ------40 Marked 4.0 9.20 81 67 7.8 8.2 173.0 0.0 `c";" Little Cherokee Cr ...... 39 Muddy 3.5 9.50 80 66 7.9 8.2 165.0 0.0 IS °Doe River flows through some open land and is susceptib e to pollution from dwellings. Trash is allowed to accumulate at some points on this stream. There is possible occasional pollution from sawdust piles along Little Doe River. Laurel Fork flows through Dennis Cove at high altitude, and the water has a weak tea coloration. 'Low areas of this stream flow through some limestone, assuming the characteristics of a turbid, slow-flowing, hard-water stream (See Sta. 65, and tributary at Sta. 36). 'Small, with variable riffles and pools ; an example of the first alkaline streams entering the Great Valley as one moves westward from the eastern tip of Tennessee. Enters the Nolichucky River. Tributaries 9 of the Watauga R., Carter (Th and Washington Cos.: Buffalo Cr. 64 Murky 8.0 9.00 85 70 7.8 8.2 140.0 0.0 Cobb Cr. 66 Si 3.0 9.00 89 78 8.1 8.3 175.0 0.0 Brush Cr. 62 Murky 16.0 6.20 89 77 7.6 8.4 185.0 0.0 qz• Nolichucky River, Washington, Greene, and Cocke Cos.: Upper part 55 Si 2.5 8.20 85 77 7.2 7.4 19.0 0.0 Lower part 116 Marked 2.5 8.90 81 67 7.4 7.5 58.0 0.0 Clark Creek 61 C I 1.5 8.60 88 66 6.6 7.0 6.6 0.0 Spivy Creek 56 Si 2.4 8.00 80 74 6.8 7.0 8.5 0.0 Dry Creek 41 Cl 1.8 9.20 80 68 7.3 7.6 22.0 0.0 Richland Creek 68 Si 0.0 9.00 88 77 8.4 8.4 220.0 Trace Little Lick Creek 69 Si 3.0 9.00 89 77 8.1 8.3 168.0 0.0 Camp Creek 70 Si 4.0 9.10 80 65 7.4 7.7 62.0 0.0 Big Limestone Cr.' , Washington and Greene Cos.: Upper part 54 Marked 12.0 8.40 85 74 8.0 8.4 200.0 0.0 Lower part 67 Murky 8.0 7.40 80 80 8.0 8.3 180.0 O.

'These are small tributaries of the Watauga River which are near towns and industrial plants and which may be subjected to oxygen depletion (See Sta. 62). "Big Limestone Creek drains an agricultural section. Lacks cover in upper portions. Lowcr flow is over broad limestone ledges. Appears to be suitable for rock bass and small mouth bass in the lower reaches. CONDENSED DATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS OF IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS (Continued)

TEMPERATURE ACIDITY ALKALINITY LOCATION STATION TURBID- FREE DISSOL. No. STY CO2 OXYGEN AIR WATER pH 1 pH 2 M. 0. P.

Little Limestone Cr." Washington Co.: Upper part ------57 • Murky 10.0 8.60 82 70 7.8 8.3 180.0 0.0 Lower part ------58 Murky 10.0 8.00 85 70 7.8 8.3 182.0 0.0 North Indian Cr., Unicoi Co : Upper part ------45 Cl 2.5 8.60 82 65 6.8 7.0 8.0 0.0 Middle part ------44 SI 2.0 8.80 82 67 7.3 7.4 23.0 0.0 Lower part ...... 42 SI 0.0 9.60 80 70 8.2 8.2 34.0 1.5 Rock Creek ...... 43 Cl 3.0 9.30 82 60 6.5 6.8 5.0 0.0 South Indian Ci-.' 2 and tributaries, Unicoi Co.: Upper part ...... 49 Cl 4.0 8.50 80 71 7.0 7.2 13.0 0.0 Lower part ...... 46 SI 2.5 8.20 85 75 7.3 7.4 18.0 0 . 0 Devil Fork ...... 47 Cl 2.0 8.20 81 70 7.3 7.4 14.0 0.0 Rocky Fork ...... ------48 Cl 1.5 9.20 81 62 6.6 6.9 7.0 0.0

"This stream lies in the Knox Dolom'te, and is a tributary of the Nolichucky River, as is Big Limestone Creek. May be subject to pollution from ilweliings. Several small dams on this stream are used for water power at Telford and at Broylesville. A tributary of the Nolichucky River rising south of Erwin in a mountainous area with rmall tributaries of cold mountain water, 2 similar to Station 48 in the Archean formations. Some tributaries may be suited for game fish stocking, but lower reaches are open and lack cover. Tributaries of the South Fork, Holston River,13 Sullivan Co.: Sinking Creek ------63 Markel 7.0 8.60 80 70 8.2 8.4 200.0 0.0 Horse Creek ------53 Marked 10.0 7.00 79 76 8.0 8.4 182.0 0.0 Indian Creek ------63 SI 3.0 7.80 88 80 8.1 8.2 140.0 o.o , 4 Kendrick Cr., Sullivan Co.: Upper part ------51 SI 5.0 9.00 80 72 8.2 8.4 190.0 0.0 Lower part ------52 Markel 13.0 8.80 84 70 8.2 8.4 198.0 0.0 Horse Cr.," Greene Co.: Upper part ------60 CI 3.0 9.00 85 67 7.6 7.8 57.0 0.0 Lower part ------59 SI 4.0 9.00 85 63 7.7 7.8 80.0 0.0 - • Indian Camp Cr.," Cocke Co.: Lower part ------72 Cl 1.5 9.00 87 66 6.6 6.8 6.0 0.0 •-■••• Paint Cr., "--.1 Greene Co.: .114 Upper part ...... 86 Cl 2.2 8.60 88 70 7.3 7.4 12.0 0.0 85 Cl 2.0 9.00 82 66 7.3 7.4 13.0 0.0 c, Lower pat t ...... c, "These are small sluggish and turbid streams flowing main y through limestone and draining pasture and open farming land lacking in cover. Characteristic of the fertile valley of East Tennessee. "A tributary of the South Fork of the Holston River. Rather open throughout its length, draining fields with little cover along the banks. Enters the South Fork southeast of Kingsport, Sullivan County. "A tributary of the Nolichucky River in Greene County, this cool stream flows on a flat bed with rock ledges and a moderate cover grade. May go nearly dry in midsummer or during dry periods. "Chemical examination made during a wet period following rains. A mountain type of stream. CONDENSED DATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS OF IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS (Continued)

TEMPERATURE ACIDITY ALKALINITY LOCATION STATION TURBID- FREE DISSOL. No. ITY CO2 OXYGEN AIR WATER pHi pH2 M. 0. P.

Tributaries of Big Cr., Cocke Co.: Lambs Fork 82 Cl 2.0 9.00 85 68 7.2 7.3 11.0 0.0 Gulf Fork 83 Cl 0.0 8.80 87 76 8.2 8.2 23.0 1.5 Trail Fork 84 Cl 2.2 8.10 87 73 7.3 7.4 20.0 0.0 Small tributaries , 7 of the Nolichucky River, Greene Co.: Meadow Creek 87 Murky 2.0 8.00 87 72 7.8 8.0 190.0 0.0 Evans Branch 88 Murky 0.0 8.90 85 74 8.3 8.3 195.0 4.0 French Broad River' , at Sevier Hwy. bridge., 115 Murky 2.5 8.40 75 68 7. 1 7.3 22.0 0.0 Holston River 19 in Hamblen and Knox Cos.: Morristown 114a Murky 14.0 7.00 80 73 7.2 7.6 64.0 0.0 Morristown 114b Murky 4.0 8.00 79 76 7.5 7.6 86.0 0.0 N. E. of Knoxville 115 Murky 4.0 8.00 72 70 7.4 7.6 54.0 0.0 "These streams are in cultivated land and are subject to alteration in water chemistry due to use of fertilizers, etc., in adjacent areas. Open and exposed. "In its lower portions the French Broad River now becomes a part of Douglas Reservoir, T.V.A. "Station 114a was sampled during a period of high waters, Sinking Cr., Cocke Co.: ts`: Upper part 93 Cl 2.2 9.00 80 64 6.8 7.0 7.7 0.0 n 8.0 8.0 80.0 Trace Lower part 92 Si 0.0 9.20 79 70 -.. Cosby Cr.," and n tributaries, Cocke Co.: E . Upper part 71 Cl 2.0 9.50 84 66 6.6 7.0 6.0 0.0 trl Lower part 73 S1 3.5 8.10 86 73 7.0 7.2 11.0 0.0 Bogard Creek 94 Cl 0.0 8.80 79 70 8.0 8.0 72.0 1.0 s: Tributaries of the tt . Nolichucky River in g Greene and Hamblen Cos. Bent Creek 97 Murky 0.0 8.60 80 70 8.3 8.3 210.0 3.0 `O• Sinking Creek 98 Murky 0.0 8.90 82 71 8.3 8.3 190.0 6.0 o Cove Creek 99 Si 2.0 8.50 73 67 8.1 8.2 128.0 0.0 ---,-. Tributaries of the French '3 27 n Broad River, Cocke ,..., and Jefferson Cos.: z.-± Long Creek 95 Murky 0.0 8.40 80 73 8.0 8.0 157.0 4.5 n <, Clear Creek 96 Murky 2.0 8.80 72 66 8.0 8.2 194.0 0.0 n Muddy Creek 100 Murky 0.0 9.00 80 64 8.1 8.1 188.0 3.0 n "Cosby Creek is a typical mountain stream in its upper portions within the park boundary, but is characteristic of the valley lower down. (7,' "These muddy streams of the lowlands are of Ordovician bedrock. Stations 95,96, and 100 now contain impounded waters from Douglas Reservoir, T.V.A. Station 100 may be subjected to pollution from a cannery at Chestnut Hill. CONDENSED DATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS OF IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS (Continued)

TEMPERATURE ACIDITY ALKALINITY LOCATION STATION TURBID- FREE DISSOL. No. ITY CO2 OXYGEN AIR WATER pH, pH 2 M. 0. P.

Little Pigeon River," Sevier Co.: Upper part 80 Cl 2.0 8.20 85 72 6.8 7.0 5.5 0.0 Middle part 78 SI 3.0 8.10 83 76 7.2 7.3 14.0 0.0 Lower part 110 Si 1.5 7.95 83 77 7.2 7.3 22.0 0.0 Webb Creek 81 CI 3.0 7.60 80 73 6.8 7.0 10.0 0.0 Bird Creek 79 Si 6.0 7.60 86 76 7.0 7.4 25.0 0.0 Bast Fork, Little Pigeon River, Sevier Co.: Upper part • 76 Si 4.0 8.00 82 72 7.1 7.3 24.0 0.0 Lower part 77 Murky 6.5 8.00 81 73 7.2 7.6 40.0 0.0 Dunn Cr., Sevier Co.: Upper part 74 SI 2.0 8.20 86 74 6.8 7.1 9.0 0.0 Lower part 75 Si 3.8 8.00 88 77 7.1 7.3 18.0 0.0 West Fork, Little Pigeon River, and tributaries,23 Sevier Co.: Upper part 105 Cl 1.5 8.00 85 70 6.6 6.8 6.0 0.0 Lower part 103 Cl 1.6 8.00 89 77 7.1 7.3 20.0 0.0 Walden Creek 102 Si 2.2 8.80 85 69 7.3 7.6 60.0 0.0 Cove Creek 101 Si 0.0 8.99 82 73 8.0 8.0 85.0 4.0 Norton Creek 104 CI 1.8 9.10 84 68 6.6 7.0 7.0 0.0 Dudley Creek 106 CI 2.0 8.00 85 73 7.0 7.1 13.1 0.0

"Upper portions near Pittman Center of good fishing and cover grade cl aracteristics. "Main stream may receive some town pollution from Pigeon Forge and Gatlinburg. Characteristics of a fishable stream but quite accessible due to highway alongside. Cove Creek invades limestones. Little River,24 Blount Co.: Upper part 107 Cl 1. 5 9.20 75 68 6.9 7.1 10.0 0. 0 r-,'• Upper half 108 Cl 1. 0 8.80 85 71 7.3 7.4 18.0 0. 0 Middle part 109 Cl 1.7 8.90 83 73 7.3 7.6 21.0 0.0 Little Tennessee River and Abrams Cr.,25 Blount Co.: Calderwood Station 112 SI 2.0 9.00 75 67 6.7 7.0 8.0 0. 0 Abrams Creek 111 Cl 1.5 9.00 80 69 7.3 7. 4 20.0 0.0 Head of Norris Reservoir, Grainger and Claiborne Cos.: Powell River S30 Cl 0.0 8. 00 80 78 8.4 8.4 130.0 3. 0 Clinch River S31 C l 0.0 7.90 76 76 8.4 8.4 120.0 5. 0 cist,3 Big Cr., Hawkins Co.: Middle part S32 Si 7.0 6.80 80 76 7.6 8. 1 160.0 0.0

"Below station 109, Little River becomes more sluggish and turbid and typical of lowland streams of the region. Quite accessible, re- vt, ceiving some town pollution in its lower reaches. "The Little Tennessee River at station 112 has flowed through the penstocks of Calderwood Dam. Abrams Creek at its mouth (111), has a slight alkalinity from soluble limestones of scattered Cambrian, eONDENSED DATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS OF IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS (Continued) 1\12

TEMPERATURE ACIDITY ALKALINITY LOCATION STATION TURBID- FREE DissoL. No. ITY CO2 OXYGEN An WATER pH t pH2 M. 0. P. _ Tellico River," and

tributaries, Monroe Co.: OUR.) Upper part B2 1.5 8.80 86 68 6.6 6.9 6.0 0.0 Upper part B1 1.8 8.40 89 69 6.6 7.0 6.0 0.0

Middle part B5 1.4 9.20 86 70 6.7 7.0 7.0 0.0 Lower part B13 TIOCIOC.) 10.0 8.00 84 72 7.1 7.4 25.0 0.0 North River B7 1.5 8.80 82 68 6.6 6.8 6.0 0.0 Rough Ridge Creek B9 1.5 9.00 80 62 6.6 6.8 4.0 0.0 Lyon's Creek B6 1.5 9.00 86 68 6.8 7.1 10.0 0.0

Sycamore Creek B8 1.5 9.00 80 64 6.6 6.8 4.0 0.0 CU '

Big Creek B12 10.0 8.80 84 73 7.8 8.3 134.0 0.0 27

Bald River, Monroe Co.: E.3

Upper part B45 1.5 8.30 80 65 6.6 6.7 5.5 0.0 Lower part B46 2.0 7.90 85 70 6.6 6.8 5.5 0.0

Citico Cr., Monroe Co.: E.")

South Fork B42 1.5 7.80 80 68 6.6 6.8 4.0 0.0 North Pork._ B43 1.5 7.80 80 70 6.6 6.8 4.2 0.0 8.60 6.7

Upper part B II E.3 1.2 82 70 6.9 5.0 0.0 9.00 83 . 6.9 7.0 0.0

Lower part BIO (7) 2.0 72 7.0

Double Camp Creek B44 2.5 7.80 80 71 6.7 6.8 6.0 0.0

"This series of measurements indicates the nature of tributary streams entering the Tellico River, itself originating as a rugged mountain stream traversing a varied bedrock and falling into the lowlands along the Little Tennessee River, becoming a typical lower- 1-1. level stream. Rough Ridge Creek is the highest tributary listed here, adjacent to the Tenn.-N. C. state line. The largest tributary of the c:)• Tellico River is Bald River, data for which is given in the table. "A relatively inaccessible stream of the Cherokee National Forest, somewhat lacking in food organisms, but rugged and provided with fair shelter and cover. Station B45 is on the forest road SE of Tellico Plains, Tenn. Station B46 is near the mouth of the stream just above Bald River Falls. Citico Creek is a rugged, rather inaccessible stream, arising in a locality adjacent to and similar to that of Tellico River, originating as two main forks in the Cherokee National Forest.

Southern tributaries of the Little Tennessee River, Monroe Co.: Ballplay Creek B14 Si 10.0 8.00 82 77 7.3 7.6 50.0 0.0 Pork Creek B28 Marked 8.0 7.80 88 70 7.5 8.0 151.0 0.0 Clear Prong Cr B29 Cl 8.0 8.00 85 60 7.5 8.0 140.0 0.0 `i-l• Small Eastern tributaries of the Tennessee River, tri Loudon, Roane, and Hamilton Cos.: Sweetwater Creek B30 Marked 7.0 7.40 80 73 7.5 7.8 142.0 0.0 Pond Creek B31 Marked 4.5 7.70 84 73 7.7 8.0 128.0 0.0 Paint Rock Creek B32 SI 5.0 8.10 84 71 7.8 8.2 140.0 0.0 Wolfever Creek B39 Marked 8.0 6.60 82 72 7.4 8.1 105.0 0.0 Hiwassee River," and o tributaries, Monroe, --,-. Polk, McMinn Cos.: Hiwassee River B15 SI 3.5 8.40 84 82 7.1 7.3 17.0 0.0 '-o-1c• Wolf Creek B22 Cl 2.5 8.20 80 66 6.6 6.8 6.0 0.0 Coker Creek B4 61 4.0 7.80 82 73 6.6 7.0 12.0 0.0 co t.>t., Tow ee Creek B3 51 3.0 8.40 F4 76 7.0 7.2 16.0 0.0 ro Chestuee Creek B27 Marked 7.0 7.80 90 74 7.6 8.1 156.0 0.0 Spring Creek B37 Marked 3.5 7.40 86 73 7.8 8.2 160.0 0.0 0.0 Rogers Creek B38 Marked 6.0 6.70 86 73 7.6 8.1 136.0 .....O Oostanaula Creek B40 Extreme 6.0 7.00 80 71 7.6 8.1 150.0 0.0 to C.-t "In this series may he seen the changing characteristics (tom highland to lowland streams : the latter flowing over the limestone formations of the Great Valley of the Tennessee. CONDENSED DATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS OF IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS (Continued)

TEMPERATURE ACIDITY ALKALINITY LOCATIoN STATION TURBID- FREE DissoL. No. 'Ty CO2 OxyGEN AIR WATER pH' pH2 M. 0. P. Tributaries of the Hiwassee River, Polk Co.: Big Lost Creek ...... Upper part ...... B21 Cl 2.5 8.20 84 65 6.6 6.7 4.0 0.0 Lower part ...... B17 Cl 3.0 8.60 84 72 7.1 7.2 15.0 0.0 Spring Creek: Upper part. .4...... B23 Cl 2.0 8.00 86 68 7.3 7.4 25.0 0.0 Lower part ...... B16 Si 2.1 8.40 84 72 7.1 7.2 17.0 0.0 Conasauga Creek: Upper part ...... B24 Cl 3.5 7.80 82 75 7.3 7.4 32.0 0.0 Lower part ------B25 Si 10.0 7.80 82 75 7. 4 7.8 100.0 0.0 North Mouse Cr.: Upper part ...... B41 Marked 6.0 7.60 85 68 7. 6 8.1 132.0 0.0 ...... B26 Extreme 16.0 7.60 78 70 7. 6 8.2 115.0 0.0 Lower part a 9 Conasauga River, Polk Co. East of Conasauga,._ ...... B18 Cl 3.0 8.60 84 72 6.9 7.1 9.0 0.0 Tributaries of Ocoee River, Polk Co.: Greasy Creek ------B19 Si 7.0 8.80 84 70 7.0 7.4 20.0 0. 0 Rock Creek ...... B20 Cl 3.0 8.40 84 65 6.6 6.8 5.0 0.0

"Conasauga River flows through Tennessee for a short distance in the section South of Ocoee Lake, and then flows southward into Georgia. The Tennessee section of the stream is minor. Stations B19-B20 represent streams which flow into Ocoee (Parkville) Lake, T.V.A. Big Sewee Cr. and 3 tributaries, Meigs Co.: Upper part B34 SI 3.0 8.20 84 72 7.8 8.3 134.0 0.0 Lower part B36 SI 6.0 7.10 85 73 7.6 8.2 137.0 0.0 ••••• Little Sewee Cr B35 Sl 3.0 7.50 89 73 7.8 8.2 139.0 0.0 Ten Mile Creek B33 S1 3.5 8.10 89 71 8.1 8.2 124.0 0.0 Western tributaries, Tennessee River, in Rhea and Hamilton Cos.:" tri Clear Creek B56 Cl 9.0 8.80 85 64 7.4 8.1 132.0 0.0 A Soddy Creek B52 Cl 3.0 7.80 82 70 6.4 6.8 4.0 0.0 Richland Creek B57 Cl 2.5 8.00 80 71 6.6 6.8 8.0 0.0 3 2 gz, White Cr. and tributaries; Rhea, Roane, and Cumberland Cos.: Z4± Upper part B47 SI 2.5 7.40 86 84 7.0 7.1 11.0 0.0 Lower part B49 Si 3.0 7.40 80 80 7.1 7.3 16.0 0.0 Black Creek B50 Cl 5.0 7.50 86 71 7.7 8.2 135.0 0.0 Fall Creek B48 Cl 3.0 7.20 80 82 7.2 7.5 24.0 0.0 Piney Creek B75 Cl 3.5 8.00 85 75 6.6 7.0 7.0 0.0 Cl 8.00 Piney Creek S75 2.0 86 72 6.7 7.0 8.0 0.0 co "Area north of Decatur, Meigs County, is in cultivated land. Flow from a spring ent ers below station B34 (temperature = 55.0° F.). Flow through pasture land with adequate cover and shade. Fishing conditions for rough fish generally good. 'Clear Creek is backed up for at least 1 mile from the dam at station B56. Stream is spring-fed ; note CO, Lower portions of the other streams (B52, B57) are filled with impounded waters from Chickamauga Reservoir, T.V.A. "Fall Creek and Piney Creek are tributaries of White Creek. They flow southward from the area west of Rockwood. White Creek may receive some pollution from Rockwood via Black Creek.

••••,)t.) co

CONDENSED DATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS OF IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS (Continued)

TEMPERATURE ACIDITY ALKALINITY LOCATION STATION TURBID- FREE DissoL. - No. ITY COz OXYGEN AIR WATER Oil pH2 M. 0. P. sale Cr.," Rhea and Hamilton Cos.: Sale Creek._ ------B53 SI 5.5 8.00 89 72 7.2 7.7 83.0 0.0 Rock Creek ...... B51 CI 5.4 6.80 88 74 6. 2 7. 0 10.0 0.0 Piney River," in Rhea Co.: Upper part ------B54 Cl 2.5 8.00 80 75 7.4 7.6 28.0 0.0 Soak Creek ------B55 Cl 3.5 8.00 80 72 6.8 7.0 9.0 0.0 Sequatchie River 34, and tributaries, Bledsoe, Cumberland, and Mar- ion Cos.: Upper part ------1361 SI 6.5 9.20 78 60 7.4 7.8 110.0 0.0 Middle part ------B77 Si 10.0 7.20 85 68 7.4 8. 2 165. 0 0.0 Lower part ------B59 Marked 8.0 7.10 80 72 7.5 8.2 116.0 0.0 Little Sequatchie R...... B58 Si 3.5 8.80 79 69 7.1 7.4 38.0 0.0 Grassy Cove Creek ...... B76 Si 5.0 9.20 80 71 8.0 8.2 113.0 0.0 Ç . "Sale Creek is a small stream entering the Tennessee River near the town of Sale Creek. Rock Creek, a tributary, may receive some 2 town pollution. This is downstream along the Tennessee River from Piney River. "Piney River below Spring City may receive some pollution from sawmills, etc., and town drainage. The upper portions are quite in- Z' accessible and have abundant cover and shade. `O• "Grassy Cove Creek, in Grassy Cove, Cumberland County, flows underground and may contribute to the headwaters of the Sequatchie River. The Sequatchie Valley is cut into the limestones, creating a distinct divergence in water chemistry from that of adjacent streams of the region, Daddys Cr." Cumberland Co.: Upper part B62 SI 6.0 6.00 78 62 6.5 6.8 6.5 0.0 Middle part 360 Si 4.0 8.5) 80 72 6.6 7.2 11.0 0.0 R". Middle part S60 Cl 3.0 8.60 80 70 7.0 7.2 24.0 0.0 Lower part B69 Cl 3.0 7.60 80 66 6.8 7.2 18.0 0.0 Z> . Basses Creek B63 Cl 3.0 8.20 80 67 6.6 6.8 6.0 0.0 Clear Cr. 'of the Obed tri River, Fentress, Cumberland, and Mor- gan Cos.: Upper part B66 Cl 0.0 8.00 75 63 5.0 5.0 Middle part B68 Cl 0.0 7.60 80 78 5.6 5.6 No Business Creek 365 Cl 0.0 7.70 80 72 4.5 4.5 North Fork B67 Cl 3.0 7.90 80 68 6.6 6.8 6.0 0.0 Obed River," Cumber- land Co.: Upper part B64 Si 4.0 8.00 82 72 6.6 7.1 11.0 0.0 Middle part 387 CI 3.0 7.70 78 71 6.8 7.1 11.0 0.0

3Tasses Creek is an upper tributary of Daddys Creek, southwest of Crossville. Lower reaches of Daddys Creek lie in a wooded and shaded canyon with good cover grade. Lower reaches of Daddys Creek are fairly inaccessible. "Acid coal-mine pollution is noticeable in the upper portions of Clear Creek and its tributaries. N/44 NaOH required for neutraliza- lion : Station B66 = 1.4 cc.; B68 = 0.4 cc.; B65 = 5.0 cc./100 cc. Generally, soft water permits small quantities of acid drainage to z' markedly affect the entire stream. c, 'Tributary of the Emory River, and not to be confused with the Obey River of the Cumberland drainage. Dam at Station B64 im- pounds considerable exposed water lacking cover and shade. From Station B87 downstream the Obed River is quite inaccessible and of good cover and shade grade. C

CONDENSED DATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS OF IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS (Continued) .St TEMPERATURE ACIDITY ALKALINITY LOCATION STATION TURBID- FREE DISSOL. No. ITY CO2 OXYGEN AIR WATER pH 1 pH 2 M. 0. P. Crab Orchard Cr., Morgan Co.: Upper part B73 Cl 4.0 7.00 82 68 6.6 6.8 8.0 0.0 Lower part B74 Cl 4.5 8.00 83 78 6.6 7.0 8.0 0.0 EmoryRiver, ,,Morgan Co.: Upper part B71 Si 9.0 6.60 75 68 6.6 7.2 18.0 0.0 Middle part B72 CI 3.0 7.50 81 78 6.6 7.1 10.0 0.0 Crooked Fork B70 Cl 10.0 7.30 80 65 5.8 6.2 4.5 0.0 t:7J "Station B71 is at Gobey P. 0. of Emory River Lumber Co. and the stream at this point, above the mill, may receive some pollutants. The stream is impounded at Gobey. Station B72, southwest of Wartburg, is along a quite inaccessible road. There is no observable pollution at this point, but downstream the Emory River receives industrial and town pollution at Harriman. Lower portion of the stream .=',"• receives impounded water from Watts Bar Reservoir, T.V.A. Crooked Fork receives some acid mine drainage at its headwaters near a. Petros, but the acidic pollution is largely diluted out by the time the waters reach Station B70. Emory River is a tributary of the Clinch r.,) River, T.V.A. drainage area. Upper Caney Pork River," and tributaries, Cumber- land and White Cos.: W. of Pomona B78 Cl 5.5 7.00 80 68 6.6 7.0 10.0 0.0 Clifty B80 Cl 8.00 80 80 3.5 .... Dodson B83 Marked 3.5 7.90 78 68 7.4 7.6 75.0 0. West Fork B81 Si 4.0 7.70 82 64 6.6 6.8 6.0 0.0 Laurel Creek B79 Cl 5.0 7.30 80 70 6.6 7.0 10.0 0.0 Clifty Creek B82 Si 3.5 8.10 80 66 6.4 6.8 7.0 0.0 Rocky River," Van Buren Co.: Upper part B90 Cl 4.0 8.40 82 68 6.6 6.8 7.0 0.0 Lower part B89 Si 2.5 9.20 85 68 7.6 7.7 60.0 0.0 Caney Pork tributaries, Bledsoe and Van Buren Cos.: Cane Creek B88 Cl 2.5 8.20 80 68 6.8 6.9 7.0 0.0 Bee Creek B93 SI 3.5 7.20 82 75 6.8 7.0 12.0 0.0 Glade Creek B92 Cl 4.0 7.40 81 71 6.8 7.2 15.0 0.0

"Unusual chemical conditions prevail in the upper Caney Fork below its headwaters at Pomona. Station B78 represents a typical Cumberland Plateau stream, but near Clifty acid coal-mine drainage enters. The West Fork at Clifty and Laurel Creek at Erasmus were not polluted at the time of testing; the mine at B79 having been sealed some time previously. Between Clifty and Dodson the Caney Fork flows in a deep and inaccessible canyon with seepage into the underlying limestones, so that by the time Dodson (B83) is reached a natural neutralization has occurred. Station P.90 is on the Plateau near USA Range in an inaccessible section of wooded land. Pools and riffles of soft water with good cover and shade are available. Downstream flow is more exposed, bottom fauna more abundant, and the stream has the characteristics of a lowland flow.

Cr.) 1■•• CA)

CONDENSED DATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS OF IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS (Continued)

TEMPERATURE ACIDITY ALKALINITY LOCATION STATION TURBID- FREE DISSOL. No. ITY CO2 OXYGEN AIR WATER pH, pH2 M. 0. P.

Caney Fork River ', land tributaries, Putnam, Smith, DeKalb, Warren Cos. : Center Hill Dam . S40 Cl 2.0 8.80 80 74 7.8 8.0 84.0 0.0 Collins River S46 Cl 2.0 7.90 76 72 7.6 7.8 60.0 0.0 Falling Water River S33 Cl 2.5 7.40 75 76 7.6 8.0 120.0 0.0 Mulherrin Creek S38 Cl 0.0 7.30 80 74 8.4 8.4 150.0 9.0 Pine Creek S41 Cl 1.5 8.20 80 68 7.7 7.9 55.0 0.0 Sink Creek S42 Cl 2.8 8.40 80 70 7.7 7.8 66.0 0.0 Mountain Creek. S43 Cl 2.0 8.50 80 70 7.7 7.8 66.0 0.0 Charles Creek S44 Cl 2.0 7.90 80 70 7.8 8.0 80.0 0.0 Smith Fork S39 51 0.0 7.30 82 76 8.3 8.3 132.0 4.0 Smith Fork S50 Si 0.0 7.20 78 74 8.3 8.3 160.0 4.5 Barren Pork River,4 2 Warren Co.: E. of Trousdale S49 Si 2.5 7.30 80 74 7.0 7.3 38.0 0.0 South Prong S48 SI 2.5 7.60 82 74 7.0 7.3 40.0 0.0 Big Hickory Cr S45 SI 0.0 7.30 80 71 8.1 8.1 110.0 2.5 C/) 'Station S46 is east of Irving College, with stream backed up from Rock Island dam. Station S33 is on U. S. highway 70 between Cookeville and Monterey. Station S41 is on Pine Creek, a renowned fishing stream whose lower reaches receive impounded waters from the Center Hill Reservoir. Cover and pool grade good. Station S39 is near Lancaster; the creek is large and well-shaded. "Lower'portions of Barren Fork River receive impounded waters from Rock Island Darn. Calfkiller River," White and Putnam Cos.: Upper part ------B86 Cl 6.5 8.40 78 70 7.6 8.0 120.0 0.0 Lower part ------B84 Si 2.5 8.40 84 71 7.8 8.0 125.0 0.0 Cherry Creek ...... B85 Cl 7.0 8.90 80 68 7.8 8.2 165.0 0.0 Hill's Cr.," tributary of Collins River, Warren Co.: S. of McMinnville ...... B91 CI 4.0 8.60 75 54 7.1 7.4 30.0 0.0 Rock Cr., Pickett and Scott Cos.: Thompson's Creek ...... A 3 Cl 4.4 7.20 79 63 6.8 13.0 0.0 4 5 Below the Dam A 4 Cl 2.6 7.80 72 70 6.6 5.5 0.0 Rock Creek ...... A 5 CI 3.5 8.40 71 63 6.8 5.0 0.0 White Oak Cr.," and tributaries, Fentress and Scott Cos.: Upper part ...... A 8 CI 4.4 7.60 75 68 6.8 7.0 0.0 Upper part ...... Al7 Cl 2.0 8.80 76 65 7.0 ...... 9.5 0.0 Middle part ------A10 Cl 16.0 8.10 75 73 7.2 8.0 0.0 en Lower part ------A81 Cl 2.5 8.00 78 75 7.2 15.0 0.0 "Former marked variation of level in this stream may now be controlled by a power dam. ,.A "Station B91 is near the head of this stream, which is indicated on some maps as "Dry Creek." (O "Located in Pickett State Park, Big South Fork watershed. Rock Creek enters main stream in Kentucky. c,-1 "This stream is not to be confused with White Oak Creek in near-by Morgan County. A rugged mountainous stream, it is paralleled for about three-quarters of its distance by the Oneida and Western Railway. CONDENSED DATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS OF IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS (Continued)

TEMPERATURE ACIDITY ALKALINITY LOCATION STATION TURBID- FREE DISSOL. No. ITY CO2 OXYGEN AIR WATER pH, pH2 M. 0. P. Clear Fork River,'" and tributaries, Fentress, , Morgan, and Scott Cos.:

75 0 4.. 7.0 13.3 0.0

8.00 Long Creek ...... A21 Cl 2.5 Os 78 CD 6.8 10.0 0.0 , Falling Water Creek ...... A23 Cl 9.0 7.90

75 0 .4=.• 7.0 13.6 0.0 Crooked Creek, a - - - - - A22 Cl 2.5 8.00 o—• 83 V 7.1 11.4 0.0 Crooked Creek, b ...... A33 Cl 8.0 7.80 0, 79 V 7.0 10.0 0.0 A24 Cl 2.5 8.00 North Prong, a ------. ,

.4 7.0 6.7 0.0

7.80 83 V North Prong, b ...... A45 Cl 2.0

6.40 81 V N..) 7.0 17.0 0.0 Long Branch ------A25 Cl 7.0 0, .1. 6.6 10.0 0.0

7.10 82

Cl A27 9.0 , Mill Creek ------t.7c:r• 7.10 82 0 CA 6.6 10.0 0.0 Bridge Creek ------A28 Cl 9.0

86 0, 6.6 7.0 0.0 ,

6.80 Shoal Creek ...... A47 CI 8.0 00

7.40 82 0 .4. 6.8 11.7 0.0 South Prong, a ...... A26 Cl 2.5

83 1,) 6.8 6.7 0.0 South Prong, b ------A46 Cl 2.5 8.00 7t7 2.0 7.70 80 .--, 7.0 11.4 0.0 Upper Clear Fork - - - - - A34 Cl

7.50 78 N 6.8 7.0 0.0 Upper Clear Fork ...... A42 Cl 6.0

84 CD 6.5 5.7 0.0 Middle Clear Fork - - - - - A35 Cl 30.0 7.90

7.50 82 VVVVV 0, 6.8 10.0 0.0 Lower Clear Pork ...... A69 Cl 2.5

Mouth, Clear Fork A75 Cl 2.3 7.60 86 00 ts..1 6 8 8.0 O. 0 . 'The Clear Fork River originates south of Jamestown, Fentress Co., as the North and South Prongs, and with Shoal Creek forms 8 the main stream at a junction near Gatewood Ford, Fentress-Morgan Co. line. Crooked Creek enters at Peters Ford. The Clear Fork River, together with New River, forms the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River, below A75, in Scott County. This stream is not to be confused with the Clear Fork of the Cumberland in Whitley Co., Ky., whose waters drain from a portion of Campbell Co., Tenn.

White Oak Cr.," (Southern), in Morgan and Scott Cos.: Massingale Creek A39 Cl 2.0 8.00 84 69 7.0 10.4 0.0 Boone Camp Creek A40 CI 8.0 8.10 77 67 7.1 16.0 0.0 (") Boone Camp Creek A41 Cl 4.0 8.00 78 66 7.1 16.0 0.0 Pigeon Branch A55 Cl 4.0 7.60 76 72 6.6 6.6 0.0 Black Wolf Creek A37 SI 6.0 6.80 80 70 6.8 18.0 0.0 7.0 80 74 7.0 20.9 0.0 White Oak Creek, a A44 Si 5.90 - White Oak Creek, b. A43 S1 4.0 7.10 82 72 7.0 11.4 0.0 141 White Oak Creek, c A38 SI 9.0 8.00 80 69 6.6 10.0 0.0 White Oak Creek, d A36 Si 3.0 7.90 78 70 7.0 13.3 0.0 White Oak Creek, e. ... A68 Si 2.5 7.60 81 76 7.1 13.3 0.0 Big South Fork" of the Cumberland, in Scott Co.: Leatherwood Ford A77 Cl 1.5 7.00 88 81 6.8 6.0 Leatherwood Ford A77 Cl 2.0 7.80 82 75 6.7 7.0 0.0 6 O. & W. Bridge A84 Cl 2.5 7.50 84 80 7.1 13.3 0.0 -1 No Business Island A78 CI 2.5 7.20 90 84 7.0 10.0 0.0 No Business Creek A79 Cl 2.5 7.30 80 80 7.0 9.5 0.0 Station Camp Branch Al Cl 2.0 7.30 78 76 6.6 6.0 0.0 Laurel Fork, a A15 Cl 2.2 7.80 83 70 7.3 43.0 0.0 Laurel Fork, b Al2 Cl 2.0 7.42 83 69 7.2 40.0 0.0 Pine Creek A83 Cl 3.5 7.60 84 78 7.1 24.7 0.0 "White Oak Creek has a rather high total alkalinity as compared with other streams of the North Cumberland Plateau. An oil re- finery formerly located on Boone Camp Creek may have adversely affected the bottom fauna in portions of this stream. The Big South Fork originates at the Junction of the Clear Fork and New River in Scott County. The entire Big South Fork drainage area is about 1370 square miles; about 50% forested, and a large portion is within the State of Tennessee. This stream enters the main river at Burnside, Kentucky.

Cr.) Ui 4 CONDENSED IDATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS OF IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS (Continued) &

TEMPERATURE ACIDITY ALKALINITY LOCATION STATION TURBID- FREE DISSOL. No. ,. ITY CO2 OXYGEN AIR WATER pH, pH 2 M. 0. P.

New River, and tributaries, in Scott, Campbell, and Anderson Cos.: Head of New River" A48 Cl 6.0 8.30 81 72 7.0 15.0 0.0 Brushy Mountain A67 Cl 2.5 7.00 87 78 7. I 19.0 0.0 Moore Mine ------A49 Cl 6.70 83 72 5.2 4.0 0.0 Smoky Junction ------A54 Cl 3.0 7.80 82 74 6.5 10.0 0.0 Norma ------A60 Si 4.0 6.82 85 75 6.5 12.0 0.0 Cordell ------A73 Si 2.5 7.40 79 79 6.8 8.0 0.0 New River Station - - - - All Si 4.0 6.40 78 80 7.0 12.3 0.0 Mouth of New River_ A76 Si 2.5 7.54 86 84 7.0 11.4 0.0 Cages Fork ------A66 SI 3.0 7.00 86 81 7.3 13.4 0.0 Beech Fork ------A50 Si 3.2 7.65 81 75 7.2 21.5 0 . 0 Ligias Fork ------A56 Cl 5.0 6.60 84 78 7.0 25.7 0.0 Smoky Fork ------A53 51 3.0 7.50 82 78 7.0 14.2 0.0 Roach Creek ------A58 Cl 7.00 84 74 -3.0 . 0.0 Montgomery Fork - - - - A59 Cl 6.20 85 78 4.0 0.0 Straight Fork ------A61 SI 2.5 7.50 82 76 7.1 16.1 0.0 Rockhouse Fork ------A62 SI 3.5 7.60 82 74 7.0 16.4 0.0 Buffalo Creek, a ------A64 Si 2.5 7.50 84 75 7.2 15.2 0.0 Buffalo Cr. (Winona) - - A74 SI 2.5 8.00 80 79 7.1 18.0 0.0 Paint Rock Creek - - - - - A63 Si 2.5 7.70 84 83 7.2 15.3 0.0 Brimstone Creek, a ...... A51 SI 4.5 8.00 80 80 7.0 13.3 0.0 Brimstone Creek, b. A70 SI 6.0 6.41 74 75 7.0 13.0 0.0 Philip Creek ------A72 CI 7.20 82 79 4.4 0.0

'New River, normally a stream suitai le for fisheries management, is continually subject to acid coal-mine drainage pollution from many points throughout its upper portions. General lack in alkali reserve permits periodic acidic conditions to prevail through most of the stream. East Fork, Obey Rivers, and tributaries, Putnam, Fentress, and Pickett Cos.: (- Meadow Creek ...... Cll Cl 8.00 77 69 4.5 0.0 ..Z Cliff Springs ...... C 9 Cl 7.90 85 82 4.4 0.0 Z. E. of Wilder ...... C 7 Cl 7.00 79 67 6.0 18.0 0.0 W. of Jamestown ...... C15 Cl 2.5 9.20 90 68 7.2 30.0 0.0 W. of Glenobey ...... C17 Cl 5.0 8.50 82 68 6.8 19.0 0.0 rri Riverton Ford ...... C70 Cl 2.5 7.90 84 83 7.7 66.0 0.0 Mouth at West Fork ...... C30 Cl 2.5 8.00 87 80 7.7 68.0 0.0 Big Hurricane Cr...... C14 Cl 2.0 7.90 77 75 6.6 6.6 0.0 Big Hurricane Cr ...... C13 Cl 2.0 7.60 83 72 6.4 6.4 0.0 Meadow Creek ...... C12 Cl 7.90 77 72 4.8 0.0 CS ' Dripping Spring Cr ...... C10 Cl 8.20 77 66 -5.0 0.0 Little Hurricane ...... C26 Cl 9.0 4.40 83 73 6.2 15.0 0.0 Wolf Creek ...... C27 Cl 8.0 6.60 86 75 6.2 11.0 0.0 Little Indian Cr ...... C28 Cl 3.5 5.00 88 80 6.8 10.0 O. 0 Laurel Cr. Town of Wilder ...... C 8 Cl 6.50 89 85 2.6 0.0 Glenobey Creek ...... C18 Cl 2.5 9.40 78 62 7.4 55.0 0.0 cn Sl 8.0 100.00 2.0 co Poplar Cove Creek ...... C16 0.0 9.20 88 67 co Little Crab Creek .... C62 Si 0.0 8.10 88 75 8.1 128.0 2.5 Rockhouse Creek ------C67 Cl 0.0 8.60 76 63 8.0 72.0 0.5 Big Indian Creek ...... C91 Cl 0.0 8.80 91 86 8.0 132.0 3.0 Old Station 15 ------S47 Cl 8.50 80 70 4.8 0.0 -ta 'Acid mine-water enters this stream from coal workings near the headwaters, and this has aided in causing the sinks and seepages into Cie underlying limestone near Wilder and Glenobey. The East Fork joins the West Fork to form the main Obey River, now submerged in the impoundment of Dale Hollow Resei voir.

CA) G.) oo

CONDENSED DATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS OF IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS (Continued)

TEMPERATURE ACIDITY ALKALINITY LOCATION STATION TURBID- FREE DISSOL. No. ITV COz OXYGEN AIR WATER pH t pH2 M. 0. P.

West Fork, Obey River," and tributaries, Over- ton and Pickett Cos.: Head at Three Forks-. C19 SI 2.5 9.60 90 61 8.0 100.0 0.0 Allred Post Office.. C20 Si 2.0 9.20 87 72 8.0 100.0 0.0 At Nettlecarrier Cr . C25 Si 2.3 8.70 90 76 8.0 107.0 0.0 Junction of E. Fork C29 SI 2.3 8.20 87 78 8.0 111.0 0.0 Puncheon Camp Creek C21 Si 2.8 9.20 90 72 8.0 105.0 0.0 Medlock Branch C22 Cl 4.0 9.60 82 59 7.6 92.0 0.0 Nettlecarrier Creek at Alpine C23 Si 3.5 8.15 81 73 7.8 111.0 0.0 Nettlecarrier Creek at mouth C24 Si 0.0 8.50 90 76 8.0 117.0 2.0

"The West Fork of the Obey River originates at an altitude of about 1200 ft. in the Mississippian formations of the Chester-St. Louis- Warsaw and the Tullahoma-Ft. Payne, with variable limestones in addition to sandstones and shales. Acid coal-mine pollution which occasionally enters via Gum Fork from near Crawford, and from Cub Creek south of Allred, Overton County, may be neutralized by the natural conditions. Stream flows through some cultivated land and generally is low in cover grade; quite accessible at most points. Obey River tributaries in Pickett and Clay Cos.:53 Franklin Creek ...... C69 Si 0.0 7.60 85 84 8.2 137.0 10.0 Eagle Creek...... C33 51 0.0 7.20 90 83 8.3 120.0 4.0 Eagle Creek ...... C82 Si 0.0 8.60 72 72 8.3 112.0 3.8 Cope Creek ------C38 Si 5.0 7.00 87 72 7.8 120.0 0.0 Cove Creek ...... C37 Si 0.0 8.00 86 82 8.1 115.0 2.0 Ashburn Creek ------C36 Si 0.0 8.40 87 84 8.3 126.0 4.0 Iron Creek ...... C35 Si 0.0 9.90 87 80 8.2 128.0 5.0 Mitchell Creek ...... C42 Si 0.0 8.00 84 84 8.1 118.0 4.0 Neely Creek ...... C44 Si 0.0 8.10 78 75 8.2 123.2 4.0 Hendricks Creek ...... C45 Marked 0.0 7.70 86 84 8.3 120.0 4.0 Sulphur Creek ...... C46 SI 2.6 8.20 84 86 8.0 128.0 0.0 Kettle Creek ...... C47 Si 0.0 8.50 87 80 8.0 125.0 Trace "The Obey River, sometimes designated in published reports as "Obey's River," is a stream of the north Eastern Highland Rim of g' Tennessee, and of somewhat larger drainage area than the Obed River on the Cumberland Plateau in Cumberland County, with which it is frequently confused with respect to name. This stream of a marked alkali reserve is now, in its main portion, the impoundment of Dale Hollow Reservoir, U. S. A. Nine chemical sampling stations on the main Obey River, prior to impoundment, gave an average set of readings as : Water T. °F. = 82.0' ; Turbidity, slight ; pHi = 8.1; M. O. Alk. = 101.0; P. Alk. = 1.2; Dissolved 02 = 7.93 p.p.m. A region of considerable natural aquatic fertility and susceptible to fisheries management.

■C) CONDENSED DATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS OF IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS ( Continued)

TEMPERATURE ACIDITY . ALKALINITY LOCATION STATION TURBID- FREE DISSOL. No. ITY CO2 OXYGEN AIR WATER pHi pH 2 M. 0. P. Wolf River, Fentress, Pickett and Clay Cos.: Headwaters ------C63 Cl 3.0 9.40 85 62 7.2 50.0 0.0 Rotten Fork - - - -, - - - - - C65 Cl 5.0 7.80 78 80 8.0 105.0 0.0 Little Jack Creek ------C64 SI 6.0 6.00 82 71 7.3 100.0 0.0 N. of Jamestown ------C66 Cl 2.5 6.80 75 68 7.5 70.0 0.0 Holbert Creek ...... C60 Marked 2.0 7.60 89 80 7.8 80.0 0.0 Backbone Ford ------C57 Marked 0.0 8.00 88 83 8.0 95.0 0.4 Dry Creek Ford ------C55 Marked 1.8 7.90 83 78 7.8 88.0 0.0 Miller Chapel ------C51 Marked 0.0 6.50 88 84 8.1 117.0 4.0 Mouth at Lillydale ...... C41 Marked 0.0 7.50 91 83 8.2 109.0 4.0 Tributaries of Wolf River: Caney Creek ...... C59 Si 0.0 8.20 84 82 8.2 120.0 9.0 Lick Cr. at Static ...... C58 S1 0.0 6.80 82 82 8.2 123.0 6.0 Town Branch ...... C56 SI 0.0 8.00 87 83 8.2 123.0 6.0 Dry Creek ...... C54 SI 0.0 8.20 85 79 8.2 130.0 6.0 Widow Creek ...... C53 Si 0.0 8.80 83 74 8.3 142.0 7.0 Brimstone Creek ------C68 SI 0.0 7.60 84 79 8.2 145.0 12.0 Sewell Creek ------C50 S1 0.0 7.70 86 79 8.0 110.0 4.0 Carter Creeks, ------C49 Si 9.0 7.40 88 82 7.6 110.0 0.0 , 4 ------Spring Creek C52 Si 0.0 7.40 89 85 8.0 110.0 4.0 'Carter Creek and Spring Creek are triliutaries which drain into Wolf River from across the state line in Kentucky. Wolf River was formerly the principal tributary of the main Obey River, entering at the old Lillydale P. 0., now submerged in the impoundment of Dale Hollow Reservoir. Wolf River now receives the backwaters of this impoundment, Mill Cr., Overton and Clay Cos.: At Dam, Kelly Lake Cl Cl 0.0 6.80 9,0 87 8.2 121.0 4.0 Upper part C2 CI 9.0 7.40 /,-I 77 7.8 140.0 0.0 Middle part C5 CI 9.0 8.90 •84 83 7.8 135.0 0.0 r.t4 . Lower part C6 CI 8.0 7.90 84 67 7.8 140.0 0.0 At Mouth" C3 CI 3.0 7.90 88 78 8.2 140.0 0.0 Roaring River," and tributaries; Overton and Jackson Cos.: At Dwindle C78 Si 5.5 8.00 83 74 7.7 120.0 0.0 ..• S. of Hilham C77 Si 0.0 8.20 86 83 8.2 115.0 8.0 Hoppers Creek C72 Si 5.0 8.10 85 77 7.6 120.0 0.0 Aarons Creek C75 SI 3.5 8.00 86 79 8.0 113.0 0.0 Town Branch C87 Si 0.0 8.40 80 70 8.0 127.0 Trace cz Spring Creek C86 SI 0.0 8.10 86 72 8.0 108.0 Trace Mill Creek C84 Si 0.0 8.10 84 79 8.2 98.0 7.0 Spring Creek C85 Si 0.0 7.20 85 76 8.2 103.0 3.0 Flat Creek C80 Si 0.0 8.00 83 76 8.0 127.0 7.5 Flat Creek C76 Si 0.0 8.20 87 82 8.2 118.0 9.0 Blackmans Pork C71 Si 0.0 8.60 85 80 8.2 108.0 4.0 Hoppers Creek C73 SI 6.0 8.00 85 77 7.6 120.0 0.0 Morrisons Creek .. C74 S1 4.0 8.80 88 75 7.6 134.0 0.0 "Mill Creek is the outlet of Kelly Lake, Standing Stone State Park, Overton County. "In the vicinity of Hoppers Creek and Aarons Creek this stream sinks into the sand and gravel of the stream bed during the summer season. Mouth of stream north of Gaiaesboro receives seepage and backwaters from the main Cumberland River. CONDENSED DATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS OF IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS ( Continued)

TEMPERATURE ACIDITY ALKALINITY LOCATION STATION TURBID- FREE DISSOL . No. ITY CO2 OXYGEN AIR WATER pH, pH2 M. 0. P.

Cumberland River, 57 and tributaries in Clay and Jackson Cos.: Bridge at Celina ------C88 Si 0.0 8.00 83 81 8.0 63.0 Trace Butlers Landing ------C 4 Si 0.0 6.70 93 86 7.8 75.0 Trace N. of Gainesboro ------C89 Si 3.5 8.30 88 83 7.8 70.0 0.0 Mouth, Roaring River.... C94 Si 4.0 8.00 84 84 7.7 70.0 0.0 Knob Creek ------C48 Si 0.0 7.90 87 76 8.0 110.0 Trace Jennings Creek ...... C90 Si 15.0 8.00 86 76 7.3 168.0 0.0 Martin Creek ...... S29 Si 4.0 8.00 80 73 8.0 178.0 0.0

"The main Cumberland River in this vicinity represents a lower total alkalinity than might be anticipated on the basis of soluble limestones in the vicinity. This may mean that the main body of water reflects the dilution by softer waters which have entered the stream near its headwaters on the north Cumberland Plateau in Kentucky. Knob Creek and Jennings Creek are more typical in their field chemistry with the surrounding drainages from the foothills of the eas tern Highland Rim, and are more in agreement with the characteristics of streams found in the Central Basin of Tennessee, Tributaries of the r) 55 ..-.. Cumberland River, co Wilson, Cheatham, ,.. . Houston, and Montgom- eryCos.: Barton Creek, a 2M Cl 23.0 8.20 86 77 7.2 8.3 179.0 0.0 tRI Barton Creek, b 3M Black 40.0 0.00 86 83 7.7 8.4 225.0 0.0 Barton Creek, c 4M CI 9.00 87 87 8.4 8.4 85.0 0.0 9, Big Marrowbone Cr.. 33M Si 7.5 7.60 84 77 7.5 8.2 130.0 0.0 Sycamore Creek 32M Si 6.5 6.80 79 76 7.6 8.2 160.0 0.0 g Barren Fork Creek 41M Marked 11.0 8.10 70 77 7.3 8.0 165.0 0.0 :"... Little West Fork, a...... _ 1M Si 9.0 8.60 81 64 7.6 8.2 132.0 0.0 Z Little West Fork, b... 36M Si 9.0 8.00 86 77 7.6 8.3 186.0 0.0 ; Big West Fork 35M Si 9.5 7.90 84 73 7.7 8.4 198.0 0.0 '---k Spring Creek 34M Si 9.5 7.50 77 71 7.5 8.1 154.0 0.0 .--1 Yellow Creek 40M Marked 9.0 7.80 76 71 7.6 8.1 167.0 0.0 5.:2 Wells Creek 39M Si 10.0 8.00 68 68 7.3 8.1 160.0 0.0 r. Spring Creek S27 Si 4.0 8.20 78 77 7.2 8.0 118.0 0.0 ' Cedar Creek S35 Si 0.0 7.80 78 72 8.4 8.4 114.0 10.0 Louise Creek S70 Cl 4.0 8.90 70 68 7.5 8.0 90.0 0.0 "Barton Creek is periodically subject to pollution from wastes originating at a laundry and at mills in the town of Lebanon, Wilson _:,' County. Sycamore Creek is subject to similar pollution near Springfield, Robertson County. Big Marrowbone Creek flows underground c`O. at station 33M el CONDENSED DATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS OF IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS (Continued)

TEMPERATURE ACIDITY ALKALINITY LOCATION STATION TURBID- FREE DISSOL. No. STY CO 2 OXYGEN AIR WATER pH 1 pH2 M. 0. P. nct,-

Stone River," and tributaries, in Cannon, Davidson, and Rutherford Cos.: Upper part, a S 3 Cl 3.0 7.00 90 80 8.0 8.1 110.0 0.0 Upper part, b S4 Cl 3.0 7.60 90 78 8.0 8.2 130. 0 0.0 Middle part S 7 Cl 4.0 7.80 90 82 8.0 8.2 130.0 0.0 Lower part, a S13 Cl 4.3 8.00 88 79 8.0 8.1 125.0 0.0 Lower part, b S34 Cl 2.8 7.90 78 72 7.8 8.1 117.0 0.0 West Fork, a S 5 Cl 0.0 6.80 86 82 8.6 8.6 120.0 9.0 West Fork, b S27 Cl 0.0 5.60 88 78 8.0 8.0 130.0 4.0 Stewart Creek S 6 Cl 6.0 6.80 86 82 8.0 8.2 190.0 0.0 i"; Cumberland River tributaries in Smith, Sumner, Davidson, and Dickson Cos.: Jones Creek S75 Cl 2.5 8.90 72 60 7.0 7.4 90.0 0.0 Big Barton Creek S76 Cl 2.5 9.00 72 60 7.6 8.0 100.00 0.0 Round Lick Creek_ S36 Cl 2.0 8.80 80 70 7.6 7.8 75.0 0.0 Indian Creek S28 Cl 9.0 7.70 80 72 7.6 8.2 185.0 0.0 Station Camp Creek SIS Cl 0.0 6.60 91 81 8.1 8.1 150.0 3.0 Mill Creek S 1 Cl 0.0 6.40 88 78 8.4 8.4 142.0 9.0

"A prominent southern tributary of the Cumberland River in Middle Tennessee and a typical larger stream of the region. Cover grade is good with riffles and long pools suitable for management. Quite accessible in a region of farm and pasture lands. Bedrock is mainly the Ordovician of the Central Basin. Harpeth River, and tributaries, "in David- son, Cheatham, William- (-..- son, and Dickson Cos.: a- Kingston Springs...... S14 Si 0.0 7.20 80 80 8.2 8.2 120.0 4.5 ,.,.i Warner Park....__...... S9 Si 5.0 7.00 86 76 7.8 8.2 175.0 0.0 n Bethlehem Church S1 1 Si 4.0 7.20 86 80 7.8 8.1 160.0 0.0 R College Grove ...... S17 Si 4.5 7.30 92 84 7.7 8.2 148.0 0.0 tri. Little Harpeth River ...... SIO Si 3.5 8.00 86 78 7.8 8.0 133.0 0.0 West Harpeth River at .t.t Bingham ...... S12 Si 8.0 5.00 88 78 7.3 8.0 125.0 0.0 South Harpeth River at Linden ...... S8 SI 4.0 7.60 90 78 7.8 8.0 125.0 0.0 o Jones Creek ------42M Si 6.0 7.90 78 77 7.7 8.4 146.0 0.0 -,- Turnbull Creek ------24M Si 7.5 7.60 84 77 7.8 8.3 121.0 0.0 Elk River and tributaries in Lincoln, Marshall, and Franklin Cos.: a' N. of Winchester ...... S23 Si 3.5 7.80 88 70 7.3 7.8 85.0 0.0 z-s' of Fayetteville S...... S22 Si 4,5 8.00 90 80 7 6 8.0 100.0 0.0 c, Little Creek ...... S20 Si 0.0 8.20 88 80 145.0 co 8.1 8.1 3.0 co Richland Creek ...... S19 Si 4.0 8.00 88 83 7.8 8.0 122.0 0.0 Beans Creek ...... S21 CI 6.0 8.40 84 68 7.6 8.2 142.0 0.0 Cane Creek ...... S31 CI 7.0 7.40 80 76 7.4 8.0 112.0 0.0 Boiling Fork ------S28 Cl co 4.5 8.00 88 68 7.6 8.1 130.0 0.0 -..t c.- "Harpeth River and Elk River are characteristic large and slow-flowing streams of Middle Tennessee; turbid and warm in summer, with variable shade and cover grade, CONDENSED DATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS OF IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS (Continued)

TEMPERATURE ACIDITY ALKALINITY LOCATION STATION TURBID- FREE DISSOL. No. ITT COs OXYGEN AIR WATER pH, pHz M. 0. P. Duck River,' and tributaries in Marshall, Bedford, Coffee, Maury, Hickman and Humphreys Cos.: At Manchester ------S24 CI 3.5 8.90 88 71 7.6 7.8 80.0 0.0 At Chapel Hill ...... S18 Si 4.5 8.00 90 85 7.4 8.0 100.0 0.0 At Shelbyville ...... S26 Si 4.0 7.80 90 78 7.6 8.0 92.0 0.0 Garrison Pork ...... S25 SI 0.0 6.80 90 80 8.1 8.1 130.0 2.0 Rutherford Creek ...... 25M Marked 7.5 6.40 84 77 7.6 8.3 146.0 0.0 Little Bigby Creek ...... 28M Marked 7.5 8.30 84 76 7.9 8.5 155.0 0.0 Big Bigby Creek ------2/M Si 7.0 8.00 80 80 7.8 8.2 138.0 0.0 West Piney River ...... 49M Cl 6.7 7.80 78 68 7.7 8.1 162.0 0.0 Tumbling Creek ------48M Si 7.5 8.30 85 72 7.7 8.1 145.0 0.0 Hurricane Creek ...... 47M Si 7.0 8.00 80 72 7.7 8.2 145.0 0.0 Blue Creek ...... 46M CI 9.5 7.80 68 68 7.4 8.3 136.0 0.0 "Duck River is a warm-water stream, having the characteristics of lowland drainages of the Central Basin. The pool grade and the t.- degree of shade and cover suggest that it would be suitable for fisheries management, especially in such tributaries as Tumbling Creek and Hurricane Creek which already receive some protection. Rutherford Creek (25M) has about ten miles of water of good cover and g. pool grade. Water flow in Big Bigby Creek may vary markedly in dry seasons, Blue Creek is clean and with fair pool and cover grade. Little Bigby Creek is subject to silt pollution. Buffalo River62 and tributaries in Lawrence, Lewis, Wayne, and Perry Cos.: Upper part 15M SI 3.0 8.00 84 78 7.4 8.1 80.0 0.0 Middle part 23M Si 4.5 7.90 88 79 7.6 8.1 80.0 0.0 Little Buffalo River 31M SI 4.5 7.80 77 70 7.3 7.7 49.0 0.0 Little Buffalo River 16M Si 4.0 6.40 84 75 7.4 7.8 45.0 0.0 Trace Creek 13M Cl 5.5 8.00 84 68 7.3 7.8 54.0 0.0 Portyeight Creek 12M SI 5.0 7.80 77 75 7.4 7.8 50.0 0.0 Green River, a 8M Si 6.0 7.80 84 75 7.1 7.8 47.0 0.0 Green River, b 22M Si 3.5 8.40 75 69 7.3 7.7 32.0 0.0 Richland Creek, in Giles Co.: Upper part 30M Marked 8.0 7.00 82 80 7.6 8.2 146.0 0.0 Big Creek 29M Marked 7.6 7.40 83 82 7.6 8.4 137.0 0.0 Horse Cr. and tributaries, in Hardin Co.: Upper part 5M Si 4.8 8.20 70 73 7.6 8.2 100.0 0.0 Lower part 6M Si 4.0 6.89 80 77 6.9 7.5 23.0 0.0 White's Creek 20M Si 4.5 8.00 77 77 6.8 7.3 15.0 0.0 Turkey Creek 7M SI 5.0 7.20 77 76 7.2 7.7 45.0 0.0 "Buffalo River is a noted fishing stream of Middle Tennessee. Pool and cover grade generally good. Little Buffalo River has about 23 miles of fishable water, with fair pool grade and good cover. Pools in Rockhouse Creek tend to fill, as in the case of Fortyeight Crock, once known as a good fishing stream.

4=, Co

CONDENSED DATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF' THE WATERS OF IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS (Continued)

TEMPERATURE ACIDITY ALKALINITY LOCATION STATION TURBID- FREE DISSOL. No. ITY CO2 OXYGEN AIR WATER pH, pH2 M. 0. P.

Indian Cr. and tributary, Wayne and Hardin Cos.: Upper part 9M Cl 4.0 6.20 93 83 7. 7.8 45.0 0.0 Lower part 17M CI 6.0 7.20 77 71 7.1 7.7 41.0 0.0 Weatherford Creek 18M Cl 5.0 8.00 86 75 6.8 7.3 16.0 0.0 Hardin Cr., Wayne and Hardin Cos.: Upper part 11M Si 7.0 7.60 84 78 7.3 7.8 70.0 0.0 Lower part 10M Si 7.0 7.00 80 80 7.2 7.9 80.0 0.0 Tennessee River tributaries; Wayne, Decatur, Houston, and Humphreys Cos.: Second Creek63 19M CI 4.5 8.60 86 69 6.6 7.1 11.0 0.0 Cypress Creek 21M Cl 5.5 7.80 76 71 6.6 7.3 15.0 0.0 Beech Creek 49M Marked 4.5 6.60 80 80 6.7 7.2 10.0 0.0 Richland Creek 43M Cl 7.6 8.40 80 71 7.7 8.3 154.0 0.0 White Oak Creek, a ...... 54M Cl 7.0 8.20 80 77 7.7 8.3 146.0 0.0 White Oak Creek, b 44M SI 7.5 7.20 84 73 7.2 8.1 134.0 0.0 Hurricane Creek 37M Cl 9.5 7.50 77 73 7.1 8.2 132.0 0.0 Cane Creek 38M Si 5.6 8.00 77 75 7.5 8.2 130.0 0.0 "Second Creek and Cypress Creek flow into the Tennessee River in Alabama, with but small portions lying within Tennessee. Rich- land Creek is the preferable stream of this group for fisheries management, Big Sandy River" and C-7 tributaries, Carroll, Benton, and Henry Cos.: Upper part ...... 48W Cl 8.1 8.10 86 70 6.5 7.2 11.0 0.0 Middle part ...... 47W Marked 4.5 7.60 84 75 6.7 7.3 13.0 0.0 West Sandy Creek - - - 46W Marked 4.5 7.60 75 75 6.7 7.3 13.0 0.0 tn Obion River" (Main stream), Dyer Co.: Middle part ...... 8W Marked 8.0 6.40 73 71 6.8 7.4 37.0 0.0 North Fork, Obion River," Henry, Weakley, and Obion Cos.: Upper part ------45NV Marked 10.0 7.60 84 77 6.5 7.2 15.0 0.0 Lower part ...... 3NV Marked 7.0 7.80 71 65 6.8 7.3 20.0 0.0 Clear Creek ...... 6NV Marked 4.5 8.40 71 65 6.6 7.2 13.0 0.0 Cane Creek. ------44V Marked 8.5 8.40 80 78 6.8 7.3 25.0 0.0 Harris Fork ...... 24V Marked 23.0 5.20 71 77 6.8 7.6 61.0 0.0

This is a drainage canal with a bottom which has been cut into the Quaternary alluvium representing the beds of many West Ten- }lessee streams. Bottom of shifting sands. Sluggish rate of flow. "Sluggish, with few pools, and frequently contains large rough fish which have made their way upstream from the Mississippi River. f. "Mainly a drainage canal, and is generally muddy. In parts bass are common and the old river bed areas have a few good pools. Flow is slow. Harris Fork may receive some town pollution.

4=, ■rD CONDENSED DATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS OF IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS (Continued)

TEMPERATURE ACIDITY ALKALINITY LOCATION STATION TURBID- FREE DISSOL. No. ITY CO2 OXYGEN AIR WATER pH, pH z M. 0. P. Middle Fork, Obion River, and tributaries in Weakley Co.: Upper part 16W Marked 7.0 8.20 82 72 6.6 7.1 16.0 0.0 Spring Creek...... ______15W Marked 13.0 8.20 84 68 6.6 7.1 16.0 0.0 South Fork, Obion River,67 Carroll, Weakley, Gibson, and Obion Cos.: Lower part 11W Marked 6.0 7.80 71 69 6.8 7.1 25.0 0.0 Crooked Creek 42W Si 4.0 7.40 75 75 7.0 7.2 15.0 0.0 Beaver Creek 43W Marked 6.0 8.00 78 68 6.7 7.1 15.0 0.0 Clear Creek 44W Si 8.0 6.40 73 79 6.7 7.2 20.0 0.0 Rutherford Fork I OW Si 5.0 9.00 77 80 6.2 7.1 21.0 0.0 Obion River tributaries,68 Obion and Dyer Cos.: Reelfoot Lake Drain- age canal 1W SI 22.0 9.00 82 74 6.2 7.2 25.0 9.0 Spillway, Reelfoot Lake Preserve 7W Cl 5.2 8.60 77 75 8.1 8.3 115.0 0.0 Cole Branch 5W Cl 10.0 7.60 70 68 7.8 8.1 100.0 0.0 Reeds Creek 9W Cl 10.0 9.00 69 68 7.5 8.0 85.0 0.0

'Drainage canal type. Clear Creek drains from a 90-acre lake located 1 mile above station 44W. "Reelfoot Lake Drainage Canal and Spillway may contain rough fish, and is partly provided with shade and cover. Chemical characteristics of Cole Branch indicate its spring-fed nature. Forked Deer River tributaries, Gibson, (Th Crockett, Lauderdale Cos.: ,...,.

North Fork ...... 12W Yarked 3.5 9.00 75 68 7.1 7.2 23.0 0.0 A Middle Fork ------13W Marked 5.5 8.00 78 68 7.0 7.1 19.0 0.0 Knob Creek 69 ...... 17W Cl 20.0 9.00 84 78 8.2 8.4 280.0 0.0 tri South Fork," Forked A Deer River and tributaries, in Chester, 'i.'. Madison, Crockett, Hay- Ft wood. and Lauderdale Cos.: Upper part, a ...... 40W Marked 4.0 8.00 86 75 6.8 7.2 13.0 0.0 .,.,o Upper part, b ...... 41W Marked 3.5 8.40 88 78 6.8 7.2 13.0 0.0 Upper part, c ...... 32W Marked 13.0 4.40 89 75 6.3 7.2 17.0 0.0 -a, Middle part ------19W Marked 9.0 7.00 84 75 6.8 7.3 20.0 0.0 Lower part ------14W Marked 4.5 8.00 73 78 7.0 7.3 20.0 0.0 (o Jacks Creek ...... 33W Marked 6.5 7.60 74 68 6.7 7.2 20.0 0.0 c.,c.1 to co 'Knob Creek was clear at the time of sampling, and must be spring fed along its bottom since there appears no other way to account for the marked alkalinity on the basis of the surface geology. "Another drainage canal type of stream with shifting sandy bottom and practically no pools. At the time sampling was made there was evidence of pollution from a creosote plant at Jackson, Madison County. Waste entered below station 32W. Town pollution also Z,,t enters this stream, and is noticeable to fishermen at least as far downstream as station 19W. th

CONDENSED DATA ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE WATERS OE IMPORTANT TENNESSEE STREAMS, (Continued)

TEMPERATURE ACIDITY ALKALINITY LOCATION STATION TURBID- FREE DISSOL. No. ITY CO2 OXYGEN AIR WATER pH, pH2 M. 0. P. *.1 Hatchie River7, and tributaries, McNairy,

Hardeman, Haywood, •;".4' and Tipton Cos.: Cr.4 Upper part 37W Marked 11.0 6.20 86 78 6.4 7.1 15.0 0.0 Lower part 18W Marked 6.0 7.40 86 78 7.0 7.3 29.0 0.0 Muddy River 36W Marked 17.0 4.40 84 75 6.3 7.2 21.0 0.0 Moss Creek. 35W •Marked 8.0 7.00 77 73 6.5 7.1 17.0 0.0 Little Hatchie River 34W Marked 5.0 7.60 78 74 6.5 6.9 12.0 0. 0 Spring Creek 28W Marked 6.0 7.00 76 75 6.8 7. 1 15.0 0.0 Clover Creek 29W Marked 7.6 7.20 86 75 6.6 7.1 24.0 0.0 Clear Creek._ 30W Cl 20.0 7.20 90 66 6.4 7.0 15.0 0.0 Big Black Creek 3IW Si 8.0 8.00 80 68 6.6 6.8 15.0 0.0 Big Muddy Creek 20W Marked 16.0 6.80 78 66 6.8 7.2 21.0 0.0 Tuscumbia River 72 and tributary, McNairy Co. •.... Lower part 38W Marked 8.5 7.00 77 82 6.7 7.3 30.0 0.0 Cypress Creek 39W Marked 13.5 4.00 78 76 6. 4 7.2 24.0 0.0 rip "Big Muddy River at the head of the Hatchie River in southeastern Hardeman County contains driftwood and debris and is subject to flooding. Other tributaries are generally muddy, swampy, or with shifting sandy bottoms. Clear Creek flow is reduced by impound- g. ment of water at Whiteville Lake, Hardman County. "Tuscumbia River flows into Tennessee from Mississippi, entering the Hatchie River at the southwestern corner of McNairy County. A typical drainage canal type of stream with drift and sand. (.1

g. Loosahatehie River, ,, - Fayette and Shelby Cos.: Upper part ------21W SI 13.0 9.00 86 71 6.4 7.2 17.0 0.0 t Middle part ------25W Marked 8.0 7.60 85 78 6.4 7.1 20.0 0.0 Lower part ------26W Marked 5.5 8.20 88 84 7.2 7.6 35.0 0.0 t . Wolf River," Fayette and Shelby Cos.: Upper part. ------23W Muddy 8.0 7.00 82 75 6.7 7.2 15.0 0.0 O. Lower part ------24W Muddy 8.0 6.70 78 74 6.7 7.2 19.0 0.0 North Fork, a ------27W Si 7.8 8.40 75 60 6.8 7.2 19.0 0.0 cz North Fork, b ------22W Muddy 7.6 7.00 88 73 6.8 7.2 18.0 o.o 1 ,t>-1 "This stream is a drainage canal fed by numerous springs near its headwaters in Fayette County. Lower portions lack pools, and the stream is muddy and quite exposed through most of its length. "The North Fork of Wolf River above Moscow, Fayette County, is small, but with deep pools. Downstream the water remains warm and muddy in summer. The main area of the stream is a drainage canal. Some rough fish migrate from the Mississippi River upstream for a considerable distance.

tan C.") Report of the Reelfoot Lake Biological Skiti‘On

LITERATURE CITED American Public Health Association. 1936. Standard methods for the examination of water and sewage. 8th ed. Pp. 1-309. N. Y. Birge, E. A. 1904. The thermocline and its biological significance. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc., 25: 5-33. Birge, E. A. 1907. The oxygen dissolved in the waters of Wisconsin lakes. Report, Wisconsin Comm. Fisheries, pp. 118-139. Birge, E. A. 1910. Gases dissolved in the waters of Wisconsin lakes. U. S. Fish. Comm. Bull., 28: 1275-1294. Birge, E. A., and C. Juday. 1911. The inland lakes of Wisconsin. The dissolved gases of the water and their biological significance. Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. 22, Sci. Series, No. 7, pp. 1-259. Birge, E. A., and C. Juday. 1914. The inland lakes of Wisconsin. The hydrography and morphometry of the lakes. Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. 27, Sci. Series, No. 9, pp. 1-137. Botjes, J. 0. 1932. Die Aternregulierung bei Corixa geoffroyi Leach, Zeitschr. f. Vergl. Physiol., 17: 557-564. Dontcheff, L., and Ch. Kayser. 1936. Effet de concentrations variees en acide carbonique de lair atmospherique sue le quotient respiratoire et la reserve alcaline de la grenouille. Cornptes Rendus, des Seances de to Societe de Biologie, etc., Paris, 123 (32 ) : 815-817. Forbes, S. A. 1877. The lake as a microcosm. Peoria Sci. Assn. Forbes, S. A. 1893. A preliminary report on the aquatic invertebrate fauna of the Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, and of the Flathead Region of Montana. U. S. Fish Comm. Bull. (1891), pp. 207-258. Forbes, S. A. 1911. Chemical and biological investigations on the Illinois River, midsummer of 1911. III. State Lab. Nat. Hist., pp. 1-9. Forbes, S. A. 1928. The biological survey of a river system; its objects, methods and results. Ill. Div. Nat. Hist. Survey, 17: 277-284. Gentry, Glenn. 1941. Herpetological collections from counties in the vicinity of the Obey River drainage of Tennessee. Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci., 16(3) : 329-332 (Reprinted as Misc. Publ. No. 4, Tenn. Div. of Game and Fish, Nashville). Heerdt, P. F., and B. J. Krijsman. 1939. Die Regulierung der Atmung bei Eriocheir sinensis Milne Edwards. Zeitschr. f. Vergl. Physiol., 27: 29-40. Hobbs, Horton H., and C. S. Shoup. 1942. On the crayfishes collected from the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River in Tennessee during the summer of 1938. Amer. Midi. Nat., 28(3) :634-644. Nov. Hoover, E. E., et. al. 1937. Biological survey of the Androscoggin, Saco and Coastal watersheds. Methods of stream and lake analysis. New Hamp- shire game and fish dept. (Concord), Survey Report No. 2, pp. 128-150. Kofoid, C. A. 1903. Plankton of the Illinois River. 1894-1899. I, II. Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist. Bull., 6:95-629 (50 pls.) ; 8:1-360 (5 pls.). Krogh, August, and I. Leitch. 1919. The respiratory function of the blood in fishes. Jour. Physiol., 52 : 288-300. Kuhne, Eugene R. 1939. A guide to the fishes of Tennessee and the Mid- South. Division of Game and Fish, Tenn. Dept. of Conservation, Nashville, pp. 1-124, 81 figs. Needham, Paul R. 1938. Trout streams: conditions that determine their productivity and suggestions for stream and lake management. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, N. Y., pp. 1-233. New York, State of. 1932. A biological survey of the Oswegatchie and Black River systems. Conservation Dept., N. Y. Biol. Survey (1931), No. VI, pp. 1-344 (Albany). Peters, C. A., S. Williams, and P. C. Mitchell. 1940. A simplification of Powers' method for the determination of carbon dioxide in natural waters and comparison with the titration method. Ecology, 21: 107-108. Chemical Examination of Tennessee Waters 55

Powers, E. B. 1934. Certain conditions of existence of fishes, especially as concerns their internal environment. Ecology, 15(2) : 69-79. April. Powers, E. B. 1937. The mortality of fish at the Hamblen State Hatchery. Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci., 12 (4) : 377-380. Oct. Powers, E. B. 1937. Factors involved in the sudden mortality of fishes. Trans. Amer. Fisheries Soc., 67: 271-281. Reighard, J. E. 1894. A biological examination of Lake St. Clair. Pre- liminary account of work done during the summer of 1893 by the party maintained by the Michigan Fish Commission. Bull. Mich. Fish Comm., No. 4, pp. 1-60. Shelf ord, V. E. 1925. The hydrogen-ion concentration of certain western American inland waters. Ecology, 6: 279-287. Shoup, C. S. 1940. Biological and chemical characteristics of the drainage of the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River in Tennessee. Report, Reelfoot Lake Biol. Sta., Vol. 4, 76-105 (Reprinted in Misc. Publ., No. 1, Tennessee Div. of Game and Fish, Nashville). Shoup, C. S., and J. H. Peyton. 1940. Collections from the drainage of the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River in Tennessee. Report, Reelfoot Lake Biol. Sta., Vol. 4, 106-116 (Reprinted in Misc. Publ., No. 2, Tennessee Div. of Game and Fish, Nashville). Shoup, C. S., J. H. Peyton, and Glenn Gentry. 1941. A limited biological survey of the Obey River and adjacent streams in Tennessee. Report, Reel- foot Lake Biol. Sta., Vol. 5, 48-76 (Reprinted in Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci., 16(1), Jan.). Shoup, C. S. 1943. Distribution of fresh-water gastropods in relation to total alkalinity of streams. Nautilus, 56(4) : 130-134. April. Shoup, C. S. 1944. Geochemical interpretation of water analyses from Ten- nessee streams. Trans. Amer. Fisheries Soc., 74: 223-229 (Published, 1947). Shoup, C. S. 1948. Limnological observations on some streams of the New River watershed in the vicinity of Mountain Lake, Virginia. Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., 64(1) : 1-12. June. SOrensen, S. P. L. 1909. Rtucles enzymatiques; II. Sur la mesure et l'importance de la concentration des ions hydrogene dans les reactions enzymatiques. Comptes Rendus, Lab. Carlsberg, 8: 1. Theroux, F. R., E. F. Eldridge, and W. I,eR. Mallmann. 1936. Laboratory manual for chemical and bacterial analysis of water and sewage. McGraw Hill Book Co., N. Y., pp. 1-228. Westerlund, A. 1906. Studien iiber die Athembewegungen der Karausche mit besonderer Riicksicht auf den verschiedenen Gasgehalt des Athemwassers. Skan. Archiv f. Physiol., 18: 263-280. Wherry, E. T. 1920. Soil acidity and a field method for its measurement Ecology, 1: 160-173. Wiebe, A. H. 1930. Investigations on plankton production in fish ponds. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fisheries, 46: 137-176. Willmer, E. N. 1934. Some observations on the respiration of certain tropical fresh-water fishes. Jour. EA-pi. Biol., 11: 283-306. Wright, Mike, and C. S. Shoup. 1945. Dragonfly nymphs from the Obey River drainage and adjacent streams in Tennessee. Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci., 20(3) : 266-278. July.