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Historic Context Evaluation for Mills in Tennessee

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Historic Context Evaluation for Mills in Tennessee HISTORIC CONTEXT EVALUATION FOR MILLS IN TENNESSEE A Study Conducted for the Tennessee Department of Transportation through the University of Tennessee Transportation Center Project Number RES1039 Contract Number CUT 063 by John N. Lovett, Jr., Ph.D., Director The Museum of Power and Industry, Inc. 134 Falls Mill Road Belvidere, Tennessee 37306 Assistance from Loretta Lautzenheiser Coastal Carolina Research, Inc. 407 Trade Street Tarboro, North Carolina 27886 May 2002 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship or the Tennessee Depar tment of Transportation in the interest of research and information exchange. The united States Government and the State of Tennessee assume no 7iability for the contents or the use thereof. The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are respons ible for the facts and accuracy of the data presents herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the offic7'a7 views or po7icies of the United States Government or the State of Tennessee at the time of publication. Th is report does not cons titute a standard specificdtion or regulation. The uni ted State Government and the State of Tennessee do not endorse products , equipment or manufacturers. Trade manufacturers' names appear herein only because they are considered essent7'al to the objectives of this document. Oepartment of Transportation Authorization' 401412 30 copies, oece.ber , 2004. This publiC document was ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge the encouragement and assistance of several people during the course of research, compilation, and writing of this report. First, I am grateful to the Tennessee Department of Transportation and the University of Tennessee Transportation Center for the receipt of this grant and the opportunity to study old mills in the state. My thanks are also extended to my infinitely patient wife Janie for her confidence in my ability to complete this project, and her gentle pushes when needed. Also, I thank Loretta Lautzenheiser, president of Coastal Carolina Research, Inc., for her help in archaeologically interpreting the mill sites we visited, and revising sections of the report, and for the help of her staff in compiling much of the statistical data. My friend Walter Clement has been an invaluable source of information and early documents dealing with antique machinery of all types, especially his first love, steam engines. He has also contributed much volunteer time to proofreading this report and helping Janie at Falls Mill when I was at home or in the field working on this project. In addition, I thank my friend Leilani Hammock Moss for her early help in sifting through the seemingly endless Census of Manufactures schedules and compiling much of the mill-related data found therein. I also acknowledge the input of the county historians who took the time to respond to my letters of inquiry concerning old mills in their respective counties. I sincerely appreciate the time Ron Dawson, co-owner of “Tennessee’s Oldest Business,” the Dungan-St. John Mill in Washington County, took to furnish history of his enterprise and information on the old mills of his area. I also thank him for the print of the Dungan- St. John Mill and permission to reproduce it in this report. The staff members of the Tennessee State Library and Archives were especially helpful in pointing me toward valuable archival materials. My thanks are also extended to the Board of Directors of the Society for the Preservation of Old Mills (SPOOM), on which I serve, for their support in this effort and their permission to reproduce several figures from the ancient milling texts they have reprinted for sale by the Society. Finally, I thank Sheila Brown, CEO, and my friends and co-workers at QuantiTech, Inc., in Huntsville, Alabama, for their patience and support in helping me complete this project and copy the report. I hope my work will prove helpful to future mill investigators. John N. Lovett, Jr., May, 2002 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………… ii List of Figures ….……………………………………………………………………….viii List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………xiii Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter 1: Some Highlights in the History of Milling …………………………….. 3 Reduction of Grains …………………………………………………… 3 Logs to Lumber ………………………………………………………... 5 Textiles ………………………………………………………………… 6 Evolution of Grain Milling ……………………………………………. 7 Chapter 2: Historical Development of Mills in Tennessee ……………………….. 13 The Pioneer Period (1777 – 1820) …………………………………….. 13 Mechanization of Grain Grinding ……………………………… 13 Water is Harnessed for Power ………………………………….. 15 Physical Context of Mills ………………………………………. 16 Appurtenances Needed for Powering Mills ……………………. 19 The Mill Structure ……………………………………………… 26 The Tub Wheel Mill ……………………………………………. 27 The Overshot Mill ……………………………………………… 31 Other Water Wheels ……………………………………………. 43 Grist vs. Merchant Mills ……………………………………….. 45 The Up-and-down Sawmill …………………………………….. 49 Textile Beginnings ……………………………………………... 51 Conclusion ……….…………………………………………….. 56 The Pre-Civil War Period of Early Industrialization (1820 – 1860) ….. 56 The Water Turbine ……………………………………………... 56 The Steam Engine ……………………………………………… 64 Grain Milling in the Early Industrialization Period ……………. 67 Saw Milling in the Early Industrialization Period …………….. 80 Textile Factories of the Early Industrialization Period ………... 80 Power Transmission Equipment ………………………………. 86 Conclusion ……………………………………………………... 91 The Late Industrial Period (1860 – 1900) ……………………………. 92 Civil War and Reconstruction …………………………………. 92 New Technologies in Grain Milling …………………………… 92 Different Processes in the Same Mill …………………………... 104 The Circular Saw Wins Out ……………………………………. 105 Textile Manufacture Becomes Machine Driven ……………….. 108 New Power Sources Emerge …………………………………… 114 Conclusion ……………………………………………………... 116 The Modern Period (Post – 1900) ……………………………………. 117 Conclusion ……………………………………………………... 122 iii Chapter 3: Historical Statistics on Milling Operations in Tennessee ……………... 123 Chapter 4: A Brief History of Milling in Each Tennessee County ………………... 131 Anderson County ……………………………………………………… 133 Bedford County ……………………………………………………….. 133 Benton County ………………………………………………………… 134 Bledsoe County ……………………………………………………….. 135 Blount County …………………………………………………………. 135 Bradley County ………………………………………………………... 137 Campbell County ……………………………………………………… 138 Cannon County ………………………………………………………... 138 Carroll County …………………………………………………………. 139 Carter County ………………………………………………………….. 139 Cheatham County ……………………………………………………… 140 Chester County ………………………………………………………… 141 Claiborne County ……………………………………………………… 141 Clay County …………………………………………………………… 142 Cocke County …………………………………………………………. 142 Coffee County ………………………………………………………… 143 Crockett County ………………………………………………………. 143 Cumberland County …………………………………………………... 144 Davidson County ……………………………………………………… 144 Decatur County ……………………………………………………….. 145 DeKalb County ……………………………………………………….. 146 Dickson County ……………………………………………………….. 147 Dyer County …………………………………………………………... 147 Fayette County ………………………………………………………... 148 Fentress County ……………………………………………………….. 148 Franklin County ………………………………………………………. 149 Gibson County ………………………………………………………... 151 Giles County ………………………………………………………….. 152 Grainger County ………………………………………………………. 153 Greene County ………………………………………………………... 154 Grundy County ………………………………………………………... 155 Hamblen County ……………………………………………………… 155 Hamilton County ……………………………………………………… 156 Hancock County ………………………………………………………. 157 Hardeman County …………………………………………………….. 157 Hardin County ………………………………………………………… 158 Hawkins County ………………………………………………………. 159 Haywood County ……………………………………………………... 159 Henderson County …………………………………………………….. 160 Henry County …………………………………………………………. 160 Hickman County ……………………………………………………… 162 Houston County ………………………………………………………. 163 Humphreys County …………………………………………………… 163 Jackson County ……………………………………………………….. 164 iv Chapter 4: A Brief History of Milling in Each Tennessee County (continued) Jefferson County ……………………………………………………… 164 Johnson County ……………………………………………………….. 165 Knox County ………………………………………………………….. 166 Lake County …………………………………………………………... 168 Lauderdale County ……………………………………………………. 168 Lawrence County ……………………………………………………... 169 Lewis County …………………………………………………………. 170 Lincoln County ……………………………………………………….. 170 Loudon County ……………………………………………………….. 171 McMinn County ………………………………………………………. 172 McNairy County ……………………………………………………… 173 Macon County ………………………………………………………… 174 Madison County ………………………………………………………. 174 Marion County ………………………………………………………... 174 Marshall County ………………………………………………………. 175 Maury County ………………………………………………………… 175 Meigs County …………………………………………………………. 176 Monroe County ……………………………………………………….. 177 Montgomery County ………………………………………………….. 177 Moore County ………………………………………………………… 178 Morgan County ……………………………………………………….. 179 Obion County …………………………………………………………. 180 Overton County ……………………………………………………….. 180 Perry County ………………………………………………………….. 181 Pickett County ………………………………………………………… 182 Polk County …………………………………………………………… 182 Putnam County ………………………………………………………... 182 Rhea County …………………………………………………………... 183 Roane County …………………………………………………………. 183 Robertson County …………………………………………………….. 184 Rutherford County ……………………………………………………. 184 Scott County …………………………………………………………... 186 Sequatchie County ……………………………………………………. 186 Sevier County …………………………………………………………. 186 Shelby County ………………………………………………………… 187
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