DOCSLIB.ORG

Historic Context Evaluation for Mills in Tennessee

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

HISTORIC CONTEXT EVALUATION FOR MILLS IN TENNESSEE A Study Conducted for the Tennessee Department of Transportation through the University of Tennessee Transportation Center Project Number RES1039 Contract Number CUT 063 by John N. Lovett, Jr., Ph.D., Director The Museum of Power and Industry, Inc. 134 Falls Mill Road Belvidere, Tennessee 37306 Assistance from Loretta Lautzenheiser Coastal Carolina Research, Inc. 407 Trade Street Tarboro, North Carolina 27886 May 2002 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship or the Tennessee Depar tment of Transportation in the interest of research and information exchange. The united States Government and the State of Tennessee assume no 7iability for the contents or the use thereof. The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are respons ible for the facts and accuracy of the data presents herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the offic7'a7 views or po7icies of the United States Government or the State of Tennessee at the time of publication. Th is report does not cons titute a standard specificdtion or regulation. The uni ted State Government and the State of Tennessee do not endorse products , equipment or manufacturers. Trade manufacturers' names appear herein only because they are considered essent7'al to the objectives of this document. Oepartment of Transportation Authorization' 401412 30 copies, oece.ber , 2004. This publiC document was ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge the encouragement and assistance of several people during the course of research, compilation, and writing of this report. First, I am grateful to the Tennessee Department of Transportation and the University of Tennessee Transportation Center for the receipt of this grant and the opportunity to study old mills in the state. My thanks are also extended to my infinitely patient wife Janie for her confidence in my ability to complete this project, and her gentle pushes when needed. Also, I thank Loretta Lautzenheiser, president of Coastal Carolina Research, Inc., for her help in archaeologically interpreting the mill sites we visited, and revising sections of the report, and for the help of her staff in compiling much of the statistical data. My friend Walter Clement has been an invaluable source of information and early documents dealing with antique machinery of all types, especially his first love, steam engines. He has also contributed much volunteer time to proofreading this report and helping Janie at Falls Mill when I was at home or in the field working on this project. In addition, I thank my friend Leilani Hammock Moss for her early help in sifting through the seemingly endless Census of Manufactures schedules and compiling much of the mill-related data found therein. I also acknowledge the input of the county historians who took the time to respond to my letters of inquiry concerning old mills in their respective counties. I sincerely appreciate the time Ron Dawson, co-owner of “Tennessee’s Oldest Business,” the Dungan-St. John Mill in Washington County, took to furnish history of his enterprise and information on the old mills of his area. I also thank him for the print of the Dungan- St. John Mill and permission to reproduce it in this report. The staff members of the Tennessee State Library and Archives were especially helpful in pointing me toward valuable archival materials. My thanks are also extended to the Board of Directors of the Society for the Preservation of Old Mills (SPOOM), on which I serve, for their support in this effort and their permission to reproduce several figures from the ancient milling texts they have reprinted for sale by the Society. Finally, I thank Sheila Brown, CEO, and my friends and co-workers at QuantiTech, Inc., in Huntsville, Alabama, for their patience and support in helping me complete this project and copy the report. I hope my work will prove helpful to future mill investigators. John N. Lovett, Jr., May, 2002 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………… ii List of Figures ….……………………………………………………………………….viii List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………xiii Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter 1: Some Highlights in the History of Milling …………………………….. 3 Reduction of Grains …………………………………………………… 3 Logs to Lumber ………………………………………………………... 5 Textiles ………………………………………………………………… 6 Evolution of Grain Milling ……………………………………………. 7 Chapter 2: Historical Development of Mills in Tennessee ……………………….. 13 The Pioneer Period (1777 – 1820) …………………………………….. 13 Mechanization of Grain Grinding ……………………………… 13 Water is Harnessed for Power ………………………………….. 15 Physical Context of Mills ………………………………………. 16 Appurtenances Needed for Powering Mills ……………………. 19 The Mill Structure ……………………………………………… 26 The Tub Wheel Mill ……………………………………………. 27 The Overshot Mill ……………………………………………… 31 Other Water Wheels ……………………………………………. 43 Grist vs. Merchant Mills ……………………………………….. 45 The Up-and-down Sawmill …………………………………….. 49 Textile Beginnings ……………………………………………... 51 Conclusion ……….…………………………………………….. 56 The Pre-Civil War Period of Early Industrialization (1820 – 1860) ….. 56 The Water Turbine ……………………………………………... 56 The Steam Engine ……………………………………………… 64 Grain Milling in the Early Industrialization Period ……………. 67 Saw Milling in the Early Industrialization Period …………….. 80 Textile Factories of the Early Industrialization Period ………... 80 Power Transmission Equipment ………………………………. 86 Conclusion ……………………………………………………... 91 The Late Industrial Period (1860 – 1900) ……………………………. 92 Civil War and Reconstruction …………………………………. 92 New Technologies in Grain Milling …………………………… 92 Different Processes in the Same Mill …………………………... 104 The Circular Saw Wins Out ……………………………………. 105 Textile Manufacture Becomes Machine Driven ……………….. 108 New Power Sources Emerge …………………………………… 114 Conclusion ……………………………………………………... 116 The Modern Period (Post – 1900) ……………………………………. 117 Conclusion ……………………………………………………... 122 iii Chapter 3: Historical Statistics on Milling Operations in Tennessee ……………... 123 Chapter 4: A Brief History of Milling in Each Tennessee County ………………... 131 Anderson County ……………………………………………………… 133 Bedford County ……………………………………………………….. 133 Benton County ………………………………………………………… 134 Bledsoe County ……………………………………………………….. 135 Blount County …………………………………………………………. 135 Bradley County ………………………………………………………... 137 Campbell County ……………………………………………………… 138 Cannon County ………………………………………………………... 138 Carroll County …………………………………………………………. 139 Carter County ………………………………………………………….. 139 Cheatham County ……………………………………………………… 140 Chester County ………………………………………………………… 141 Claiborne County ……………………………………………………… 141 Clay County …………………………………………………………… 142 Cocke County …………………………………………………………. 142 Coffee County ………………………………………………………… 143 Crockett County ………………………………………………………. 143 Cumberland County …………………………………………………... 144 Davidson County ……………………………………………………… 144 Decatur County ……………………………………………………….. 145 DeKalb County ……………………………………………………….. 146 Dickson County ……………………………………………………….. 147 Dyer County …………………………………………………………... 147 Fayette County ………………………………………………………... 148 Fentress County ……………………………………………………….. 148 Franklin County ………………………………………………………. 149 Gibson County ………………………………………………………... 151 Giles County ………………………………………………………….. 152 Grainger County ………………………………………………………. 153 Greene County ………………………………………………………... 154 Grundy County ………………………………………………………... 155 Hamblen County ……………………………………………………… 155 Hamilton County ……………………………………………………… 156 Hancock County ………………………………………………………. 157 Hardeman County …………………………………………………….. 157 Hardin County ………………………………………………………… 158 Hawkins County ………………………………………………………. 159 Haywood County ……………………………………………………... 159 Henderson County …………………………………………………….. 160 Henry County …………………………………………………………. 160 Hickman County ……………………………………………………… 162 Houston County ………………………………………………………. 163 Humphreys County …………………………………………………… 163 Jackson County ……………………………………………………….. 164 iv Chapter 4: A Brief History of Milling in Each Tennessee County (continued) Jefferson County ……………………………………………………… 164 Johnson County ……………………………………………………….. 165 Knox County ………………………………………………………….. 166 Lake County …………………………………………………………... 168 Lauderdale County ……………………………………………………. 168 Lawrence County ……………………………………………………... 169 Lewis County …………………………………………………………. 170 Lincoln County ……………………………………………………….. 170 Loudon County ……………………………………………………….. 171 McMinn County ………………………………………………………. 172 McNairy County ……………………………………………………… 173 Macon County ………………………………………………………… 174 Madison County ………………………………………………………. 174 Marion County ………………………………………………………... 174 Marshall County ………………………………………………………. 175 Maury County ………………………………………………………… 175 Meigs County …………………………………………………………. 176 Monroe County ……………………………………………………….. 177 Montgomery County ………………………………………………….. 177 Moore County ………………………………………………………… 178 Morgan County ……………………………………………………….. 179 Obion County …………………………………………………………. 180 Overton County ……………………………………………………….. 180 Perry County ………………………………………………………….. 181 Pickett County ………………………………………………………… 182 Polk County …………………………………………………………… 182 Putnam County ………………………………………………………... 182 Rhea County …………………………………………………………... 183 Roane County …………………………………………………………. 183 Robertson County …………………………………………………….. 184 Rutherford County ……………………………………………………. 184 Scott County …………………………………………………………... 186 Sequatchie County ……………………………………………………. 186 Sevier County …………………………………………………………. 186 Shelby County ………………………………………………………… 187
Recommended publications
  • Federal Communications Commission DA 10-1348

    Federal Communications Commission DA 10-1348

    Federal Communications Commission DA 10-1348 Availability of Additional Share of Retail Monthly Monthly Charge in Broadband Service Broadband Service Installation Charges Broadband Bundled Length of Broadband Service Competition Fixed Type of Broadband Speed Foreign Charge (in USD, PPP Modem Rental Promot-ional Country Offerings Name / Offerings (Connection) including Line part of Double Play/ Service Usage limit Broadband Provider's URL Provider Status Broadband Technology (download/ upload) Currency Foreign (Purchasing Power Charge Price Description (Community or Charge Rental/ Triple Play ? Contract Access Market* Currency) Parity) National Level) Leasing Charge Bigpond Cable Standard Double play/ full service Australia Telstra Bigpond Incumbent 48% Cable 8Mbps/128kbps Aus Dollar $29.95 $20.40 Self installation $15.75 12 months No 200 MB 200 MB phone http://www.bigpond.com/home Bigpond Cable Standard Double play/ full service Telstra Bigpond Incumbent Cable 8Mbps/128kbps Aus Dollar $39.95 $27.21 Self installation $15.75 12 months No 400 MB 400 MB phone Double play/ full service Telstra Bigpond Incumbent Bigpond Liberty 12 GB Cable 8Mbps/128kbps Aus Dollar $59.95 $40.84 Self installation $15.75 12 months No 12 GB phone Double play/ full service Telstra Bigpond Incumbent Bigpond Liberty 25 GB Cable 8Mbps/128kbps Aus Dollar $79.95 $54.46 Self installation $15.75 12 months No 25 GB phone Up to 30 Mbps in Bigpond Cable Extreme Sydney and Melbourne Double play/ full service Telstra Bigpond Incumbent Cable Aus Dollar $39.95 $27.21 Self installation
  • Tennessee County Court Records (Cumberland, Davidson

    Tennessee County Court Records (Cumberland, Davidson

    State of Tennessee Department of State Tennessee State Library and Archives 403 Seventh Avenue North Nashville, Tennessee 37243-0312 COURT RECORDS, TENNESSEE – COUNTY COURTS Cumberland District, 1783-1787 Davidson County, 1783-1790 Washington County, 1779-1806 RECORDS Processed by: Harriet Chappell Owsley and Gracia M. Hardacre Archival Technical Services Date Completed: September 27, 1968 Updated by: Lori D. Lockhart September 5, 2019 Accession Number: THS 25 Location: THS I-C-1 Microfilm Accession Number: 224 MICROFILMED OR MICROFILM ONLY INTRODUCTION These records for Courts of Pleas and Quarter Sessions in Cumberland District (established 1780, renamed Davidson County October 6, 1783), in Davidson County (established October 6. 1783), and in Washington County (established October 6, 1783), and in Washington County (established November 1777) were given to the Tennessee Historical Society by the County Court of Washington County largely through the agency of the Honorable John Allison (1845-1920), Nashville, Tennessee. The Washington County portion of the records were returned to the Washington County Archives in April 2017 per replevin and are now available only on microfilm at the Tennessee State Library and Archives. The materials in this collection measure .5 linear feet. There are no restrictions on the materials. Single photocopies of unpublished writings in the Cumberland District, Davidson County, and Washington County Papers may be made for purposes of scholarly research. SCOPE AND CONTENT This collection consists of the records for Tennessee Courts of Pleas and Quarter Sessions in Cumberland District, 1783-1787; in Davidson County, 1783-1790; and in Washington County, 1779-1806. The largest portion of records are for Washington County and most records in all counties are for the years prior to 1796, when Tennessee became a state and the counties were still a part of North Carolina.
  • NORRIS FREEWAY CORRIDOR MANAGEMENT PLAN Prepared by the City of Norris, Tennessee June 2020 SECTION 1: ESSENTIAL INFORMATION

    NORRIS FREEWAY CORRIDOR MANAGEMENT PLAN Prepared by the City of Norris, Tennessee June 2020 SECTION 1: ESSENTIAL INFORMATION

    NORRIS FREEWAY CORRIDOR MANAGEMENT PLAN Prepared by the City of Norris, Tennessee June 2020 SECTION 1: ESSENTIAL INFORMATION Location. Norris Freeway is located in the heart of the eastern portion of the Tennessee Valley. The Freeway passes over Norris Dam, whose location was selected to control the flooding caused by heavy rains in the Clinch and Powell River watershed. Beside flood control, there were a range of conditions that were to be addressed: the near absence of electrical service in rural areas, erosion and 1 landscape restoration, and a new modern road leading to Knoxville (as opposed to the dusty dirt and gravel roads that characterized this part of East Tennessee). The Freeway starts at US 25W in Rocky Top (once known as Coal Creek) and heads southeast to the unincorporated community of Halls. Along the way, it crosses Norris Dam, runs by several miles of Norris Dam State Park, skirts the City of Norris and that town’s watershed and greenbelt. Parts of Anderson County, Campbell County and Knox County are traversed along the route. Date of Local Designation In 1984, Norris Freeway was designated as a Tennessee Scenic Highway by the Tennessee Department of Transportation. Some folks just call such routes “Mockingbird Highways,” as the Tennessee State Bird is the image on the signs designating these Scenic Byways. Intrinsic Qualities Virtually all the intrinsic qualities come into play along Norris Freeway, particularly Historic and Recreational. In fact, those two characteristics are intertwined in this case. For instance, Norris Dam and the east side of Norris Dam State Park are on the National Register of Historic Places.
  • Washington County, Tennessee

    Washington County, Tennessee

    1 WASHINGTON COUNTY, TENNESSEE: A BIBLIOGRAPHY The following is a bibliography of articles, books, theses, dissertations, reports, other printed items, and filmed documentaries related to various aspects of the history of Washington County, Tennessee and its’ people. Citations for which the archive has copies are marked with an asterisk. Alexander, J. E., with revisions by C. H. Mathes. A Historical Sketch of Washington College, Tennessee. (Washington College, Tenn.: Washington College Press, 1902). Alexander, Mary Henderson. “Black Life in Johnson City, Tennessee, 1856-1965: A Historical Chronology.” (Thesis, East Tennessee State University, 2001). * Alexander, Thomas B. Thomas A. R. Nelson of East Tennessee (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Commission, 1956). * Allison, John. Dropped Stitches in Tennessee History (Johnson City, Tenn.: Overmountain Press, 1991, reprint of 1897 edition). Ambler, Robert F. Embree Footprints: a Genealogy and Family History of the Embree Descendants of Robert of New Haven and Stamford, Connecticut, 1643-1656. (Robbinsdale, Minn.: R. F. Ambler, 1997). Archer, Cordelia Pearl. “History of the Schools of Johnson City, Tennessee, 1868- 1950” (Thesis, East Tennessee State College, 1953). Asbury, Francis. Journals and Letters. (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1958), vol. 1. Augsburg, Paul Deresco. Bob and Alf Taylor: Their Lives and Lectures; the story of Senator Robert Love Taylor and Governor Alfred Alexander Taylor. (Morristown, Tenn.: Morristown Book Company, Inc., c. 1925). Bailey, Chad F. “Heritage Tourism in Washington County, Tennessee: Linking Place, Placelessness, and Preservation.” (Thesis, East Tennessee State University, 2016). Bailey, William P. and Wendy Jayne. Green Meadows Mansion, Tipton Haynes State Historic Site: Historic Structure Report. (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Commission, 1991). * Bailey, William Perry, Jr.
  • Let's Go Boating!

    Let's Go Boating!

    Boatinging, Fishingishing, Skiingiing, GolfingGolfing, TTuubingbing, RelaxingRelaxing, Swimming, Wakeboardingarding, SurfingSurfing, CCaampingmping,, Hiking, 4-WheelingWheeling, JetJet Skiingiing, Reunions,Reunions, ResResttaauurraantnts, Fun, SportSportss Bars, PartPartiies,es, FloatFlF oatiingng Cabins,bins, Housebouseboatoatss,, DiningDining andand Evenenttss. NNoorrrris LakLake HHaass It All!Alll! Let’s Go Boating! Your FREEREE GuideG id tto Norrisi Lake with Large Fold-out Lake Map, Marina Guide, Boat Rentals, Accommodations and Services! NorrisLakeMarinas.com Relax...Rejuvenate...Recharge... There is something in the air Come for a Visit... on beautiful Norris Lake! The serene beauty and clean Stay for a Lifetime! water brings families back year after year. We can accommodate your growing family or group of friends with larger homes! Call or book online today and start making Memories that last a lifetime. See why Norris Lake Cabin Rentals is “Tennessee’s Best Kept Secret” Kathy Nixon VLS# 423 Norris Lake Cabin Rentals Premium Vacation Lodging 3005 Lone Mountain Rd. New Tazewell, TN 37825 888-316-0637 NorrisLakeCabinRentals.com Welcome to Norris Lake Index 5 Norris Lake Dam 42 Floating Cabins on Norris Lake 44-45 Flat Hollow Marina & Resort 7 Norris Dam Area Clinch River West, Big Creek & Cove Creek 47 Blue Springs Boat Dock 9 Norris Dam Marina 49 Clinch River East Area 11 Sequoyah Marina Clinch River from Loyston Point to Rt 25E 13 Stardust Marina Mill Creek, Lost Creek, Poor Land Creek, and Big Sycamore Creek The Norris Lake Marina Association (NLMA) would like to welcome you 14 Fishing on Norris Lake 50 Watersports on Norris Lake to crystal-clear Norris Lake Tennessee where there are unlimited 17 Mountain Lake Marina and 51 Waterside Marina water-related recreational activities waiting for you in one of Tennessee Campground (Cove Creek) Valley Authority’s (TVA) cleanest lakes.
  • Watauga River Water Quality Management Plan (2002)

    Watauga River Water Quality Management Plan (2002)

    WATAUGA RIVER WATERSHED (06010103) OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION DIVISION OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL WATERSHED MANAGEMENT SECTION August 13, 2002 WATAUGA RIVER WATERSHED WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS Glossary Chapter 1. Watershed Approach to Water Quality Chapter 2. Description of the Watauga River Watershed Chapter 3. Water Quality Assessment of the Watauga River Watershed Chapter 4. Point and Nonpoint Source Characterization of the Watauga River Watershed Chapter 5. Water Quality Partnerships in the Watauga River Watershed Chapter 6. Future Plans Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III Appendix IV Appendix V Glossary GLOSSARY 1Q20. The lowest average 1 consecutive days flow with average recurrence frequency of once every 20 years. 30Q2. The lowest average 3 consecutive days flow with average recurrence frequency of once every 2 years. 7Q10. The lowest average 7 consecutive days flow with average recurrence frequency of once every 10 years. 303(d). The section of the federal Clean Water Act that requires a listing by states, territories, and authorized tribes of impaired waters, which do not meet the water quality standards that states, territories, and authorized tribes have set for them, even after point sources of pollution have installed the minimum required levels of pollution control technology. 305(b). The section of the federal Clean Water Act that requires EPA to assemble and submit a report to Congress on the condition of all water bodies across the Country as determined by a biennial collection of data and other information by States and Tribes. AFO. Animal Feeding Operation.
  • Industrialism, Androids, and the Virtuoso Instrumentalist

    Industrialism, Androids, and the Virtuoso Instrumentalist

    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Performing the Mechanical: Industrialism, Androids, and the Virtuoso Instrumentalist A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Musical Arts by Leila Mintaha Nassar-Fredell 2013 © Copyright by Leila Mintaha Nassar-Fredell 2013 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Performing the Mechanical: Industrialism, Androids, and the Virtuoso Instrumentalist by Leila Nassar-Fredell Doctor of Musical Arts University of California, Los Angeles, 2013 Professor Robert S. Winter, Chair Transactions between musical androids and actual virtuosos occupied a prominent place in the music of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Instrumentalists and composers of instrumental music appropriated the craze for clockwork soloists, placing music in a position of increased social power in a society undergoing rapid technological transformation. The history of musical automata stretches back to antiquity. Androids and automata, vested by audiences with spiritual and magical qualities, populated the churches of the broader populations and the Renaissance grottos of the aristocracy. As ii the Industrial Revolution began, automata increasingly resembled the machines changing the structure of labor; consequently, androids lost their enchanted status. Contemporary writers problematized these humanoid machines while at the same time popularizing their role as representatives of the uncanny at the boundaries of human identity. Both instrumental performers and androids explored the liminal area between human and machine. As androids lost their magic, musical virtuosos assumed the qualities of spectacle and spirituality long embodied by their machine counterparts. In this process virtuosi explored the liminal space of human machines: a human playing a musical instrument (a machine) weds the body to a machine, creating a half-human, half-fabricated voice.
  • The History and Evolution of Clogging

    The History and Evolution of Clogging

    The History and Evolution of Clogging An Honors Thesis (HONRS 499) by Lindsay Schultz Thesis Advisor Ball State University Muncie, Indiana Presented: December 2009 Graduation: May 2010 · .::: 'I Abstract Dancing is a wonderful way for people to express themselves. There are so many styles of dance in our world today, and each ofthese dance styles had to evolve from something before it. That is how a new dance is born. Old styles of dance are changed or combined to form something new and different. In order for everyone to appreciate dance, it is important for them to be exposed to many styles of dance and learn how it evolved. This helps people understand why each dance style is special and unique. Clogging is one style of dance that is not as well known in the United States by most people in the general public. This thesis project is made to showcase this wonderful style of dance as well as educate the public about what clogging is and where it came from. I will present the findings from my research about the evolution of clogging, show a video of traditional Irish dancing (which greatly influenced clogging), as well as perform a modem clogging routine I choreographed myself. I want everyone to hear about the history as well as see what clogging looks like today in order to gain a greater appreciation for this special dance style. 2 Acknowledgments -I would like to thank Mr. Greg Lund for working with me as my advisor on this project. He was helpful in providing ideas, research materials, and a place for me to showcase my thesis project.
  • Ready for Upload GCD Wls Networks

    Ready for Upload GCD Wls Networks

    LTE‐ Region Country Operator LTE 5G Advanced Eastern Europe 93 60 18 Albania Total 320 Albania ALBtelecom 100 ONE Telecommunications (formerly Albania Telekom Albania) 110 Albania Vodafone Albania 110 Armenia Total 330 Armenia MTS Armenia (Viva‐MTS) 110 Armenia Ucom 110 Armenia VEON Armenia (Beeline) 110 Azerbaijan Total 430 Azerbaijan Azercell 100 Azerbaijan Azerfon (Nar) 110 Azerbaijan Bakcell 110 Azerbaijan Naxtel (Nakhchivan) 110 Belarus Total 431 Belarus A1 Belarus 101 Belarus Belarusian Cloud Technologies (beCloud) 110 Belarusian Telecommunications Network Belarus (BeST, life:)) 110 Belarus MTS Belarus 110 Bosnia‐Herzegovina Total 310 Bosnia‐Herzegovina BH Telecom 110 Bosnia‐Herzegovina HT Mostar (HT Eronet) 100 Bosnia‐Herzegovina Telekom Srpske (m:tel) 100 Bulgaria Total 530 Bulgaria A1 Bulgaria (Mobiltel) 110 Bulgaria Bulsatcom 100 Bulgaria T.com (Bulgaria) 100 Bulgaria Telenor Bulgaria 110 Bulgaria Vivacom (BTC) 110 Croatia Total 331 Croatia A1 Hrvatska (formerly VIPnet/B.net) 110 Croatia Hrvatski Telekom (HT) 111 Croatia Tele2 Croatia 110 Czech Republic Total 433 Czech Republic Nordic Telecom 100 Czech Republic O2 Czech Republic (incl. CETIN) 111 Czech Republic T‐Mobile Czech Republic 111 Czech Republic Vodafone Czech Republic 111 Estonia Total 331 Estonia Elisa Eesti (incl. Starman) 110 Estonia Tele2 Eesti 110 Telia Eesti (formerly Eesti Telekom, EMT, Estonia Elion) 111 Georgia Total 630 Georgia A‐Mobile (Abkhazia) 100 Georgia Aquafon GSM (Abkhazia) 110 Georgia MagtiCom 110 Georgia Ostelecom (MegaFon) (South Ossetia) 100 Georgia
  • 277 Table 7.1. Pricing Structures for Residential Users in the OECD, 2009-2010

    277 Table 7.1. Pricing Structures for Residential Users in the OECD, 2009-2010

    7. MAIN TRENDS IN PRICING Table 7.1. Pricing structures for residential users in the OECD, 2009-2010 Telephony National DSL pricing Cable Internet Local telephony, fixed lines Bitcaps from cable flat-rate structure pricing structure operators fixed calling Australia Unmetered (flat rate) Data controlled Data controlled Yes Yes Yes Metered (options for unmetered Austria Flat rate Flat rate No Yes No weekends and evenings) Flat rate, data Flat rate, data Belgium Metered, unmetered Yes Yes Yes controlled controlled Canada Unmetered Data controlled Data controlled Yes Yes Yes Chile Metered Flat rate Flat rate No Yes No Metered (options for unmetered Czech Republic Flat rate Flat rate No Yes No weekends and offpeak) Flat rate, data Denmark Metered Flat rate Yes Yes Yes controlled Estonia Metered Flat rate Flat rate No Yes No Finland Metered Flat rate Flat rate No Yes Yes France Metered/Unmetered Flat rate Flat rate No Yes Yes Germany Metered/Unmetered Flat rate Flat rate No Yes Yes Greece Metered Flat rate NA No NA No Flat rate, data Flat rate, data Hungary Metered Yes Yes No controlled controlled Iceland Metered Data controlled NA Yes NA No Flat rate, data Flat rate, data Ireland Metered Yes Yes Yes controlled controlled Israel Metered Flat rate Flat rate No Yes No Italy Metered Flat rate, timed NA No NA Yes Japan Metered Flat rate Flat rate No Yes No Korea Metered Flat rate Flat rate No No No Flat rate, data Flat rate, data Luxembourg Metered Yes Yes Yes controlled controlled Unmetered (first 100 calls free, Mexico Flat rate Flat rate No
  • Chapter 12 Review

    Chapter 12 Review

    FIGURE 12.1: “The Swan Range,” photograph by Donnie Sexton, no date 1883 1910 1869 1883 First transcontinental Northern Pacifi c Railroad completes Great Fire 1876 Copper boom transcontinental route railroad completed begins in Butte Battle of the 1889 1861–65 Little Bighorn 1908 Civil War Montana becomes a state Model T invented 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1862 1882 1862 Montana gold Montana Improvement Anton Holter opens fi rst 1875 rush begins Salish stop setting Company formed 1891 1905 commercial sawmill in Forest Reserve Act U.S. Forest Montana Territory fi res after confrontation 230 with law enforcement Service created READ TO FIND OUT: n How American Indians traditionally used fire n Who controlled Montana’s timber industry n What it was like to work as a lumberjack n When and why fire policy changed The Big Picture For thousands of years people have used forests to fill many different needs. Montana’s forestlands support our economy, our communities, our homes, and our lives. Forests have always been important to life in Montana. Have you ever sat under a tall pine tree, looked up at its branches sweeping the sky, and wondered what was happen- ing when that tree first sprouted? Some trees in Montana are 300 or 400 years old—the oldest living creatures in the state. They rooted before horses came to the Plains. Think of all that has happened within their life spans. Trees and forests are a big part of life in Montana. They support our economy, employ our people, build our homes, protect our rivers, provide habitat for wildlife, influence poli- tics, and give us beautiful places to play and be quiet.
  • The Rise of Bolton As an Important Engineering and Textile Town in Early 1800 England

    The Rise of Bolton As an Important Engineering and Textile Town in Early 1800 England

    I. međunarodna konferencija u povodu 150. obljetnice tvornice torpeda u Rijeci i očuvanja riječke industrijske baštine 57 THE RISE OF BOLTON AS AN IMPORTANT ENGINEERING AND TEXTILE TOWN IN EARLY 1800 ENGLAND Denis O’Connor, Industrial Historian Bolton Lancashire, Great Britain INTRODUCTION The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that Great Britain changed, in the 19th Century, from a rural economy to one based on coal and iron. In doing so it created conditions for British civil, textile and mechanical engineers, such as Robert Whitehead of Bolton, to rise to positions of eminence in their particular fields. Such men travelled across Europe, and laid, through the steam engine and railways, the foundations for many of the regions present day industries. EARLY TEXTILES AND BLEACHING. RISE OF LOCAI INDUSTRIES The origins of Bolton’s textile and engineering industry lie back in the 12th Century with the appointment of a Crown Quality Controller called an Ulnager. During the reign of Henry V111 an itinerant historian Leland observed that ‘Bolton - upon - Moore Market standeth by the cotton and coarse yarns - Diverse villages above Bolton do make Cotton’ and that ‘They burne at Bolton some canelle (coal) of which the Pitts be not far off’. Coal, combined with the many powerful streams of water from the moorlands, provided the basic elements for the textile industry to grow, the damp atmosphere conducive to good spinning of thread. In 1772 a Directory of Manchester (10-12 miles distant) was published, in this can be seen the extent of cloth making in an area of about 12 miles radius round Manchester, with 77 fustian makers (Flax warp and cotton or wool weft) attending the markets, 23 of whom were resident in Bolton.