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Flow Duration and Low Flows of Tennessee Streams Through 1992

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Flow Duration and Low Flows of Tennessee Streams Through 1992 Flow Duration and Low Flows of Tennessee Streams through 1992 By GEORGE S. OUTLAW and JESS D. WEAVER U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4293 Prepared in cooperation with the TENNESSEE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION and the TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY Nashville, Tennessee 1996 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm name in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information write to: Copies of this report may be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center 810 Broadway, Suite 500 Open-File Reports Section Nashville, Tennessee 37203 Box 25286, MS 517 Denver Federal Center Denver, Colorado 80225 CONTENTS Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose and scope ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 Previous studies........................................................................................................................................................... 1 Description of the study area....................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgments....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Method of flow-duration and low-flow analyses................................................................................................................... 2 Flow duration at continuous-record stations ............................................................................................................... 3 Low flow at continuous-record stations....................................................................................................................... 3 Low flow at partial-record stations and miscellaneous sites....................................................................................... 8 Reliability of results............................................................................................................................................................... 8 Summary................................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Selected references............................................................... 10 Index A. Distribution of study sites by county.......................................................................................................................... 193 B. Continuous-record stations with reported flow-duration and low-flow information by county................................. 195 C. Partial-record stations and miscellaneous sites with reported low-flow information by county................................ 203 D. Alphabetical listing of stations presented in this report.............................................................................................. 225 PLATE Map showing physiographic provinces and general location of continuous-record stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites in Tennessee FIGURES 1. Printout showing daily discharge array and resulting flow-duration data.................................................................. 4 2-3. Graphs showing: 2. Flow-duration curves for two selected streams.................................................................................................. 5 3. One-day low-flow frequency curves and printout showing log-Pearson Type III statistics.............................. 6 4. Mathematical and graphical low-flow frequency curves of data at station 03487550, Reedy Creek at Orebank, Tennessee.................................................................................................................. 7 5. Correlation of discharge between a continuous-record station and a partial-record station.............................. 9 TABLES 1. Flow-duration and low-flow information for continuous-record stations.................................................................. 11 2. Low-flow information for partial-record stations and miscellaneous sites................................................................. 95 Contents ill CONVERSION FACTORS AND ABBREVIATIONS Multiply ____ By To obtain foot (ft) 0.3048 meter mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second iv Flow Duration and Low Flows of Tennessee Streams through 1992 Flow Duration and Low Flows of Tennessee Streams through 1992 By George S. Outlaw and Jess D. Weaver Abstract porting wastewaters. In response to increasing needs for low-flow information, the U.S. Geological Survey Estimates of flow-duration and low-flow (USGS), in cooperation with the Tennessee Depart­ characteristics for the period of record at ment of Environment and Conservation and the Ten­ continuous-record streamflow stations are essen­ nessee Valley Authority, began a study in 1992 to tial in hydrologic studies and water-resources estimate flow-duration and low-flow characteristics of management. This report provides flow-duration streams in Tennessee. information, in the form of characteristics of the cumulative distribution function of the daily Purpose and Scope streamflow record, for 215 continuous-record streamflow stations. The report also provides esti­ This report provides flow-duration and low-flow mates of low flow for 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 60, and 90 information for 215 continuous-record stations, and consecutive days for recurrence intervals of 2, 5, low-flow information for 1,216 partial-record stations 10, and 20 years for continuous-record stream- and miscellaneous sites. The general location of these flow stations. These estimates were used in corre­ stations is shown on plate 1. Low-flow frequency lation methods to estimate low flow at 1,216 curves and flow-duration curves were computed from those continuous-record stations having 4 years or partial-record streamflow stations and miscella­ more of record. Low flows are characterized by dis­ neous sites for 1,3, and 7 consecutive days for a charges at selected recurrence intervals as defined by recurrence interval of 10 years; and 3 consecutive the frequency curves. For partial-record stations and days for a recurrence interval of 20 years. miscellaneous sites, selected low-flow characteristics were estimated by correlation with continuous-record stations. The information is based on streamflow data INTRODUCTION collected through September 1992. Optimum development of surface-water resources requires knowledge of the rate of sustained Previous Studies streamflow during periods of low flow. The low flow in streams in Tennessee is a critical factor when deal­ The U.S. Geological Survey and other Federal ing with problems related to water supplies, dilution, agencies have operated long-term continuous-record assimilation, conveyance of wastewaters, irrigation, stream gaging stations in Tennessee since the late transportation, recreation, fish and wildlife conserva­ 1800's. Throughout the years, the network has been tion, and environmental enhancement and preserva­ continually revised as gaging stations were estab­ tion. For example, specific information concerning lished, operated, and discontinued. The first organized low flow may be used to determine whether a water- low-flow network consisting of partial-record stations utilization project can be operated without storage was established in the 1950's. Also, during the years, facilities. Low-flow information is also essential in many individual stream discharge measurements have water-quality management where the quantity of water been made at hundreds of sites across the State. The is a critical factor for diluting, assimilating, and trans­ information presented in this report builds on work Introduction 1 done by Eaton (1958), Wood and Johnson (1965), Tennessee. Evapotrnnspiration averages abort May and others (1970), Gold (1981), Bingham (1985), 30 inches per year in Tennessee (Tennessee Depart­ and Lowery and Connell (1990). ment of Conservation and Commerce, 1961). Bingham (1985) published estimates, based on streamflow record and measurements collected * through the 1981 climatic year, of low-flow character­ Acknowledgments istics for 201 continuous-record stations and 769 This report is based on streamflow infcrmation partial-record stations and miscellaneous sites in Ten­ collected as part of many cooperative programs with nessee. Bingham's low-flow report (1985) defines a various Federal, State, and municipal agencies climatic year as the 12-month period from April 1 to throughout Tennessee. The U.S. Army Corps of Engi­ March 31 and designated by the calendar year in neers, Nashville and Memphis Districts, provided data which it ends; and a water year as the 12-month period for many of the rivers in the
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