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Chickpea Package chickpea INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT INNOVATION LAB ICRISAT chickpea package Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (Fabaceae) is an annual legume (pulse crop) of the family Fabaceae. It is commonly known as garbanzo bean, Egyptian WHAT IS IPM? pea, and gram, or Bengal gram. Based on seed color, chickpea is also Integrated pest management classified as ‘Desi’ or ‘Kabuli’ types. Desi chickpea has a pigmented (tan to (IPM), an environmentally-sound black) seed coat and small seed size (greater than 100 seeds/oz), whereas and economical approach to pest Kabuli or garbanzo bean has white to cream-colored seed coats and size control, was developed in response ranges from small to large (50–100 seeds/oz). Chickpea originated in the to pesticide misuse in the 1960s. Middle East and got domesticated in Southeast Asia. Currently, chickpea is Pesticide misuse has led to pesticide grown in about 57 countries in Asia, Australia, Middle East, North America, resistance among prevailing pests, a South America, Africa, and Europe. Major producers of Chickpea are India, resurgence of non-target pests, loss Australia, Myanmar, Ethiopia, Turkey, Russia, Pakistan, Iran, Canada, USA, of biodiversity, and environmental Mexico, Malawi, Morocco, and Syria. In 2019, India shared 70% of global and human health hazards. Lab (IPM IL) Management Innovation Pest Integrated chickpea production. The chickpea plant is a self-pollinating, small bush with a height ranging from 30 to 60 cm. Chickpea crop performs best with the long, warm growing season and is usually grown as a rainfed, cool- WHAT ARE season crop in semiarid regions. Well-draining, sandy loam soils with a pH IPM PACKAGES? 5.0–7.0, and annual rainfall of 600–1000 mm are best for this crop. It is sown in early spring and is harvested in late summer or early autumn. The IPM Innovation Lab has Chickpea seeds’ inoculation with Rhizobium ciceri ensures effective developed and tested robust IPM packages, holistic suites of IPM nodulation and nitrogen-fixing activity. Chickpea contains 25-29% protein, FOR HEALTH CROP IPM PACKAGES 65% carbohydrates, a small percentage of fat content, and is consumed recommendations and practices fresh as green vegetables, boiled, parched, fried, and roasted. Major abiotic for the production of vegetables and other crops. Farmers who use stresses for this crop are drought, salinity, waterlogging, high temperature, IPM packages in planting, pro- and frequent frost, which can limit the growth and productivity of chickpea. duction, and throughout the supply Major biotic stresses include diseases such as ascochyta blight (Ascochyta chain see enhanced profitability rabiei), fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum), sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia in their crops. The recommended sclerotiorum), damping-off (Pythium spp.), dry root rot (Macrophomina practices in IPM packages cover phaseolina), phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora megasperma); and economically significant pest spe- insects such as pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), adzuki bean beetle cies over a wide range of cropping (Callosobruchus chinensis), cutworms (Agrotis ipsilon), beet armyworm systems across the tropical world, (Spodoptera exigua), chickpea leafminer (Liriomyza cicerina) and black resulting in benefits to human aphid (Aphis craccivora). health and the environment. This brochure was created and distributed by the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Integrated Pest Management (IPM IL). It was made possible through the United States Agency for International Development and the generous support of the American people through USAID Cooperative Agreement No. AID-OAA-L-15-00001 1 diseases identification, descriptions, and images Mary Burrows, Montana State University, Bugwood. Pedro Manjarrez-Sandoval org Photos (From left): • Ascochyta blight U.S. National Collection of Scale • Rust Insects Photographs, USDA • Fusarium wilt Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org ICRISAT DISEASES in Asia, the USA, Canada, and The most affected parts are and crop sanitation, timely Australia. Resistant varieties growing tips and flowers. sowing, crop rotation, and Ascochyta blight are available for this disease Symptoms initially occur as resistant cultivars are useful in [Ascochyta rabiei but not durable because of water-soaked lesions that later managing this disease. (Pleosporales: the variability of the pathogen. turn gray and dark brown. A Didymellaceae)] (syn. Delay in sowing seeds and series of cool, wet summers Downy mildew Phoma rabiei and teleo- deep sowing (to avoid the are ideal for its development. [Peronospora ciceris morph Didymella rabiei) emergence of infected seeds) Affected leaves and flowers (Peronosporales: and application of pesticides turn into rotting masses. Peronosporaceae)] help in the management of this Severely infected leaves This disease attacks all disease. wilt and fall and ultimately aboveground plant parts at It infects all the aerial plant plants can die. Flower drop every growth stage. Ascochyta parts and causes curled, is also common due to this blight can cause up to 100% Rust [Uromyces ciceris-ar- twisted leaves, and dwarfed disease, which leads to poor yield loss and can reduce ietini (Pucciniales: tips. Cool and humid conditions pod formation and low grain crop quality on untreated Pucciniaceae)] are favorable. Initial symptoms yields. Botrytis cinerea is susceptible varieties. Fungus include white mycelial patches also associated with seedling spreads by infected seed and It infects all aboveground on the lower leaf surfaces and disorders (soft rot) of chickpea. crop residues, long-range plant parts. Small, round, chlorotic to yellow spots on the Infected seeds are shriveled dispersal of sexually produced brown postules appear first upper surface. Infected plants and discolored. Bacteria, ascospores, or within the crop on the leaves and then they remain stunted and form bushy Pseudomonas fluorescens, by short-range dispersal of coalesce and turn dark brown. apical growth. Late planting Penicillium griseofulvum, and asexually produced pycnid- It is prominent in spring-sown and resistant germplasm lines the fungi Trichoderma spp. iospores. It causes severe crops. Severe infection causes help manage this disease. reduce the severity of botrytis lesions on leaves, petioles, defoliation and complete crop failure occurs, producing small gray mold. stems, and pods. Water- [Fusarium shriveled seeds. Hot and Fusarium Wilt soaked pale spots on young oxysporum (Hypocreales: dry conditions are favorable. Powdery mildew [Leveillula leaves will emerge as the Nectriaceae)] first symptom, which will Usually, if epidemics occur taurica (Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae)] enlarge quickly under cool, later in the season then it does Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. wet conditions and coalesce not cause much loss, but in ciceris (FOC) is one of the to cause blighting of leaves. the early season, it can cause Powdery mildew causes widely distributed diseases of When severely infected, severe damage. No resistance diffuse and powdery sporu- chickpea in almost all conti- lesions girdle the stem and varieties are known for this lation on leaves, stems, and nents including the Americas, cause the death of all tissues disease. pods. Affected parts are Africa, Europe, and Asia, above the lesion. It also usually small but at later and cause yield loss of up causes shriveling, discolor- Botrytis gray mold stages, they turn into larger to 10–100%, depending on ation of seeds, and reduction [Botrytis cinerea (Helotiales: areas. When heavily infested, varietal susceptibility and in seed quality and yield, and Sclerotiniaceae)] leaves turn purple and become climatic conditions. The if infected seeds are planted, chlorotic, curled, and necrotic pathogen was reported to the seedlings will develop dark It affects aboveground plant before abscission. This have eight races from over brown lesions at the base of parts including leaves, stems, disease causes a reduction in the world. It affects all growth the stem and may dry up and flowers, pods, and seeds. yield. Cool and dry weather is stages. Wilting of top leaves, die. This disease is prominent favorable for this disease. Field 2 diseases and viruses Tristan Mueller, Bugwood.org www.dpi.vic.gov.au Photos (From left): • Dry root rot • Alfalfa mosaic virus shrinking and curling of Dry root rot emergence to near maturity. species in a nonpersistent leaves, plant stunting, reduced [Macrophomina phaseolina It causes wilting, chlorosis, manner. root growth, and damaged (Botryosphaeriales: and rapid death of the plant. tap root system are typical Botryosphaeriaceae)] Taproots of the infested plant Cucumber mosaic virus symptoms. Early wilt causes are girdled by brown and black It causes chlorosis, leaf malfor- more damage than late wilt. Rhizoctonia bataticola zones of the rotting process. mation, and stunting in plants. In Asia, it is also reported at (Synonym: Macrophomina Warm and wet soil condi- Leaflets show a mild mosaic the seedling stage. Warm, phaseolina) is a soil-inhabiting tions are favorable for this and reddening of leaf margins. moist soils are favorable organism capable of infecting disease. Resistant varieties This virus is transmitted by for this disease. Synergistic chickpea at any crop stage, are available to manage this several aphid species. interaction between fusarium but most commonly infects disease. Late planting to chickpea at post-reproductive wilt and root-knot nematodes avoid wet and cool soils could Pea seed-borne mosaic stage in dry and warm regions. (e.g., Meloidogyne
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