INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT INNOVATION LAB

ICRISAT chickpea package

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (Fabaceae) is an annual legume (pulse crop) of the family Fabaceae. It is commonly known as garbanzo bean, Egyptian WHAT IS IPM? pea, and gram, or Bengal gram. Based on seed color, chickpea is also Integrated pest management classified as ‘Desi’ or ‘Kabuli’ types. Desi chickpea has a pigmented (tan to (IPM), an environmentally-sound black) seed coat and small seed size (greater than 100 seeds/oz), whereas and economical approach to pest Kabuli or garbanzo bean has white to cream-colored seed coats and size control, was developed in response ranges from small to large (50–100 seeds/oz). Chickpea originated in the to pesticide misuse in the 1960s. Middle East and got domesticated in Southeast Asia. Currently, chickpea is Pesticide misuse has led to pesticide grown in about 57 countries in Asia, Australia, Middle East, North America, resistance among prevailing pests, a South America, Africa, and Europe. Major producers of Chickpea are India, resurgence of non-target pests, loss Australia, Myanmar, Ethiopia, Turkey, Russia, Pakistan, Iran, Canada, USA, of biodiversity, and environmental Mexico, Malawi, Morocco, and Syria. In 2019, India shared 70% of global and human health hazards. Integrated Pest Management Innovation Lab (IPM IL) chickpea production. The chickpea plant is a self-pollinating, small bush with a height ranging from 30 to 60 cm. Chickpea crop performs best with the long, warm growing season and is usually grown as a rainfed, cool- WHAT ARE season crop in semiarid regions. Well-draining, sandy loam soils with a pH IPM PACKAGES? 5.0–7.0, and annual rainfall of 600–1000 mm are best for this crop. It is sown in early spring and is harvested in late summer or early autumn. The IPM Innovation Lab has Chickpea seeds’ inoculation with Rhizobium ciceri ensures effective developed and tested robust IPM packages, holistic suites of IPM nodulation and nitrogen-fixing activity. Chickpea contains 25-29% protein, IPM PACKAGES CROP HEALTH FOR 65% carbohydrates, a small percentage of fat content, and is consumed recommendations and practices fresh as green vegetables, boiled, parched, fried, and roasted. Major abiotic for the production of vegetables and other crops. Farmers who use stresses for this crop are drought, salinity, waterlogging, high temperature, IPM packages in planting, pro- and frequent frost, which can limit the growth and productivity of chickpea. duction, and throughout the supply Major biotic stresses include diseases such as ascochyta blight (Ascochyta chain see enhanced profitability rabiei), fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum), sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia in their crops. The recommended sclerotiorum), damping-off (Pythium spp.), dry root rot (Macrophomina practices in IPM packages cover phaseolina), root rot (); and economically significant pest spe- insects such as pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), adzuki bean beetle cies over a wide range of cropping (Callosobruchus chinensis), cutworms (Agrotis ipsilon), beet armyworm systems across the tropical world, (Spodoptera exigua), chickpea leafminer (Liriomyza cicerina) and black resulting in benefits to human aphid (Aphis craccivora). health and the environment.

This brochure was created and distributed by the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Integrated Pest Management (IPM IL). It was made possible through the United States Agency for International Development and the generous support of the American people through USAID Cooperative Agreement No. AID-OAA-L-15-00001

1 diseases identification, descriptions, and images Mary Burrows, Montana State University, Bugwood. Pedro Manjarrez-Sandoval org

Photos (From left): • Ascochyta blight U.S. National Collection of Scale • Rust Insects Photographs, USDA • Fusarium wilt Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org ICRISAT DISEASES in Asia, the USA, Canada, and The most affected parts are and crop sanitation, timely Australia. Resistant varieties growing tips and flowers. sowing, crop rotation, and Ascochyta blight are available for this disease Symptoms initially occur as resistant cultivars are useful in [Ascochyta rabiei but not durable because of water-soaked lesions that later managing this disease. (Pleosporales: the variability of the pathogen. turn gray and dark brown. A Didymellaceae)] (syn. Delay in sowing seeds and series of cool, wet summers Downy mildew Phoma rabiei and teleo- deep sowing (to avoid the are ideal for its development. [Peronospora ciceris morph Didymella rabiei) emergence of infected seeds) Affected leaves and flowers (: and application of pesticides turn into rotting masses. )] help in the management of this Severely infected leaves This disease attacks all disease. wilt and fall and ultimately aboveground plant parts at It infects all the aerial plant plants can die. Flower drop every growth stage. Ascochyta parts and causes curled, is also common due to this blight can cause up to 100% Rust [Uromyces ciceris-ar- twisted leaves, and dwarfed disease, which leads to poor yield loss and can reduce ietini (Pucciniales: tips. Cool and humid conditions pod formation and low grain crop quality on untreated Pucciniaceae)] are favorable. Initial symptoms yields. Botrytis cinerea is susceptible varieties. Fungus include white mycelial patches also associated with seedling spreads by infected seed and It infects all aboveground on the lower leaf surfaces and disorders (soft rot) of chickpea. crop residues, long-range plant parts. Small, round, chlorotic to yellow spots on the Infected seeds are shriveled dispersal of sexually produced brown postules appear first upper surface. Infected plants and discolored. Bacteria, ascospores, or within the crop on the leaves and then they remain stunted and form bushy Pseudomonas fluorescens, by short-range dispersal of coalesce and turn dark brown. apical growth. Late planting Penicillium griseofulvum, and asexually produced pycnid- It is prominent in spring-sown and resistant germplasm lines the fungi Trichoderma spp. iospores. It causes severe crops. Severe infection causes help manage this disease. reduce the severity of botrytis lesions on leaves, petioles, defoliation and complete crop failure occurs, producing small gray mold. stems, and pods. Water- [Fusarium shriveled seeds. Hot and Fusarium Wilt soaked pale spots on young oxysporum (Hypocreales: dry conditions are favorable. Powdery mildew [Leveillula leaves will emerge as the Nectriaceae)] first symptom, which will Usually, if epidemics occur taurica (Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae)] enlarge quickly under cool, later in the season then it does Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. wet conditions and coalesce not cause much loss, but in ciceris (FOC) is one of the to cause blighting of leaves. the early season, it can cause Powdery mildew causes widely distributed diseases of When severely infected, severe damage. No resistance diffuse and powdery sporu- chickpea in almost all conti- lesions girdle the stem and varieties are known for this lation on leaves, stems, and nents including the Americas, cause the death of all tissues disease. pods. Affected parts are Africa, Europe, and Asia, above the lesion. It also usually small but at later and cause yield loss of up causes shriveling, discolor- Botrytis gray mold stages, they turn into larger to 10–100%, depending on ation of seeds, and reduction [Botrytis cinerea (Helotiales: areas. When heavily infested, varietal susceptibility and in seed quality and yield, and Sclerotiniaceae)] leaves turn purple and become climatic conditions. The if infected seeds are planted, chlorotic, curled, and necrotic pathogen was reported to the seedlings will develop dark It affects aboveground plant before abscission. This have eight races from over brown lesions at the base of parts including leaves, stems, disease causes a reduction in the world. It affects all growth the stem and may dry up and flowers, pods, and seeds. yield. Cool and dry weather is stages. Wilting of top leaves, die. This disease is prominent favorable for this disease. Field 2 diseases and viruses

Tristan Mueller, Bugwood.org www.dpi.vic.gov.au

Photos (From left): • Dry root rot • mosaic virus

shrinking and curling of Dry root rot emergence to near maturity. species in a nonpersistent leaves, plant stunting, reduced [Macrophomina phaseolina It causes wilting, chlorosis, manner. root growth, and damaged (Botryosphaeriales: and rapid death of the plant. tap root system are typical Botryosphaeriaceae)] Taproots of the infested plant Cucumber mosaic virus symptoms. Early wilt causes are girdled by brown and black It causes chlorosis, leaf malfor- more damage than late wilt. Rhizoctonia bataticola zones of the rotting process. mation, and stunting in plants. In Asia, it is also reported at (Synonym: Macrophomina Warm and wet soil condi- Leaflets show a mild mosaic the seedling stage. Warm, phaseolina) is a soil-inhabiting tions are favorable for this and reddening of leaf margins. moist soils are favorable organism capable of infecting disease. Resistant varieties This virus is transmitted by for this disease. Synergistic chickpea at any crop stage, are available to manage this several aphid species. interaction between fusarium but most commonly infects disease. Late planting to chickpea at post-reproductive wilt and root-knot nematodes avoid wet and cool soils could Pea seed-borne mosaic stage in dry and warm regions. (e.g., Meloidogyne artiellia, be useful. Biological seed virus M. incognita, M. javanica) has Yield loss information is not treatments with Trichoderma been observed in chickpea available. Symptoms of this harzianum, Penicillium It causes filiform leaves, indis- roots, hence the presence of disease include drooping of oxalicum, Pythium oligandrum, tinct mosaic patterns, mottling, nematodes in the field signifi- petioles and leaflets on the Pseudomonas fluorescens, chlorosis, reddening, necrotic cantly increases wilt incidence. tips, dark, rotten tap roots, and Bacillus spp. help manage lesions, a proliferation of Damage done by nematodes presence of gray fibrous fungal this disease. stems, and abortion of pods. It facilitates the disease’s threads on the taproot, and is transmitted by several aphid infection on roots and these dry root. High temperature and VIRUSES species. nematodes also break down low moisture are favorable for resistance to fusarium wilt. this disease. Deep plowing, Alfalfa mosaic virus Chickpea chlorotic dwarf removal of debris, early Controlling nematodes will help Chickpea plants become virus planting, adequate plant the incidence of fusarium wilt. chlorotic and stunted and spacing to avoid overcrowding, It is the predominant cause This disease can be spread often have chlorotic and and competition for water, of yellowing and stunting by water splash, movement necrotic shoot tips. Plants die can help in managing this diseases of cool-season food of infected soil, plants, and prematurely. It is transmitted disease. Resistant cultivars legume crops in Ethiopia. seeds. Crop rotation, field and by at least 14 different aphid are also available. Seed This also includes chickpea crop sanitation, and the use of species, the common one treatment with Trichoderma stunt, which is considered resistant and early maturing being Acyrthosiphon pisum spp., Streptomyces sp., the most important chickpea cultivars help manage this (Hemiptera: Aphididae). disease. Seed treatment Pseudomonas sp., Penicillium disease after fungal wilt and root rot disease. It is vectored with Trichoderma spp. and oxalicum, Pythium oligandrum, Bean yellow mosaic virus Pseudomonas fluorescens can and Bacillus spp. can manage by aphids (Aphis craccivora, be used to reduce nematode fusarium wilt of chickpea. It causes malformation, Myzus persicae) (Hemiptera: incidence and Trichoderma mottling, and stunting in plants. Aphididae) and leaf hoppers spp., Streptomyces pseudo- Phytophthora root rot Infected leaves get twisted (Empoasca devastans, Orosius monas, Penicillium oxalicum, [Phytophthora medicaginis and curled. Flowering and albicinctus) (Hemiptera: Pythium oligandrum, and (Peronosporales: pod formation is reduced and Cicadellidae). Bacillus spp. can manage Peronosporaceae)] small seeds are produced by fusarium wilt of chickpea. the infected plants. This is Symptoms of this disease transmitted by several aphid can develop from seedling 3 insect pests

Tarekegn Fie

Photos (From left): • H. armigera larvae • Spodoptera exigua Paul Harris , Bugwood.org

Pod borer [Helicoverpa Anthocoridae), Polistes spp. Ophion flavidus (Hymenoptera: sooty mold on the plants and armigera (Lepidoptera: (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), Ichneumonidae), tachinid flies also vector several viruses. Noctuidae)] Drino sp., Goniophthalmus (Diptera: Tachinidae), and Aphis craccivora is a vector halli, Linnaemya cf. longi- predators Broscus punctatus of various virus diseases of Helicoverpa armigera is a rostris, Pimelimyia sp. (Coleoptera: Carabidae) chickpea, such as Alfalfa major issue in Asia, Africa, and (Diptera: Tachinidae). and Liogryllus bimaculatus mosaic virus, Cucumber Australia. The larvae cause Entomopathogenic fungi (‎Orthoptera: Gryllidae). mosaic virus, and Bean yellow damage to the leaves with including Beauveria bassiana, Entomopathogenic fungus mosaic virus. Aphids usually young instars scraping the Metarhizium anisopilae, and (Metarhizium sp.), nematode infest chickpea at the podding surface of leaflets and feeding Metarhizium rileyi, bacterium (Steinernema carpocapsae), stage, but if they infest at an on flowers, while older larvae Bacillus thuringiensis, and the and nuclear polyhedrosis early stage, then control is feed on foliage and are more virus HaNPV can manage pod viruses are effective in necessary. Natural enemies damaging to pods. The adults borers. managing this pest. recorded are predators, are active at night and lay including Coccinella septem- hundreds of eggs individually Black cutworm [Agrotis Armyworm [Spodoptera punctata, C. transversalis, on the underside of leaflets. ipsilon (Lepidoptera: exigua (Lepidoptera: Cheilomenes sexmaculata, The last instar drops to the Noctuidae)] Noctuidae)] Menochilus sexmaculatus, soil to pupate. Pheromone Brumus suturalis (Coleoptera: traps are available for adult Black cutworm is polyph- This pest is widely distributed Coccinellidae), chrysopids H. armigera monitoring and agous and spread around throughout the tropics and Chrysoperla spp. (Neuroptera: population peak prediction. the globe. The larvae feed on subtropics. This is a polyph- Chrysopidae), and parasitoids Natural enemies include H. the leaves, stems, and roots agous pest. The larvae Trioxys indicus and Lipolexis armigera nucleopolyhedrosis of the plant. The older larvae primarily feed at night and scutellaris (Hymenoptera: virus (HaNPV), Trichogramma cut the plant above the root hide during the day and bury Braconidae). Yellow sticky chilonis (Hymenoptera: zone. Weeds in and around themselves into the soil for traps are useful for monitoring Trichogrammatidae), the crop are major oviposition pupation. Pheromone traps aphids. Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: sites. The sporadic nature of are available for this pest. Platygastridae), Microplitis cutworm populations makes Release of egg parasitoids, Green stink bug [Nezara demolitor, Apanteles preventive treatments futile. Trichogramma spp. and viridula (Hemiptera: spp. (Hymenoptera: One way to control cutworm Telenomus remus, can help Pentatomidae)] Braconidae), Campoletis is to broadcast a poison bait control armyworms and other chlorideae, Netelia producta, prepared with wheat bran, caterpillar pests. Green stink bug is a polyph- Heteropelma scapoisum, cotton, or groundnut cake, and agous pest that sucks the sap Lissopimpla excels, Diadegma moistened with water. Natural Aphids [Aphis craccivora from leaves, stems, and pods, fenestralis, Charops enemies recorded include and Acyrthosiphon pisum and thus causes malformation bicolor (Hymenoptera: parasitoids Trichogramma (Hemiptera: Aphididae)] and drying of plants. It causes Ichneumonidae), and spp. (Hymenoptera: heavy damage during the predators Chrysopa Trichogrammatidae), Aphids feed on several grain reproductive stage of the spp., Chrysoperla spp. Apanteles marginiventris, legumes. The action threshold plant. Early planting, close (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Bracon kitcheneri, Microgaster is 1-2 aphids per leaf and spacing, and trap crops are Nabis spp. (Hemiptera: spp., Microplitis sp. 9-13 aphids per sweep. They used to manage this pest. The Nabidae), Geocoris spp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), suck the sap and colonize in parasitoid Trissolcus basalis (Hemiptera: Geocoridae), Campoletis flavicincta, large numbers and secrete (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) Orius spp. (Hemiptera: Hyposoter annulipes, and honeydew. They cause is known to attack eggs of stink 4 insects, weeds, nematodes

Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org

Photos (From left): • Bruchus lentis • Adzuki bean beetle Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org bugs. Entomopathogenic fungi, Usually, single larvae feed on by making a small hole on OTHER IMPORTANT B. bassiana, M. anisopilae, a single seed. Larvae eat and chickpea seeds. DISEASES, INSECT and Paecilomyces lilacinus can create a thin circular exit hole. PESTS, AND manage this pest. After pupation, the emerging NEMATODES NEMATODES adult leaves the seed through Lygus spp. (Hemiptera: this exit hole. Adults remain Reniform Nematode Alternaria blight (Alternaria Miridae) in the seeds or hibernate in [Rotylenchulus sp. (Tylenchida: alternata), Sclerotinia stem protected places such as Hoplolaimidae)] rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), Lygus bugs are major pests in residual crops. Hot air and Dry root rot (Macrophomina water treatment and drying are chickpea production. Scouting It causes patches of stunted phaseolina=Rhizoctonia batat- major cultural management is critical to spot the presence chlorotic plants. Infected plants icola), Collar rot (Sclerotium methods. of lygus. Lygus bugs pierce grow less vigorously. rolfsii), Pythium seedling and tender leaves, stems, buds, root rot (Pythium ultimum, Adzuki bean beetle petioles, and developing Root-knot Nematode Rhizoctonia seed, seedling, [Callosobruchus chinensis seeds. They cause serious [Meloidogyne spp. (Tylenchida: and wet root rot (Rhizoctonia (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)] damage to seeds and great Heteroderidae)] solani), Verticillium wilt economic damage due to (Verticillium albo-atrum, chalky spot syndrome, which This pest is an important Sclerotinia stem and crown It has a wide host range and is characterized by pitted, cosmopolitan species of rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), causes excessively branched crater-like depressions in the storage insects in many food Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas and galled roots. It aids in seed coat with or without a legumes. The insect causes campestris), Bacterial root Fusarium fungus entry into the discolored chalky appearance. significant quantitative and rot (Pseudomonas radici- roots. Economic thresholds have qualitative damage and loss perda), Bacterial stem canker been established for lygus to chickpea. It is the larvae (Pseudomonas andro- control. During the bloom, that feed and damage the WEEDS pogonis), Pink seed (Erwinia one lygus bug for every three seeds. The damage and yield rhapontici, Faba bean nectrotic sweeps indicates the action loss caused by C. chinensis Parasitic crenate broomrape yellow virus, Mastreviruses, threshold. Entomopathogenic depend upon the condition of (Orobanche crenata), Egyptian Luteoviruses (yellowing fungi, B. bassiana, M. aniso- the environment, the higher broomrape (Orobanche aegyp- viruses), Pea seed-borne pilae, and Paecilomyces temperature, and relative tiaca) (both Orobanchaceae), mosaic virus, Pea streak lilacinus can manage this pest. humidity that is conducive and dodder (Cuscuta virus, Pea enation mosaic for the growth and devel- campestris) (Convolvulaceae) virus, Stored grain pests Bruchids [Bruchus ervi; opment of this pest. The pose a serious problem in the [Callosobruchus maculatus Bruchus lentis (Coleoptera: eggs of C. chinensis are laid Middle East. Field preparation, (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), Leaf Chrysomelidae)] on chickpea seeds and the irrigation scheduling, careful weevil [Sitona crinitus, Sitona larvae and pupae complete harrowing, proper sowing, and macularius (Coleoptera: crop establishment play an Bruchids are known storage their development inside the Curculionidae)], Orosius orien- important role in the cultural grain pests; however, they do grain. A single female may lay talis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), management of weeds. not reproduce in the storage. 100 eggs depending on the Leafminers [Liriomyza cicerina The adults feed on nectar and environmental condition. After (Diptera: Agromyzidae)], pollen and lay eggs on the hatching, the larvae bore into Thrips [Frankliniella spp. young pods. Upon hatching, cotyledons where it develops (Thysanoptera)], Grasshoppers the larvae penetrate the pod into adults within a month. and feed on developing seeds. The adult exits the seeds 5 chickpea ipm techniques

IPM Innovation Lab IPM Innovation Lab

Photos (From left): • Two chickpea varieties with raised beds • Trichoderma application

• Soil sanitation to manage soil-borne germplasm lines have been identified for • Use of hermetic grain storage (deprive diseases and soil-inhabiting insect pests. fusarium wilt by ICRISAT and ICARDA. insects of oxygen) bags to manage Kabuli lines including ILC 9784, 9785, storage pests. • Organic soil amendments and mulching 9786; FLIP 86-93C, 87-38C, 87-33C, with oat or maize straw to manage CA334.20.4, CA336.14.3.0, ICCI14216K, FOR MORE soil-borne diseases and nematodes. cultivars ICCV2—ICCV6; Sonora 80, INFORMATION Suruto 77; UC15, UC27; Genotype ICC-3230 show tolerance for downy • Soil application of neem cake, castor The Feed the Future Innovation Lab mildew. cake, mustard cake, and/or cotton cake to for Integrated Pest Management control nematode infestation. (IPM IL) develops sustainable and • Crop rotation and a 2-3-year period economical pest control methods • Soil solarization of moist soil with without chickpea production to reduce to improve livelihoods for farmers polyethylene layer under high-tem- disease incidence. worldwide. The program’s work is perature conditions to control weeds. based in seven countries and is • Changes in planting dates to avoid engaged with scientists, extension • Sun-drying or solar treatment of seeds infection and infestation of some diseases agents, students, and farmers in and application of bentonite dust to and insect pests. the tropical and subtropical world. control seed-borne diseases and storage The IPM IL is funded by USAID insect pests. • Wide row spacing and canopy (Lead award number: AID- management to manage microclimate to OAA-L-15-00001) and housed at • Use of disease-free seeds. avoid diseases. Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia.

• Soil/seed application of bacteria and • Weed management in the field to avoid Contact: fungi such as Pseudomonas fluorescens, alternate hosts for insect pests. Anamika Sharma & Rangaswamy Penicillium griseofulvum, Streptomyces Muniappan pseudomonas, Bacillus spp., Bacillus • Release egg parasitoids, Trichogramma IPM Innovation Lab subtilis, Trichoderma spp., Trichoderma spp. and Telenomus remus, for control of Center for International Research, harzianum, T. viridae, Paecilomyces caterpillar pests. Education, and Development lilacinus, Pencillium spp., Penicillium Virginia Tech oxalicum, Gliocladium virens, and • Foliar application of neem kernel 526 Prices Fork Road Pythium oligandrum reduce the severity of extracts, neem oil, and pyrethrins to Blacksburg, VA 24061 diseases and nematodes. control insect pests. 540-231-3516 | [email protected] www.cired.vt.edu/IPMIL • If Trichoderma is used, then the use of • Need-based safe pesticide application Tadele Tefera & Damessa gum arabic can increase its efficacy. at the budding, flowering, and/or podding Gezahegne stage to manage diseases and insect International Center of Insect • Seed treatment with Rhizobium sp. for pests. Physiology & Ecology (icipe), root-nodule development. ILRI Campus, PO Box 5689, Addis • Prompt harvesting, proper drying before Ababa, Ethiopia storage, storage hygiene to manage • Use of tolerant and resistant varieties: www.icipe.org Several resistant Desi and Kabuli diseases and insect pests. 6