Phytophthora A Global Perspective CABI PLANT PROTECTION SERIES Plant pests and diseases cause signifi cant crop losses worldwide. They cost grow- ers, governments and consumers billions annually and are a major threat to global food security: up to 40% of food grown is lost to plant pests and diseases before it can be consumed. The spread of pests and diseases around the world is also altered and sped up by international trade, travel and climate change, introducing further challenges to their control. In order to understand and research ways to control and manage threats to plants, scientists need access to information that not only provides an overview and background to the fi eld, but also keeps them up to date with the latest research fi ndings. This series presents research-level information on important and current topics relating to plant protection from pests, diseases and weeds, with inter- national coverage. Each book provides a synthesis of facts and future directions for researchers, upper-level students and policy makers. Titles Available 1. Disease Resistance in Wheat Edited by Indu Sharma 2. Phytophthora: A Global Perspective Edited by Kurt Lamour Phytophthora A Global Perspective Edited by Kurt Lamour University of Tennessee Knoxville, USA CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 38 Chauncey Street Wallingford Suite 1002 Oxfordshire, OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 800 552 3083 (toll free) Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Tel: +1 (0)617 395 4051 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2013. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Phytophthora : a global perspective / edited by Kurt Lamour. p. cm. -- (CABI plant protection series ; 2) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-78064-093-8 (alk. paper) 1. Phytophthora. 2. Plant diseases. 3. Plants, Protection of. I. Lamour, Kurt. II. Series: CABI plant protection series ; 2. SB741.P58.P45 2013 579.5’46--dc23 2012042152 ISBN: 978 1 78064 093 8 Commissioning editor: Rachel Cutts Editorial assistant: Alexandra Lainsbury Production editor: Lauren Povey Typeset by Columns Design XML Ltd, Reading, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY. Contents Contributors vii Preface xi 1 A Historical Perspective of Phytophthora 1 Olaf K. Ribeiro 2 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Phytophthora and Related Oomycetes 11 Marco Thines 3 Molecular Identifi cation of Phytophthora 19 Frank N. Martin 4 Characterizing Phytophthora Populations 28 Kurt Lamour 5 Phytophthora Species Hybrids: a Novel Threat to Crops and Natural Ecosystems 37 Tibor Érsek and Willem A. Man in ’t Veld 6 Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora andina on Solanaceous Hosts in South America 48 Gregory A. Forbes, Juan G. Morales, Silvia Restrepo, Willmer Pérez, Soledad Gamboa, Romina Ruiz, Luis Cedeño, Gustavo Fermin, Adriana B. Andreu, Ivette Acuña and Ricardo Oliva 7 Phytophthora infestans and Potato Late Blight in Europe 59 David E.L. Cooke and Björn Andersson 8 Phytophthora infestans in the USA 68 Dennis Halterman and Amanda J. Gevens 9 Phytophthora sojae on Soybean 79 Anne E. Dorrance 10 Biology and Management of Phytophthora capsici in the Southwestern USA 87 Soum Sanogo and Paul W. Bosland v vi Contents 11 Phytophthora capsici in the Eastern USA 96 Leah Granke, Lina Quesada-Ocampo and Mary Hausbeck 12 Taro Leaf Blight Caused by Phytophthora colocasiae 104 Susan C. Miyasaka, Kurt Lamour, Mike Shintaku, Sandesh Shrestha and Janice Uchida 13 Phytophthora nicotianae 113 Victoria A. Ludowici, Weiwei Zhang, Leila M. Blackman and Adrienne R. Hardham 14 Phytophthora cinnamomi in Australia 124 Wei Y. Hee, Pernelyn S. Torreña, Leila M. Blackman and Adrienne R. Hardham 15 Phytophthora in US Forests 135 Yilmaz Balci and John C. Bienapfl 16 The Impact of Invasive Phytophthora Species on European Forests 146 Thomas Jung, Anna Maria Vettraino, Thomas Cech and Andrea Vannini 17 Phytophthora pinifolia: the Cause of Daño Foliar del Pino on Pinus radiata in Chile 159 Rodrigo Ahumada, Alessandro Rotella, Miguel Poisson, Álvaro Durán and Michael J. Wingfi eld 18 Phytophthora in Woody Ornamental Nurseries 166 Ana Pérez-Sierra and Thomas Jung 19 Distribution and Biology of Phytophthora tropicalis 178 Janice Uchida and Chris Y. Kadooka 20 Phytophthora palmivora in Tropical Tree Crops 187 André Drenth and David Guest 21 Phytophthora Root Rot of Avocado 197 Randy C. Ploetz 22 The Occurrence and Impact of Phytophthora on the African Continent 204 Jan H. Nagel, Marieka Gryzenhout, Bernard Slippers and Michael J. Wingfi eld 23 Phytophthora in Mexico 215 Sylvia Patricia Fernández-Pavía, Marlene Díaz-Celaya and Gerardo Rodríguez-Alvarado 24 Phytophthora in China 222 Yuanchao Wang and Suomeng Dong 25 Globalization and Phytophthora 226 Peter Scott, Treena Burgess and Giles Hardy Index 233 Contributors Ivette Acuña, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Centro Regional de Investigación Remehue, Casilla 24-O, Osorno, Chile; e-mail: [email protected] Rodrigo Ahumada, Phytosanitary Protection Division, Bioforest S.A., Concepción, Chile; e-mail: [email protected] Björn Andersson, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7026, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden; e-mail: bjorn. [email protected] Adriana B. Andreu, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científi cas y Técnicas), Mar del Plata, Argentina; e-mail: [email protected] Yilmaz Balci, Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; e-mail: [email protected] John C. Bienapfl , Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; e-mail: bienapfl @umd.edu Leila M. Blackman, Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia; e-mail: [email protected] Paul W. Bosland, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA; e-mail: [email protected] Treena Burgess, Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Murdoch University, Western Australia, 6150; e-mail: [email protected] Thomas Cech, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, A-1131 Vienna, Austria; e-mail: thomas. [email protected] Luis Cedeño, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Mérida 5101, Venezuela; e-mail: [email protected] David E.L. Cooke, Plant Pathology Programme, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK; e-mail: [email protected] Marlene Díaz-Celaya, Laboratorio de Patología Vegetal, IIAF, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carr. Morelia-Zinapecuaro, Km 9.5, Tarímbaro, Michoacán, 58880 México; e-mail: [email protected] vii viii Contributors Suomeng Dong, Plant Pathology Department, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; e-mail: [email protected] Anne E. Dorrance, The Ohio State University, OARDC – Plant Pathology Department, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA; e-mail: [email protected] André Drenth, Centre for Plant Science – The University of Queensland, Level 2C West, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia; e-mail: a.drenth@ uq.edu.au Álvaro Durán, Phytosanitary Protection Division, Bioforest S.A., Concepción, Chile; e-mail: [email protected] Tibor Érsek, Institute of Plant Production, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of West Hungary, Vár 2, H-9200 Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary; e-mail: ters@ mtk.nyme.hu Gustavo Fermin, Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Variabilidad Molecular-Instituto Jardín Botánico de Mérida, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Mérida 5101, Venezuela; e-mail: [email protected] Sylvia Patricia Fernández-Pavía, Laboratorio de Patología Vegetal, IIAF, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carr. Morelia-Zinapecuaro, Km 9.5, Tarímbaro, Michoacán, 58880 México; e-mail: [email protected] Gregory A. Forbes, International Potato Center, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081 China; e-mail: [email protected] Soledad Gamboa, International Potato Center, Lima, Peru; e-mail: [email protected] Amanda J. Gevens, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Drive, Rm 689, Madison, WI 53706-1598, USA; e-mail: [email protected] Leah Granke, Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; e-mail: [email protected] Marieka Gryzenhout, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa; e-mail: [email protected] David Guest, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Room 318, Biomedical Building C81, 1 Central Avenue, Australia Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia; e-mail: [email protected] Dennis Halterman, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA/ARS),