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The ICBM Makeover

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The ICBM Makeover Peacekeeper is gone, but USAF plans to revamp its long-range missile force for the long haul. The ICBM Makeover By Adam J. Hebert, Senior Editor Pictured is the re-entry of eight test warheads carried by one Peacekeeper missile, such as the one pictured above (inset). N September, the Air Force deac- unlike that iconic Cold War missile, the Strategic Command, the joint service tivated its last remaining Peace- Air Force’s strategic nuclear mission has missile operator, are looking to move keeper ICBM, pulling the mam- not faded away. Far from it. beyond systems that served the nation moth multiwarhead missile out of The United States still needs to have so well in the Cold War and bring on Iits Wyoming silo and sending it off to “a continuum of capabilities across the new and better ones. They are draw- be dismantled. USAF once had main- force,” maintains Gen. Lance W. Lord, ing up plans to build a next generation tained an awesome force of 50 LG-118A the chief of Air Force Space Command, deterrent force more responsive to the Peacekeepers; now there are none. which oversees the long-range missile needs of the modern era. This step marked the end of what many force. And the ICBM—ready, accurate, The effort has been under way for viewed as the most powerful weapon able to blast any target on Earth in 35 several years. The Bush Administra- system ever built. Many may have been minutes—will continue to occupy an tion, after wrapping up a top-to-bot- tempted to conclude that it also signified important place on that continuum. tom Nuclear Posture Review in 2002, a steep decline in deterrence. However, Today, Space Command and US proposed a big cut in the number of 34 AIR FORCE Magazine / October 2005 IIIs in service until 2020. Plans call for bring a combat mind-set to the rest of USAF to give the venerable Minuteman the command. a host of life-extending upgrades. Lt. Col. Dave Bliesner, commander Boeing photo of the 400th Missile Squadron in its No Let Down fi nal days, noted that the Peacekeeper The nation’s only Peacekeeper unit, had been a mature operational system, the 400th Missile Squadron at F.E. requiring great focus from the missileers. Warren AFB, Wyo., never wavered in These qualities are “very sought after” discharging its duties. It kept up its full in the less-mature satellite and space deterrence mission even as the force operations realm, said Bliesner. was drawing down over the past three All 50 Peacekeeper silos may be years. Missile operators remained on empty, but complete deactivation re- full alert and kept regular schedules until quires quite a bit more work from the the fi nal launch vehicle was deactivated maintenance teams at F.E. Warren’s 90th The ICBM Makeover last month. Space Wing. According to Bliesner, F.E. Warren missileers point out that, missileers have “a full year of work though the number of Peacekeepers to do.” steadily dwindled, they had no diffi culty That work entails stripping the launch keeping up a professional approach to and control sites and pulling all classifi ed the missile. materials so that they can be declared Whether one is operating a Peace- “nuclear decertifi ed,” said Col. Michael keeper or Minuteman, the destructive J. Carey, commander of the 90th Space power of an ICBM engenders an “en- Wing. vironment of extreme seriousness,” said 2nd Lt. Lyle Hedgecock, who was a Components Live On member of the fi nal Peacekeeper mis- Some of the Peacekeeper equipment sileer training class. On your fi rst day will be reused. The relatively new and of alert, “you’re afraid of the phone highly complex re-entry vehicles are set ringing,” he added. to be transferred to the Minuteman III Capt. Tim Hawthorn, on duty in late program, where they will replace some July, said the alert intensity was still high older deployed warheads. Peacekeeper even though only three Peacekeepers booster components are to be used in were still in service. Missile combat space launch vehicles. Much of the crew members at their control sites still infrastructure—batteries, access doors, monitored the safety and security of the and the like—can also be recycled. entire network. In a break with past practice, the Capt. Lara Wilson, a 400th fl ight Peacekeeper launch silos will be kept commander, said a combat crew mem- intact. Maj. Gen. (sel.) Mark D. Shack- ber typically arrives at F.E. Warren at elford, director of requirements for 7 a.m. on the day of an alert, receives Space Command, said the Air Force has US Army photo the day’s briefi ngs, drives to the control decided that launch control centers and site, and changes over with the depart- silos are “not to be destroyed.” Instead, ing crew—all before beginning the this infrastructure will go into indefi nite 24-hour alert. “mothball status” to ensure that the Sometimes the “work day” is not facilities will be available in case the complete until 5:30 p.m. on the sec- need for them arises. ond day—more than 34 hours after Previous deactivations of ICBMs check-in. typically resulted in their infrastruc- As the decommissioning of the final ture being imploded, but Shackelford LG-118A approached, plans called said that action was driven by the for Hedgecock and others to retrain strictures of Soviet-American strategic deployed nuclear warheads and called and stay at F.E. Warren to take up arms control agreements—not military for increased reliance on a wider range new posts operating Minuteman IIIs. requirements. of strategic capabilities, which for the Other missileers of the 400th moved That’s not the only new wrinkle in fi rst time would include antimissile on to other bases, often for Air Force the US approach to strategic arms. defenses and secretive information Space Command satellite operations According to Lord, the nation has ac- operations. assignments. cepted that it must now move to “deter The Air Force, as a result, began in The technical expertise and attention adversaries in the future.” This, he said, October 2002 to decommission all of its to detail the missile operators develop will require a strategic force with both 50 Peacekeepers, each of which could in their first four years are highly nuclear deterrent capability and “the sport 10 high-performance, highly accu- valuable, said Lord. “Air Force Space fl exibility to provide conventional strike rate re-entry vehicles. At the same time, Command’s operators have benefited capabilities.” the Air Force embarked on a program significantly from our ICBM experi- Already, the Air Force has embarked aimed at keeping its 500 Minuteman ence,” he has maintained. Missileers on several critical upgrade programs, AIR FORCE Magazine / October 2005 35 The first SERV test flight took place in July, reported Shackelford. The Air Force plans to carry out four test launches before it makes a decision on whether to proceed with the full program. That decision is expected in 2006. With all this work in progress, the Minuteman III remains a “very effec- tive and reliable weapons system,” said The 1970s-era Minuteman III (shown in test flight) will Klotz. be the backbone of the US He points out that maintenance is deterrent. USAF plans to manpower-intensive but “relatively keep 500 updated versions modest cost,” and the missile posts a on station for years to “phenomenal” rate of sortie readiness. come. Some will have one warhead, some three. At any given time, 99.4 percent of Minuteman IIIs not undergoing planned maintenance are ready for launch. During the Cold War, the difficulty of lifting multiple warheads with a single booster made it imperative to develop high “yield-to-weight” ratios, according to retired USAF Gen. Larry D. Welch, formerly the Chief of Staff and now head of the Institute for Defense Analyses in the Washington, D.C., area. This need, Welch went on, resulted in “exquisite” warhead designs containing “all kinds of esoteric, hard to handle materials.” Now, tests, and studies. According to Maj. Gen. Minot AFB, N.D., will retain up to the Air Force has under consideration Frank G. Klotz, the commander of 20th three warheads, he said, noting that the a “reliable replacement warhead” that Air Force and US Strategic Command’s single-warhead weapon is not good for could free the Air Force of some main- Task Force 214, the upgrades so far have each and every threat. tenance headaches and safety concerns proved to be unqualified successes. Later, the Safety Enhanced Re-entry associated with the older warheads. Carey echoes that view. Minuteman Vehicle (SERV) program will replace At present, Space Command officials III modernization plans, he said, will Minuteman III warheads with re-entry are nearing the completion of an analysis “ensure that the [deterrent] success vehicles removed from the decommis- of alternatives (AOA) evaluating options we’ve enjoyed over the past decades sioned Peacekeepers, a step that will for a next generation land-based strategic will continue to be solid and secure in also improve targeting accuracy. deterrent. Space Command leaders are the future.” USAF’s 500 Minuteman IIIs are being rebuilt from top to bottom to ensure their power and reliability. The buried launch control centers are getting upgraded command and control consoles. The missile’s propulsion systems are being modernized. The outcome of a still- AP photo by Douglas Pizac C. ongoing guidance system replacement Refurbished Minuteman program has been significant improve- III engines await shipment ment in the average mean-time-between- from Hill AFB, Utah, where failure of component parts.
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