Interview with George Gerbner

84 Profile: George Gerbner trayal of teachers and schools in the mass media of the United States, Great Britain, France, West Germany, East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and the Soviet Union, 1960-64 Investigator, research project on the portrayal of mental illness in the mass me dia, under a grant from National Institute of Mental Health, 1959-61 5 Editing, Publishing Chair, Editorial Board, International Encyclopedia of Communications, Oxford University Press, 1983-88; Editor, Journal of Communication, 1973-87; Executive Editor, Journal of Communication, 1987-91; Coeditor, Oxford University Press Interview with George Gerbner «Communication and Society Books;' 1985-91; Coeditor, Longman Commu nication Books, 1981-90; Associate Editor for Communication Theory, Journal of Communication, 1966-68; Book Review Editor, Audio-Visual Communication CONDUCTED BY JOHN A. LENT Review, 1958-68 GUARUJA, BRAZIL, AUGUST 19, 1992 Awards and Honors Excellence in Media Award, International Television Association, 1992; Distinguished Visiting Professor, American University, Cairo, Egypt; Commence George, tell me about your background, the days in Hungary, your education, ment speaker and recipient, honorary degree, Doctor of Humane Letters, your antifascist stands at various times, and your entrance into the American Worcester State College, Worcester, Massachusetts, 1992; First Wayne Danielson culture. At the same time, discuss the motivating factors that have guided you Award for Distinguished Contributions to Communications Scholarship, Univer down a different path in scholarship-factors dealing with personal, institu sity of Texas at Austin, November 1991; Honorary degree, Doctor of Humane tional, and academic situations. Letters, Emerson College, Boston, 1989; "Broadcast Preceptor Award;' San Francisco State University, 1982; "Media Achievement Award of Excellence;' I was born in Budapest, Hungary, in 1919, during the last real Hungarian revo Philadelphia Bar Association, 1981; "Communicator of the Year" Award, B'nai lution, short-lived as it was. I grew up in the 1930s under the rise of fascism, B'rith Communications Lodge, 1981; Honorary degree, Doctor of Humane which eventually reached and began to dominate Hungary and began to domi Letters, LaSalle College, Philadelphia, 1980; Fellow, International Communica nate and oppress much of my own life and thinking. I was educated in a very tion Association, 1979; Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of good gymnasium (high school) in Budapest and became very much involved in Science, 1972 Hungarian literature and folklore. I spent probably the most rewarding months each year of my teens in various villages in Hungary, living and working with the peasants and trying to learn their culture, their language, their dialects, collecting folk songs, folk tales. So my first academic interest upon entering the university was folklore and literature. I was fortunate since I was always good at what I was interested in but not in other things, so my grades were far from good enough for entrance into the university, which was a highly selective procedure. But it so hap pened that my school sent me, on the basis of a schoolwide competition and then a districtwide competition, to a national literary competition. The representatives from each high school-the winners of high school competition-competed for the national prize in Hungarian literature. And it so happened that I won the first prize in Hungarian literature, which led to an amusing incident at the end of our baccalaureate, a week-long examination. The day before that final day of the bac- 85 86 JOHN A. LENT Interview with George Gerbner 87 calaureate, the results of this national competition came out and were published that 1 spoke excellent Spanish, which I did not. 1 offered my services to be their in the newspapers. guide in their cars and to take them to places that were "off the beaten path." That The principal of our school came to the classroom where the final session of was very easy because I didn't know what the beaten path was. So almost every the baccalaureate examination was held and looked at the records and lists of where we went-I picked out some places on the map-was off the beaten path. graduating students and looked at mine and said, "They have made a terrible mis We drove into the main square of a small town or village and 1 said, "Now we'll take in not recognizing this Gerbner who's so good," and in the presence of every stop right here while I go out and make arrangements." I had enough knowledge one, including myself, corrected everyone of my grades to an A. That assured my of Spanish to go to some fairly clean-cut, local native hotel and say here is a group admission to the university. It's one of the series of accidents, if you could call of tourists and how much would it cost. The accommodations were extremely them that, that in many ways provided turning points for my life. cheap. They were usual,ly clean and dependable and secure, so I would go back to Now my matriculation at the University of Budapest was short-lived. Toward the car and say that everything was arranged. This way 1 got around Mexico, in the end of the first year, in the 1938-39 academic year, I was about to be drafted cluding Acapulco at a time when Acapulco had only one more or less modern ho into the Hungarian army. Although I had no particular objections at that time tel, and I basically had a wonderful time. about serving in the army, I had grave objections about serving in the Hungarian At the end of six months, my visa was up and by that time the war had broken army. So, 1 left the country, and although 1 had no money, about five dollars, my out in Europe. I went to the American consulate and said, "I would like to go to parents bought a train ticket to Paris. I went to Paris (this was in the spring, I be Los Angeles where I have a half-brother." About six months before, I had applied lieve, May of 1939). I recall that just while 1 was on the train into Italy (I was going for admission to UCLA as a foreign student and 1 was accepted, but I couldn't get to Paris through Venice and Genoa, and then the Riviera, and then to Paris), the there because 1 had no American visa. The consul said, "Well, 1 don't know exactly Italian army marched into Albania. (So we can fix the time by that particular what to do with you. I'd like to help you, but you know there is an American law event.) that says that if you arrive in an adjoining country to the United States, which I arrived in Paris without any money. There is no need now to recount interest could be either Mexico or Canada, you cannot enter even legally or in any way ing experiences of 'a penniless Hungarian arriving in Paris. But I did eventually through the border:' That is in order to avoid illegal entries, which is a joke, be meet some relatives of my parents who lent me the money for a passage to wher cause thousands of people are making illegal entries every week and were then, ever I could go. Now by that time (I have to fill in a few minor details)-I had a but anyway, that was the law, and so he said, "My best advice is that you go to . half-brother, Laslo Benedek (we have the same mother, different fathers; his fa Havana which is separated by water. Go to the American consulate there and see ther, my mother's first husband, died; my mother remarried and then I was born). what they can do for you." So again, begging and borrowing money for a passage, He was about fifteen or sixteen years older; he recently died. He was a film direc 1 went to Havana, went up to the American consulate, told them what the situa tor, and by that time he had gone to Hollywood. So my ultimate objective was to tion was, and the American consulate said, "I don't know exactly how to resolve come to the United States. It turned out that 1 could not get a visa to the United your situation either, but it's not going to be on my conscience to send you back States; this was in 1939. The visa list for Hungarians under the American quota to Europe-the war is already on, and very clearly, you have no possibility of -was filled for about twenty-five years and 1 was not about to wait twenty-five years safely arriving in Hungary, so I'll give you permission to leave Cuba and to go to for that visa. So 1 had to bribe a consulate official to give me' a visa to Mexico, New Orleans on a ship that's going from Havana to New Orleans and see what which 1 learned was not unusual; it was pretty much the common practice, and 1 they will do with you." got a passage on the French ship, Flanders, (a wonderful passenger liner) which So I arrived in New Orleans. My half-brother had alerted some friends who was, incidentally, sunk in World War II. The only passage open at this time was a lived in New Orleans to wait for me in the Port of New Orleans. When 1 arrived at first-class passage. So I was traveling first class but had no money, which led to an the port, we were lined up to examine documents but in addition to documents embarrassment later on of not being able to tip the people who were kindly serv to examine the amount of money that we had with us.

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