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Home , Elihu Katz, George Gerbner, The Phantom Public

Mass and American Social Thought

Key Texts, 1919-1968

Edited by John Durham Peters and Peter Simonson

ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Oxford Brief Contents

Introduction: and American Social Thought: Key Texts, 1919-1968 1 Part I: From Hope to Disillusionment: Mass Communication Theory Coalesces, 1919-1933 13 Part II: The World in Turmoil: Research, 1933-1949 79 Part III: The and Its Discontents: Mass Communication Theory, 1949-1968 263 Afterword and Acknowledgments 495 Other Readers and Historical Collections in American Mass Communication Study and Related Subjects 499 Suggested Films 501 Select Supplementary List 505 The Intellectual History of North American , 1919-1968: A Selected Bibliography (Including Works Cited in Interpretive Essays) 509 Credits 519 Index 525 About the Editors 531

ix Contents

Introduction: Mass Communication and American Social Thought: Key Texts, 1919-1968 1

Part I: From Hope to Disillusionment: Mass Communication Theory Coalesces, 1919-1933 Introduction 13 • 1 "The Process of Social Change," from Political Science Quarterly (1897) 21 Charles Horton Cooley 2 "The House of Dreams," from The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets (1909) 25 jane Addams 3 From Winesburg, Ohio (1919) 30 Sherwood Anderson 4 From the Introduction to the Science of (1921) 31 Robert Ezra Park and Ernest W. Burgess 5 "Nature, Communication, and Meaning," from Experience and Nature (1925) 35 6 "The Disenchanted Man," from The Phantom Public (1925) 36 7 "Criteria of Negro Art," from Crisis Magazine (1926) 42 W. E. B. Du Bois 8 "The Results of ," from Propaganda Technique in the World War (1927) 47 Harold Dwight Lasswell 9 "Manipulating : The Why and the How" (1928) 51 Edward L. Bernays

xi Contents

Introduction: Mass Communication and American Social Thought: Key Texts, 1919-1968 1

Part I: From Hope to Disillusionment: Mass Communication Theory Coalesces, 1919-1933 Introduction 13 1 "The Process of Social Change," from Political Science Quarterly (1897) 21 Charles Horton Cooley 2 "The House of Dreams," from The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets (1909) 25 Jane Addams 3 From Winesburg, Ohio (1919) 30 Sherwood Anderson 4 From the Introduction to the Science of Sociology (1921) 31 Robert Ezra Park and Ernest W. Burgess 5 "Nature, Communication, and Meaning," from Experience and Nature (1925) 35 John Dewey 6 "The Disenchanted Man," from The Phantom Public (1925) 36 Walter Lippmann 7 "Criteria of Negro Art," from Crisis Magazine (1926) 42 W. E. B. Du Bois 8 "The Results of Propaganda," from Propaganda Technique in the World War (1927) 47 Harold Dzvight Easswell 9 "Manipulating Public Opinion: The Why and the How" (1928) 51 Edward L. Bernays

xi xii Contents

10 From Middletown: A Study in Contemporary American Culture (1929) 58 Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd 11 "Communication," from Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences (1931) 74 Edward Sapir

Part II: The World in Turmoil: Communications Research, 1933-1949 Introduction 79 12 "Conclusion," from Movies and Conduct (1933) 91 Herbert Blumer 13 "The Integration of Communication," from Communication Agencies and Social Eife (1933) 95 Malcolm M. Willey and Stuart A. Rice 14 "Toward a Critique of Negro Music," from Opportunity (1934) 98 Alain Locke 15 From Technics and Civilization (1934) 102 Lewis Mumford 16 "The Business Nobody Knows," from Our Master's Voice (1934) 106 james Rorty 17 "The Influence of Radio upon Mental and Social Life," from The Psychology of Radio (1935) 110 Hadley Cantril and Gordon W. Allport 18 "Foreword," from Public Opinion Quarterly (1937) 116 Editors, Public Opinion Quarterly 19 "Human Interest Stories and ," from Public Opinion Quarterly (1937) 118 Helen MacGill Hughes 20 From The Fine Art of Propaganda (1939) 124 Alfred McClung Lee and Elizabeth Briant Lee 21 "A Powerful, Bold, and Unmeasurable Party?" from The Pulse of Democracy (1940) 128 George Gallup and Saul Rae 22 "Democracy in Reverse," from Public Opinion Quarterly (1940) 134 Robert S. Lynd 23 "Needed Research in Communication," from the Rockefeller Archives (1940) 136 Lyman Bryson, Lloyd A. Free, Geoffrey Gorer, Harold D. Lasswell, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Robert S. Lynd, John Marshall, Charles A. Siepmann, Donald Slesinger, and Douglas ^Naples 24 "On Borrowed Experience: An Analysis of Listening to Daytime Sketches," from Studies in Philosophy and Social Science (1941) 139 Herta Herzog Contents xiii

25 "Art and Mass Culture," from Studies in Philosophy and Social Science (1941) 157 Max Horkheimer 26 "Administrative and Critical Communications Research," from Studies in Philosophy and Social Science (1941) 166 Paul F. Lazarsfeld T7 "The Popular Music Industry/' from Radio Research 1941 (1942) 174 Duncan MacDougald Jr. 28 From Dialectic of Enlightenmen t (1944) 180 Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno 29 "Nazi Propaganda and Violence," from German Radio Propaganda (1944) 182 Ernst Kris and Hans Speier 30 "Biographies in Popular Magazines," from Radio Research 1942-1943 (1944) 188 Leo Lowenthal 31 "The Negro Press," from An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (1944) 206 Gunnar Myrdal 32 "A Social Critique of Radio Music," from the Kenyon Review (1945) 210 Theodor W. Adorno 33 "The Social and Cultural Context," from Mass Persuasion (1946) 215 Robert K. Merton 34 "The Requirements," from A Free and Responsible Press (1947) 218 Hutchins Commission 35 "," from UNESCO: Its Philosophy and Purpose (1947) 222 Julian Sorrell Huxley 36 "The Enormous Radio," from The Enormous Radio and Other Stories (1947) 224 John Cheever 37 "Mass Communication, Popular Taste, and Organized Social Action," from The Communication of Ideas (1948) 230 Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Robert K. Merton 38 Table from "Communication Research and the Social Psychologist," from Current Trends in Social Psychology (1948) 242 Paul F. Lazarsfeld 39 ", Language, and ," from Cybernetics: Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (1948) 243 Norbert Wiener 40 "Consensus and Mass Communication," from American Sociological Review (1948) 249 Louis Wirth 41 "What 'Missing the Newspaper' Means," from Communications Research (1949) 254 xiv Contents

Part III: The American Dream and Its Discontents: Mass Communication Theory, 1949-1968 Introduction 42 "Industrialism and Cultural Values," from The Bias of Communication (1950) Harold A. Innis 43 "Emerging from Magic," from Hollywood: The Dream Factory (1950) Hortense Powdermaker 44 "Storytellers as Tutors in Technique," from (1950) David Riesman, with Reuel Denney and Nathan Glazer 45 "Our Next Frontier . .. Transoceanic TV," from Look (1950) David Sarnoff 46 "Communication in the Sovietized State, as Demonstrated in Korea," from Public Opinion Quarterly (1951) Wilbur Schramm and John W. Riley Jr. 47 "The Consumer's Stake in Radio and Television," from Quarterly of Film, Radio and Television (1951) Dallas Smythe 48 "The Unique Perspective of Television and Its Effect: A Pilot Study," from , American Sociological Review (1952) Kurt Lang and Gladys Engel Lang 49, "Technology and Political Change," from International Journal (1952) Marshall McLuhan 50 "A Theory of Mass Culture," from Diogenes (1953) Dwight Macdonald 51 "Sight, Sound, and Fury," from Commonweal (1954) Marshall McLuhan 52 "Between Media and Mass," from Personal Influence (1955) and Paul F. Lazarsfeld 53 "The Theory of : A Critique," from Commentary (1956) Dapiel Bell 54 "Mass Communication and Para-Social Interaction: Observations on Intimacy at a Distance," from Psychiatry (1956) Donald Horton and R. Richard Wohl 55 "The Mass Society," from (1956) C. Wright Mills 56 "FDR and the White House Mail," from Public Opinion Quarterly (1956) Leila A. Sussmann 57 "Notes on a Natural History of Fads," from American Journal of Sociology (1957) Rolf Meyersohn and'Elihu Katz Contents xv

58 "Mass Communication and Socio-cultural Integration," from Social Forces (1958) 417 Warren Breed 59 "Modernizing Styles of Life: A Theory," from The Passing of Traditional Society (1958) 426 Daniel Lerner 60 "The Social-Anatomy of the Romance-Confession Cover Girl," from Journalism Quarterly (1959) 434 61 "The State of Communication Research," from Public Opinion Quarterly (1959) 440 Bernard Berelson 62 "The State of Communication Research: Comments," from Public Opinion Quarterly (1959) 446 Wilbur Schramm, David Riesman, and Raymond Bauer 63 "What Is Mass Communication?" from Mass Communication: A Sociological Perspective (1959) 454 Charles R. Wright 64 "Social Theory and Mass Media," from Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science (1961) 457 Thelma McCormack 65 "Television and the Public Interest" (1961) 465 Newton Minow 66 "The Kennedy Assassination and the Nature of Political Commitment," from The Kennedy Assassination and the American Public (1965) 472 Sidney Verba 67 "TV Overseas: The U.S. Hard Sell," from The Nation (1966) 480 Herbert Schiller 68 "Aggressiveness in Advanced Industrial /' from Negations (1968) 485 Herbert Marcuse

Afterword and Acknowledgments 495 Other Readers and Historical Collections in American Mass Communication Study and Related Subjects 499 SuggestedFilms 501 Select Supplementary Reading List 505 The Intellectual History of North American Media Studies, 1919-1968: A Selected Bibliography (Including Works Cited in Interpretive Essays) 509 Credits 519 Index 525 About the Editors 531