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Narasimha Temple at Puri Orissa Review July - 2010 Narasimha Temple at Puri Ratnakar Mohapatra Introduction Natamandapa. All the structures within the The temple of Narasimha is one of ancient premises are thickly plastered in lime mortar and painted in colours. The temple is built in sand Vaishnava Shrines of Puri. It is situated near the stones, locally called as Baulamala pathara. northeast boundary wall of the famous Gundicha temple. The shrine is found mentioned in the A. Vimana Skanda Purana to be existing while Indradyumna The Vimana of the Narasimha temple is 1 had visited the place. Indradyumna is stated to a Pancharatha Rekha deula and its height is about have built a temple for Narasimha and to have 60 feet from the ground of the temple.5 Dr. B.K. installed the deity therein with the help of sage Rath has mentioned that the height of the temple 2 Narada. Pandita Surya Narayan Das has also is about 35 feet from the surface of the temple referred that before the emergence of Chaturdha complex.6 The structure of the Vimana has four murtis, king lndradyumna had installed this God vertical divisions viz. pistha or plinth, bada or wall, and performed thousands of Asvamedha yajnas Gandi or sikhara and mastaka. The base of the in this place (Narasimha temple).3 For this reason, structure is square of 17 feet on each side. The this Narasimha is popularly known as µYajna- Vimana is raised on a high plinth of 4 feet. There Narasimha.4 An elevated place has been levelled are no decorative elements in it. The bada of the for erection of the main temple and its two front Vimana is panchanga type i.e. having five apartments. The surface of the temple complex is component parts such as pabhaga, talajangha, about 3 feet high from the road level. The area bandhana, upper jangha and baranda. All the around the temple complex has been enclosed component parts of the bada are devoid of by high masonry walls with provision of a series decorative ornamentations except the baranda of steps for entry into the premises of the western which contains three jhapasimhas: one on each side. The temple faces to west. side of the southern, eastern and northern of the Architectural features of the temple: Vimana respectively. The temple of Narasimha consists of three Parsvadevatas: structures such as the Vimana, the Jagamohana The three sides central niches of the bada and the Natamandapa. The main temple is a of Vimana house the images of Varaha, Trivikrama Pancharatha Rekha deula, which is fronted by a (Vamana) and Vishnu as the Parsvadevatas of the pyramidal Jagamohana and a rectangular main presiding deity. The Parsvadevatas are 72 Orissa Review July - 2010 housed with small nisha shrines projecting out from installed on the double petalled lotus pedestal. the walls. The image of Varaha is the Parsvadevata According to Prof. T.E. Donaldson, the image of the southern side. The four handed image of on the backside central niche is Vishnu rather than Varaha is installed in standing pose holding the Narasimha who is enshrined in the sanctum.8 Old uplifted left arm of Prithivi with his major right priests of the temple trace it as the image of hand and then hoisting her up on the elbow of his Narayana. Here the image of deity assumes a left upper hand. He holds Chakra in his uplifted Samabhanga pose. He holds gada and lotus in back right upper hand while his lower left hand his upper two hands, which are uplifted in a holds a conch above Goddess Prithvi. The right symmetrical fashion. The lower two hands are lower hand of deity is completely broken. The completely broken. Sridevi and Bhudevi are backside head of the deity is relieved with a full- flanked on either side of deity with holding flowers blown lotus flower with stalk. A nagi figure with in their hands. The background slab of the deity hands in anjali mudra is carved on the pedestal is decorated with trefoil makara head arch and rather than between the legs of Varaha in the Kirtimukha motif at the apex. Two flying conventional manner. Two flying apsara figures apsara figures are depicted on the both side top are carved on the both sides top corners of the corners of the slab. On the basis of sculptural slab. They display flowers and garlands in their features, R.P. Mohapatra has referred that all the hands. The background slab of deity is decorated Parsvadevatas of Narasimha temple are the with trefoil makara head arch crowned by the workmanship of the early medieval period.9 kirtimukha motif. The curvilinear superstructure is The Parsvadevata on the northern side surmounted on the gandi of Vimana. It displays niche is Trivikrama or Vamana. The four handed five pagas or pilasters to outwards. The gandi of image of Trivikrama has been installed on the double the main shrine is bereft of figure sculptures and petalled lotus pedestal. He holds gada in right upper decorative designs except however the projecting hand, lotus flower in right lower hand, chakra in lions on central raha paga of all directions. Other left upper hand and conch in left lower hand four pagas are completely plain. Dopichha simhas respectively. Figures of Sridevi and Bhudevi are have been fixed on the top of kanika pagas of the flanked on either side of deity. The right leg of deity gandi. Garuda figures are also inserted in the four is set firmly on the ground and another uplifted left cardinal directions of the beki above rahas. Both foot touches the image of Brahma. Beneath his the figures of lion and Garuda are acting as the uplifted leg is a scene of Bali who is presenting the supporting elements of the amalakasila of the gift to Vamana while Sukracharya lifts his hands up mastaka. in dismay. The backside head of the deity is decorated with trefoil Makara head arch, which is The mastaka of the Vimana consists of surmounted by the Kirtimukha motif. µThere is a usual components of Orissan Rekha deula such Vidyadhara figure depicted on the right side top as the beki, the amalakasila, the khapuri, the corner of the slab. Prof. K.S.Behera and T.E. kalasa, the ayudha (Nila chakra) and the dhvaja. Donaldson have referred that the image can be The sanctum preserves a remarkable 7 dated to the late 13th century AD. image of Lakshmi-Narasimha as the presiding The image of Vishnu is the Parsvadevata deity of the temple. The deity is installed on a of the eastern or backside central niche of the high masonry simhasana of 6 feet in height and 4 bada. The four handed image of Vishnu has been feet in width.10 The height of the deity is 5 feet 73 Orissa Review July - 2010 and it is made of black chlorite.11 He displays of Jaya and Vijaya, the two legendary chakra in right upper hand, conch in left upper doorkeepers of Vishnu are finely carved at the hand and another two lower hands are stretched base of the jambs. over his knees. The image is designed seated in B. Jagamohana or Mukhasala yogasana with both legs crossed and tied near the knee. Devi Lakshmi has been installed on the The Jagamohana of the Narasimha temple left lap of Narasimha. The pedestal of the is a pancharatha pidha deula and its height is about 16 presiding deity is richly carved with scroll works, 50 feet from the ground of the temple. The flower designs and Garuda figures. The structure of the Jagamohana is also raised on the background slab of the deity is finely decorated high plinth of 4 feet and its base is square of 15 with trefoil makara head arch. Here the deity feet on each side. The bada is panchanga type i.e. having five component parts such as pabhaga, Narasimha is in calm posture. The artistic finish talajangha, bandhana, upper jangha and baranda. and iconographic peculiarity of the image take us All the components of bada are completely plain back to the time of the Ganga period.12 The deity and plastered by lime mortar. The southern side was very likely installed at Puri by Chodaganga central paga of the bada is fixed with a balustraded Deva who is said to have introduced the system window. The balusters of this window are relieved of Narasimha worship in Orissa.13 Prof. T.E. with dancing female figures (playing on various Donaldson has referred that the image is in a musical instruments), salabhanjikas, alasakanyas symmetrical fashion similar to the image at 17 14 and gajasimha motifs of much later workmanship. Nuapatna. R.P. Mohapatra has also identified The gavaksha mandana portions of the northern that a similar Lakshmi- Narasimha image is still and southern sides of bada are relieved with some noticed in the premises of the Ganga Mandira of decorative elements in its surface. A large panel 15 Cuttack town. Besides the presiding deity on the left side gavaksha mandana of the (Narasimha), there is another Narasimha image Jagamohana represents three mounted elephants also kept in the backside of the presiding deity. on the march. The king is sitting on an elephant The image is not Lakshmi- Narasimha but here and one mounted is holding parasol on the head the deity (Narasimha) is in ferocious form. of the king. Most probably, it is the depiction of Because the lower two hands of deity are the scene of royal tour of Puri king. engaged to take out the entrails of Hiranyakashyapu, the demon.
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