DOCSLIB.ORG

Kalinga Style Temple Architecture of Lord Jagannatha Temple of Puri in Eastern India: a Historical Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Kalinga Style Temple Architecture of Lord Jagannatha Temple of Puri in Eastern India: a Historical Review BULLETIN MONUMENTAL - ISSN / e-ISSN 0007-473X Volume 22 : Issue 8 - 2021 Kalinga Style Temple Architecture of Lord Jagannatha Temple of Puri in Eastern India: A Historical Review Dr. Ratnakar Mohapatra 1 1. Assistant Professor, Department of History, KISS, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, PIN-751024, Odisha, India Abstract The celebrated temple of Lord Jagannatha of Puri occupies an important place in the Hindu temple art of India. Lord Jagannatha temple of Puri is the best specimen of the Kalinga Syle temple architecture of Odisha in Eastern India. The art and architecture of Lord Jagannatha temple of Puri is an important part of the Odishan temple art in Eastern India. The sculptures of the Jagannatha temple epitomize the best specimen of the Kalinga School of Art. It is clearly known from the dynastic records that the temple of Lord Purusottama (Jagannatha) of Puri was initiated by Ananta Varman Chodaganga Deva and completed by Anangabhima Deva II in 1197 A.D. The vimana (Bada deula) and jagamohana of Lord Jagannatha temple were possibly initiated by Chodaganga Deva sometimes after in about 1135 A.D. The bhogamandapa of the Jagannatha temple was possibly built by Purusottama Deva in the last quarter of the 15 th century A.D. The aim of this article is to focus on the artistic features, architectural pattern along with the religious significance of Lord Jagannatha temple of Puri in Eastern India. Methodologically, both the primary and secondary sources have been used in this article. Keywords: Kalinga style, temple, architecture, Jagannatha temple, Puri, Odisha, Eastern India I. INTRODUCTION The study of architectural fearures of the present Jagannatha temple of Puri is a significant part of the Hindu temple art of Odisha in Eastern India. The spot of Puri is notable in India for its renowned temple of Lord Jagannatha alongside other hallowed sanctuaries. It is located (Latitude 19 0 47 m 55 s North and Longitude 85 0 49 m 5s East) on the shore of the Bay of Bengal in the state of Odisha in Eastern India (Senapati and Kuanr, 1977, p.771). The Puri town is one of the conspicuous focuses of temple building exercises and journeys of India (Mohapatra, 1989, p.29). Other than the main temple of Lord Jagannatha, the spot has a decent number of Hindu sanctuaries of more modest and medium sizes, which appreciate the standing of extensive holiness (Mohapatra, 2007, p.13). Indeed, the spot of Puri town is perhaps the most hallowed spots of journey in India (Gupta, 2003, p.131). Based on accessible of various surviving sanctuaries of different organizations of Hinduism in the Puri town, Surya Narayana Das suitably comments that the spot of Puri town can be appropriately said as the Mandiramalini kshetra of India (Dash, 1966, p.2). Among every one of the surviving sanctuaries of Puri Dhama , Lord Jaganntha temple possesses a special spot in the religious history of Odisha. Puri is well known on the planet for the blessed Volume 22 : Issue 8 - 2021 Page No : 88 BULLETIN MONUMENTAL - ISSN / e-ISSN 0007-473X Volume 22 : Issue 8 - 2021 temple of Lord Jagannatha (Mohapatra,1989, p.29). The main objective of travellers at Puri is the Jagannatha temple (Gupta, 2003, p.141). Lord Juggernauth is considered as respected notoriety of Hindu love. Journey to Puri is quite possibly the main demonstrations of recognition ordered to a Hindu in the custom of his religion as expressed by Laurie (Dash, 2018, p.147). The Hindu people of various territories of India please journeys to Puri for visit of Juggernauth temple ( Sulton, Orissa and its Evangelization, prelude page). Sulton suggests that the Ratha Yatra (Car celebration) of Juggernauth is the tremendous social affair of every one of the Hindus of India (Sulton, p.56 and see Dash, 2018, p.147). The temple of Lord Jagannatha is the best agent of the Kalinga style temple design of the territory of Odisha in Eastern India. As indicated by Bhubana Pradipa , a text on temple engineering, the sanctuaries of Odisha have been grouped into three orders viz rekha, pidha and khakhara (Bose, 1932, p.78 and see Dev, 1997, p. 67). In Odishan temple engineering, every temple type has particular name. (Mohapatra,1982, p.14). Every one of the surviving sanctuaries including Lord Jagannatha temple of Puri town have the Kalinga style of temple design of Odisha, which seems to have been a result of the Nagara Style temple engineering of North India (Mohapatra, 2007, p.25). Yet, it has likewise some unmistakable qualities of its own. Truth be told, Odishan temples structure quite possibly the most minimized and homogeneous building bunches in India (Fergusson, 1875, p.414). The constructions of Lord Jagannatha temple of Puri represent both the rekha and pidha types of the Odishan temple style. The Odishan temple style is popular for its recognizing features acquire and particular phrasing for example the Kalinga style , and was remembered for different kinds of temples, Nagara, Dravida and Veshara raising their number to four (Panigrahi,1985, p.371). The Odishan temples are critical for the abundance of models. Here, Stella Kramrisch appropriately comments that" Architecture in Odishan temples is nevertheless figures for a tremendous scope" (Kramrisch, Vol.1, 1946, p.218). The style of Odishan temples apparently began during the seventh century and finished in the Sun temple of Konarka (Dev, 1997, p.67). The extant temples of Odisha have the overwhelming situation among Odisha's imaginative accomplishments. For the spread of Vashnavism, the renowned temple of Lord Jagannatha was erected at Puri during the twelfth century A.D. Vaishnavism may have existed in Odisha from the ancient period. The early middle age period is a defining moment in the strict history of Odisha. Vaishnavism lost its imperial support and its place was occupied by Shaivism. With the coming of Sri Ramanuja Acharya , for whom Vaishnavism had acquired the imperial support. After the success of occupation of Utkal territory by Ananta Varman Chodaganga Deva, there started the brilliant age throughout the entire existence of Vaishnavism in Odisha especially in the Puri town (Mohapatra, 2007, p.126). His construction of the temple of Jagannatha at Puri and the endeavour to bring all religious faiths in the fold of single cult i.e. Jagannath Cult was a landmark in the religious history of this land (Panda, 2014, pp.81-82). In the history of International religion and culture, Chodaganga Deva opened a new horizon with the universal slogan of equality, fraternity, oneness and amity (Panda, 2014, p.82 and see Panda, 1987). Puri is famously said as Shri Purusottama Dhama, the seat of Lord Vishnu and Martya Vaikuntha , the home of Vishnu on earth Volume 22 : Issue 8 - 2021 Page No : 89 BULLETIN MONUMENTAL - ISSN / e-ISSN 0007-473X Volume 22 : Issue 8 - 2021 (Gupta, 2003, p.133). The temple of Lord Jagannatha is considered as the main Vaishnava sanctum of the Puri in Eastern India. The most spectacular design undertaking in the Ganga rule of Odisha was the construction of the temple of Lord Jagannatha at Puri (Mohapatra, 2007, p.83). It is additionally one of the best commitment of the Ganga rulers towards the workmanship and engineering of Odishan sanctuaries (Mohapatra, 2007, p.83). Jagannatha Dhama, the homestead of Lord Jagannatha is viewed as perhaps the best focal point of the Kalinga Style temple architecture of Odisha. The present article attempts to highlight the architectural features along with the religious significance of Lord Jagannath temple of Puri in Eastern India. II. METHODOLOGY Both the primary and secondary sources have been used in the writing of the present piece of work. The primary data have been collected through Gazetteers, Texts, unpublished thesis, the practical observation, public opinions, hearsay accounts and interview methods during the period of experimental field survey. The collected data with regard to the art, architecture and religious significance of Lord Jagannatha temple of Puri is mainly based on practical observations and the source materials of earlier scholars. The secondary data relating to the present article are Books, Journals, Periodicals, Proceedings, Manuscripts, Antiquities, Records, Reports, and published theses. The data collected from both the primary and secondary sources are scrutinised and utilised in the present article. III. DISCUSSION AND RESULT ANALYSIS 3. Lord Jagannatha Temple of Puri Puri popularly known as Jagannatha Dham, situated on the East-coast of India, is famous for its historic antiquities and religious sanctuaries. This holy city is well known throughout the world for the celebrated temple of Lord Jagannatha, which stands on a prominent place near the seashore (the Bay of Bengal). The exact geographical location of the temple of Lord Jagannatha is Latitude 19 0 18 m 17 S North and Longitude 85 0 51 m 39 s East (Senapati and Kuanr, eds., 1977, p.779). In fact, the temple of Lord Jagannatha is considered as the most important Vaishnava shrine of the Puri in Eastern India. The most stupendous architectural undertaking during the Ganga period was the construction of the Jagannatha temple at Puri (Mohapatra, 2007, p.83). It is also one of the greatest contribution of the Ganga monarchs towards the art and architecture of Odishan temples (Mohapatra, 2007, p.83).The temple also occupies a pivotal position in the religious history of Odisha.The descriptions of different aspects like art, architecture, paintings , religious sanctity, etc. of Lord Jagannatha temple of Puri are briefly discussed below. Volume 22 : Issue 8 - 2021 Page No : 90 BULLETIN MONUMENTAL - ISSN / e-ISSN 0007-473X Volume 22 : Issue 8 - 2021 3.1. Architectural Features of Lord Jagannatha Temple Lord Jagannatha temple of Puri is the best specimen of the Kalinga style temple architecture of Odisha in Eastern India.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • General Introduction to Odishan Temple Architecture
    Odisha Review May - 2012 General introduction to Odishan Temple Architecture Anjaliprava Sahoo INTRODUCTION Sastras recognize three main styles of temple architecture known as the Nagara, the Dravida Temple is a ‘Place of Worship’. It is also called 1 the ‘House of God’. Stella Kramrisch has defined and the Vesara. temple as ‘Monument of Manifestation’ in her NAGARA TEMPLE STYLE book ‘The Hindu Temple’. The temple is one of Nagara types of temples are the typical the prominent and enduring symbols of Indian Northern Indian temples with curvilinear sikhara- culture: it is the most graphic expression of religious spire topped by amlakasila.2 This style was fervour, metaphysical values and aesthetic developed during A.D. 5th century. The Nagara aspiration. style is characterized by a beehive-shaped and The idea of temple originated centuries multi-layered tower, called ‘Sikhara’. The layers ago in the universal ancient conception of God in of this tower are topped by a large round cushion- a human form, which required a habitation, a like element called ‘amlaka’. The plan is based shelter and this requirement resulted in a structural on a square but the walls are sometimes so shrine. India’s temple architecture is developed segmented, that the tower appears circular in from the Sthapati’s and Silpi’s creativity. A small shape. Advancement in the architecture is found Hindu temple consists of an inner sanctum, the in temples belonging to later periods, in which the Garbha Griha or womb chamber; a small square central shaft is surrounded by many smaller room with completely plain walls having a single narrow doorway in the front, inside which the image is housed and other chambers which are varied from region to region according to the needs of the rituals.
    [Show full text]
  • The Temple Architecture in Odisha
    ISSN 0970-8669 Odisha Review The Hindu temple architecture reflects a synthesis is concentrated in the city of Bhubaneswar where of arts, the ideals of religion, beliefs, values and there are over thirty of them. the way of life cherished under Hinduism. The temple is a place for pilgrimage. All the cosmic The main temples of this style consist of elements that create and celebrate life in Hindu the Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar th pantheon are present in a Hindu temple from fire (11 century), the Jagannath temple at Puri th to water, from images of nature to deities, from (12 century) the Great Sun Temple at Konark the feminine to the masculine, from karma to (13th century), Rajarani Temple (10th century), artha. The form and meanings of architectural Mukteswar (10th Century), Parshuram Temple elements in a Hindu temple are designed to (8th Century) etc. function as the place where it is the link between The Kanlingan style consists of three man and the divine, to help his progress to spiritual distinct types of temples Rekha Deula, Pidha knowledge and truth, his liberation is called Deula and Khakhara Deula. The former two are Moksha. associated with Vishnu, Surya and Shiva temples The Temple Architecture in Odisha Sujata Routray The Indian temples are broadly divided while the third is mainly with Chamunda and Durga into Nagara, Vesara, Dravida and Gadag styles temples. The Rekha Deula and Khakhara Deula of architecture. However the temple architecture houses the sanctum sanctorum while the Pidha of Odisha corresponds to altogether a different Deula constitutes outer dancing and offering halls.
    [Show full text]
  • Kīrtan Guide Pocket Edition
    All glory to Śrī Guru and Śrī Gaurāṅga Kīrtan Guide Pocket Edition Śrī Chaitanya Sāraswat Maṭh All glory to Śrī Guru and Śrī Gaurāṅga Kīrtan Guide Pocket Edition Śrī Chaitanya Sāraswat Maṭh ©&'() Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math All rights reserved by The Current President-Acharya of Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math Published by Sri Chaitanya Saraswat Math Kolerganj, Nabadwip, Nadia Pin *+()'&, W.B., India Compiled by Sripad Bhakti Kamal Tyagi Maharaj Senior Editor Sripad Mahananda Das Bhakti Ranjan Editor Sri Vishakha Devi Dasi Brahmacharini Proofreading by Sriman Sudarshan Das Adhikari Sriman Krishna Prema Das Adhikari Sri Asha Purna Devi Dasi Cover by Sri Mahamantra Das Printed by CDC Printers +, Radhanath Chowdury Road Kolkata-*'' '(, First printing: +,''' copies Contents Jay Dhvani . , Ārati . Parikramā . &/ Vandanā . ). Morning . +, Evening . ,+ Vaiṣṇava . ,. Nitāi . 2, Gaurāṅga . *& Kṛṣṇa . .* Prayers . (', Advice . ((/ Śrī Śrī Prabhupāda-padma Stavakaḥ . ()& Śrī Śrī Prema-dhāma-deva Stotram . ()2 Holy Days . (+/ Style . (2* Śrī Chaitanya Sāraswat Maṭh . (*. Index . (*/ Dedication This abridged, pocket size edition of Śrī Chaitanya Sāraswat Maṭh’s Kīrtan Guide was offered to the lotus hands of Śrīla Bhakti Nirmal Āchārya Mahārāj on the Adhivās of the Śrī Nabadwīp Dhām Parikramā Festival, && March &'(). , Jay Dhvani Jay Saparikar Śrī Śrī Guru Gaurāṅga Gāndharvā Govindasundar Jīu kī jay! $%&"'( Jay Om Viṣṇupād Paramahaṁsa Parivrājakāchārya-varya Aṣṭottara-śata-śrī Śrīmad Bhakti Nirmal Āchārya Mahārāj !"# kī jay! Jay Om Viṣṇupād Paramahaṁsa
    [Show full text]
  • Iasbaba's 60 Days Plan – Day 35 (History)
    IASbaba’s 60 Days Plan – Day 35 (History) 2018 Q.1) Consider the following pairs. Sculpture Material made from 1. Mother goddess Stone 2. Bearded priest Terracotta 3. Dancing girl Copper Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched? a) 1 and 3 only b) 3 only c) All the above d) None Q.1) Solution (d) Terracotta: Terracotta figures are more realistic in Gujarat sites and Kalibangan. Toy carts with wheels, whistles, rattles, bird and animals, gamesmen, and discs were also rendered in terracotta. The most important terracotta figures are those represent Mother Goddess. Stone Statues: Stone statues found in Indus valley sites are excellent examples of handling the 3D volume. Two major stone statues are: Bearded Man (Priest Man, Priest-King) and Male Torso Bronze Casting: Bronze casting was practiced in wide scale in almost all major sites of the civilization. The technique used for Bronze Casting was Lost Wax Technique. Dancing girl and bull from Mohenjo-Daro. Do you know? Thousands of seals were discovered from the sites, usually made of steatite, and occasionally of agate, chert, copper, faience and terracotta, with beautiful figures of animals such as unicorn bull, rhinoceros, tiger, elephant, bison, goat, buffalo, etc. Some seals were also been found in Gold and Ivory. THINK! 1 IASbaba’s 60 Days Plan – Day 35 (History) 2018 Harappan pottery. Q.2) Arrange the following parts of stupa from top to bottom. 1. Yasti 2. Harmika 3. Chatras 4. Anda Select the correct answer using the codes given below. a) 3-1-2-4 b) 3-2-1-4 c) 2-3-1-4 d) 2-1-3-4 Q.2) Solution (a) Stupa dome is called as Anda.
    [Show full text]
  • Sri Jagannath Temple (Administration) Act, 1954 and Chhatisanijoga
    Orissa Review June - 2004 Sri Jagannath Temple (Administration) Act, 1954 and Chhatisanijoga Dr. Janmejay Choudhury ord Jagannath is held in great loving carved out a small Hindu kingdom on the ruins Ladoration by the entire Hindu World. In of the vast Gajapati empire with its capital at Orissa, Jagannath is not only adored, but He Khurda.3 After strenghening his power and forms a part and parcel of the social, religious position in the new kingdom he lost no time to and cultural ethos of the people. The re-install Jagannath in the temple at Puri and affairs of Sri Jagannath Temple reestablished the sanctity of Mahaprasad. For were looked after with great this, he was popularly called 'Abhinava devotion and care by the Indradyumna'. The Rajas of Khurda continued successive Hindu ruling dynasties to be the hereditary Superintendent of of Orissa for whom Jagannath was the Jagannath temple and managed its regarded as the family or the State affairs under their direct supervision deity. The famous Ganga monarch till Orissa passed into the hands of Chodaganga, after constructing the Marathas. By the treaty the present edifice in the 12th concluded between Nawab century A.D., confirmed the old Alivardi Khan of Bengal and endowments of Jagannath, also Raghuji Bhonsla of Nagpur in made new endowments, and 1751 A.D. the province of laid the foundation of a sound Orissa was ceded to the administration of the temple.1 Political power Marathas over which they became de facto 4 of Orissa fast declined from the time of ruler. The Marathas kept the Management of 5 Gajapati Prataparudra Deva and waned with Jagannath Temple in their own hands.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vaishnavite Reformers of India; Critical Sketches of Their Lives and Writings
    23 Ic: Lttp- IE THE YAISHNAYITE REFORMERS OF INDIA CRITICAL SKETCHES OF THEIR LIVES AND WRITINGS BY T. RAJAGOPALA CHARTAR, M.A., B.L. PRICE RF:. ONK. PUBLISHED BY G. A NATESAN & CO., ESPLANADE, ronp CONCERN fic Building . .* HIS LIPE AND TIMES BY C. N. KUISHNASWAMI AIYAK, M.A,, L.T. HIS PHILOSOPHY BY PANDIT SITANATII TATTVABHUSHAN. Price As. 12. " To Subscriber* of the Indian Her law," As. S. Sri Madfiwa^RTadliwaism A HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL SKETCH IIY 0- N. KUISHNASWAMV AIYA1I, M.A Price AS. 12. " To Subscribers of the Imiitiit /iW'jV?/'," As. S. SRI RAMANUJAGHARYA 'HIS LIFE AND TIMES S. KRISHNASWAMI AIYANGAll, M.A HIS PHILOSOPHY BY T. RAJAGOPALACHARIAR, M.A., B.L. Price As. 12. To Subscribers of the *' Indian Review" As. 8. G- A- NATESAN & CO., ESPLANADE, MADRAS. CONTENTS. FACE. noN ... ... ... i 'lamuni ... ... .... 1 Pundavikuksha ... ... ... 12 ya ... ... ... 2i> Raroarmjacharya ... Sri Vedanta iK'sika ... !>7 Manavala Mulia ]\funi Chaitanya INTRODUCTION, These are a series of Seven Essays on the Lives and Writings of the principal religious reformers of the Vaishnavite or Yisishtadwaita School of India. The treatment is critical and historical has also ; but special prominence been given to the literary side of this School's of activity. A clear account of the growth Vaishnavaism is intended to be conveyed by these Lives of Eminent Keformers, and refe- rence has throughout been made to the deve- lopment of doctrines. A special chapter is devoted to the exposition of the Visishtad- waita philosophy according to Ramanuja. The growth of Yaishnavaism in Northern India is briefly dealt with in the last Essay, that on Sri Chaitanya, wherein that great Saint's career is also fully described.
    [Show full text]
  • Interpreting an Architectural Past Ram Raz and the Treatise in South Asia Author(S): Madhuri Desai Source: Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol
    Interpreting an Architectural Past Ram Raz and the Treatise in South Asia Author(s): Madhuri Desai Source: Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 71, No. 4, Special Issue on Architectural Representations 2 (December 2012), pp. 462-487 Published by: University of California Press on behalf of the Society of Architectural Historians Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/jsah.2012.71.4.462 Accessed: 02-07-2016 12:13 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Society of Architectural Historians, University of California Press are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians This content downloaded from 160.39.4.185 on Sat, 02 Jul 2016 12:13:51 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Figure 1 The relative proportions of parts of columns (from Ram Raz, Essay on the Architecture of the Hindus [London: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1834], plate IV) This content downloaded from 160.39.4.185 on Sat, 02 Jul 2016 12:13:51 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Interpreting an Architectural Past Ram Raz and the Treatise in South Asia madhuri desai The Pennsylvania State University he process of modern knowledge-making in late the design and ornamentation of buildings (particularly eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century South Hindu temples), was an intellectual exercise rooted in the Asia was closely connected to the experience of subcontinent’s unadulterated “classical,” and more signifi- T 1 British colonialism.
    [Show full text]
  • Why I Became a Hindu
    Why I became a Hindu Parama Karuna Devi published by Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Copyright © 2018 Parama Karuna Devi All rights reserved Title ID: 8916295 ISBN-13: 978-1724611147 ISBN-10: 1724611143 published by: Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Website: www.jagannathavallabha.com Anyone wishing to submit questions, observations, objections or further information, useful in improving the contents of this book, is welcome to contact the author: E-mail: [email protected] phone: +91 (India) 94373 00906 Please note: direct contact data such as email and phone numbers may change due to events of force majeure, so please keep an eye on the updated information on the website. Table of contents Preface 7 My work 9 My experience 12 Why Hinduism is better 18 Fundamental teachings of Hinduism 21 A definition of Hinduism 29 The problem of castes 31 The importance of Bhakti 34 The need for a Guru 39 Can someone become a Hindu? 43 Historical examples 45 Hinduism in the world 52 Conversions in modern times 56 Individuals who embraced Hindu beliefs 61 Hindu revival 68 Dayananda Saraswati and Arya Samaj 73 Shraddhananda Swami 75 Sarla Bedi 75 Pandurang Shastri Athavale 75 Chattampi Swamikal 76 Narayana Guru 77 Navajyothi Sree Karunakara Guru 78 Swami Bhoomananda Tirtha 79 Ramakrishna Paramahamsa 79 Sarada Devi 80 Golap Ma 81 Rama Tirtha Swami 81 Niranjanananda Swami 81 Vireshwarananda Swami 82 Rudrananda Swami 82 Swahananda Swami 82 Narayanananda Swami 83 Vivekananda Swami and Ramakrishna Math 83 Sister Nivedita
    [Show full text]
  • Common Elements of Dravidian Temple Architecture–A Study
    IMPACT: International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature (IMPACT: IJRHAL) ISSN (P): 2347–4564; ISSN (E): 2321–8878 Vol. 7, Issue 2, Feb 2019, 583–588 © Impact Journals COMMON ELEMENTS OF DRAVIDIAN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE–A STUDY D. Gandhimathi & K. Arul Mary Research Scholar, Department of History, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Research Scholar, Department of History, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Received: 17 Feb 2019 Accepted: 21 Feb2019 Published: 28 Feb 2019 ABSTRACT The South Indian temple architecture is known as Dravidian architecture. The South Indian temple has many architectural features. This article will explain the common elements of the Shivan temples in Tamilnadu. KEYWORDS: South Indian Temple, Dravidian Architecture, Architecture, Kongu Region INTRODUCTION Hindu temple architecture as the fundamental type of Hindu architecture has numerous assortments of style, however the fundamental idea of the Hindu sanctuary continues as before, with the basic element an internal sanctum, the garbha griha or belly chamber, where the essential Murti or the picture of a god is housed in a straightforward uncovered cell. On the outside, the garbhagriha is delegated by a pinnacle like shikhara, additionally called the vimana in the south. The place of worship assembling frequently incorporates a walking for parikrama (circumambulation), a mandapa gathering lobby, and at times an antarala waiting room and yard among garbhagriha and mandapa. There may promote mandapas or different structures, associated or disconnected, in enormous sanctuaries, together with other little sanctuaries in the compound. These terminologies are common across all temples built in Dravidian architecture and not specific to Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu.
    [Show full text]
  • Hindu Students Organization Sanātana Dharma Saṅgha
    Hindu Students Organization Sanātana Dharma Saṅgha Table of Contents About HSO 1 Food for Thought 2 Pronunciation Guide 3 Opening Prayers 4 Gaṇesh Bhajans 6 Guru and Bhagavān Bhajans 9 Nārāyaṇa Bhajans 11 Krishṇa Bhajans 13 Rāma Bhajans 23 Devī Bhajans 27 Shiva Bhajans 32 Subramaṇyam Bhajans 37 Sarva Dharma Bhajans 38 Traditional Songs 40 Aartīs 53 Closing Prayers 58 Index 59 About HSO Columbia University’s Hindu Students Organization welcomes you. The Hindu Students Organization (HSO) is a faith-based group founded in 1992 with the intent of raising awareness of Hindu philosophies, customs, and traditions at Columbia University. HSO's major goals are to encourage dialogue about Hinduism and to provide a forum for students to practice the faith. HSO works with closely with other organizations to host joint events in an effort to educate the general public and the Columbia community. To pursue these goals, HSO engages in educational discussions, takes part in community service, and coordinates religious and cultural events including the following: Be the Change Day Navaratri Diwali Saraswati/Ganesh Puja Study Breaks Lecture Events Shruti: A Classical Night Holi Weekly Bhajans and Discussion Circle/Bhajans Workshop Interfaith Events Interviews to become a part of HSO’s planning board take place at the start of the fall semester. If you are interested in joining our mailing list or if you would like to get in touch with us, email us at [email protected] or visit us at http://www.columbia.edu/cu/hso/! 1 Food For Thought Om - “OM - This Imperishable Word is the whole of this visible universe.
    [Show full text]
  • UPSC Notes [GS-I] Topic: Temple Architecture in India
    UPSC Civil Services Examination UPSC Notes [GS-I] Topic: Temple Architecture in India- Part II [Art and Culture Notes for UPSC] Nagara Style in Various Regions: – (Contd.) East India North-East, Odisha and Bengal. Each region produced a distinct type of architecture. Terracotta was the main medium in Bengal and north-east until the 7th century. Assam There is evidence of Gupta influence from a sculpted door frame dating to the 6th century CE from DaParvatia near Tezpur; and sculptures from Rangagora Tea Estate near Tinsukia. The Gupta influence is seen till the 10th century. By 12th to 14th centuries, a distinct Ahom style developed in the region around Guwahati. This style evolved from the mixing of the style brought to the area by the Tais of Upper Burma with the Pala style of Bengal. Example: Kamakhya Temple – a Shakti Peeth dedicated to Goddess Kamakhya built in 17th century. Bengal Regions: West Bengal, Bangladesh, Bihar Style between 9th and 11th centuries – Pala Style. The Palas were patrons of Buddhist monastic styles. The temples in this region showcased the local Vanga style. Style of temple architecture from the middle of the 11th century to middle of the 13th centuries – Sena style. Siddheswara Mahadeva temple in Barakar in Burdwan District – 9th century; tall curving Shikhara crowned by a large amalaka – early Pala style. Many temples were located at Telkupi in Purulia District – 9th to 12th century but were submerged due to dam construction. These temples showed all the Nagara sub-styles prevalent in the north. Some temples survive. Made of black to grey basalt.
    [Show full text]
  • Search a Journal of Arts, Humanities & Management Vol-IX, Issue-1 January, 2015
    search A Journal of Arts, Humanities & Management Vol-IX, Issue-1 January, 2015 DDCE Education for All DDCE, UTKAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR, INDIA Prof. S. P. Pani, Director,DDCE, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar. Dr. M. R. Behera Lecturer in Oriya, DDCE, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar. Dr. Sujit K. Acharya Lecturer in Business Administration DDCE, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar. Dr. P. P. Panigrahi Executive Editor Lecturer in English, DDCE, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar. ISSN 0974-5416 Copyright : © DDCE, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar Authors bear responsibility for the contents and views expressed by them. Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Utkal University does not bear any responsibility. Published by : Director, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Utkal University, Vanivihar, Bhubaneswar – 751007. India. Reach us at E-mail : [email protected]. 91-674 –2376700/2376703(O) Type Setting & Printing: CAD 442, Saheed Nagar Bhubaneswar - 751 007 Ph.: 0674-2544631, 2547731 ii History is TRUTH and TRUTH is God. History is a search for the ultimate truth , an understanding which would end the search for any further explanation. Many of you may feel disturbed with such a content. In fact, many of you may feel this statement to be very subjective. Indeed you may opine that history is all about alternative explanations, choice of one explanation over the others with justification. In this short editorial an attempt is being made to explore, ‘History as Truth’. History like any other discipline can never be dealt in isolation; however, it may seem so. It is not even a distinct part of the whole, it is indeed the whole itself- both temporally and spatially. Why all search in history may be partial yet the partial search always can be of the whole only.
    [Show full text]