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Orissa Review June - 2004 Sri Jagannath Temple (Administration) Act, 1954 and Chhatisanijoga Dr. Janmejay Choudhury ord Jagannath is held in great loving carved out a small Hindu kingdom on the ruins Ladoration by the entire Hindu World. In of the vast Gajapati empire with its capital at Orissa, Jagannath is not only adored, but He Khurda.3 After strenghening his power and forms a part and parcel of the social, religious position in the new kingdom he lost no time to and cultural ethos of the people. The re-install Jagannath in the temple at Puri and affairs of Sri Jagannath Temple reestablished the sanctity of Mahaprasad. For were looked after with great this, he was popularly called 'Abhinava devotion and care by the Indradyumna'. The Rajas of Khurda continued successive Hindu ruling dynasties to be the hereditary Superintendent of of Orissa for whom Jagannath was the Jagannath temple and managed its regarded as the family or the State affairs under their direct supervision deity. The famous Ganga monarch till Orissa passed into the hands of Chodaganga, after constructing the Marathas. By the treaty the present edifice in the 12th concluded between Nawab century A.D., confirmed the old Alivardi Khan of Bengal and endowments of Jagannath, also Raghuji Bhonsla of Nagpur in made new endowments, and 1751 A.D. the province of laid the foundation of a sound Orissa was ceded to the administration of the temple.1 Political power Marathas over which they became de facto 4 of Orissa fast declined from the time of ruler. The Marathas kept the Management of 5 Gajapati Prataparudra Deva and waned with Jagannath Temple in their own hands. The the death of Mukunda Deva, the last day -to- day affairs of the temple were managed independent Hindu king of Orissa, in 1568 by the Parichhas appointed by the Maratha 6 A.D. Orissa for a brief period passed into the government. The authority of the Raja of hands of the Afghan Power of Bengal. The Khurda was very limited in the temple during bigot Afghan general Kalapahad who has the time of the Maratha government who had earned great notoriety in popular tradition as a assumed almost the entire control. cruel iconoclast desecrated and plundered the With the British occupation of Orissa in temple of Jagannath in 1568 A.D.2 King 1803 the management of Jagannath temple was Ramachandra Deva of the Bhoi dynasty had taken over by the East India Company. The 5 Orissa Review June - 2004 Marquies of Wellesly in his despatches to Lt. adopted heir Dibyasimha Deva. During the Col. Combell, the Commander of the Southern superintendence of the dowager Ranee there Forces, had particularly stressed the need for was a marked deterioration in the management respecting the great sanctity attached to the of the temple and the temple properties. Things temple of Jagannath.7 For the first few years did not improve when Raja Dibyasingha Deva the East India Company managed the day-to- came of age also. The management of the day administration of the temple through the temple was in utter confusion. This led the Parichhas. Gradually their government Government to institute a suit in 1885 for the endeavoured to get rid of the minute purpose of declaring vacant the office of the supervision of idolatrous rites which this Superintendent which was nominally held by system involved, and in 1806 the the convicted Raja, and of obtaining a decree Superintendence of the temple was vested to to appoint new trustees for the management of an assembly of three Pandits. In 1809 the the temple. This suit was hotly contested in assembly of Pandits was abolished, and the which Utkal Gaurab Madhusudan Das, the Management was transferred to the Raja of renowed lawyer of Orissa, championed the Khurda (Now known as Raja of Puri), who cause of Ranee Suryamani Pattamahadei. The was appointed as hereditary Superintendent of Government finally decided to abandon the the temple in 1840 with full and absolute case under a deed of compromise. According authority, subject to the control and supervision to this compromise the Ranee had to engage a of the British Government.8 With a view to competent manager to manage the affairs of the severe all connections with the temple the temple till her grandson Mukunda Deva British Government in 1843 released to the attained maturity. Complaints of negligence and Raja of Puri the last resumed endowment, viz., mismanagement continued even after the Raja the Satais Hazari Mahal9 yielding a revenue came of age. So a Deputy Magistrate was of Rs.17,420 which was resumed by British appointed as Manager during the life time of Government after their conquest of Orissa in Mukunda Deva and on his death in 1926, the 1803 A.D. In 1858 and 1863 some villages management of the temple was transferred to which constituted the Ekharajat Mahal10 were his successor Raja Ramachandra Deva.12 With transferred to the Raja for the maintenance of the removal of senior government officers of the temple and all future cash payments gazetted rank from the management of the (Rs.53,000/- per annum for the management of temple the administration of the temple fast the temple) by the Government were stopped.11 deteriorated. After Independence it was felt The Raja was also held responsible for the necessary to take legislative measures to save preservation of peace inside the temple and this unique religious institution of national fame for maintaining such extra police as may be from utter confusion and ruin. necessary outside the temple on the occasion While introducing the Sri Jagannath of the great festivals. Temple (Administration) Bill in Orissa Raja Birakishore Deva of Puri died in Legislative Assembly, the then Minister of Law 1859 and his widow Suryamani Pattamahadei and Home said, "In the absence of any guidance was empowered by his will to manage the from the Raja and sufficient contribution from affairs of the temple during the minority of his him for the regular expenses of the Temple, 6 Orissa Review June - 2004 the scheduled and disciplined performance of functions of the Administrator of the temple the Nitis has suffered beyond imagination and who shall be the Secretary of the Committee the Raja has practically lost all control over and its Chief Executive Officer and shall the different Sebaks and other temple servants. subject to the control of the Committee, have Specific endowments are regularly misapplied powers to carry out the decisions in accordance and misppropriated.13 For the better with the provisions of the Act. The administration of the temple and the temple Administrator shall be responsible for the properties, the Government of Orissa as a custody of all records and properties of the preliminary step towards undertaking a Temple. comprehensive legislation passed the Puri Sri Raja Anangabhima Deva of the Ganga Jagannath Temple (Administration) Act, 1952, dynasty is said to have introduced providing for the appointment of a Special Chhatisanijoga or thirty-six categories of the Officer to consolidate and prepare a record of attendants in the Temple of Jagannath. Prior rights and duties of Sebakas, Pujaris and such to the introduction of Chhatisanijoya, other persons connected with Seva, Puja and according to local traditions, there were only management of the temple and also to prepare nine Sebakas, viz., Charu Hota, Patra Hota, a record of rights for the endowments of the Bramha Acharya, Pratihari, Puspalaka, temple. A Special Officer of the rank of a Daitas, the washerman and the barber.14 In later District Judge was appointed, who submitted years the number of Nijogas in the temple his report on the 15th of March 1954, which increased considerably, though this disclosed serious mismanagement of the affairs organisation of the Sebakas are still popularly of the Temple and in consequences Sri known as Chhatisanijoga. C. Grome, the Jagannath Temple Act. 1954 (Orissa Act 11 of Collector of Puri, furnished a report in 1805 1955) was passed. It forms the basis of the on the affairs of the temple of Jagannath in existing administrative pattern of the temple which he gave a list of about 250 categories of and its endowments. Section-5 of the Act states Sebakas.15 The Record of Rights prepared that "the administration and the Governance of under Puri Sri Jagannath Temple Act, 1952, the Temple and its endowments shall vest in a give a detailed account of the duties and the committee called Sri Jagannath Temple privileges enjoyed by about 150 Nijogas. The Managing Committee constituted as such by the Rights of the Sebaka in the temple are, in most state government ......... It shall be a corporate cases, hereditary and whenever a Sebaka dies body, having perpetual succession and a without an heir a new Sebaka of the same class common seal, and by the said name sue and be is appointed in his place on the payment of sued. "Section 6 provides for the constitution nominal fee. The Sebakas are given Khei or of the committee with the Raja of Puri as the portions of the Kotha Bhoga as remuneration, Chairman. No person who does not profess the some also enjoyed landed Jagirs. Mr. C. Hindu religion shall be eligible for Grome also stated in his report that for membership. The Collector of Puri District is negligence in duty Sebakas were punished by an ex-officio member and is designated as the stopping of their Khei, fines or in extreme cases Vice-Chairman of the Committee. Section 19 of dismissal. When the affairs of the temple and 21 deal with the appointment, powers and were under the immediate control and 7 Orissa Review June - 2004 management of the Rajas of Khurda, even for institutions is to be considered as prize to any slightest deviation from the prescribed duties army." Journal of the Kalinga Historical Research Society, Vol.-1, No.4, p.378.
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