DOCSLIB.ORG

A Psycho-Social Exploration of Trans-Racial Adoptive Subjectivity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Psycho-Social Exploration of Trans-Racial Adoptive Subjectivity A Psycho-social Exploration of Trans-racial Adoptive Subjectivity Cecilia Love This thesis is submitted to Cardiff University in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Social Work Doctorate Cardiff University Abstract The aim of this thesis is to convey a psycho-social and experiential understanding of the lived experience of trans-racial adoption. As a woman that was adopted as a baby from Malaysia by Caucasian parents during the 1970s, the personal experience of the phenomenon of trans-racial adoption has been integral to the theoretical foundations and overall research approach of this study. The primary aim of this study has been one that has sought to deepen understanding of the affective dimensions involved in being a trans-racially adoptive family member from both the perspective of the adoptive mother and the adoptee. The concept of trans-racial adoptive subjectivity is informed by phenomenological and psychoanalytic thinking and assumes an embodied subject that is embedded in a relational and material world. The analytical focus therefore prioritises understanding the historical, social and political processes that engage the body in particular ways that we can understand as being trans-racially adopted. The research framework assumes a psycho-social methodological framework that has prioritised depth of understanding experience. Six sets of trans-racially adopted adults and their adoptive mothers were engaged where each family members was interviewed over a period of six months, four times each. Influenced by the relational psychoanalytic tradition, the notion of inter-subjectivity was central to the methodological process. The research interview encounters therefore assumed a two person psychology where the feelings I experienced as the researcher were considered as important forms of research data. An inter-subjective dialogue enabled the method to go beyond purely the discursive and recognise the complex layers of unconscious forms of defence that are understood as being the multi-dimensions of experience. The empirical chapters have been presented in three separate analytical chapters entitled: Race, Class and Loss. In theorising an embodied subject, I have emphasised in this interpretation of trans-racial adoptive experience the inter-connection between these three analytical categories. That whilst presented as separate categories, the presentation of the experience in each empirical chapter has aimed to demonstrate the fluidity involved in the process of being trans-racially adopted. Acknowledgements I would like to sincerely thank all the mothers and their children for the time they gave in order to contribute to this project. I will always remember what we shared during the interview time we had together. I am very grateful to all the academic staff in the School of Social Sciences at Cardiff University for making it such a welcoming, intellectually vibrant and peaceful place to write a thesis. I thank my supervisors Professor Valerie Walkerdine and Professor Emma Renold for their invaluable time and guidance. Thanks also goes to the Economic Social Research Council for the funding for the study. My final acknowledgment of thanks goes to my family, friends and my beautiful daughter Lauren, for all your support during the writing of this thesis. Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. i Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………………………………………ii CHAPTER ONE: THESIS INTRODUCTION 1.1 Chapter Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………….1 1.2 Reclaiming the trans-racial adoptive identity ……………………………………………………….1 1.3 Trans-racial adoption policy context ……………………………………………………………………3 1.4 Trans-racial adoption research context ………………………………………………………………..5 1.5 Embodying trans-racial adoption …………………………………………………………………………5 1.6 Thesis structure ………………………………………………………………………………………………….7 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Chapter Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………..10 2.2 The politics of trans-racial adoption …………………………………………………………………..10 2.3 Domestic trans-racial adoption …………………………………………………………………………. 11 2.4 International adoption ………………………………………………………………………………………18 2.5 Contemporary trans-racial adoption campaign …………………………………………………..20 2.6 The research evidence ………………………………………………………………………………………21 2.7 Outcome based research evidence ……………………………………………………………………25 2.8 Racial/Ethnic identity research evidence ………………………………………………………….28 2.9 Chapter conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………..34 CHAPTER THREE: THEORY OF THE SUBJECT 3.1 Chapter introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………37 3.2 The ‘fixity’ of social identity: Beyond the Cartesian subject ………………………………….38 3.3 Identity and the Western diaspora ……………………………………………………………………..40 3.4 The reflexivity of the body …………………………………………………………………………………43 3.5 The inter-subjective dynamics of experience ………………………………………………………48 3.6 Infant experience and the life course …………………………………………………………………49 3.7 Feeling through skin …………………………………………………………………………………………53 3.8 Chapter conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………….56 CHAPTER FOUR: THE EMERGENCE OF TRANS-RACIAL ADOPTIVE SUBJECTIVITY 4.1 Chapter introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………….58 4.2 The historicisation of race …………………………………………………………………………………59. 4.2.1 The great chain of ‘racialisation’ ……………………………………………………………………. 60 4.2.2 Darwin and scientific racism …………………………………………………………………………..62 4.2.3 The primitive and the civilized ………………………………………………………………………64 4.2.4 Race coded as culture ……………………………………………………………………………………67 4.3 The naturalness of family …………………………………………………………………………………69 4.3.1 Bastardy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………70 4.3.2 The concept of adoption: matching, completeness and eugenics ………………………72 4.3.3 Welfare movements ………………………………………………………………………………………..77 4.3.4 Interracial intimacy ……………………………………………………………………………………….78 4.4 Chapter conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………..80 CHAPTER FIVE: EXPLORING TRANS-RACIAL ADOPTIVE EXPERIENCE: A PSYCHO- SOCIAL METHOD 5.1 Chapter introduction …………………………………………………………………………………….82 5.2 Contextualisation of a method ………………………………………………………………………..83 5.3 A relational and phenomenological method …………………………………………………….88 5.4 Methodologically approaching the trans-racially adoptive family………………………91 5.5 Methodological framework………………………………………………………………………………94 5.6 Recruitment strategy ………………………………………………………………………………………95 5.7 Research sample ……………………………………………………………………………………………..95 5,8 Interview technique ……………………………………………………………………………………….96 5.9 Data analysis: An inter-subjective approach……………………………………………………104 5.9.1 Ethical framework ……………………………………………………………………………………….109 5.9.2 Chapter conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………114 CHAPTER SIX: PROCESSES OF ‘RACE’ 6.1 Chapter introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………….115 6.2 Spatial contexts and the intensity of ‘race’ ………………………………………………………..117 6.3 Cultural misreading’s of the body and belonging in place …………………………………..126 6.4 Racism and differentiation ……………………………………………………………………………....130 6.5 The power of the skin ……………………………………………………………………………………..136 6.6 Sexualisation and racialized bodies …………………………………………………………………139 6.7 Responding to processes of racialization ………………………………………………………….146 6.8 Chapter conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………150 CHAPTER SEVEN: THE DYNAMICS OF ‘CLASS’ IN TRANS-RACIAL ADOPTION 7.1 Chapter introduction …………………………………………………………………………………..152 7.2 The disruption of community ………………………………………………………………………152 7.3 Class origins and the silent mother of ethnicity …………………………………………….165 7.4 Class expectations and emotional needs ………………………………………………………..170 7.5 Chapter conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………..176 CHAPTER EIGHT: DIMENSIONS OF LOSS IN TRANS-RACIAL ADOPTIVE EXPERIENCE 8.1 Chapter introduction ……………………………………………………………………………179 8.2 Experiencing ‘being mixed’ …………………………………………………………………..180 8.3 Parental mixing ……………………………………………………………………………………186 8.4 Coming home ……………………………………………………………………………………….191 8.6 Chapter conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………….208 CHAPTER NINE: THESIS CONCLUSION 9.1 Chapter Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….209 9.2 The situation of the body ……………………………………………………………………….211 9.3 Hybrid lives: Communicating difference through skin ……………………………..212 9.4 Moving beyond the discursive in method ………………………………………………. 217 9.5 Redefining concepts: The embodiment of ‘race’, ‘class’ and ‘loss’ in trans-racial adoptive experience…………………………………………………………………………………….219 Chapter 1: An introduction to the trans-racially adopted family 1.1 Chapter Introduction Invariably, the subject matter of a doctoral thesis is influenced by personal histories, and this study is no exception. Internationally adopted as a baby from Malaysia by Caucasian parents, I make explicit from the outset of this thesis how my own lived experience of the substantive topic, my status as a social worker, an academic and a mother have all consciously and unconsciously influenced the epistemological and methodological dimensions of the study. Prior to engaging with the substantive topic of this thesis, I had never encountered the term ‘transracial adoptee’, so had never known myself under this term. My adoptive mother and father are the only parents I have ever physically known and remember. The resounding silence on issues of adoption and race sharply contrasts the culture of openness that permeates the dynamics of contemporary adoption governance today (Curtis & Pearson, 2010; Muller & Perry, 2001). Informed by these personal insights, the primary
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Introduction of Domestic Reindeer Into Alaska
    M * Vice-President Stevenson. Mrs. Stevenson. Governor and Mrs. Sheakley. Teachers and Pupils, Presbyterian Mission School, Sitka, Alaska. 54th Congress, SENATE. f Document 1st Session. \ No. 111. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES. REPO R T ON WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS, MY SHELDON JACKSON, GENERAL AGENT OF EDUCATION IN ALASKA. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1896. CONTENTS. Page. Action of the Senate of the United States. 5 Letter of the Secretary of the Interior to the President of the Senate. 7 Report of Dr. Sheldon Jackson, United States general agent of education in Alaska, to the Commissioner of Education, on the introduction of domestic reindeer i nto A1 aska for 1895. 9 Private benefactions. 11 Appropriations of Congress. 13 Importation of Lapps. 14 Distribution of reindeer. 15 Possibilities of the future. 16 Effect upon the development of Alaska. 16 Disbursements. 18 APPENDIXES. Report of William Hamilton on the itinerary of 1895. 21 Annual report of William A. Kjellmann. 42 Trip to Lapland. 43 Arrival at Teller Reindeer Station. 54 Statistics of the herd.. 55 Fining a reindeer thief. 57 Breaking in deer. 60 The birth of fawns. 61 Milking. 63 Eskimo dogs. 63 Herders and apprentices. 65 Rations. 72 Reindeer dogs. 73 Harness. 75 The Lapps. 77 Sealing. 78 Fishing. 79 Eskimo herd. 80 Sickness. 82 School. 82 Buildings. 83 Police. 84 Christmas. 85 Skees. 85 Physician. 88 Fuel. 89 Annual report of W. T. Lopp, Cape Prince of Wales, herd... 91 Letter of J. C. Widstead to Dr. Sheldon Jackson. 93 Letter of Dr. Sheldon Jackson to Hon. W.
    [Show full text]
  • Organized Crime Course Outline – Revised
    DEPARTMENT OF LAW AND LEGAL STUDIES LAWS 4306A – FALL 2012 Special Topic in Criminal Justice: Organized crime Course Outline – Revised Classes: Tuesday, 6:05pm - 8:55pm Instructor: Dr. Barry Leighton Classroom: University Centre 280 Home Tel: 613-234-3293 (7:30pm-9:30pm) Office Hours: Electronic or by appointment Mobile: 613-314-7170 (9:00am-5:00pm) E-mail: [email protected] AND WebCT mail box for this course You may need special arrangements to meet your academic obligations during the term. For an accommodation request the processes are as follows: Pregnancy obligation: write to me with any requests for academic accommodation during the first two weeks of class, or as soon as possible after the need for accommodation is known to exist. For more details visit the Equity Services website: http://www2.carleton.ca/equity/ Religious obligation: write to me with any requests for academic accommodation during the first two weeks of class, or as soon as possible after the need for accommodation is known to exist. For more details visit the Equity Services website: http://www2.carleton.ca/equity/ Academic Accommodations for Students with Disabilities: The Paul Menton Centre for Students with Disabilities (PMC) provides services to students with Learning Disabilities (LD), psychiatric/mental health disabilities, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), chronic medical conditions, and impairments in mobility, hearing, and vision. If you have a disability requiring academic accommodations in this course, please contact PMC at 613-520-6608 or [email protected] for a formal evaluation. If you are already registered with the PMC, contact your PMC coordinator to send me your Letter of Accommodation at the beginning of the term, and no later than two weeks before the first in-class scheduled test or exam requiring accommodation (if applicable).
    [Show full text]
  • August 1940) James Francis Cooke
    Gardner-Webb University Digital Commons @ Gardner-Webb University The tudeE Magazine: 1883-1957 John R. Dover Memorial Library 8-1-1940 Volume 58, Number 08 (August 1940) James Francis Cooke Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/etude Part of the Composition Commons, Music Pedagogy Commons, and the Music Performance Commons Recommended Citation Cooke, James Francis. "Volume 58, Number 08 (August 1940)." , (1940). https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/etude/258 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the John R. Dover Memorial Library at Digital Commons @ Gardner-Webb University. It has been accepted for inclusion in The tudeE Magazine: 1883-1957 by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Gardner-Webb University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. M V — — .. — — PSYCHOLOGY FOR THE MUSIC TEACHER Swisher ' By Waller Samuel Thurlow been bought than any More copies of this book have other music practical working reference book issued in recent years. A text. A real improve his hold on students and hel D to the teacher who wishes to interest and Personality Read Contents. Music Study , Peuckota, leal “Those Who and attention. Learn, The .Material with Mhtch He Work. Suggestions f Types How ITe r 3 Lieurance and bibliographies and imitation Questions, suggestions, at end of quotations. each chapter. Illustrated with musical Who Study Move Ahead wam^ScB men The American Composer FROM SONG TO SYMPHONY g PUBLISHED MONTHLY Has Revealed So Successfully By Daniel Gregory Mason By Theodore Presser Co., Philadelphia, pa. Lazy Minds Lie Asleep In Bed” in Lore While Second Year ASD ADVISORY STAFF Romance, and Tribal "A Study Course in Music Understanding’’ EDITORIAL The Beauty, Adopted by The National Federation of Music Clubs DR.
    [Show full text]
  • SHOULD NEWSPAPERS CRUSADE? Answer: Yes George Chaplin
    ----------------------~----------------------------------------------------------~-~ Ieman• orts October~ 1949 SHOULD NEWSPAPERS CRUSADE? Answer: Yes George Chaplin Turnover Among Newsmen William M. Pinkerton The Guild and Education Norval Neil Luxon The Character of the Newspaper Job Louis M. Lyons V A Dutchman Looks at the U. S. Press Jan Roelof Klinkert A Country Editor's Creed Donald A. Norberg The Story Behind the Story "CBS Views the Press" Seminar on Russia Houstoun Waring Nieman Scrapbook Letters Nieman Notes Nieman Reports is published by the Nieman Alumni Council, elected by former Nieman Fellows at Harvard University. It aims to provide a medium for discussion by newspapermen of problems common t.o their profession. Nine out of ten sub!Scriber·S to Nieman Reports and very many of its contributors are not themselves former Nieman Fellows but share a belief in the purpose of the Nieman Foundation "to promote and elevate standards of journalism in the U. S." NIEMAN REPORTS and receptions given by large corporations, and under the heading, "They Made It Possible" on the NEA programs, 22 firms and organizations were thanked for "making this con­ NiemanReports vention a success." Seventeen hosts were business concerns and organizations, including General Motors, the United States Brewers Foundation, Ford Motors, Geneva (U. S.) Steel, Kennecott Copper and the Utah Manufacturers Asso­ Nieman Reports is published by the Nieman Alumni ciation. Geneva Steel and Kennecott have large operations, Council: John MeL. Clark, Claremont, N. H.; Paul L. so like the other Utah companies they could legitimately Evans, Mitchell, S. D.; Lawrence A. Fernsworth, New play host to Utah visitors. York City; Thomas H.
    [Show full text]
  • January to March 2013
    Osgoode Hall Law School of York University Osgoode Digital Commons Quarterly Summaries of Recent Events: Organized All Summaries Crime in Canada 3-2013 January to March 2013 Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/summaries Recommended Citation "January to March 2013" (2013). All Summaries. 15. http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/summaries/15 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Quarterly Summaries of Recent Events: Organized Crime in Canada at Osgoode Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Summaries by an authorized administrator of Osgoode Digital Commons. Organized Crime in Canada: A Quarterly Summary January to March 2013 ORGANIZED CRIME ACTIVITIES Auto Theft Corruption Counterfeiting Drug Smuggling and Trafficking o Poly Drug Trafficking (Marijuana and Cocaine) o Cocaine o Heroin o Marijuana Illegal Gambling and Bookmaking Money Laundering Tobacco Smuggling and Trafficking Violence ORGANIZED CRIME GENRES Chinese Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs ORGANIZED CRIME ACTIVITIES Auto Theft Provincial police in Quebec broke up an organized auto theft ring in which luxury SUVs and sedans stolen in the province were shipped to Africa by container ship. Police described the auto theft ring as a “structured network.” The majority of the cars were stolen from hotels around Trudeau Airport in Montreal and then stored in a barn outside the city. They were then placed in marine containers, transported to the Port of Montreal and shipped to Africa. At least 12 vehicles were seized by police. Source: QMI Agency, January 22, 2013, Montreal-Africa car theft ring busted Corruption A Canada Border Services officer who worked at a border crossing between Ontario and Minnesota was fired after it was discovered he “was socializing with organized crime figures and refusing to do secondary examinations on some who’d been tagged for more extensive searches,” CBC News reported.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Gangs of New York
    The new gangs Latin Kings Like many gangs, the Kings were EDENWALD born in state prison in the eighties of new York and, along with the Bloods, are KINGS- considered the most powerful BRIDGEBEDFORD gang on Rikers Island. Despite PARK maintaining a violent reputation, TheY’re they assume a lower public profile Younger, Bloods in the streets. recent IncIdents: Though considered the city’s largest PELHAM harder To BELMONT In late June, eighteen alleged gang, the Bloods actually comprise WASHINGTON PARKWAY HEIGHTS Kings were arrested for using caTch, and dozens of unrelated cliques Molotov cocktails to firebomb two adopting various identifiers. Bloods MS-13 houses belonging to the mother quicker no longer “flag” their presence and girlfriend of a member with red bandannas, opting for Started by Salvadoran laborers wanting to protect themselves who wanted out of the gang. In To violence. less visible “crates”—bracelets with July, investigators in the Bronx red and black beads. Many crew from other gangs, MS-13 is now so SCHUYLER- dangerous that the FBI developed busted an alleged Kings clique for who holds leaders run street operations from MORNINGSIDE VILLE running a $40,000-a-day heroin Rikers Island and prisons upstate. HEIGHTS SOUNDVIEW its own national task force to track it. Most of its estimated 10,000 operation in Bedford Park. swaY where. recent IncIdent: members live along the Mexican A war raged throughout the border, where they run illegal- summer in Spanish Harlem HARLEM alien-smuggling rings. In the city, between two Bloods-aligned MS-13 members are found in sects: the Flow Boyz and the Cash Jackson Heights and Elmhurst, Money Brothers.
    [Show full text]
  • Extensions of Remarks E979 EXTENSIONS of REMARKS
    June 4, 1996 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Ð Extensions of Remarks E979 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS LEGISLATION AMENDING THE Mr. Speaker, I support the Spousal Protec- over the past few years, and increased stu- SPOUSAL PROTECTION ACT tion Act, but we need to rethink what the re- dent population we see an overall deprecia- sults are for retirees whose former spouses tion of the physical condition of the school. There is no classroom space available; this HON. CONSTANCE A. MORELLA remarry, and that is what this legislation does. American History class uses a corner of the OF MARYLAND f auditorium as a makeshift classroom for one IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES STATEMENTS REGARDING OVER- period each day. One of our stairwells . This was . one of the Junior High class- Tuesday, June 4, 1996 CROWDING PROBLEMS IN EDU- rooms, and . you can see, there are many Mrs. MORELLA. Mr. Speaker, today I am in- CATION classrooms in the school which have a severe troducing legislation to amend the Spousal overcrowding problem. A high school class- Protection Act so a former spouse's right to a HON. BERNARD SANDERS room, with a ratio of about 30:1. All right, so that was a video to show vis- OF VERMONT Federal worker's pension is relinquished if the ually what's the matter with it. Now, I want former spouse remarries before the age of 55. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to talk about what the funds are directed to- Current law allows a former spouse to re- Tuesday, June 4, 1996 wards, instead of building maintenance.
    [Show full text]
  • 10P-122 : Présentation Power Point Linda Féquière
    LE CRIME ORGANISÉ TRADITIONNEL ITALIEN 1 2 LES ORIGINES GÉOGRAPHIQUES DU CRIME ORGANISÉ TRADITIONNEL ITALIEN Les principales branches du crime organisé traditionnel, soit la Cosa Nostra et la ‘Ndrangheta ont leurs origines géographiques dans le sud de l’Italie, respectivement en Sicile et en Calabre. La Calabre est une région méridionale de l’Italie située dans le pied de la botte que forme le pays. À titre de comparaison, on dira que la ‘Ndrangheta est à la Calabre ce que la Cosa Nostra est à la mafia sicilienne. Origine et étymologie Il faut se souvenir qu’entre les VIII et IV siècles avant J-C, la Calabre a abrité des colonies grecques. Ndrangheta viendrait du mot grec « Andragatos » Andros=homme, agathos=bon. Réf. 1 Définition de la ‘Ndrangheta Sens strict: Homme valeureux, noble et courageux. Réf. 2 Sens large: Société des hommes d’honneur. Honorata Societa Réf. 3 Définition Cosa Nostra Se traduit par « Notre Chose » Réf. 4 En général, les auteurs s’entendent pour référer à la mafia en parlant d’une organisation criminelle basée sur le secret et l’initiation et ayant ses origines en Italie. Réf. 5 Références 1. Présentation sur la ‘Ndrangheta: Le cas de la ‘Ndrangheta dans le nord de l’Italie. Francesco Calderoni, Université de Milan. 2012-07-10. 2. La ‘Ndrangheta. Enquête au cœur de la plus puissante des mafias italiennes, Éditions du Toucan/Hachette Livre, Stephen Quéré, p.23, 179pp. 3. Mafia Brotherhoods, organized crime, Italian style, Editions Oxford University Press, Letizia Paoli, p. 73, 289pp. 4. Iced. The Story of organized crime in Canada, Editions John Wiley&Sons Canada Ltd, Stephen Schneider, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Violence, Organized Crime, and Illicit Drug Markets: a Canadian Case Study
    Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas 71 | 2013 SPP 71 Violence, organized crime, and illicit drug markets: a Canadian case study Violência, crime organizado e mercados de drogas ilícitas: um estudo de caso canadiano Violence, crime organisé et marchés des drogues illicites : une étude de cas canadienne Violencia, crimen organizado y mercados de drogas ilícitas: un estudio de caso canadiense Stephen Schneider Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/spp/1028 ISSN: 2182-7907 Publisher Mundos Sociais Printed version Date of publication: 1 March 2013 Number of pages: 125-143 ISSN: 0873-6529 Electronic reference Stephen Schneider, « Violence, organized crime, and illicit drug markets: a Canadian case study », Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas [Online], 71 | 2013, Online since 26 February 2013, connection on 30 April 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/spp/1028 © CIES - Centro de Investigação e Estudos de Sociologia VIOLENCE, ORGANIZED CRIME, AND ILLICIT DRUG MARKETS A Canadian case study Stephen Schneider Saint Mary’s University, Department of Sociology and Criminology, Halifax, Canada Introduction Violence has been cited as one of the defining characteristics of organized crime (OC). In a review of the definitions of OC provided by 17 different scholars and other writ- ers, Albanese found that 12 had included “the use of force or threat” in the definition (Albanese, 2005: 9). In his textbook on organized crime, Abadinsky (2007: 4) lists the “willingness to use violence” as a fundamental trait of organized crime. As such, vio- lence is a “readily available and routinely accepted resource” for criminal organiza- tions. The Commission of the European Communities and Europol (2001: 42) identify 11 fundamental traits of a criminal organization, including “Using violence or other means suitable for intimidation” as well as “Using some form of discipline and con- trol” (which is often exercised through violence and the threat of violence).
    [Show full text]
  • Palermo on the Pacific Rim 3
    Regional Centre for East Asia and the Pacific PALERMO PALERMO IN THE POANC TIFHICE: PACIFIC RIM ORGANISED CRIME OFFENCES 1 IN THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION r e b m u N : S E I R E S Y D U T August 2009 S 2 Palermo on the Pacific Rim 3 PALERMO ON THE PACIFIC RIM ORGANISED CRIME OFFENCES IN THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION Andreas Schloenhardt The University of Queensland TC Beirne School of Law The University of British Columbia Centre of International Relations kindly supported by: 4 About the author Dr Andreas Schloenhardt Andreas Schloenhardt is Associate Professor/Reader at The University of Queensland TC Beirne School of Law in Brisbane, Australia; Visiting Professor at the Centre of International Relations at The University of British Columbia, Vancouver; and Adjunct Professor at the Monterey Institute of International Studies in Monterey, California. His principal areas of research include criminal law, organised crime, narco- trafficking, terrorism, international criminal law, and immigration and refugee law. His recent works focuses on trafficking in persons, organised crime legislation, the illicit trade in timber and timber products, and the illicit market for amphetamine-type stimulants. His work has been cited by other scholars, in government publications, and judicial decisions, including the High Court of Australia. He is a frequent commentator on organised crime and criminal law on national television, radio, and in newspapers. Palermo on the Pacific Rim 5 Table of Contents PALERMO ON THE PACIFIC RIM ............................................................................. 3 ORGANISED CRIME OFFENCES IN THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION ......................... 3 About the author...................................................................................................... 4 Table of Contents .................................................................................................... 5 Foreword ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Iced: the Story of Organized Crime in Canada by Stephen Schneider Published by John Wiley & Sons, 2009
    Iced: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada By Stephen Schneider Published by John Wiley & Sons, 2009 ENDNOTES CHAPTER ONE Page 3 “with Drums beating, Trumpets sounding, and other instruments of Musick, English Colours flying.” Boston News-Letter, August 22, 1720, as cited in J. Franklin Jameson (ed.) 1970 [orig. 1923]. Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents. New York: A. M. Kelley, p. 317. “Standing on the quarter deck of the marauding vessel… he carried two pistols.” Charles Ellms. 1996 [orig 1837]. The Pirates: Authentic Narratives of the Lives, Exploits, and Executions of the World’s Most Infamous Buccaneers. Avenel, NJ: Gramercy Books, p. 58. “A merry life and a short one, shall be my motto!” Charles Ellms. 1996 [orig 1837]. The Pirates: Authentic Narratives of the Lives, Exploits, and Executions of the World’s Most Infamous Buccaneers. Avenel, NJ: Gramercy Books, p. 58. Page 4 “On the cusp of his teenage years … carved out a vocation upon the sea.” Vlé Onica. 2005. The True & Complete Memoirs of The Pyrate Captain, Extraordinaire! The Illustrious Captain John ‘Bartholomew’ Roberts. The Most Successful Pyrate of ALL Time! London: cd-eBooks, pp. 17-18. “as he had none of the appearance of a man ... accustomed to be obeyed or to strike.” Robert Louis Stevenson. 1963 [orig. 1883]. Treasure Island. New York: Companion Library, p. 4. “since he had dipp’d his hand…than a common Man.” Daniel Defoe. 1999 [orig. 1724]. A General History of the Pyrates. Manuel Schonhorn (ed.). Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, p. 195. one “of the most wickedness men that God ever allowed on the sea.” Robert Louis Stevenson.
    [Show full text]
  • October to December 2013
    Osgoode Hall Law School of York University Osgoode Digital Commons Quarterly Summaries of Recent Events: Organized All Summaries Crime in Canada 12-2013 October to December 2013 Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/summaries Recommended Citation "October to December 2013" (2013). All Summaries. 13. http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/summaries/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Quarterly Summaries of Recent Events: Organized Crime in Canada at Osgoode Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Summaries by an authorized administrator of Osgoode Digital Commons. October to December 2013 Organized Crime in Canada: A Quarterly Summary ORGANIZED CRIME ACTIVITIES Arms Smuggling and Trafficking Bookmaking Corruption: Labour Racketeering Corruption: Police Corruption Drug Trafficking o Poly Drug Trafficking o Bath Salts o Cocaine o Marijuana Fraud Human Trafficking Tobacco Smuggling ORGANIZED CRIME GENRES Italian Organized Street Gangs Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs Organized Crime Activities Arms Smuggling and Trafficking In October, four British Columbia men and one woman were arrested and 80 firearms were seized following an investigation into gun smuggling from the U.S. into Canada. The only person charged at the time was 32-year-old Riley Stewart Kotz of Vernon, B.C. According to Kim Bolan of the Vancouver Sun, “corporate records show he ran a company called Hycaps International Outfitters, that appears to be the website through which the guns and parts purchases were being made.” Among some of the guns seized were Mach 9s and 10s, AK-47 knock-offs, and hunting rifles, as well as silencers and DVDs on how to assemble assault rifles.
    [Show full text]