The New Gangs of New York

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The New Gangs of New York The new gangs Latin Kings Like many gangs, the Kings were EDENWALD born in state prison in the eighties of new York and, along with the Bloods, are KINGS- considered the most powerful BRIDGEBEDFORD gang on Rikers Island. Despite PARK maintaining a violent reputation, TheY’re they assume a lower public profile Younger, Bloods in the streets. recent IncIdents: Though considered the city’s largest PELHAM harder To BELMONT In late June, eighteen alleged gang, the Bloods actually comprise WASHINGTON PARKWAY HEIGHTS Kings were arrested for using caTch, and dozens of unrelated cliques Molotov cocktails to firebomb two adopting various identifiers. Bloods MS-13 houses belonging to the mother quicker no longer “flag” their presence and girlfriend of a member with red bandannas, opting for Started by Salvadoran laborers wanting to protect themselves who wanted out of the gang. In To violence. less visible “crates”—bracelets with July, investigators in the Bronx red and black beads. Many crew from other gangs, MS-13 is now so SCHUYLER- dangerous that the FBI developed busted an alleged Kings clique for who holds leaders run street operations from MORNINGSIDE VILLE running a $40,000-a-day heroin Rikers Island and prisons upstate. HEIGHTS SOUNDVIEW its own national task force to track it. Most of its estimated 10,000 operation in Bedford Park. swaY where. recent IncIdent: members live along the Mexican A war raged throughout the border, where they run illegal- summer in Spanish Harlem HARLEM alien-smuggling rings. In the city, between two Bloods-aligned MS-13 members are found in sects: the Flow Boyz and the Cash Jackson Heights and Elmhurst, Money Brothers. “They were just EAST as well as throughout Long Island. HARLEM the current criminal underworld is characterized not by the shooting up everything,” says a Harlem cop. “One person gets recent IncIdent: Mafia dons and heroin kings of yesteryear but by a chaotic uni- shot, then it’s retaliation for the Twenty alleged MS-13 members verse of warring, decentralized ganglets. And the members are shooting, then retaliation for gathered on a Uniondale man’s the retaliation—a nasty cycle.” lawn earlier this month, threatening less likely to be battle-hardened parolees than “puppies,” adoles- to “kill your family and your babies.” Trinitarios cent gangbangers who are too young to have a driver’s license The owner fired off four warning but who are committing violent crimes at alarming levels. “A few shots and was later arrested. Considered one of the fastest- EAST growing gangs in New York, the years ago, you would see kids 19, 20 years old,” says one NYPD ELMHURST Trinitarios (a.k.a. 3NI) were formed by Dominicans in Sing Sing in veteran who works the gang beat in Harlem. “Now these kids NEWTOWNNORTH JACKSONCORONA the late eighties and have since are babies—15, 14—and they are vicious. They will shoot you in Crips HEIGHTS Born To Kill (BTK) spread throughout the East Coast. Their gang color is green, and their a heartbeat and not think twice about it.” SOUTH The blue- or gray-wearing Crips CORONA Once considered the most weapon of choice is the machete, So who are they? And where are they? “Everywhere,” says Mi- are one of the country’s largest dangerous street gang in sometimes laced with poison. chael Hines, a gang mediator at the city-funded Council for Unity. gangs, but in New York Crips are Chinatown, Born to Kill is now “It’s not like the old days, where you had Bloods and Crips and reportedly outnumbered three to a loose consortium of Vietnamese, one by Bloods. To compete with who no longer use the moniker there was a political ideology. These kids just get together, call larger crews, they have had to BTK for fear of being collared themselves whatever.” But with so many crews and cliques—Mon- form unusual alliances: In April, under RICO gang statutes. “They four sects of Crips—the Hassock LOWER don’t say, ‘I’m BTK.’ They say, EAST SIDE ey Over Bitches, Vatos Locos, 40 Wolves, Gun Clappin Goonies, Boys, Gang of Apes, Wildmeda, BUSHWICK ‘I follow so-and-so,’ ” says a former Get Money Boys, From Da Zoo, the New Dons, 28 Gunnaz, Stack and Get It in Bricks—were busted CHINATOWN Chinatown cop. They’re still quite Dominicans for teaming up with a number active within the scrum of illegal- Money Family, and so on—it’s hard for even the most connected WILLIAMSBURG Don’t Play (DDP) of Bloods-affiliated members to knockoff vendors on Canal Street. gangbanger to keep everybody straight. geoffrey gray expand drug operations in South BROWNSVILLE Other Chinatown gangs, like Often rivals to the Trinitarios and CAMBRIA the Latin Kings, Dominicans Don’t Jamaica and Far Rockaway. HEIGHTS Ghost Shadow on Mott Street and the Flying Dragons on Pell Street, Play are found in Washington recent IncIdent: FORT BEDFORD Heights and throughout the STUYVESANT mostly concentrate their efforts In April, four people were shot GREENE SOUTH city. As with other Latino gangs, JAMAICA on low-level extortion rackets. and 56 minors were arrested members of DDP prefer to use Albanian Boys Inc. or issued summonses in a wild OZONE machetes to settle disputes. mêlée in Times Square that may PARK In recent years, Albanian gangs have been a Crips initiation rite. CROWN HEIGHTS recent IncIdent: have become so powerful (In another sign of the changing In April, an alleged DDP that the Feds now treat them as EAST times, the gathering was NEW YORK member was walking with his an organized-crime syndicate, the organized via Twitter.) SPRINGFIELD girlfriend around 5:30 p.m. on “sixth family” of La Cosa Nostra. GARDENS the Parade Ground in Prospect In the Bronx, the coffee shops on Park when he was jumped Arthur Avenue—long the stomping by more than a dozen rivals and grounds of Italian wiseguys—seem fatally hacked with a machete. to have changed allegiances. “The SUNSET PARK Albanians are like the Italians used NEW BRIGHTON to be,” says one low-level Gambino MARINERS HARBOR PORT RICHMOND FLATBUSH soldier. “They show up with like CANARSIE 100 guys. You’re not just fighting one guy. They stick together.” TOMPKINSVILLE recent IncIdent: STAPLETON In June, the Krasniqi brothers, leaders of an alleged international marijuana-smuggling ring, . albanian boys inc. born to kill were arrested in Dongan Hills, Staten Island. According to FAR ROCKAWAY . bloods . latin kings the indictment, the Krasniqis were selling pot to dealers, then . crips . ms-13 robbing them of the drugs. gangs key . .dominicans don’t play . trinitarios SHEEPSHEAD BAY map/icons by robert a. di leso jr. 80 CONEY ISLAND october 4, 2010 | new york 81.
Recommended publications
  • Organized Crime and Terrorist Activity in Mexico, 1999-2002
    ORGANIZED CRIME AND TERRORIST ACTIVITY IN MEXICO, 1999-2002 A Report Prepared by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress under an Interagency Agreement with the United States Government February 2003 Researcher: Ramón J. Miró Project Manager: Glenn E. Curtis Federal Research Division Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 20540−4840 Tel: 202−707−3900 Fax: 202−707−3920 E-Mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://loc.gov/rr/frd/ Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Criminal and Terrorist Activity in Mexico PREFACE This study is based on open source research into the scope of organized crime and terrorist activity in the Republic of Mexico during the period 1999 to 2002, and the extent of cooperation and possible overlap between criminal and terrorist activity in that country. The analyst examined those organized crime syndicates that direct their criminal activities at the United States, namely Mexican narcotics trafficking and human smuggling networks, as well as a range of smaller organizations that specialize in trans-border crime. The presence in Mexico of transnational criminal organizations, such as Russian and Asian organized crime, was also examined. In order to assess the extent of terrorist activity in Mexico, several of the country’s domestic guerrilla groups, as well as foreign terrorist organizations believed to have a presence in Mexico, are described. The report extensively cites from Spanish-language print media sources that contain coverage of criminal and terrorist organizations and their activities in Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • October 2012 Highlights Documentaries
    OCTOBER 2012 HIGHLIGHTS ** Denotes programs with artwork available on Investigation Discovery’s Press Website All Times ET // All airdates are subject to change INVESTIGATION DISCOVERY PRESS CONTACTS: Jordyn Linsk Charlotte Bigford Publicist Publicist 240-662-2421, [email protected] 240-662-3125, [email protected] DOCUMENTARIES ID FILMS: TELLING AMY’S STORY ** TV-PG (V) One-Hour Documentary Premieres Monday, October 8 at 7 PM ET By laying bare one woman's story and the many opportunities to alter its outcome, this October, Investigation Discovery commemorates Domestic Violence Awareness Month in the hope of educating, empowering, and even saving lives. On November 8, 2001, Amy Homan McGee was killed by her abusive husband of four years while her children waited outside in the car. Hosted by actress and advocate Mariska Hargitay, and told by Detective Deirdri Fishel, TELLING AMY’S STORY follows the timeline of the tragic domestic violence homicide that occurred in central Pennsylvania. The victim’s parents and co-workers, law enforcement officers, and court personnel share their perspectives on what happened to Amy in the weeks, months, and years leading up to her death. ID FILMS: WERNER HERZOG'S INTO THE ABYSS: A TALE OF LIFE, A TALE OF DEATH ** TV-14 Feature-Length Documentary Makes Its World TV Premiere on Tuesday, October 23 at 8 PM ET Werner Herzog’s INTO THE ABYSS debuted in September 2011 to rave reviews and festival buzz from Telluride to Toronto. Exploring the intricate details and emotional aftermath of a triple homicide in Conroe, Texas, Herzog sought to better understand the impact of life in prison and the shattering effects of the death penalty.
    [Show full text]
  • “Bayonne Joe” Zicarelli, Irving Davidson, and Israel
    Dark Quadrant: Organized Crime, Big Business, and the Corruption of American Democracy Online Addendum to Chapter 4 “Bayonne Joe” Zicarelli, Irving Davidson, and Israel By Jonathan Marshall “Bayonne Joe” Zicarelli’s international circle of business contacts and political allies extended far beyond the Caribbean. In particular, he teamed up with adventurers, criminals, lobbyists, and intelligence agents involved in creating and defending the state of Israel. Their unorthodox tactics were reminiscent of the China Lobby’s. Both groups were dedicated to saving a small and beleaguered nation by any means necessary. Like the China Lobby, this pro-Israel network illustrates the deep political nexus between organized crime, corruption, and intelligence. In the early 1950s, according to the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, Zicarelli was “alleged to have been involved in the traffic of arms and munitions sold to the government of Israel.” Probably not coincidentally, the gangster was also a business partner of two leading Jewish bootleggers, Abner “Longie” Zwillman and Schenley CEO Lewis Rosenstiel.1 More than a few prominent Jewish gangsters, including Meyer Lansky, Zwillman, “Bugsy” Siegel, and Mickey Cohen, supported the Jewish underground with money and logistics help in the late 1940s.2 Zicarelli’s partner in the sale of arms and stolen securities, Steven Irwin Schwartz, had been a prominent gunrunner to Jewish armies in Palestine. Schwartz was an officer in ABCO, a New Jersey cigarette vending company controlled by Zicarelli and New York Mafia underboss Carmine Galante. “Since 1946,” the FBN report noted, “Schwartz has been engaged in the traffic of arms, a good portion of which have been obtained from Communist Bloc nations and shipped first to Israel and later to Cuba.”3 Associated with Schwartz in those ventures were Irving “Swifty” Schindler and TWA flight engineer Adolf Schwimmer.
    [Show full text]
  • AN INVESTIGATION INTO the LATIN KINGS: No Tolerance for Gangs in Public Schools
    City of New York The Special Commissioner of Investigation for the New York City School District AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE LATIN KINGS: No Tolerance for Gangs in Public Schools “We make our family strong because our crimes are organized. What better way to elevate ourselves then The [sic] secretive world of organized crime…we are Crimelords in the truest forms.” - from Latin King literature seized on 9/3/97, pursuant to this investigation EDWARD F. STANCIK SPECIAL COMMISSIONER ROBERT M. BRENNER First Deputy Commissioner By: Suzan Flamm, Executive Counsel Leah Keith, Special Counsel William Kleppel, Senior Investigator October 1997 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This examination was accomplished under the supervision of Chief Investigator Thomas Fennell, Deputy Chief Investigator Maureen Spencer, and Group Supervisor Andre Jenkins. Senior Investigator William Kleppel conducted the investigation and was assisted in his efforts by Senior Investigator Joseph Lamendola, Senior Investigator Edward Miller and Investigator Ayesha Winston. Senior Investigators George Johanson and Michael McGarvey provided technical assistance. The entire investigative division provided invaluable assistance to this effort. The office gratefully acknowledges the assistance provided to this investigation by: · The New York City Police Department’s Street Crime Unit, Citywide Anti-Gang Enforcement Squad, including Capt. John Walsh, Lt. Venton Holifield, Sgt. Louis Savelli, and Officers John Rodgers, Carlos Pacheco, John McDonald, Frank DiNatale, and Yolanda Acosta. · Mary Jo White, The United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, Assistant U.S. Attorney Richard B. Zabel, Deputy Chief, Narcotics Division, and U.S. Attorney Investigator John O’Malley. · The Bayonne Police Department, including Lt. Leonard Sullivan and Sgt.
    [Show full text]
  • A Psycho-Social Exploration of Trans-Racial Adoptive Subjectivity
    A Psycho-social Exploration of Trans-racial Adoptive Subjectivity Cecilia Love This thesis is submitted to Cardiff University in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Social Work Doctorate Cardiff University Abstract The aim of this thesis is to convey a psycho-social and experiential understanding of the lived experience of trans-racial adoption. As a woman that was adopted as a baby from Malaysia by Caucasian parents during the 1970s, the personal experience of the phenomenon of trans-racial adoption has been integral to the theoretical foundations and overall research approach of this study. The primary aim of this study has been one that has sought to deepen understanding of the affective dimensions involved in being a trans-racially adoptive family member from both the perspective of the adoptive mother and the adoptee. The concept of trans-racial adoptive subjectivity is informed by phenomenological and psychoanalytic thinking and assumes an embodied subject that is embedded in a relational and material world. The analytical focus therefore prioritises understanding the historical, social and political processes that engage the body in particular ways that we can understand as being trans-racially adopted. The research framework assumes a psycho-social methodological framework that has prioritised depth of understanding experience. Six sets of trans-racially adopted adults and their adoptive mothers were engaged where each family members was interviewed over a period of six months, four times each. Influenced by the relational psychoanalytic tradition, the notion of inter-subjectivity was central to the methodological process. The research interview encounters therefore assumed a two person psychology where the feelings I experienced as the researcher were considered as important forms of research data.
    [Show full text]
  • Gang Project Brochure Pg 1 020712
    Salt Lake Area Gang Project A Multi-Jurisdictional Gang Intelligence, Suppression, & Diversion Unit Publications: The Project has several brochures available free of charge. These publications Participating Agencies: cover a variety of topics such as graffiti, gang State Agencies: colors, club drugs, and advice for parents. Local Agencies: Utah Dept. of Human Services-- Current gang-related crime statistics and Cottonwood Heights PD Div. of Juvenile Justice Services historical trends in gang violence are also Draper City PD Utah Dept. of Corrections-- available. Granite School District PD Law Enforcement Bureau METRO Midvale City PD Utah Dept. of Public Safety-- GANG State Bureau of Investigation Annual Gang Conference: The Project Murray City PD UNIT Salt Lake County SO provides an annual conference open to service Salt Lake County DA Federal Agencies: providers, law enforcement personnel, and the SHOCAP Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, community. This two-day event, held in the South Salt Lake City PD Firearms, and Explosives spring, covers a variety of topics from Street Taylorsville PD United States Attorney’s Office Survival to Gang Prevention Programs for Unified PD United States Marshals Service Schools. Goals and Objectives commands a squad of detectives. The The Salt Lake Area Gang Project was detectives duties include: established to identify, control, and prevent Suppression and street enforcement criminal gang activity in the jurisdictions Follow-up work on gang-related cases covered by the Project and to provide Collecting intelligence through contacts intelligence data and investigative assistance to with gang members law enforcement agencies. The Project also Assisting local agencies with on-going provides youth with information about viable investigations alternatives to gang membership and educates Answering law-enforcement inquiries In an emergency, please dial 911.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
    Case 15-2247, Document 188-1, 08/01/2019, 2621852, Page1 of 7 15‐2220(L) United States v. Sierra (Carlos Lopez) United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit AUGUST TERM 2018 Nos. 15‐2220(L), 15‐2247(CON), 15‐2257(CON) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee, v. LEONIDES SIERRA, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 1, AKA JUNITO, AKA JUNIOR, ET AL., Defendants, CARLOS LOPEZ, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 15, AKA CARLITO, LUIS BELTRAN, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 26, AKA GUALEY, FELIX LOPEZ‐CABRERA, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 14, AKA SUZTANCIA, Defendants‐Appellants. ARGUED: MAY 6, 2019 DECIDED: AUGUST 1, 2019 Before: NEWMAN, JACOBS, DRONEY, Circuit Judges. Carlos Lopez, Luis Beltran, and Felix Lopez‐Cabrera appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York sentencing them, inter alia, to mandatory minimum terms of life imprisonment applicable to convictions for murder in aid of racketeering. On appeal, the defendants argue that because they were between 18 and 22 years old 1 Case 15-2247, Document 188-1, 08/01/2019, 2621852, Page2 of 7 when the murders were committed, a mandatory life sentence is cruel and unusual in violation of the Eighth Amendment. Lopez additionally argues that his mandatory life sentence is cruel and unusual because he did not kill, attempt to kill, or intend to kill the victims of his crimes. Affirmed. ____________________ MATTHEW LAROCHE, Assistant United States Attorney (Micah W.J. Smith, Margaret Garnett, Assistant United States Attorneys, on the brief), United States Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York, New York, NY, for Appellee.
    [Show full text]
  • Los Trinitarios (3NI) Was Formed the Late 19891 in New York by Either Julio Marines
    Organization Data Sheet: Los Trinitarios Author: Scott Olmstead Review: Phil Williams A. When the organization was formed + brief history Los Trinitarios (3NI) was formed the late 19891 in New York by either Julio Marines (AKA: “Caballo”) or Pedro Nunez (AKA: “El Caballon”)2 in the Rikers Island Correction Facility.3 The majority of sources refer to Julio Marines as the gang’s founder, but the History Channel’s “Machete Slaughter” refers to Pedro Nunez instead. The gang was initially comprised of various Dominican gang members looking for protection while incarcerated. When released, the gang went into organized criminal activity, based in New York’s Washington Heights.4 The name seems to be a reference to a founding party of the Dominican Republic of the same name. Trinitarios also means “Trinity or the Special One.”5 New York Law Enforcement considers 3NI to be one of the fastest growing gangs in the Northeast. Moto: "Dios, Patria y Libertad" (DPL) which means God, Country, and Liberty The gang has spread throughout the Eastern United States and the Dominican Republic. In January 2010, the top two leaders of the gang were killed. The gang is still in operation. The “Primera” of the Rhode Island chapter was arrested in August 2010.6 B. Types of illegal activities engaged in, a. In general Trafficking, distribution, prison protection, kidnapping,7 armed robbery.8 b. Specific detail: types of illicit trafficking activities engaged in “Marijuana, MDA, cocaine and crack cocaine,”9 heroin,10 and ecstasy (MDMA).11 C. Scope and Size a. Estimated size of network and membership There are up to 30,000 members worldwide, with most members active in the US.
    [Show full text]
  • If You Have Issues Viewing Or Accessing This File Contact Us at NCJRS.Gov
    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. " U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated In this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the olficial position or policies of the National Institute of Justice. Permission to reproduce this ~ material has been 9f3nted by • • .' ubIlc !)Oma.ln u. s--:- ~eneral Accounting Office to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permis­ sion of the ~ owner. .f' 'i:':' ;i. 1 t t~-~-·--~---~--.----g-~-~~-~-~-~-~-c~-~-~-n-tm--g-O-f-fi-ce------------------------------ (-2---~--O--'--J·--?------- ~ Washmgton, D.C. 20548 v V .-J ,, Office of Special Investigations September 29, 1989 The Honorable Sam Nunn Chairman, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations Committee on Governmental Affairs United States Senate Dear Mr. Chairman: The enclosed report responds to your March 31,1988, request that we examine information about Colombian, Jamaican, Chinese, and Vietnamese criminal gangs operating in the United States, and street gangs in Los Angeles. The report identifies and describes the gangs and their current organizational structures, and discusses recent major investigations into their criminal activities. Also, in response to your request, this report presents the opinions and insight of law enforcement officials regarding existing barriers to the effective investigation and prosecution of the gangs, the adequacy of current legislation in addressing gang activity, and the appropriate law enforcement responses to gang activity. As arranged with your representatives, unless you publicly announce its contents earlier, we plan no further distribution of this report until 30 days from the date of the report.
    [Show full text]
  • ISIS and the Crime-Terror Nexus in America Executive Summary
    CENTER ON NATIONAL SECURITY AT FORDHAM LAW THE CENTER ON NATIONAL SECURITY PRESENTS ISIS and the Crime- Terror Nexus in America A COUNTERPOINT TO EUROPE RAPHAEL D. MARCUS NYPD Fellow, CNS Acknowledgements About the Author I would like to thank the executive lead- Raphael D. Marcus is a supervisory intel- ership of the NYPD Intelligence Bureau for ligence research specialist at the NYPD the opportunity to conduct this research Intelligence Bureau, where he oversees a project. I would like to thank Dr. Karen team of analysts that support counterter- Greenberg and Julia Tedesco of the Center rorism investigations which focus primarily on National Security at Fordham Law for on the Middle East and South Asia. He was graciously hosting me at the center and for the inaugural NYPD Visiting Fellow at the their assistance throughout the research Center on National Security at Fordham and publication process. I am indebted to University School of Law (2019-20), which Ravi Satkalmi for his guidance, support, enabled him to undertake this research and patience throughout all stages of this study. He is also a nonresident Research project. I am deeply appreciative of his con- Fellow in the Department of War Studies at structive and detailed feedback on earlier King’s College London, where he received his versions of this study, and for facilitating PhD. His research interests include Middle this fellowship opportunity. Thanks also East security issues, terrorism, military af- to all my colleagues at the NYPD, as well as fairs, and organizational learning. He is the Cody Zoschak and Dr. Hugo Micheron, for author of Israel’s Long War with Hezbollah: sharing their insightful comments.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction of Domestic Reindeer Into Alaska
    M * Vice-President Stevenson. Mrs. Stevenson. Governor and Mrs. Sheakley. Teachers and Pupils, Presbyterian Mission School, Sitka, Alaska. 54th Congress, SENATE. f Document 1st Session. \ No. 111. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES. REPO R T ON WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS, MY SHELDON JACKSON, GENERAL AGENT OF EDUCATION IN ALASKA. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1896. CONTENTS. Page. Action of the Senate of the United States. 5 Letter of the Secretary of the Interior to the President of the Senate. 7 Report of Dr. Sheldon Jackson, United States general agent of education in Alaska, to the Commissioner of Education, on the introduction of domestic reindeer i nto A1 aska for 1895. 9 Private benefactions. 11 Appropriations of Congress. 13 Importation of Lapps. 14 Distribution of reindeer. 15 Possibilities of the future. 16 Effect upon the development of Alaska. 16 Disbursements. 18 APPENDIXES. Report of William Hamilton on the itinerary of 1895. 21 Annual report of William A. Kjellmann. 42 Trip to Lapland. 43 Arrival at Teller Reindeer Station. 54 Statistics of the herd.. 55 Fining a reindeer thief. 57 Breaking in deer. 60 The birth of fawns. 61 Milking. 63 Eskimo dogs. 63 Herders and apprentices. 65 Rations. 72 Reindeer dogs. 73 Harness. 75 The Lapps. 77 Sealing. 78 Fishing. 79 Eskimo herd. 80 Sickness. 82 School. 82 Buildings. 83 Police. 84 Christmas. 85 Skees. 85 Physician. 88 Fuel. 89 Annual report of W. T. Lopp, Cape Prince of Wales, herd... 91 Letter of J. C. Widstead to Dr. Sheldon Jackson. 93 Letter of Dr. Sheldon Jackson to Hon. W.
    [Show full text]
  • Southeastern Europe
    U.S. ONLINE TRAINING FOR OSCE, INCLUDING REACT Module 5. Southeastern Europe This module introduces you to southeastern Europe and the OSCE’s work in: • Croatia (The OSCE Office in Zagreb was closed in 2012) • Macedonia • Bosnia-Herzegovina • Serbia • Kosovo • Montenegro • Albania . 1 Table of Contents Overview. 3 Geography. 4 People. 6 Former Yugoslavia. 10 World War I. 11 World War II. 12 Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia. 14 Post-Tito. 15 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. 17 Croatia. 18 Key information. 19 Historical background. 20 During Tito. 21 After Tito. 22 War of independence. 23 Domestic politics. 25 Macedonia. 35 Key information. 36 Historical background. 38 19th and early 20th centuries. 39 During Tito. 41 Independence. 43 Domestic politics. 44 Prospects and challenges. 67 Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH). 72 Key information. 73 Historical background. 75 During the Tito era. 76 The Bosnian war: 1992-1995. 79 Disunity of international community. 81 The Dayton Peace Accords, 1995. 84 Politics since Dayton. 87 Challenges and pressures. 95 Serbia. 99 Key information. 100 Introduction. 101 Contemporary Serbia. 102 Miloševi?'s rise. 104 Domestic resistance and state oppression. 106 Consequences of Kosovo. 109 The short-lived Kosovo Verification Mission. 110 MODULE 5. Southeastern Europe 2 Regime repression intensifies. 112 Struggle for Serbia’s political direction. 115 Nikolic wins 2012 presidential election. 122 Serbia's identity and its vision for the future. 124 Montenegro. 131 Key information. 132 Contemporary Montenegro. 133 Politics in Montenegro. 134 Other issues. 140 Kosovo. 142 Key information. 143 Historical background of Kosovo. 144 Organized non-violence. 145 After Dayton. 147 UNMIK established.
    [Show full text]