DOCSLIB.ORG

L'impatto Del Rapimento Di Cittadini Giapponesi Nelle Relazioni

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
L'impatto Del Rapimento Di Cittadini Giapponesi Nelle Relazioni Corso di Laurea magistrale in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate Tesi di Laurea L’impatto del rapimento di cittadini giapponesi nelle relazioni diplomatiche tra Giappone e Corea del Nord Relatore Ch. Prof. Roberto Peruzzi Correlatrice Ch.ma Prof.ssa Rosa Caroli Laureando Barbara Medici Matricola 987587 Anno Accademico 2013 / 2014 ABSTRACT North Korea (or DPRK, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea) and Japan are neighbor countries, so close and yet so far apart. In dealing with history, it is possible to see how the two states have intermingled: since the late 1800s there has been a close relation that eventually led to a protectorate and then to a colonial relationship between the two, where Japan was the colonialist country seeking to build an empire and North Korea, still part of the Korean Peninsula and not yet divided, was the colony exploited by the Japanese. Korea’s status as a colony was particularly significant after the outbreak of the Second World War, where Japan was defeated and the anti-imperialist forces began to fight back in order to free their land from the conquerors. The end of the war saw the occupation of Japan and its struggle after the Americans had used the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as a hope for independence and freedom in the whole Korean Peninsula. However, the hope of the Korean people was short-lived for the U.S and the Soviet Union planned a trusteeship that would lead Korea to independence step by step, allowing the peninsula to be rebuilt after the horrors of the war. The two superpowers occupied the northern and the southern part of the peninsula, dividing it in two different areas in order to be able to work in a better way and secretly control the other since it was slowly become the enemy. The outcomes of the trusteeship, which was supposed to only last a few years, can be still seen today: in 1948 the Republic of Korea (ROK) and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) were born after separate elections had been held. From that moment on, the peninsula has been divided and not yet reunited. The aim of this thesis is to analyze one aspect of the context previously explained, that is the relations in the northeast Asian region between North Korea and Japan, two countries that have interacted so much in the past and are still dealing with important issues but haven’t normalized the diplomatic relations yet. In the 1950s and 1960s the relations between the two states were surprisingly better than the ones Japan had with South Korea: this, however, didn't lead to good bilateral relations and agreements because of an event that, once discovered, defined Japan’s North Korean policy and is still seen as the main problem that needs to be solved for them to settle the diplomatic relations. The issue that the have kept the two states far apart is the abduction of Japanese citizens by North Koreans occurred from the mid-1970s and the beginning of the 1980s. When the abductions were first discovered, the police suspected that North Korea could be behind them, but the connection with the communist country only arrived around the 1990s. North Korea always denied the accusations, saying i that Japan was just trying to avoid the compensations required by the Korean leader for the thirty-five years of occupation. As a matter of fact, starting from the 1990 North Korea and Japan have held different rounds of negotiations in order to find an agreement to normalize the diplomatic relations, but each round ended up in the same way since they couldn’t find a deal that would benefit to the both of them. The insistent Japanese requests to shine some light on the abductions eventually led to the extraordinary confession of Kim Jong Il in 2002, during the first travel ever that a Japanese Prime Minister had done to Pyongyang. The North Korean leader apologized for the abductions, recognizing that thirteen Japanese citizens had indeed been abducted by North Korea, adding that five of them were still alive and well while eight had died. The statement was meant to settle the discussion and end it, therefore giving the possibility to the two countries to move forward in the negotiations to normalize the diplomatic relations. The Japanese, however, were shocked to learn about the death of fellow citizens and appalled that North Korea had been keeping the secret for so long: the right wing of the government strongly demanded actions against North Korea in order to have a full disclosure on what had happened as well as demanding the return of those who were still alive. The already tense situation that existed between the two countries became worse: the abduction issue became the first and main problem in Japan’s foreign policy and the lack of settlement was directly linked to the expansion of the gap between Tokyo and Pyongyang. The first chapter therefore deals with the historical context previous to the abductions issue, reporting how the relations between the two countries developed from the late 1800s until 2002, the year of Kim Jong Il’s confession. The second chapter takes the topic further, dealing with the history of the abductions issue and the consequences on Japan’s policy and Japan’s attitude towards North Korea. Once the Dear Leader acknowledged the abductions, the Japanese public opinion pushed for the introduction of sanctions, also asking for a pursuit of a hard line when negotiating with North Korea. The abductions were carried out during the Cold War and the citizens who where kidnapped were mainly used to teach Japanese to Korean spies and to steal the identities so that the spies could travel freely everywhere using a Japanese passport. The consequences of the discovery of the death of eight of the abducted citizens led the Japanese government to halt all the negotiations regarding other topics, wanting to settle the abduction issue first. This, however, has resulted in a stalemate in the already difficult relations between the two countries: North Korea sees the Japanese decision as a tool to avoid the payment due as a compensation for the atrocities during the colonial period. At the same time, Pyongyang refused to collaborate with Tokyo stating that the issue had been solved with the confession and the apologies of Kim Jong Il. Koizumi, the Japanese ii Prime Minister until 2006, did indeed try to close the case, but only succeeded in bringing back the five people who were still alive and their families. A man who was appointed as the main actor among the Japanese hard liners was Abe Shinzo, a politician who was elected after Koizumi and whose prestige was directly linked to the abduction case: he was the one who fought alongside with the families of the victims and who was supported by the public opinion. Moreover, Abe was the one who made it his goal to work for the solution of the abduction issue and the internationalization that eventually led to the involvement of the United States as Japan’s major ally. This is, in fact, the topic of the third chapter – that is, how the different governments of the United States dealt with the abduction issue. There is a great difference among the responses of the Clinton and the Bush administrations, not to mention the way Obama decided to intervene. While Bill Clinton aimed to pursue a more conciliatory line towards North Korea, separating terrorism and abductions much to Japan’s annoyance, the coming into power of George W. Bush completely diverted Clinton’s ideas going for a hard line that greatly satisfied the conservative Japan. The last few years have seen a new stalemate in the relations between North Korea and Japan as well as the re-election of Abe Shinzo, determined more than ever to finally solve the problem of the abduction issue once and for all: in 2014 the stalemate has been broken and a Special Committee has been formed to conduct new investigations on the abduction issue in Pyongyang. Since 2002, solving the abduction issue has been the main point in Japan’s foreign policy and something that stopped the diplomatic relations between the two countries to be normalized. Neither of the states trust the other and even if the resolution seems near one question still stand: how and when will Japan consider the issue solved? Japan still thinks that some of the victims are alive in North Korea because of the poor and confused proofs that North Korea has provided. If the new Committee will be able to close the case and give Japan substantial proof of the death of the eight citizens, what could the Japanese reaction be? The expectations of Tokyo could be too high and differ from the results of the investigations, therefore leaving the problem still intact. There would probably be no changes in the situation since Japan will more likely never be fully satisfied with the fallouts of the abduction issue, hence creating a condition of instability due to the abnormal relation between North Korea and Japan. If the abductions issue is to be successfully solved before normalizing the diplomatic relations with North Korea, than Japan will need to adjust its expectations and cooperate with Pyongyang in order to create a new stability in the Northeast Asian region. In turn, North Korea will also have to cooperate and understand the importance of the abduction issue for Japan. Only then the bilateral relations will get better. iii INDICE INTRODUZIONE .............................................................................................................................................. 2 CAPITOLO 1 .....................................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Japanese Abduction Issue and North Korea's
    UNISCI Discussion Papers ISSN: 1696-2206 [email protected] Universidad Complutense de Madrid España DiFilippo, Anthony STILL AT ODDS: THE JAPANESE ABDUCTION ISSUE AND NORTH KOREA’S CIRCUMVENTION UNISCI Discussion Papers, núm. 32, mayo, 2013, pp. 137-170 Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=76727454007 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative UNISCI Discussion Papers, Nº 32 (Mayo / May 2013) ISSN 1696-2206 STILL AT ODDS: THE JAPANESE ABDUCTION ISSUE AND NORTH KOREA’S CIRCUMVENTION Anthony DiFilippo 1 Lincoln University Abstract: During the 1970s and 1980s, North Korea, or as it is known officially, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), abducted a number of Japanese citizens. Especially after the late Kim Jong Il admitted to former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi in September 2002 that agents from the DPRK had kidnapped some Japanese nationals during the Cold War, the abduction issue, which remains unresolved, became highly politicized in Japan. Pyongyang, however, has continued to maintain for some time now that the abduction issue was settled several years ago, while also insisting that Japan must make amends to the DPRK for its past colonization of the Korean Peninsula. For its part, Tokyo has remained adamant about the need to resolve the abduction issue, repeatedly stressing that it is one of the few major problems preventing the normalization of Japan-North Korea relations.
    [Show full text]
  • North Korea's Abduction of Japanese Citizens and the Six-Party Talks
    Order Code RS22845 March 19, 2008 North Korea’s Abduction of Japanese Citizens and the Six-Party Talks Emma Chanlett-Avery Analyst in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary The admission by North Korea in 2002 that it abducted several Japanese nationals — most of them nearly 30 years ago — continues to affect significantly the Six-Party Talks on North Korea’s nuclear weapons program. This report provides background information on the abductee issue, summarizes its effect on Japanese politics, analyzes its impact on U.S.-Japan relations, and assesses its regional implications. Congress has indicated considerable interest in the abductions issue. The North Korean Human Rights Act (P.L. 108-333) includes a sense of the Congress that non-humanitarian aid be contingent on North Korean progress in accounting for the Japanese abductees. A House hearing in April 2006 focused on North Korea’s abductions of foreign citizens, with testimony from former abductees and their relatives. Some Members of Congress have sponsored legislation (S.Res. 399 and H.R. 3650) that support Japan’s call for settlement of the abductions controversy before North Korea is removed from the U.S. state sponsors of terrorism list. This report will be updated as events warrant. The forcible seizure of Japanese citizens by North Korean agents in the 1970s and 1980s continues to be a pivotal issue in the ongoing Six-Party Talks on North Korea’s nuclear weapons program. Tokyo’s participation in the international forum is dominated by its efforts to achieve progress on the abduction issue. While the United States is now aggressively pursuing a deal that provides energy and economic assistance to North Korea in exchange for the dismantlement of its nuclear weapons program, Japan has refused to contribute aid without satisfactory progress on the kidnappings.
    [Show full text]
  • North Korea Challenges for the US-Japan Alliance
    North Korea Challenges for the US-Japan Alliance Yuki Tatsumi Editor March 2011 North Korea Challenge for the US–Japan Alliance Yuki Tatsumi Editor March 2011 Copyright © 2010 The Henry L. Stimson Center ISBN: 978-0-9845211-7-3 Cover and book design/layout by Shawn Woodley All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent from the Stimson Center. Stimson Center 1111 19th Street, NW, 12th Floor Washington, DC 20036 Telephone: 202.223.5956 Fax: 202.238.9604 www.stimson.org Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi Preface ............................................................................................................................... vii Ellen Laipson, President and CEO of the Stimson Center Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 Alan D. Romberg and Yoshihide Soeya Chapter 1: America’s “North Korea Problem” and US–Japan Relations ............................8 Balbina Y. Hwang Chapter 2: North Korea Problems and US–Japan Relations: A View from Japan .............26 Yasuhiro Izumikawa Chapter 3: Japan–US Cooperation on North Korea: Regional Perspectives .....................44 Katsuhisa Furukawa Chapter 4: Regional Factors:
    [Show full text]
  • Administration of Donald J. Trump, 2019 Remarks with Prime Minister
    Administration of Donald J. Trump, 2019 Remarks With Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan in a Meeting With Families of Japanese Citizens Abducted by North Korea in Tokyo, Japan May 27, 2019 President Trump. Well, thank you very much. And this is my second meeting with the relations—great, great relations—brothers, sisters, mothers, fathers of the abductees. And I can tell you that it's very much on my mind. I can also tell you for certain that it is your Prime Minister's primary goal; there isn't a meeting that we have where he doesn't bring up the abductees. And we will work together. You have a great Prime Minister. He loves this country. He loves you. And we will be working together to bring your relatives—your daughters, your sons, your mothers—home. And we'll work on that together. Okay, Shinzo? Their stories are very sad. And I must tell you, we've been hearing them, and in some cases, I've been hearing them for a second time, because the last time we were here, we did this, and it was an honor to do it and meet these incredible people. You may just briefly say a word to the media about your mother and maybe about your daughter. And they'll get just a little sampling of what we're talking about. But I can see why your great Prime Minister feels so strongly about it. Please. Prime Minister Abe. Mr. President and Madam First Lady, thank you very much for spending time with the family members of those who have been abducted by North Korea.
    [Show full text]
  • N. Korea Now Ready to Discuss Abduction Issue
    SATURDAY-SUNDAY, OCTOBER 22-23, 2005 © The Asahi Shimbun 2005 ● NUMBER 16594 ● Japan’s Leading National Newspaper English Edition 23 PRIVACY ISSUE Limits urged for N. Korea now ready to resident registers discuss abduction issue entered in resident registers at tion Treaty and allow inter- The Asahi Shimbun municipal government offices Pyongyang will also rejoin national inspectors to monitor A panel reviewing the open- under the current system. all nuclear facilities. viewing system of resident But calls for privacy protec- 6-way talks, says U.S. official. At the ‘‘appropriate time,’’ he registers has recommended re- tion have increased among the said Pyongyang was willing to strictions on disclosing infor- general public. By TARO KARASAKI Korea’s first invite International Atomic En- mation, such as names, addres- The panel said those wish- vice foreign ergy Agency chief Mohammed ses, birthdates and sex, to ing to view resident registers Staff Writer minister, and ElBaradei for discussions on protect the public’s privacy. should submit documents North Korea is ready to Kim Yong how to manage nuclear ma- The advisory panel to Taro outlining the contents of polls unconditionally return to Nam, presi- terials. Aso, the internal affairs minis- they plan to conduct. The multilateral talks on disman- dent of the ‘‘I strongly believe that we ter, compiled a report Thurs- users should also make clear tling its nuclear capabilities and Presidium of made progress in our dis- day that says the four items of how they plan to keep and reopen channels with Japan to the Supreme cussions in North Korea on the information should not be dis- discard the information ob- discuss the thorny abduction People’s As- diplomatic front, on the nuclear closed as freely as they are tained from the registers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Japanese Abduction Issue and North Korea's
    UNISCI Discussion Papers, Nº 32 (Mayo / May 2013) ISSN 1696-2206 STILL AT ODDS: THE JAPANESE ABDUCTION ISSUE AND NORTH KOREA’S CIRCUMVENTION Anthony DiFilippo1 Lincoln University Abstract: During the 1970s and 1980s, North Korea, or as it is known officially, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), abducted a number of Japanese citizens. Especially after the late Kim Jong Il admitted to former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi in September 2002 that agents from the DPRK had kidnapped some Japanese nationals during the Cold War, the abduction issue, which remains unresolved, became highly politicized in Japan. Pyongyang, however, has continued to maintain for some time now that the abduction issue was settled several years ago, while also insisting that Japan must make amends to the DPRK for its past colonization of the Korean Peninsula. For its part, Tokyo has remained adamant about the need to resolve the abduction issue, repeatedly stressing that it is one of the few major problems preventing the normalization of Japan-North Korea relations. Largely because of the strong security relationship between the United States and Japan, which for the past several years has had to contend with the North Korean missile and nuclear weapons issues, this paper also examines Washington's changing position on the abduction issue. Keywords: Japanese abduction issue, North Korean missile and nuclear weapons issues, the history problem, politicization of the abduction issue, six-party talks, the U.S. position on the abduction issue. Resumen: Durante las décadas de 1970 y 1980, Corea del Norte, o tal y como se la conoce oficialmente, la República Democrática Popular de Corea (RDPC), secuestró a una serie de ciudadanos japoneses.
    [Show full text]
  • North Korea: Human Rights Update and International Abduction Issues
    NORTH KOREA: HUMAN RIGHTS UPDATE AND INTERNATIONAL ABDUCTION ISSUES JOINT HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ASIA AND THE PACIFIC AND THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICA, GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED NINTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION APRIL 27, 2006 Serial No. 109–167 Printed for the use of the Committee on International Relations ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.house.gov/international—relations U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 27–228PDF WASHINGTON : 2006 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Mar 21 2002 17:18 Jul 11, 2006 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 F:\WORK\AP\042706\27228.000 HINTREL1 PsN: SHIRL COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS HENRY J. HYDE, Illinois, Chairman JAMES A. LEACH, Iowa TOM LANTOS, California CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey, HOWARD L. BERMAN, California Vice Chairman GARY L. ACKERMAN, New York DAN BURTON, Indiana ENI F.H. FALEOMAVAEGA, American ELTON GALLEGLY, California Samoa ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN, Florida DONALD M. PAYNE, New Jersey DANA ROHRABACHER, California SHERROD BROWN, Ohio EDWARD R. ROYCE, California BRAD SHERMAN, California PETER T. KING, New York ROBERT WEXLER, Florida STEVE CHABOT, Ohio ELIOT L. ENGEL, New York THOMAS G. TANCREDO, Colorado WILLIAM D. DELAHUNT, Massachusetts RON PAUL, Texas GREGORY W. MEEKS, New York DARRELL ISSA, California BARBARA LEE, California JEFF FLAKE, Arizona JOSEPH CROWLEY, New York JO ANN DAVIS, Virginia EARL BLUMENAUER, Oregon MARK GREEN, Wisconsin SHELLEY BERKLEY, Nevada JERRY WELLER, Illinois GRACE F.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter IV. Maintenance of Public Safety and Disaster Countermeasures
    Chapter IV. Maintenance of Public Safety and Disaster Countermeasures Section 1. Status of International Terrorism and its Countermeasures 1. Status of International Terrorism (2) Threat of Terrorism against Japan (1) Islamic Extremists Japan is regarded as an ally of the United States by During 2009, as is shown in Table 4-1, there was a Islamic extremist organizations such as Al-Qaeda and succession of terrorist incidents. Of these, the has hitherto been included in the target list of terrorist attempted terrorist attack on an American passenger attacks many times in the statement, etc, that are aircraft from Amsterdam to Detroit in December 2009 allegedly made by Osama bin Laden. It is confirmed was an incident in which an aircraft with many civilian that Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, a cadre of Al-Qaeda in passengers aboard was targeted, and terrorists were US custody stated that he was involved in the plan to able to slip through airport security screening networks destroy the US Embassy in Japan. to almost carry out the attack. With this incident, it was It has been confirmed that those connected to recognized once again that threats of large-scale and Al-Qaeda, who were on the international wanted list indiscriminate terrorist attacks could actually happen. have illegally entered and left Japan repeatedly in the Despite the strengthening of terrorism past years, indicating that Islamic extremist networks countermeasures by governments of all countries since loosely connected through extremist thought have also the terrorist attacks on the United States on Sept extended to this country. 11,2001, the threat of terrorism by Islamic extremists Considering the situation, and given the fact that in remains high.
    [Show full text]
  • Looking Toward Elections
    Comparative Connections A Quarterly E-Journal on East Asian Bilateral Relations U.S.-Japan Relations: Looking toward Elections Michael J. Green, CSIS/Georgetown University Nicholas Szechenyi, CSIS The debate in the Japanese Diet remained contentious this quarter as opposition parties challenged the Fukuda government on several legislative issues including the gasoline tax, a new health insurance program for the elderly, and host nation support for U.S. forces. Fukuda’s approval rating fell suddenly due to public dissatisfaction with his domestic policy agenda but later rebounded enough to quell rumors of a Cabinet reshuffle prior to the Hokkaido G8 Summit in July. The arrest in early April of a U.S. serviceman charged with murdering a taxi driver in Yokosuka brought negative publicity for U.S. forces. Japanese anxieties also continued to mount as the U.S. prepared to lift terrorism-related sanctions on North Korea as part of the Six-Party Talks, despite earlier pledges that this would not be done without progress on the abductee issue. President Bush did announce his intention to lift those sanctions on June 26, but his strong reaffirmation of support for Japan on the abductee issue helped to assuage some of the concerns in Tokyo. It also helped that Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice stressed during the G8 foreign ministers meeting in Kyoto that the U.S. actions would be reversed if North Korea’s claims could not be verified; a message of reassurance Bush would likely echo and broaden during his visit to Japan in July. All of this took place as the Japanese public paid close attention to the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Abductions of Japanese Citizens by North Korea
    There is no time to waste considering the grief of aged family members, who are yearning to become reunited with their beloved family members, and abductees themselves who have long been waiting to be freed. The issue of the abduction of Japanese citizens by North Korea is a matter of utmost importance for the Abe administration, the resolution of which needs to be remain a top priority. We will devote our utmost efforts to enable all the abductees to return to Japan and hold their family members who have long been waiting to become Abductions of Japanese reunited with them. Abductions of Japanese October 2015 Katsunobu KATO Minister in Charge of the Abduction Issue CitizensCitizens byby NorthNorth KoreaKorea For further information on abductions of Japanese citizens, please refer to our website: Abducon issue Search Addresses of Homepages http://www.rachi.go.jp/en/ Your cooperation in helping resolve the abduction issue is vital. If you have any information concerning abductions, please contact the Secretariat of the Headquarters for the Abduction Issue by email or fax. Email address [email protected] FAX 03-3581-6011 For further informaon, please contact Secretariat of the Headquarters for the Abducon Issue 1-6-1 Nagata-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan 100-8968 Phone: +81 (0)3-3581-8898 Fax: +81 (0)3-3581-6011 Headquarters for the Abduction Issue, October 2015 Government of Japan AR has been setup in this booklet. Refer to page 15 for details. For the Return of All of the Abductees! During the 1970s and 1980s, there was a string of incidents in which Japanese citizens disappeared under unusual circumstances.
    [Show full text]
  • FET-Briefing-Note-08-2019-Japan
    FIJI EMBASSY TOKYO Briefing Note 08/2019 Japan Korea Relations Background Korean Japanese relations. In 1997, Shinzō Abe, then a member of the House Japan and Korea have many issues with each of Representatives and now Prime Minister of other over the years. Korea was ruled by the Japan, stated: "Many so-called victims Imperial Japanese government starting with the of comfort women system are liars ... Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 until the Japanese prostitution was ordinary behavior in Korea Instrument of Surrender in 1945 which ended because the country had many brothels."1 World War II. South Korea refused to trade or open diplomatic relations with Japan until 1965, Japanese compensation to Korea for the after which trade links expanded dramatically. reign of Japan Today, Japan and South Korea are major trading partners, and many students, tourists, Twenty years after World War II, South Korea entertainers, and businesspeople travel between and Japan re-established diplomatic relations the two countries, whereas North Korea’s with the 1965 signing of the Treaty on Basic political and economic relations with Japan are Relations. In 2005, South Korea disclosed non-existent. diplomatic documents that detailed the proceedings of the treaty which was kept secret What are the issues? in South Korea for 40 years. The documents There are a few issues needing attention as revealed that Japan provided 500 million dollars described in the brief. in soft loans and 300 million in grants to South Korea as compensation for the reign of Japan. 1. Historical Issues South Korea agreed to demand no more compensation after the treaty, either at a South Korea government-to-government level or an individual-to-government level.
    [Show full text]
  • CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—SENATE July 16, 1997
    July 16, 1997 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Ð SENATE S7515 to do it the right way, which would be There are a list of eight managers' may be transferred to and merged with ``Op- to say to all Americans we are going to amendments, which I will refer to and erating Expenses of the Agency for Inter- give a $500-per-child tax credit, which then send to the desk en bloc. national Development'': Provided further, That the provisions of section 107A(d) (relat- the Republicans proposed and which There is the McConnell-Leahy ing to general provisions applicable to devel- the President proposed, which the amendment requiring a report on the opment credit authority) of the Foreign As- Democrats and Republicans voted for, management of the Russia enterprise sistance Act of 1961, as added by section 306 but that tax credit will not be denied fund and prohibiting establishment of a of H.R. 1486 as reported by the House Com- the people just because they paid a private-public entity to manage the de- mittee on International Relations on May 9, payroll tax rather than an income tax. fense enterprise fund activities; a 1997, shall be applicable to direct loans and This conference in the next couple of Leahy amendment establishing credit loan guarantees provided under this para- graph: Provided further, That direct loans or days can do this right or it can do it authority for AID; a Leahy amendment loan guarantees under this paragraph may wrong. I hope they will listen to the allowing funds to be transferred to the not be provided until the Director of the Of- voices
    [Show full text]