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Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service Hydrologic Characteristics and Water Quality of Headwater Streams and Wetlands at the Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site, Summit Area, Blair and Cambria Counties, Pennsylvania, 2014–16 Open-File Report 2018–1125 Version 1.1, December 2018 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. The Skew Arch Bridge was designed to cross over the Old Portage at the lower end of Plane 6. Built in 1833 by the Fenlon, Darlin and Kininmouth Company, it was “skewed” during construction to accommodate the oblique angle of the crossing of the Indiana, Huntingdon and Cambria Turnpike and the portage railroad. Photograph by Charles A. Cravotta III, U.S. Geological Survey. Hydrologic Characteristics and Water Quality of Headwater Streams and Wetlands at the Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site, Summit Area, Blair and Cambria Counties, Pennsylvania, 2014–16 By Charles A. Cravotta III, Daniel G. Galeone, and Kathy A. Penrod Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service Open-File Report 2018–1125 Version 1.1, December 2018 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior RYAN K. ZINKE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2018 Revised: December 2018 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Cravotta, C.A., III, Galeone, D.G., and Penrod, K.A., 2018, Hydrologic characteristics and water quality of headwater streams and wetlands at the Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site, Summit area, Blair and Cambria Counties, Pennsylvania, 2014–16 (ver. 1.1, December 2018): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1125, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181125. ISSN 2331-1258 (online) iii Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction and Background ......................................................................................................................2 Problem...................................................................................................................................................2 Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................6 Data Collection and Evaluation ...................................................................................................................6 Field Methods ........................................................................................................................................6 Analytical Methods...............................................................................................................................7 Data-Evaluation and Computational Methods .................................................................................8 Hydrologic Characteristics of Headwater Streams and Wetlands .......................................................9 Streamwater Levels and Streamflow ................................................................................................9 Shallow Subsurface Water Levels .....................................................................................................9 Water Quality ................................................................................................................................................12 Quality Assurance and Quality Control Results .............................................................................12 Water Quality Characteristics Compared to Criteria for Protection of Aquatic Life ...............12 Ionic Contributions to Specific Conductance and Other Measures of Ionic Strength ...........16 Summary and Conclusions .........................................................................................................................19 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................19 References Cited..........................................................................................................................................19 Appendix 1. Descriptions of water-quality parameters for samples collected by the U.S. Geological Survey at the ALPO Summit area, Pennsylvania, 2014–16 ....................................................................................................................Available online Appendix 2. Synoptic water-quality data for environmental samples collected by the U.S. Geological Survey at the ALPO Summit area, Pennsylvania, 2014–16 ....................................................................................................................Available online Appendix 3. Quality assurance quality control (QAQC) data for deionized-water blanks and U.S. Geological Survey standard reference water samples (SRWS) analyzed with environmental samples from the ALPO Summit area, Pennsylvania, 2014–16 ....................................................................................................................Available online iv Figures 1. Map showing topography, bedrock geology, flooded extent of underground coal mines, and major landmarks of the Summit area of Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site, Pennsylvania .........................................................................................3 2. Map showing streams traces in the Bradley Run and Blair Gap Run watersheds, historical underground mining, and major landmarks at the ALPO Summit area, Pennsylvania .................................................................................................................................4 3. Aerial photograph showing locations of mapped wetlands and seeps and associated hydrologic and water-quality monitoring sites within the Bradley Run and Blair Gap Run watersheds at the ALPO Summit area, Pennsylvania ...........................5 4. Photograph of Skew Arch Bridge showing contaminated seepage from the base of the bridge October 10, 2014, at altitude of approximately 2,120 feet NAVD 88 ..............6 5. Hydrographs showing daily average stream stage at Blair Gap Run and unnamed tributary to Bradley Run compared to cumulative daily precipitation at weather station PA13 during 2015–16 at the ALPO Summit area, Pennsylvania ...............................9 6. Hydrographs showing differences between water-level altitudes in shallow and deep piezometer pairs at wetlands 3 and 6 compared to cumulative daily precipitation at weather station PA13 during 2016 at the ALPO Summit area, Pennsylvania ...............................................................................................................................10 7. Hydrographs showing, A, daily average water temperature, and, B, differences in water temperature in shallow and deep piezometer pairs at wetlands 3 and 6 compared to daily average air temperature at weather station PA13 during 2016 at the ALPO Summit area, Pennsylvania ................................................................................11 8. Boxplots showing selected constituent concentrations and criterion-continuous concentration thresholds for protection of freshwater aquatic life at water-quality monitoring sites, ALPO Summit area, Pennsylvania .............................................................13 9. Graphs showing comparison of measured and calculated values of specific conductance, total dissolved solids, osmotic pressure, and ionic strength for 41 water samples from ALPO Summit area monitoring sites, 2014–16: A, SPC calculated from ionic composition by two different methods compared to measured SPC; B, TDS calculated as the sum of dissolved constituent concentrations compared to calculated SPC; C, calculated osmotic pressure and SPC on the basis of dissolved constituent concentrations; and D, calculated ionic strength and SPC on the basis of dissolved constituent concentrations .........................................16 10. Graphs showing major ion contributions to specific conductance for water samples from ALPO Summit area, 2014–16: A, ionic conductivity contributions to specific conductance of samples collected at ALPO monitoring sites in 2014–16, and B, average contributions by major ion species to computed SPC, expressed in percent, June 2016 .............................................................................................17 v Tables 1. Sampling site descriptions and types of measurements conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey at the ALPO Summit area, Pennsylvania, 2014–16 ........................7 2. Monthly summary of logged-stage unit values at streamgages at the ALPO Summit area, Pennsylvania, May–November, 2015 and 2016 .............................................10
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