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Effect of Gundelia Tournefortii L. on Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors in an Animal Model

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Effect of Gundelia Tournefortii L. on Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors in an Animal Model J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2017; 6(4): 191-195. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology Journal homepage: http://www.herbmedpharmacol.com Effect of Gundelia tournefortii L. on some cardiovascular risk factors in an animal model Laleh Rafiee1, Mahtab Keshvari2, Ahmad Movahedian Atar3, Zahra Hamidzadeh1, Gholam Reza Dashti1, Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei4, Sedigheh Asgary2* 1Physiology Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 2Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 3School of pharmacy and pharmaceutical research center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 4Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article Type: Introduction: There is no certain result in the field of industrial pharmacy approaching to Original find effective drugs in prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, like the control of lipid factors that are major risk factors of atherosclerosis. This study was designed to evaluate the Article History: effects of Gundelia tournefortii on atherosclerosis biomarkers by measuring some biochemical Received: 4 January 2017 factors and formation of fatty streaks. Accepted: 26 August 2017 Methods: In this preclinical study, 20 male rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups as normal diet, cholesterol diet, normal diet supplemented with G. tournefortii extract, and Keywords: cholesterol diet supplemented with G. tournefortii extract. Fasting blood samples were taken Gundelia tournefortii at the first and end of the study. Lipoproteins, Apo lipoproteins, fasting blood sugar (FBS), low Atherosclerosis density lipoproteins (LDL), factor VII and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. For each Cholesterol animal, histopathology of right coronary artery, left coronary artery and aorta were also studied. Fatty streak Results: Significant decrease in the fatty streak formation was observed in the group receiving cholesterol-rich diet supplemented with G. tournefortii. There were not any significant changes in measured biochemical factors except for significant reduction in factor VII when G. tournefortii was supplemented with high cholesterol diet. Conclusion: Gundelia tournefortii decreases atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic diet especially by decreasing coagulating factors like factor VII. Hence, it might be beneficial in prevention of atherosclerosis. Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: Gundelia tournefortii is able to decrease atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic diet rabbits, hence, it might be beneficial in prevention of atherosclerosis. Please cite this paper as: Rafiee L, Keshvari M, Movahedian Atar A, Hamidzadeh Z, Dashti GR, Rafieian-Kopaei M, et al. Effect of Gundelia tournefortii L. on some cardiovascular risk factors in an animal model. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2017;6(4):191-195. Introduction On the other hand people’s inclinations for using herbal Cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to atherosclerosis is medicines have increased all over the world (4). Botanical the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world dietary supplements (herbs) can ameliorate inflammatory (1). Atherosclerosis is a complex disease, involving many process and prevent CVD at many steps in the process. cell types and circulating mediators and resulting in an Many herbs have antioxidant activity and can reduce low- inflammatory state (2). Atherosclerotic lesions form de density lipoprotein oxidation (4). Gundelia tournefortii is novo from focal accumulation of lipoproteins, monocyte- a spiny, thistle-like flowering plant of the genus Gundelia. derived macrophages, and lymphocytes within the arterial It occurs in the semi-desert areas of Syria, Palestine, wall (2). These lesions can develop as early as the second Iran, Iraq and Armenia (5). G. tournefortii is found as decade of life and progress into clinical disease over a wild herb growing during late winter and early spring time. However, despite recent advances in cardiology, on the hills in western and southern parts of Iran (6). G. atherosclerosis remains an important medical problem (3). tournefortii is used as an occasional food. In the Persian *Corresponding author: Sedigheh Asgary, Tel: 00983133359090, Fax: 0983133373435, Email: [email protected] Rafiee L et al folk medicine, the stalk of plant has been considered to be in means of biochemical factors and fatty streak scores hepatoprotective and blood purifier (6). The present study between groups were statistically analyzed by non- was designed to examine whether G. tournefortii could parametric one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). P prevent atherosclerosis by effect on some biochemical values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. A factors and formation of fatty streaks. computer program (SPSS 13.0, SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Materials and Methods Fresh edible stalk of G. tournefortii was collected during Results April 2006 from rural areas around Yasooj, southern Iran. The severity of aortic atherosclerosis, as judged by The voucher specimen with code 1780 was deposited gross grading, was more marked in the group fed only in the pharmacology department of medical science of with cholesterol. The control group did not show any Isfahan University. evidence of atherosclerosis. Histological findings showed Twenty albino male rabbits with the mean weight of significant increase in the fatty streak formation in rich 1500 ± 100 g and 10 weeks age were prepared from cholesterol diet compared with normal diet group in Pasteur’s Institute. Animals were fed with normal diet both left and right coronary arteries (P = 0.01, P = 0.01, (Super Fosskorn) for 2 weeks and then were randomly Respectively). In this study, significant decrease in the divided into four groups of 5 rabbits in each group. fatty streak formation was observed in the group receiving Also environmental characteristics (light, temperature cholesterol-rich diet supplemented with G. tournefortii, and access to water) were similar. For 2 months these compared with the group fed cholesterol rich diet (Figure rabbits were fed with (a) normal diet, (b) 1% cholesterol 1) (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, respectively) (Table 1). diet, (c) normal diet supplemented with G. tournefortii Statistically significant increase was found on some powder and (d) 1% cholesterol diet supplemented with G. biochemical factors like Cholesterol, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, tournefortii powder. G. tournefortii powder was used 1/4 FBS, ApoB and Factor VII of cholesterol-rich group % daily. compared with control group. Also the differences for Blood samples were collected from central ear artery of ApoA, CRP and Ox-LDL were not significant between overnight fasted rabbits before starting experiment and these two groups (Table 2). at the end of study. Plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, high- At the end of experimental period, significant increase was density cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density cholesterol observed in the amount of FBS in the group supplemented (LDL-C) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels in with G. tournefortii, compared with the control group both, before experiment and at the end of study were (Table 2). determined using an automated enzymatic assay by auto Factor VII significantly decrease and FBS significantly analyzer Hitachi 902. Also Apo-lipoprotein A (ApoA), increase in the group fed cholesterol rich diet Apo-lipoprotein B (ApoB), oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL), supplemented with G. tournefortii, compared with the C-reactive protein (CRP) and factor VII were measured group fed cholesterol rich diet (Table 2). at the end of experiment. ApoA and ApoB were measured enzymatically using standard PARS Azmun kits. A Quantitative CRP was measured by Immunoturbidimetry method using auto analyzer Hitachi 902. At the end of study, after anaesthetization of the rabbits with pentobarbital 5% and cutting of chest each animal FigureFigure 1a: 1a: Microanatomies Microanatomies of of left left and and right right coronary coronary arteries arteries in in rich rich cholesterol cholesterol diet. diet. was sacrificed and gross anatomic examinations and ByBy 40 40 x magnifications,x magnifications, high high grade grade of of fatty fatty streak streak formation formation was was observed. observed. pathologic investigations were performed on the subjects. Then, the right and the left coronary arteries as well as B aorta were excised and kept in 10% formalin solution FigureFigure 1a: 1a: Microanatomies Microanatomies of of left left and and right right coronary coronary arteries arteries in in rich rich cholesterol cholesterol diet. diet. to be used for pathologic evaluation. Tissue specimens ByBy 40 40 x xmagnifications, magnifications, high high grade grade of of fatty fatty streak streak formation formation was was observed. observed. were sectioned and prepared using particular histological methods and were assessed by a pathologist with respect to the presence of fatty streaks. For each animal and from each tissue specimen, either right coronary artery, left Left coronary arteries Right coronary arteries coronary artery and aorta, three consecutive sections Figure 1b: Microanatomies of left and right coronary arteries in cholesterol-rich diet supplemented with were prepared and mounted on one slide. Prepared tissue FigureFigure 1b: Microanatomies 1. (A) Microanatomies of left and right coronary of arteriesleft
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