Author’s Blurb

TK Lim (Tong Kwee Lim) obtained his Bachelor products into and out of Australia for the Middle and Masters in Agricultural Science from the East and Asian region. During his time with University of Malaya and his PhD (Botanical ACIAR, he oversaw and managed international Sciences) from the University of Hawaii. He research and development programmes in plant worked in the University of Agriculture Malaysia protection and horticulture covering a wide array for 20 years as a lecturer and Associate Professor; of crops that included fruits, plantation crops, as Principal Horticulturist for 9 years for the vegetables, culinary and medicinal herbs and Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, spices mainly in southeast Asia and the Pacifi c. Darwin, Northern Territory; 6 years as Manager In the course of his four decades of working of the Asia and Middle East Team in Plant career, he has travelled extensively worldwide to Biosecurity Australia, Department of Agriculture, many countries in South Asia, East Asia, south- Fisheries and Forestry, Australia; and 4 years as east Asia, Middle East, Europe, the Pacifi c Research Program Manager with the Australian Islands, the United States and England, and also Centre for International Agriculture Research throughout Malaysia and Australia. Since his ter- (ACIAR), Department of Foreign Affairs and tiary education days, he always had a strong pas- Trade, Australia, before he retired from public sion for crops and took an avid interest in edible service. He has published over 100 scientifi c and medicinal plants. Over the four decades, he papers including several books: ‘Guava in has taken several thousands of photographs of Malaysia: Production, Pest and Diseases’, common, known and lesser known edible, medic- ‘Durian Diseases and Disorders’, ‘Diseases of inal and non-medicinal plants, amassed local lit- Mango in Malaysia’, chapters in books, interna- erature, local indigenous knowledge and books tional refereed journals, conference proceedings and has developed and established close rapport (as editor) and technical bulletins in the areas of with many local researchers, scientists, growers plant pathology, crop protection, horticulture, and farmers during the course of his work and agronomy and quarantine science. He was also a travels. All relevant available and up-to-date reviewer of scientifi c papers for several interna- information collated on more than 1,000 species tional scientifi c journals. As Principal of edible, medicinal and non-medicinal plants Horticulturist in Darwin, he and his team were will be provided in a comprehensive reference instrumental in establishing the horticultural series fully illustrated with coloured images to industry in the Northern Territory, Australia, help in plant identifi cation. This work will cover especially on tropical fruits, vegetables, culinary scientifi c names, synonyms, common and ver- herbs, spices/medicinal herbs and tropical fl ow- nacular names, origin and distribution, agroecol- ers. During his tenure with Plant Biosecurity, he ogy, edible plant parts and uses, plant habit/ led a team responsible for conducting pest risk description, nutritive and medicinal value, other analyses and quarantine policy issues dealing uses and selected current references. Additional with the import and export of plants and plant information is provided on the medicinal uses

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 8, Flowers, 877 DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-8748-2, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 878 Author’s Blurb and pharmacological properties of the plants. horticulturists, food nutritionists, agriculturists, This work will be of signifi cant interest to botanists, herbalogists, herbologists, naturalists, scientists, researchers, practitioners (medical conservationists, extension scientists, teachers, practitioners, pharmacologists, ethnobotanists, lecturers), students and the general public. Medical Glossary

AAD Allergic airway disease, an infl ammatory Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Is an enzyme disorder of the airways caused by allergens . that degrades (through its hydrolytic activity) AAPH 2 , 2 ′-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydro- the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, producing chloride, a water- soluble azo compound used choline. extensively as a free radical generator, often in Acidosis Increased acidity, an excessively acid the study of lipid peroxidation and the charac- condition of the body fl uids. terization of antioxidants. Acne Vulgaris Also known as chronic acne, Abdominal Distension Referring to generalized usually occurring in adolescence, with come- distension of most or all of the abdomen. Also dones (blackheads), papules (red pimples), referred to as stomach bloating often caused nodules (infl amed acne spots) and pustules by a sudden increase in fi bre from consump- (small infl amed pus-fi lled lesions) on the face, tion of vegetables, fruits and beans. neck and upper part of the trunk. Abeta Aggregation Amyloid beta protein (Abeta) Acquired Immunodefi ciency Syndrome (AIDS) aggregation is associated with Alzheimer’s An epidemic disease caused by an infection disease (AD); it is a major component of the by human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV-1, extracellular plaque found in AD brains. HIV-2), a retrovirus that causes immune system Ablation Therapy The destruction of small areas failure and debilitation and is often accompa- of myocardial tissue, usually by application of nied by infections such as tuberculosis. electrical or chemical energy, in the treatment Acridone An organic compound based on the of some tachyarrhythmias. acridine skeleton, with a carbonyl group at the Abortifacient A substance that causes or induces 9 position. abortion. ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone (or corti- Abortivum A substance inducing abortion. cotropin), a polypeptide tropic hormone pro- Abscess A swollen infected, infl amed area fi lled duced and secreted by the anterior pituitary with pus in body tissues. gland. It plays a role in the synthesis and ABTS 2.2 Azinobis-3-ethylhenthiazoline- 6- secretion of gluco- and mineralo-corticosteroids sulphonic acid, a type of mediator in chemical and androgenic steroids. reaction kinetics of specifi c enzymes. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) Also A C A T Acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase. known as ‘corticotropin’, is a polypeptide ACE See angiotensin-converting enzyme. tropic hormone produced and secreted by the Acetogenins Natural products from the plants of the anterior pituitary gland. family Annonaceae; are very potent inhibitors of Activating Transcription Factor (ATF) A protein the NADH-ubiquinone reductase (Complex I) (gene) that binds to specifi c DNA sequences activity of mammalian mitochondria. regulating the transfer or transcription of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC) Enzyme that information from DNA to mRNA. catalyses the biotin-dependent carboxylation Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) A heterodimeric of acetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA. protein transcription factor that regulates gene

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 8, Flowers, 879 DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-8748-2, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 880 Medical Glossary

expression in response to a variety of stimuli, glutamate, while the A2B and A3 receptors are including cytokines, growth factors, stress and located mainly peripherally and are involved bacterial and viral infections. AP-1 in turn in infl ammation and immune responses. regulates a number of cellular processes ADH See alcohol dehydrogenase. including differentiation, proliferation and Adipocyte A fat cell involved in the synthesis apoptosis. and storage of fats. Actoprotective Increasing the body’s physical Adipocytokine Bioactive cytokines produced by performance. adipose tissues. Actoprotectors Preparations that increase the Adiponectin A protein in humans that modulates mental performance and enhance body stabil- several physiological processes, such as ity against physical loads without increasing metabolism of glucose and fatty acids, and oxygen consumption. Actoprotectors are immune responses. regarded as a subclass of adaptogens that hold Adipose Tissues Body fat, loose connective a signifi cant capacity to increase physical tissue composed of adipocytes (fat cells). performance. Adrenal Glands Star-shaped endocrine glands Acute Otitis Media (AOM) See otitis media. that sit on top of the kidneys. Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenases A group of enzymes Adrenalectomized Having had the adrenal glands that catalyses the initial step in each cycle of surgically removed. fatty acid β-oxidation in the mitochondria of Adrenergic Having to do with adrenaline (epineph- cells. rine) and/or noradrenaline (norepinephrine). Adaptogen A term used by herbalists to refer to Adrenergic Receptors A class of G protein- a natural herb product that increases the coupled receptors that are targets of the nor- body’s resistance to stresses such as trauma, adrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline stress and fatigue. (epinephrine). Adaptogenic Increasing the resistance of the Adulterant An impure ingredient added into a body to stress. preparation. Addison’s Disease Is a rare endocrine disorder. Advanced Glycation End Products ( AGEs) It occurs when the adrenal glands cannot Resultant products of a chain of chemical produce suffi cient hormones (corticosteroids). reactions after an initial glycation reaction. It is also known as chronic adrenal insuffi - AGEs may play an important adverse role in ciency, hypocortisolism or hypocorticism. process of atherosclerosis, diabetes, aging and Adenocarcinoma A cancer originating in glan- chronic renal failure. dular tissue. Aegilops An ulcer or fi stula in the inner corner Adenoma A benign tumour from a glandular of the eye. origin. Afferent Something that so conducts or carries Adenopathy Abnormal enlargement or swelling towards, such as a blood vessel, fi bre or of the lymph node. nerve. Adenosine Receptors A class of purinergic, G Agalactia Lack of milk after parturition (birth). protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as Agammaglobulinaemia An inherited disorder endogenous ligand. In humans, there are four in which there are very low levels of protec-

adenosine receptors. A1 receptors and A2A tive immune proteins called immunoglobu- play roles in the heart, regulating myocardial lins. cf. x-linked agammaglobulinaemia. oxygen consumption and coronary blood fl ow, Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) A

while the A2A receptor also has broader medical condition of elderly adults that results anti-infl ammatory effects throughout the in a loss of vision in the centre of the visual body.These two receptors also have important fi eld (the macula) because of damage to the roles in the brain, regulating the release of retina. other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and Agglutination Clumping of particles. Medical Glossary 881

Agglutinin A protein substance, such as an anti- Alexipharmic An antidote, remedy for poison. body, that is capable of causing agglutination Alexiteric A preservative against contagious (clumping) of a particular antigen. and infectious diseases and the effects of Agonist A drug that binds to a receptor of a cell poisons. and triggers a response by the cell. Algesic Endogenous substances involved in the Ague A fever (such as from malaria) that is production of pain that is associated with marked by paroxysms of chills, fever and infl ammation, e.g. serotonin, bradykinin and sweating that recurs with regular intervals. prostaglandins. AHR AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a cytosolic Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) An enzyme in the protein transcription factor. cells lining the biliary ducts of the liver. ALP AIDS See Acquired immunodefi ciency syndrome. levels in plasma will rise with large bile duct Akathisia A movement disorder in which there obstruction, intrahepatic cholestasis or infi l- is an urge or need to move the legs to stop trative diseases of the liver. ALP is also unpleasant sensations. Also called restless present in bone and placental tissues. leg syndrome, the disorder is often caused by Allergenic Having the properties of an antigen long-term use of antipsychotic medications. (allergen), immunogenic. AKT Serine/threonine kinase (also known as Allergic Pertaining to, caused, affected with or protein kinase B or PKB) plays a critical the nature of the allergy. regulatory role in diverse cellular processes, Allergic Conjunctivitis I n fl ammation of the tissue including cancer progression and insulin lining the eyelids (conjunctiva) due to allergy. metabolism. Allergy A hypersensitivity state induced by Akt Signalling Pathway Akt are protein kinases exposure to a particular antigen (allergen) involved in mammalian cellular signalling resulting in harmful immunologic reactions which inhibits apoptotic processes. on subsequent exposures. The term is usually Akt/FoxO Pathway Cellular processes involving used to refer to hypersensitivity to an environ- Akt and FoxO transcription factors that play a mental antigen (atopic allergy or contact role in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. dermatitis) or to drug allergy. Akt/GSK-3β/eNOS Phosphorylation Amplifi es Allodynia A painful response to a normally serotonin 5-HT2B receptor blockade mediated innocuous stimulus. anti-hypertrophic effects. Allogeneic Cells or tissues which are geneti- Alanine Transaminase (ALT) Also called serum cally different because they are derived from glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) or separate individuals of the same species. Also alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), an enzyme refers to a type of immunological reaction that present in hepatocytes (liver cells). When a occurs when cells are transplanted into a cell is damaged, it leaks this enzyme into the genetically different recipient. blood. Allografts Or homografts, a graft between indi- ALAT (Alanine Aminotransferase) See alanine viduals of the same species, but of different transaminase. genotypes. Albumin Water-soluble proteins found in egg Alloknesis Itch produced by innocuous mechani- white, blood serum, milk, various animal tissues cal stimulation. and plant juices and tissues. Allostasis The process of achieving stability, or Albuminuria Excessive amount of albumin in homeostasis, through physiological or behav- the urine, a symptom of severe kidney disease. ioural change. Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) An enzyme Alopecia Is the loss of hair on the body. involved in the breakdown of alcohol. Alopecia Areata Is a particular disorder affect- Aldose Reductase, Aldehyde Reductase A n ing hair growth (loss of hair) in the scalp and enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism that elsewhere. converts glucose to sorbitol. ALP See alkaline phosphatase. 882 Medical Glossary

Alpha-Adrenoceptor Receptors postulated to spinal cord that control voluntary muscle exist on nerve cell membranes of the sympa- movement. thetic nervous system in order to explain the Amyotrophy Progressive wasting of muscle specifi city of certain agents that affect only tissues. adj . amyotrophic. some sympathetic activities (such as vasocon- Anaemia A blood disorder in which the blood is striction and relaxation of intestinal muscles defi cient in red blood cells and in haemoglobin. and contraction of smooth muscles). Anaesthesia Condition of having sensation Alpha Amylase (α-amylase ) A major form of temporarily suppressed. amylase found in humans and other mammals Anaesthetic A substance that decreases partially that cleaves alpha-bonds of large, alpha-linked or totally nerve the sense of pain. polysaccharides, such as starch and glycogen, Analeptic A central nervous system (CNS) yielding glucose. stimulant medication. ALT See Alanine transaminase. Analgesia Term describing relief, reduction or Alterative A medication or treatment which suppression of pain. adj . analgetic. gradually induces a change and restores healthy Analgesic A substance that relieves or reduces functions without sensible evacuations. pain. Alveolar Macrophage A vigorously phagocytic Anaphoretic An antiperspirant. macrophage on the epithelial surface of lung Anaphrodisiac Or antiaphrodisiac is something alveoli that ingests carbon and other inhaled that reduces or blunts the libido. particulate matter. Also called coniophage or Anaphylactic Adj . See anaphylaxis. dust cell. Anaphylatoxins Are fragments (C3a, C4a or C5a) Alzheimer’s Disease A degenerative, organic, that are produced during the pathways of the mental disease characterized by progressive complement system. They can trigger release brain deterioration and dementia, usually of substances of endothelial cells, mast cells occurring after the age of 50. or phagocytes, which produce a local infl am- Amastigote Refers to a cell that does not have any matory response. fl agella, used mainly to describe a certain phase Anaphylaxis A severe, life-threatening allergic in the life cycle of trypanosome protozoans. response that may be characterized by symp- Amenorrhaea The condition when a woman toms such as reduced blood pressure, wheezing, fails to have menstrual periods. vomiting or diarrhoea. Amidolytic Cleavage of the amide structure. Anaplasia A reversion of differentiation in cells Amoebiasis State of being infected by amoeba and is characteristic of malignant neoplasms such as Entamoeba histolytica . (tumours). Amoebicidal Lethal to amoeba. Anaplastic Adj . See anaplasia. AMPK (5′ AMP-Activated Protein Kinase) O r Anasarca Accumulation of great quantity of 5′ adenosine monophosphate- activated protein fl uid in body tissues. kinase, enzyme that plays a role in cellular Androgen Male sex hormone in vertebrates. energy homeostasis. Androgens may be used in patients with breast Amygdalitis I n fl ammation of one or both ton- cancer to treat recurrence of the disease. sils, tonsilitis. Android Adiposity Centric fat distribution pat- Amyloid Beta (Aβ or Abeta) A peptide of terns with increased disposition towards the 39–43 amino acids that appear to be the main abdominal area, visceral fat—apple-shaped. constituent of amyloid plaques in the brains of cf. gynoid adiposity. Alzheimer’s disease patients. Andrology Branch of medicine concerned with Amyloidosis A disorder that results from the reproductive diseases in men. abnormal deposition of the protein, amyloid, Anencephaly A cephalic disorder that results in various tissues of the body. from a neural tube defect that occurs when the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Or ALS, is a cephalic (head) end of the neural tube fails to disease of the motor neurons in the brain and Medical Glossary 883

close, resulting in the absence of a major por- Annexitis Also called adnexitis, a pelvic infl am- tion of the brain, skull and scalp. matory disease involving the infl ammation of Aneugen An agent that affects cell division and the ovaries or fallopian tubes. the mitotic spindle apparatus, causing the loss Anodyne A substance that relieves or soothes or gain of whole chromosomes, thereby induc- pain by lessening the sensitivity of the brain or ing aneuploidy. adj . aneugenic. nervous system. Also called an analgesic. Angina Pectoris, angina Chest pain or chest Anoikis Apoptosis that is induced by inadequate discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle or inappropriate cell–matrix interactions. does not get enough blood. Anorectal Relating to the rectum and anus. Angioedema Rapid swelling of the dermis, sub- Anorectics Appetite suppressants, substances cutaneous tissues, mucosa and submucosal which reduce the desire to eat. Used on a tissues caused by small blood vessels leaking short-term basis clinically to treat obesity. fl uid into these tissues. Also called anorexigenics. Angiogenic Adj . See angiogenesis. Anorexia Lack or loss of desire to eat. Angiogenesis A physiological process involving Anorexic Having no appetite to eat. the growth of new blood vessels from pre- Anorexigenics See Anorectics. existing vessels. Anosmia Inability to perceive odour, reduced Angioplasty Medical procedure used to open sense of smell. obstructed or narrowed blood vessel resulting Anoxia Absence of oxygen supply. usually from atherosclerosis. Antagonist A substance that acts against and Angiotensin An oligopeptide hormone in the blocks an action. blood that causes blood vessels to constrict Antalgic A substance used to relive a painful and drives blood pressure up. It is part of the condition. renin–angiotensin system. Antecubital Vein This vein is located in the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) A n antecubital fossa—the area of the arm in front exopeptidase, a circulating enzyme that partici- of the elbow. pates in the body’s renin–angiotensin system Anterior Uveitis Is the most common form of (RAS) which mediates extracellular volume ocular infl ammation that often causes a pain- (i.e. that of the blood plasma, lymph and inter- ful red eye. stitial fl uid) and arterial vasoconstriction. Anthelmintic An agent or substance that is Anguillulosis A parasitosis caused by the intes- destructive to worms and used for expulsion tinal nematode Strongyloides stercoralis (round of internal parasitic worms in animals and worm). humans. Anisakiasis A human parasitic infection of the Anthocyanins A subgroup of antioxidant fl avo- gastrointestinal tract caused by the consump- noids, are glucosides of anthocyanidins. tion of raw or undercooked seafood containing Which are benefi cial to health. They occur as larvae of the nematode Anisakis simplex . water-soluble vacuolar pigments that may Anisonucleosis A morphological manifestation appear red, purple or blue according to pH in of nuclear injury characterized by variation in plants. the size of the cell nuclei. Anthrax A bacterial disease of cattle and ship Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Is a type of that can be transmitted to man though unpro- infl ammatory arthritis that targets the joints of cessed wool. the spine. Anthropometric Pertaining to the study of Annexin V Or annexin A5 is a member of the human body measurements. annexin family of intracellular proteins that Antiamoebic A substance that destroys or binds to phosphatidylserine (PS) in a calcium- suppresses parasitic amoebae. dependent manner. Antiamyloidogenic Compounds that inhibit the formation of Alzheimer’s β-amyloid fi brils 884 Medical Glossary

(fAβ) from amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) and desta- Antidiarrhoeal Having the property of stop- bilize fAβ. ping or correcting diarrhoea, an agent having Antianaphylactic Agent that can prevent the such action. occurrence of anaphylaxis (life-threatening Antidopaminergic A term for a chemical allergic response). that prevents or counteracts the effects of Antiangiogenic A drug or substance used to dopamine. stop the growth of tumours and progression of Antidote A remedy for counteracting a poison. cancers by limiting the pathologic formation Antidrepanocytary Anti-sickle cell anaemia. of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). Antidysenteric An agent used to reduce or treat Antiarrhythmic A substance to correct irregular dysentery and diarrhoea. heartbeats and restore the normal rhythm. Antidyslipidaemic Agent that will reduce the Antiasthmatic Drug that treats or ameliorates abnormal amount of lipids and lipoproteins in asthma. the blood. Antiatherogenic That protects against athero- Antiemetic An agent that stops vomiting and genesis, the formation of atheromas (plaques) nausea. in arteries. Anti-epileptic A drug used to treat or prevent Antibacterial Substance that kills or inhibits convulsions, anticonvulsant. bacteria. Antifebrile A substance that reduces fever, also Antibilious An agent or substance which helps called antipyretic. remove excess bile from the body. Antifeedant Preventing something from being Antibiotic A chemical substance produced by a eaten. microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit Antifertility Agent that inhibits formation of the growth of or to kill other microorganisms. ova and sperm and disrupts the process of Antiblennorrhagic A substance that treats fertilization (antizygotic). blennorrhagia, a conjunctival infl ammation Anti- fi brosis Preventing/retarding the develop- resulting in mucus discharge. ment of fi brosis, i.e. excessive growth and Antibody A gamma globulin protein produced activity of fi broblasts. by a kind of white blood cell called the plasma Antifi larial Effective against human fi larial cell in the blood used by the immune system worms. to identify and neutralize foreign objects Antifungal An agent that kills or inhibits the (antigen). growth of fungi. Anticarcinomic A substance that kills or inhib- Antiganacratia Anti-menstruation. its carcinomas (any cancer that arises in epi- Antigastralgic Preventing or alleviating gastric thelium/tissue cells). colic. Anticephalalgic Headache-relieving or preventing. Antigen A substance that prompts the produc- Anticestodal A chemical destructive to tion of antibodies and can cause an immune tapeworms. response. adj . antigenic. Anticholesterolemic A substance that can pre- Antigenotoxic An agent that inhibits DNA vent the buildup of cholesterol. adduct formation, stimulates DNA repair Anticlastogenic Having a suppressing effect of mechanisms and possesses antioxidant chromosomal aberrations. functions. Anticoagulant A substance that thins the blood Antihaemorrhagic An agent which stops or and acts to inhibit blood platelets from stick- prevents bleeding. ing together. Antihematic Agent that stops vomiting. Antidepressant A substance that suppresses Antihepatotoxic Counteracting injuries to the depression or sadness. liver. Antidiabetic A substance that prevents or alle- Antiherpetic Having activity against Herpes viates diabetes. Also called antidiabetogenic. Simplex Virus (HSV). Medical Glossary 885

Antihistamine An agent used to counteract the ation of neoplasms that may become malignant effects of histamine production in allergic by targeting the DNA. reactions. Antineuralgic A substance that stops intense Antihyperalgesia The ability to block enhanced intermittent pain, usually of the head or face, sensitivity to pain, usually produced by nerve caused by neuralgia. injury or infl ammation, to nociceptive stimuli. Antinociception Reduction in pain: a reduction adj . antihyperalgesic. in pain sensitivity produced within neurons Antihypercholesterolaemia Term to describe when an endorphin or similar opium-containing lowering of cholesterol level in the blood or substance opioid combines with a receptor. blood serum. Antinociceptive Having an analgesic effect. Antihypercholesterolaemic Agent that lowers Antinutrient Are natural or synthetic compounds cholesterol level in the blood or blood serum. that interfere with the absorption of nutrients Antihyperlidaemic Promoting a reduction of and are commonly found in food sources and lipid levels in the blood or an agent that has beverages. this action. Anti-oedematous Reduces or suppresses oedema. Antihypersensitive A substance used to treat Antioestrogen A substance that inhibits the excessive reactivity to any stimuli. biological effects of female sex hormones. Antihypertensive A drug used in medicine and Antiophidian Anti venoms of snake. pharmacology to treat hypertension (high Antiosteoporotic Substance that can prevent blood pressure). osteoporosis. Anti- infl ammatory A substance used to reduce Antiovulatory Substance suppressing ovulation. or prevent infl ammation. Antioxidant A chemical compound or substance Antileishmanial Inhibiting the growth and pro- that inhibits oxidation and protects against liferation of Leishmania a genus of fl agellate free radical activity and lipid oxidation such protozoans that are parasitic in the tissues of as vitamin E, vitamin C or beta-carotene vertebrates. (converted to vitamin B), carotenoids and Antileprotic Therapeutically effective against fl avonoids which are thought to protect body leprosy. cells from the damaging effects of oxidation. Antileukaemic Anticancer drugs that are used Many foods including fruit and vegetables con- to treat leukaemia. tain compounds with antioxidant properties. Antilithiatic An agent that reduces or sup- Antioxidants may also reduce the risks of cancer presses urinary calculi (stones) and acts to and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). dissolve those already present. Antioxytocic Inhibiting premature labour. cf. Antilithogenic Inhibiting the formation of tocolytic. calculi (stones). Antipaludic Antimalarial. Antimalarial An agent used to treat malaria Antiperiodic Substance that prevents the recur- and/or kill the malaria-causing organism, rence of symptoms of a disease, e.g. malaria. Plasmodium spp. Antiperspirant A substance that inhibits sweat- Antimelanogenesis Obstruct production of ing. Also called antisudorifi c, anaphoretic. melanin. Antiphlogistic A traditional term for a sub- Antimicrobial A substance that destroys or stance used against infl ammation, an anti- inhibits growth of disease-causing bacteria, infl ammatory. viruses, fungi and other microorganisms. Antiplasmodial Suppressing or destroying Antimitotic Inhibiting or preventing mitosis. plasmodia. Antimutagenic An agent that inhibits mutations. Antiplatelet Agent Drug that decreases platelet Antimycotic Antifungal. aggregation and inhibits thrombus formation. Antineoplastic Said of a drug intended to Antiproliferative Preventing or inhibiting the inhibit or prevent the maturation and prolifer- reproduction of similar cells. 886 Medical Glossary

Antiprostatic Drug to treat the prostate. Antivinous An agent or substance that treats Antiprotozoal Suppressing the growth or repro- addiction to alcohol. duction of protozoa. Antiviral Substance that destroys or inhibits the Antipruritic Alleviating or preventing itching. growth and viability of infectious viruses. Antipyretic A substance that reduces fever or Antivomitive A substance that reduces or sup- quells it. Also known as antithermic. presses vomiting. Antirheumatic Relieving or preventing Antizygotic See antifertility. rheumatism. Anuria Absence of urine production and excre- Antiscorbutic A substance or plant rich in vita- tion. adj . anuric. min C that is used to counteract scurvy. Anxiogenic Substance that causes anxiety. Antisecretory Inhibiting or diminishing secretion. Anxiolytic A drug prescribed for the treatment Antisense Refers to antisense RNA strand of symptoms of anxiety. because its sequence of nucleotides is the APAF- 1 Apoptotic protease activating factor 1. complement of message sense. When mRNA Apelin Also known as APLN, a peptide which forms a duplex with a complementary anti- in humans is encoded by the APLN gene. sense RNA sequence, translation of the mRNA Aperient A substance that acts as a mild laxa- into the protein is blocked. This may slow or tive by increasing fl uids in the bowel. halt the growth of cancer cells. Aperitif An appetite stimulant. Antiseptic Preventing decay or putrefaction, a Aphonia Loss of the voice resulting from dis- substance inhibiting the growth and develop- ease, injury to the vocal cords or various psy- ment of microorganisms. chological causes, such as hysteria. Anti-sickling Agent An agent used to prevent or Aphrodisiac An agent that increases sexual reverse the pathological events leading to sick- activity and libido and/or improves sexual ling of erythrocytes in sickle cell conditions. performance. Antispasmodic A substance that relieves spasms Aphthae White, painful oral ulcer of unknown or inhibits the contraction of smooth muscles; cause. smooth muscle relaxant, muscle relaxer. Aphthous Stomatitis A canker sore, a type of Antispermatogenic Preventing or suppressing painful oral ulcer or sore inside the mouth or the production of semen or spermatozoa. upper throat, caused by a break in the mucous Antisudorifi c See antiperspirant. membrane. Also called aphthous ulcer. Antisyphilitic A drug (or other chemical agent) Aphthous Ulcer Also known as a canker sore, is that is effective against syphilis. a type of oral ulcer, which presents as a painful Antithermic A substance that reduces fever and open sore inside the mouth or upper throat. temperature. Also known as antipyretic. Apnoea Suspension of external breathing. Antithrombotic Preventing or interfering with Apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) A major protein the formation of thrombi. component of high-density lipoprotein Antitoxin An antibody with the ability to neu- (HDL) in plasma. The protein promotes tralize a specifi c toxin. cholesterol effl ux from tissues to the liver Antitumoral Substance that acts against the for excretion. growth, development or spread of a tumour. Apolipoprotein B (APOB) Is the primary apo- Antitussive A substance that depresses coughing. lipoprotein of low-density lipoproteins (LDL Antiulcerogenic An agent used to protect or ‘bad cholesterol’), which is responsible for against the formation of ulcers, or is used for carrying cholesterol to tissues. the treatment of ulcers. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) The apolipoprotein Antivenin An agent used against the venom of a found on intermediate-density lipoprotein and snake, spider or other venomous animal or chylomicron that binds to a specifi c receptor insect. on liver and peripheral cells. Medical Glossary 887

Apoplexy Unconsciousness or incapacity of the Arsenism An incommunicable disease resulting brain to function resulting from a cerebral from the ingestion of ground water containing haemorrhage or stroke. unsafe levels of arsenic, also known as Apoprotein The protein moiety of a molecule arsenicosis. or complex, as of a lipoprotein. Arteriogenic Erectile Dysfunction A penis Apoptogenic Ability to cause death of cells. dysfunction caused by the narrowing of the Apoptosis Death of cells. arteries in the penis, decreasing blood infl ow Appendicitis Is a condition characterized by to it, thus making erection impossible. infl ammation of the appendix. Also called Arteriosclerosis Imprecise term for various epityphlitis. disorders of arteries, particularly hardening Appetite Stimulant A substance to increase or due to fi brosis or calcium deposition, often stimulate the appetite. Also called aperitif. used as a synonym for atherosclerosis. APPT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Arthralgia Is pain in the joints from many time) A blood test, a measure of the part of possible causes. the blood clotting pathway. Arthritis I n fl ammation of the joints of the body. Apurinic Lyase A DNA enzyme that catalyses Arthrodynia An affection characterized by a chemical reaction. pain in or about a joint. Arachidonate Cascade Includes the cyclooxy- Arthus Reaction An allergic reaction of the genase (COX) pathway to form prostanoids immediate hypersensitive type that results and the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway to from the union of antigen and antibody, with generate several oxygenated fatty acids, col- complement present, in blood vessel walls. lectively called eicosanoids. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) A ligand- ARE Antioxidant response element is a tran- activated transcription factor best known for scriptional control element that mediates mediating the toxicity of dioxin and other expression of a set of antioxidant proteins. exogenous contaminants and is responsible Aribofl avinosis A condition caused by the dietary for their toxic effects, including immuno- defi ciency of ribofl avin that is characterized by suppression. mouth lesions, seborrhoea and vascularization. ASAT or AST Aspartate aminotransferase; see Aromatase An enzyme involved in the produc- aspartate transaminase. tion of estrogen that acts by catalysing the ASBT Apical sodium dependent bile acid trans- conversion of testosterone (an androgen) to porter; belongs to the solute carrier family estradiol (an estrogen). Aromatase is located (SLC) of transporters and is an important car- in estrogen-producing cells in the adrenal rier protein expressed in the small intestine. glands, ovaries, placenta, testicles, adipose Ascaris A genus of parasitic intestinal round (fat) tissue and brain. worms. Aromatherapy A form of alternative medicine Ascites Abnormal accumulation of fl uid within that uses volatile liquid plant materials, such the abdominal or peritoneal cavity. as essential oils and other scented compounds Ascorbic Acid See vitamin C. from plants, for the purpose of affecting a Aspartate Transaminase (AST) Also called person’s mood or health. Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase Aromatic Having a pleasant, fragrant odour. (SGOT) or aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) ARPE-19 Cells A human retinal pigment epi- is similar to ALT in that it is another enzyme thelial cell line with differentiated properties. associated with liver parenchymal cells. It is Arrhythmias Abnormal heart rhythms that can increased in acute liver damage, but is also cause the heart to pump less effectively. Also present in red blood cells, and cardiac and called dysrhythmias. skeletal muscle and is therefore not specifi c to Arsenicosis See arsenism. the liver. 888 Medical Glossary

Asphyxia Failure or suppression of the respira- Atherosclerosis The condition in which an tory process due to obstruction of air fl ow to artery wall thickens as the result of a buildup the lungs or to the lack of oxygen in inspired of fatty materials such as cholesterol. air. Atherothrombosis Medical condition charac- Asphyxiation The process of undergoing terized by an unpredictable, sudden disruption asphyxia. (rupture or erosion/fi ssure) of an atheroscle- Asthenia A nonspecifi c symptom characterized rotic plaque, which leads to platelet activation by loss of energy, strength and feeling of and thrombus formation. weakness. Athlete’s Foot A contagious skin disease caused Asthenopia Weakness or fatigue of the eyes, by parasitic fungi affecting the foot, hands, usually accompanied by headache and dim- causing itching, blisters and cracking. Also ming of vision. adj . asthenopic. called dermatophytosis. Asthma A chronic illness involving the respira- Athymic Mice Laboratory mice lacking a thymus tory system in which the airway occasionally gland. constricts, becomes infl amed, and is lined Atonic Lacking normal tone or strength. with excessive amounts of mucus, often in Atony Insuffi cient muscular tone. response to one or more triggers. Atopic Dermatitis An infl ammatory, non- Astringent A substance that contracts blood contagious, pruritic skin disorder of unknown vessels and certain body tissues (such as aetiology; often called eczema. mucous membranes) with the effect of reduc- Atresia A congenital medical condition in ing secretion and excretion of fl uids and/or which a body orifi ce or passage in the body is has a drying effect. abnormally closed or absent. Astrocytes Collectively called astroglia, are Atretic Follicle Follicular atresia is the break- characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the down of the ovarian follicles. brain and spinal cord. Atretic Ovarian Follicles An involuted or Ataxia (Loss of coordination) results from the closed ovarian follicle. degeneration of nerve tissue in the spinal cord Atrial Fibrillation Is the most common cardiac and of nerves that control muscle movement arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) and in the arms and legs. involves the two upper chambers (atria) of the Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-Related heart; the most serious consequence of atrial Protein (ATR) Also known as serine/ fi brillation is ischaemic stroke. threonine- protein kinase ATR, FRAP-related Atrioventricular Node A node of specialized protein 1 (FRP1), is an enzyme encoded by heart muscle located in the septal wall of the the ATR gene. It is involved in sensing DNA right atrium; receives impulses from the sino- damage and activating the DNA damage atrial node and directs them to the walls of the checkpoint, leading to cell cycle arrest. ventricles. Atelectasis The collapse or closure of the lung Attention- Defi cit Hyperactivity Disorder resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange. (ADHD, ADD or AD/HD) Is a neurobehav- ATF-2 Activating transcription factor 2. ioral developmental disorder, primarily char- Atherogenesis The formation of lipid deposits acterized by the coexistence of attentional in the arteries. problems and hyperactivity. Atherogenic Having the capacity to start or Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) Also accelerate the process of atherogenesis. called brainstem evoked response (BSER) is Atheroma A deposit or degenerative accumula- an electrical signal evoked from the brainstem tion of lipid-containing plaques on the inner- of a human by the presentation of a sound most layer of the wall of an artery. such as a click. Medical Glossary 889

Augmerosen A drug that may kill cancer cells Balanitis Is an infl ammation of the glans (head) by blocking the production of a protein that of the penis. makes cancer cells live longer. Also called BALB/c Mice Balb/c mouse was developed in bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide. 1923 by McDowell. It is a popular strain and Auricular Of or relating to the auricle or the ear is used in many different research disciplines, in general. but most often in the production of monoclo- Aurones [2-Benzylidenebenzofuran- 3(2H)- nal antibodies. ones] are the secondary plant metabolites and Balm Aromatic oily resin from certain trees and is a subgroup of fl avonoids. See fl avonoids. shrubs used in medicine. Autoantibodies Antibodies manufactured by the Baroreceptor A type of interoceptor that is immune system that mistakenly target and stimulated by pressure changes, as those in damage specifi c tissues and organs of the body. blood vessel wall. Autolysin An enzyme that hydrolyses and Barrett’s Oesophagus (Barrett Oesophagitis) destroys the components of a biological cell or A disorder in which the lining of the oesopha- a tissue in which it is produced. gus is damaged by stomach acid. Autonomic Disorder A neurological disease in Basophil A type of white blood cell with coarse which the autonomic nervous system ceases to granules within the cytoplasm and a bilobate function properly. (two-lobed) nucleus. Autophagy Digestion of the cell contents by Bax/Bad Proapoptotic proteins. enzymes in the same cell. B-Cell Activating Factor (BAFF) Also called Autopsy Examination of a cadaver to determine tumour necrosis factor ligand superfamily or confi rm the cause of death. member 13B. It plays an important role in the Avenanthramides Low molecular weight, solu- proliferation and differentiation of B cells. ble phenolic compounds found in oats. BCL-2 A family of apoptosis regulator proteins Avidity Index Describes the collective interac- in humans encoded by the B-cell lymphoma 2 tions between antibodies and a multivalent (BCL-2) gene. antigen. BCL-2 Antisense Oligonucleotide S e e Avulsed Teeth Is tooth that has been knocked augmereson. out. BCR/ABL A chimeric oncogene, from fusion Ayurvedic Traditional Hindu system of medi- of BCR and ABL cancer genes associated cine based largely on homeopathy and with chronic myelogenous leukaemia. naturopathy. Bechic A remedy or treatment of cough. Azoospermia Is the medical condition of a male Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis not having any measurable level of sperm in (BNST) Acts as a relay site within the his semen. hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and reg- Azotaemia A higher than normal blood level of ulates its activity in response to acute stress. urea or other nitrogen containing compounds Belching or Burping Refers to the noisy release in the blood. of air or gas from the stomach through the Babesia A protozoan parasite (malaria-like) of mouth. the blood that causes a haemolytic disease Beri-Beri Is a disease caused by a defi ciency of

known as Babesiosis. thiamine (vitamin B 1) that affects many sys- Babesiosis Malaria-like parasitic disease caused tems of the body, including the muscles, heart, by Babesia, a genus of protozoal piroplasms. nerves and digestive system. Back Tonus Normal state of balanced tension in Beta-Carotene Naturally occurring retinol the tissues of the back. (vitamin A) precursor obtained from certain Bactericidal Lethal to bacteria. fruits and vegetables with potential antineo- BAFF A cytokine that belongs to the tumour plastic and chemopreventive activities. As an necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. antioxidant, beta-carotene inhibits free radical 890 Medical Glossary

damage to DNA. This agent also induces cell Biliousness Old term used in the eighteenth differentiation and apoptosis of some tumour and nineteenth centuries pertaining to bad cell types, particularly in early stages of digestion, stomach pains, constipation and tumorigenesis, and enhances immune system excessive fl atulence. activity by stimulating the release of natural Bilirubin A breakdown product of heme killer cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes. (a part of haemoglobin in red blood cells) Beta- Catenin Is a multifunctional oncogenic produced by the liver that is excreted in bile protein that contributes fundamentally to cell which causes a yellow discoloration of the development and biology; it has been impli- skin and eyes when it accumulates in those cated as an integral component in the Wnt organs. signalling pathway. Biotin Also known as vitamin B7. See vitamin B7. Beta Cells A type of cell in the pancreas in areas Bitter A medicinal agent with a bitter taste and called the islets of Langerhans. used as a tonic, alterative or appetizer. Beta Glucans Polysaccharides of D -glucose Blackhead See comedone. monomers linked by β-glycosidic bonds, Blackwater Fever Dangerous complication of (1 → 3), (1 → 4)-β-D -glucan, soluble, viscous malaria whereby the red blood cells burst in component of fi bres found in cereals like oats. the bloodstream, (haemolysis) releasing hae- Beta-Lactamase Enzymes produced by some moglobin directly into the blood. bacteria that are responsible for their resistance Blain See chilblain. to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins. Blastocyst Blastocyst is an embryonic structure Beta-Thalassemia An inherited blood disorder formed in the early embryogenesis of mam- that reduces the production of haemoglobin. mals, after the formation of the morula, but BHT Butylated hydroxytoluene (phenolic com- before implantation. pound), an antioxidant used in foods, cosmet- Blastocystotoxic Agent that suppresses further ics, pharmaceuticals and petroleum products. development of the blastocyst through to the BID The only known Bcl-2 family member that ovum stage. can function as an agonist of proapoptotic Blebbing Bulging, e.g. membrane blebbing also Bcl-2-related proteins such as Bax and Bak. called membrane bulging or ballooning. Bifi dobacterium Is a genus of Gram-positive, Bleeding Diathesis Is an unusual susceptibility non-motile, often branched anaerobic bacteria. to bleeding (haemorrhage) due to a defect in Bifi dobacteria are one of the major genera of the system of coagulation. bacteria that make up the gut fl ora. Blennorrhaea Inordinate discharge of mucus, Bifi dobacteria aid in digestion, are associated especially a gonorrhaeal discharge from the with a lower incidence of allergies and also urethra or vagina. prevent some forms of tumour growth. Some Blennorrhagia Gonorrhea. bifi dobacteria are being used as probiotics. Blepharitis I n fl ammation of the eyelids. Bifi dogenic Promoting the growth of (benefi - Blister Thin vesicle on the skin containing cial) bifi dobacteria in the intestinal tract. serum and caused by rubbing, friction or burn. Bile Fluid secreted by the liver and discharged Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) Is a separation of into the duodenum where it is integral in the circulating blood and cerebrospinal fl uid digestion and absorption of fats. (CSF) in the central nervous system (CNS). Bilharzia, Bilharziosis See schistosomiasis. It allows essential metabolites, such as oxygen Biliary Relating to the bile or the organs in and glucose, to pass from the blood to the which the bile is contained or transported. brain and central nervous system (CNS) but Biliary Infections Infection of organ(s) associated blocks most molecules that are more massive with bile, comprise: (a) acute cholecystitis: an than about 500 Da. acute infl ammation of the gallbladder wall; (b) Blood Stasis Syndrome Blood stagnation or cholangitis: infl ammation of the bile ducts. slowing of blood, an important underlying Medical Glossary 891

pathology of many disease processes accord- Bronchospasm Is a diffi culty in breathing ing to traditional Chinese medicine. caused by a sudden constriction of the muscles BMPs (Bone Morphogenetic Proteins) A family in the walls of the bronchioles as occurs in of secreted signalling molecules that can asthma. induce ectopic bone growth. Brown Fat Brown adipose tissue (BAT) in BNIP3 A proapoptotic BH3-only protein which mammals, its primary function is to generate is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction body heat in animals or newborns that do not and cell death. shiver. Boil Localized pyrogenic, painful infection, Bubo I n fl amed, swollen lymph node in the neck originating in a hair follicle. or groin. Borborygmus Rumbling noise caused by the Buccal Of or relating to the cheeks or the mouth muscular contractions of peristalsis, the pro- cavity. cess that moves the contents of the stomach Bullae Blisters; circumscribed, fl uid-containing, and intestines downwards. elevated lesions of the skin, usually more than Bouillon A broth in French cuisine. 5 mm in diameter. Bowman–Birk Inhibitors Type of serine pro- Bursa A fl uid-fi lled sac or saclike cavity situated teinase inhibitor. in areas subjected to friction. Bradycardia As applied to adult medicine, is Bursitis Condition characterized by infl ammation defi ned as a resting heart rate of under 60 of one or more bursae (small sacs) of synovial beats per minute. fl uid in the body. Bradyphrenia Referring to the slowness of C Fibres Afferent fi bres found in the nerve of thought common to many disorders of the the somatic sensory system. brain. c-FOS A cellular proto-oncogene belonging to Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) A the immediate early gene family of transcrip- protein member of the neurotrophin family tion factors. that plays an important role in the growth, c-Jun-I (Ser 73) Substrate of JNK-1 activated maintenance, function and survival of neurons. by phosphorylation at Ser73. The protein molecule is involved in the modu- c-Jun II (Ser 63) Substrate of JNK-1 activated lation of cognitive and emotional functions by phosphorylation at Ser63. and in the treatment of a variety of mental C-Jun NH(2)-Terminal Kinase Enzymes that disorders. belong to the family of the MAPK superfamily Bright’s Disease Chronic nephritis. of protein kinases. These kinases mediate a Bronchial Infl ammation See bronchitis. plethora of cellular responses to such stressful Bronchiectasis A condition in which the airways stimuli, including apoptosis and production of within the lungs (bronchial tubes) become infl ammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines damaged and widened. in diverse cell systems. cf : MAPK. Bronchitis Is an infl ammation of the main air C-Kit Receptor A protein tyrosine kinase passages (bronchi) to the lungs. receptor that is specifi c for stem cell factor. Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) A medical This interaction is crucial for the development procedure in which a bronchoscope is passed of haematopoietic, gonadal and pigment stem through the mouth or nose into the lungs and cells. fl uid is squirted into a small part of the lung C-Myc Codes for a protein that binds to the and then recollected for examination. DNA of other genes and is therefore a tran- Bronchopneumonia Or bronchial pneumonia; scription factor. infl ammation of the lungs beginning in the C- Reactive Protein A protein found in the terminal bronchioles. blood the levels of which rise in response to Broncho- Pulmonary Relating to the bronchi infl ammation. and lungs. c-Src A cellular non-receptor tyrosine kinase. 892 Medical Glossary

CAAT Element-Binding Proteins-Alpha Calmodulin Is a calcium-modulated protein (c/EBP-akpha) Regulates gene expression that can bind to and regulate a multitude of in adipocytes in the liver. different protein targets, thereby affecting Cachexia Physical wasting with loss of weight, many different cellular functions. muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness caused by cAMP- Dependent Pathway Cyclic adenosine disease. monophosphate is a G protein-coupled recep- Caco-2 Cell Line A continuous line of hetero- tor triggered signalling cascade used in cell geneous human epithelial colorectal adeno- communication in living organisms. carcinoma cells. CAMP Factor Diffusible, heat-stable, extracel- Cadaver A dead body, corpse. lular protein produced by Group B streptococ- 2 + Ca ATPase (PMCA) Is a transport protein in cus that enhances the hemolysis of sheep the plasma membrane of cells that serves to erythrocytes by Staphylococcus aureus . It is remove calcium (Ca2+ ) from the cell. named after Christie, Atkins and Munch- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) Is a Peterson, who described it in 1944. 37-amino acid neuropeptide that is abundant Campylobacteriosis Is a gastrointestinal disease in the sensory neurons which innervate bone. (gastroenteritis) caused by bacteria called Calcium (Ca) Is the most abundant mineral in Campylobacter which is frequently associated the body found mainly in bones and teeth. It is with the consumption of contaminated poultry. required for muscle contraction, blood vessel Cancer A malignant neoplasm or tumour in any expansion and contraction, secretion of hor- part of the body. mones and enzymes and transmitting impulses Candidiasis Infections caused by members of throughout the nervous system. Dietary the fungus genus Candida that range from sources include milk, yoghurt, cheese, Chinese superfi cial, such as oral thrush and vaginitis, cabbage, kale, broccoli, some green leafy to systemic and potentially life-threatening vegetables, fortifi ed cereals, beverages and diseases. soybean products. Canker See chancre. Calcium ATPase Is a form of P-ATPase which Cannabinoid Receptor Family Includes CB1 transfers calcium after a muscle has cannabinoid receptors found predominantly in contracted. the brain and nervous system and CB2 canna- Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) A class of binoid receptors mainly associated with drugs and natural substances that disrupt the immune tissues and expressed at low levels in calcium (Ca2+) conduction of calcium the brain. channels. Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 (CB 2 Calciuria Abnormal presence of calcium in the Receptor) A G protein-coupled receptor urine. from the cannabinoid receptor family that are Calculi Infection Most calculi arise in the mainly expressed on T cells of the immune kidney when urine becomes supersaturated system, on macrophages and B cells and in with a salt that is capable of forming solid haematopoietic cells. crystals. Symptoms arise as these calculi Carboxypeptidase An enzyme that hydrolyses become impacted within the ureter as they the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end of a pass towards the urinary bladder. peptide bond. It is synthesized in the pancreas Calculosis The tendency or deposition to form and secreted into the small intestine. calculi or stones. Carbuncle Is an abscess larger than a boil, usu- Calculus (Calculi) Hardened, mineral deposits ally with one or more openings draining pus that can form a blockage in the urinary system. onto the skin. Caligo Dimness or obscurity of sight, depen- Carcinogenesis Production of carcinomas. adj . dent upon a speck on the cornea. carcinogenic. Medical Glossary 893

Carcinoma Any malignant cancer that arises is a mitochondrial enzyme involved in con- from epithelial cells. verting long chain fatty acid into energy. Carcinosarcoma A rare tumour containing Carotenes Are a large group of intense red carcinomatous and sarcomatous components. and yellow pigments found in all plants; Cardiac Relating to, situated near or affecting these are hydrocarbon carotenoids (subclass of the heart. tetraterpenes) and the principal carotene is Cardiac Asthma Acute attack of dyspnoea beta-carotene which is a precursor of vitamin A. with wheezing resulting from a cardiac Carotenoids A class of natural fat-soluble pig- disorder. ments found principally in plants, belonging Cardiac Hypertrophy Is a thickening of the to a subgroup of terpenoids containing 8 iso- heart muscle (myocardium) resulting in a prene units forming a C40 polyene chain. decrease chamber size, including the left and Carotenoids play an important potential role right ventricles. Common causes of cardiac in human health by acting as biological hypertrophy include high blood pressure antioxidants. See also carotenes. (hypertension) and heart valve stenosis. Carotenodermia Yellow skin discoloration Cardialgia Heartburn. caused by excess blood carotene. Cardinolides Cardiac glycosides with a Carpopedal Spasm Spasm of the hand or foot 5-membered lactone ring in the side chain of or of the thumbs and great toes. the steroid aglycone. Caspases Cysteine-aspartic acid proteases, are a Cardinolide Glycoside Cardenolides that con- family of cysteine proteases, which play tain structural groups derived from sugars. essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell Cardioactive Having an effect on the heart. death), necrosis and infl ammation. Cardiogenic Shock Is characterized by a Catalase (CAT) Enzyme in living organism that decreased pumping ability of the heart that catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen per- causes a shock-like state associated with an oxide to water and oxygen. inadequate circulation of blood due to primary Catalepsy Indefi nitely prolonged maintenance failure of the ventricles of the heart to function of a fi xed body posture, seen in severe cases of effectively. catatonic schizophrenia. Cardiomyocytes Cardiac muscle cells. Catamenia Menstruation. Cardiomyopathy Heart muscle disease. Cataplasia Degenerative reversion of cells or Cardiopathy Disease or disorder of the heart. tissue to a less differentiated form. Cardioplegia Stopping the heart so that surgical Cataplasm A medicated poultice or plaster. A procedures can proceed in a still and bloodless soft moist mass, often warm and medicated, that fi eld. is spread over the skin to treat an infl amed, ach- Cardiotonic Something which strengthens, tones ing or painful area, to improve the circulation. or regulates heart functions without overt Cataractogenesis Formation of cataracts. stimulation or depression. Catarrh, Catarrhal I n fl ammation of the mucous Cardiovascular Pertaining to the heart and membranes especially of the nose and throat. blood vessels. Catechins Are polyphenolic antioxidant plant Caries Tooth decay, commonly called cavities. metabolites. They belong to the family of fl a- Cariogenic Leading to the production of caries. vonoids; tea is a rich source of catechins. See Carminative Substance that stops the formation fl avonoids. of intestinal gas and helps expel gas that has Catecholamines Hormones that are released by already formed, relieving fl atulence: relieving the adrenal glands in response to stress. fl atulence or colic by expelling gas. Cathartic Is a substance which accelerates Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) Also defecation. known as carnitine acyltransferase I or CAT1, Caustic Having a corrosive or burning effect. 894 Medical Glossary

Cauterization A medical term describing the Cellular Respiration Is the set of the metabolic burning of the body to remove or close a part reactions and processes that take place in of it. organisms’ cells to convert biochemical Caveolae Tiny (50–100 nm) invaginations of energy from nutrients into adenosine triphos- the plasma membrane of the cell. phate (ATP), and then release waste products. CB-1 Receptor Cannabinoid receptor type 1 The reactions involved in respiration are held to be one of the most widely expressed catabolic reactions that involve the oxidation G protein-coupled receptors in the brain. of one molecule and the reduction of another. cdc2 Kinase A member of the cyclin-dependent Cellulitis A bacterial infection of the skin that protein kinases (CDKs). tends to occur in areas that have been dam- CDKs Cyclin-dependent protein kinases, a family aged or infl amed. of serine/threonine kinases that mediate many Central Nervous System Part of the vertebrate stages in mitosis. nervous system comprising the brain and CD4T Cell Helper T cell with CD4 receptor that spinal cord. recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus- Central Venous Catheter A catheter placed infected cell and secretes lymphokines that into the large vein in the neck, chest or groin. stimulate B cells and killer T cells. Cephalalgia Pain in the head, a headache. CD 28 Is one of the molecules expressed on Cephalic Relating to the head. T cells that provide co-stimulatory signals, Ceramide Oligosides Oligosides with an which are required for T cell (lymphocytes) N -acetyl-sphingosine moiety. activation. Cercariae A free-swimming larva of the para- CD31 Also known as PECAM-1 (Platelet sitic schistosome worm that has a tail and Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1), a suckers on its head for penetration into a host. member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, Cerebral Embolism A blockage of blood fl ow that mediates cell-to-cell adhesion. through a vessel in the brain by a blood clot CD36 An integral membrane protein found on that formed elsewhere in the body and trav- the surface of many cell types in vertebrate elled to the brain. animals. Cerebral Infarction Is the ischaemic kind of CD40 An integral membrane protein found on stroke due to a disturbance in the blood vessels the surface of B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, supplying blood to the brain. follicular dendritic cells, haematopoietic pro- Cerebral Ischaemia Is the localized reduction genitor cells, epithelial cells and carcinomas. of blood fl ow to the brain or parts of the brain CD68 A glycoprotein expressed on monocytes/ due to arterial obstruction or systematic macrophages which binds to low-density hyperfusion. lipoprotein. Cerebral Tonic Substance that can alleviate Cecal Ligation Tying up the cecam. poor concentration and memory, restlessness, Celiac Disease An autoimmune disorder of uneasiness and insomnia. the small intestine, triggered in genetically Cerebrosides Are glycosphingolipids which are susceptible individuals by ingested gluten important components in animal muscle and from wheat, rye, barley and other closely nerve cell membranes. related cereal grains. Peptides resulting from Cerebrovascular Disease Is a group of brain partially digested gluten of wheat, barley or dysfunctions related to disease of the blood rye cause infl ammation of the small intesti- vessels supplying the brain. nal mucosa. Cerumen Ear wax, a yellowish waxy substance Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM) Glycopro- secreted in the ear canal of humans and other teins located on the surface of cell membranes mammals. involved with binding of other cells or with cFLIP Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein, an the extracellular matrix. inhibitor of death ligand-induced apoptosis. Medical Glossary 895

cGMP Cyclic guanosine monophosphate is a Cholecystokinin A peptide hormone that plays cyclic nucleotide derived from guanosine a key role in facilitating digestion in the small triphosphate (GTP). cGMP is a common regu- intestine. lator of ion channel conductance, glycogenol- Cholelithiasis Presence of gall stones (calculi) ysis and cellular apoptosis. It also relaxes in the gall bladder. smooth muscle tissues. Cholera An infectious gastroenteritis caused by CGRP Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide A enterotoxin-producing strains of the bacterium vasodilator neuropeptide that is expressed in a Vibrio cholera and characterized by severe, subgroup of small neurons in the dorsal root watery diarrhoea. and trigeminal and vagal ganglia. This neuro- Choleretic Stimulation of the production of bile peptide has been postulated to play a role in by the liver. the pathophysiology of migraine. Cholestasis A condition caused by rapidly Chalcones A subgroup of fl avonoids. developing (acute) or long-term (chronic) Chancre A painless lesion formed during the interruption in the excretion of bile from the primary stage of syphilis. liver to the duodenum. Chaperones Are proteins that assist the non- Cholesterol A soft, waxy, steroid substance covalent folding or unfolding and the assem- found among the lipids (fats) in the blood- bly or disassembly of other macromolecular stream and in all our body’s cells. structures. Choline A water-soluble, organic compound, Chemoembolization A procedure in which the usually grouped within the Vitamin B complex. blood supply to the tumour is blocked surgi- It is an essential nutrient and is needed for cally or mechanically and anticancer drugs are physiological functions such as structural administered directly into the tumour. integrity and signalling roles for cell mem- Chemokines Are chemotactic cytokines, which branes, cholinergic neurotransmission (acetyl- stimulate migration of infl ammatory cells choline synthesis). towards tissue sites of infl ammation. Cholinergic Activated by or capable of liberating Chemonociceptors Nociceptors or sensory acetylcholine, especially in the parasympa- peripheral neurons that are sensitive to chemi- thetic nervous system. cal stimuli. Cholinergic System A system of nerve cells Chemosensitizer A drug that makes tumour cells that uses acetylcholine in transmitting nerve more sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy. impulses. Chemosis Oedema of the conjunctiva of the eye. Cholinomimetic Having an action similar to Chickenpox Is also known as varicella, is a that of acetylcholine, also called highly contagious illness caused by primary parasym pathomimetic. infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV). Choriocarcinoma A quick-growing malignant, The virus causes red, itchy bumps on the body. trophoblastic, aggressive cancer that occurs in Chilblains Small, itchy, painful lumps that a woman’s uterus (womb). develop on the skin. They develop as an abnormal Chromium (Cr) Is required in trace amounts in response to cold. Also called perniosis or blain. humans for sugar and lipid metabolism. Its Chlorosis Iron defi ciency anaemia characterized defi ciency may cause a disease called chro- by greenish yellow colour. mium defi ciency. It is found in cereals, Cholagogue Is a medicinal agent which pro- legumes, nuts and animal sources. motes the discharge of bile from the system. Chromoblastomycosis A chronic fungal Cholecalciferol A form of vitamin D, also infection of the skin and the subcutaneous called vitamin D3. See vitamin D. tissue caused by traumatic inoculation of Cholecyst Gall bladder. a specifi c group of dematiaceous fungi Cholecystitis I n fl ammation of the gall bladder. (such as Fonsecaea pedrosoi , Phialophora 896 Medical Glossary

verrucosa , Fonsecaea compacta) through Clonic Seizures Consist of rhythmic jerking the skin. movements of the arms and legs, sometimes Chromosome Long pieces of DNA found in the on both sides of the body. centre (nucleus) of cells. Clonus A series of involuntary muscular con- Chronic Persisting over extended periods. tractions and relaxations. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Clyster Enema. (COPD) A progressive disease that makes it CNS Depressant Anything that depresses, or hard to breathe. slows, the sympathetic impulses of the central Chronic Venous Insuffi ciency (CVI) A medical nervous system (i.e. respiratory rate, heart rate). condition where the veins cannot pump Coagulopathy A defect in the body’s mechanism enough oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. for blood clotting, causing susceptibility to Chronotropic Affecting the time or rate, as the bleeding. rate of contraction of the heart. Cobalamin Vitamin B12. See vitamin B12. Chyle A milky bodily fl uid consisting of lymph Co-carcinogen A chemical that promotes the and emulsifi ed fats, or free fatty acids. effects of a carcinogen in the production of Chylomicrons Are large lipoprotein particles cancer. that transport dietary lipids from the intestines Cold An acute infl ammation of the mucous to other locations in the body. Chylomicrons membrane of the respiratory tract especially are one of the fi ve major groups of lipopro- of the nose and throat caused by a virus and teins (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL) accompanied by sneezing and coughing. that enable fats and cholesterol to move within Colibacillosis Infection with Escherichia coli . the water-based solution of the bloodstream. Colic A broad term which refers to episodes of Chylous Milky (having fat emulsion). uncontrollable, extended crying in a baby who Chyluria Also called chylous urine, is a medical is otherwise healthy and well fed. condition involving the presence of chyle Colitis I n fl ammatory bowel disease affecting (emulsifi ed fat) in the urine stream, which the tissue that lines the gastrointestinal results in urine appearing milky. system. Chymase Member of the family of serine prote- Collagen Protein that is the major constituent of ases found primarily in mast cell. cartilage and other connective tissues; com- Chymopapain An enzyme derived from prises the amino acids hydroxyproline, pro- papaya, used in medicine and to tenderize line, glycine and hydroxylysine. meat. Collagenases Enzymes that break the peptide Cicatrizant The term used to describe a product bonds in collagen. that promotes healing through the formation Collyrium A lotion or liquid wash used as a of scar tissue. cleanser for the eyes, particularly in diseases Cirrhosis Chronic liver disease characterized of the eye. by replacement of liver tissue by fi brous scar Colorectal Relating to the colon or rectum. tissue and regenerative nodules/lumps leading Coma A state of unconsciousness from which a progressively to loss of liver function. patient cannot be aroused. Clastogen Is an agent that can cause one of Comedone A blocked, open sebaceous gland two types of structural changes, breaks in where the secretions oxidize, turning black. chromosomes that result in the gain, loss or Also called blackhead. rearrangements of chromosomal segments. Comitogen Agent that is considered not to adj . clastogenic. induce cell growth alone but to promote the Claudication Limping, impairment in walking. effect of the mitogen. Climacterium Refers to menopause and the Concoction A combination of crude ingredients bodily and mental changes associated with it. that is prepared or cooked together. Medical Glossary 897

Condyloma, Condylomata Acuminata Genital produce anaemia-like symptoms. Dietary warts, venereal warts, anal wart or anogenital sources include curry powder, mushroom, wart, a highly contagious sexually transmitted nuts, seeds, wheat germ, whole grains and infection caused by epidermotropic human animal meat. papillomavirus (HPV). Copulation To engage in coitus or sexual inter- Conglutination Becoming stuck together. course. adj . copulatory. Conjunctival Hyperaemia Enlarged blood ves- Cor Pulmonale Or pulmonary heart disease is sels in the eyes. enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart Conjunctivitis Sore, red and sticky eyes caused as a response to high blood pressure or by eye infection. increased resistance in the lungs. Constipation A very common gastrointestinal Cordial A preparation that is stimulating to the disorder characterized by the passing of hard, heart. dry bowel motions (stools) and diffi culty of Corn Or callus is a patch of hard, thickened skin bowel motion. on the foot that is formed in response to pres- Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR, sure or friction. NR113) Is a nuclear receptor transcription Cornifi cation Is the process of forming an epi- factor that regulates drug metabolism and dermal barrier in stratifi ed squamous epithe- homeostasis. lial tissue. Consumption Term used to describe wasting of Corpora Lutea A yellow, progesterone-secreting tissues including but not limited to tuberculosis. body that forms from an ovarian follicle after Consumptive A f fl icted with or associated with the release of a mature egg. pulmonary tuberculosis. Corticosteroids A class of steroid hormones Contraceptive An agent that reduces the likeli- that are produced in the adrenal cortex, used hood of or prevents conception. clinically for hormone replacement therapy, for Contraindication A condition which makes a suppressing ACTH secretion, for suppression particular treatment or procedure inadvisable. of immune response and as antineoplastic, Contralateral Muscle Muscle of opposite limb anti-allergic and anti- infl ammatory agents. (leg or arm). Corticosterone A 21-carbon steroid hormone Contralateral Rotation Rotation occurring or of the corticosteroid type produced in the originating in a corresponding part on an cortex of the adrenal glands. opposite side. Cortisol Is a corticosteroid hormone made by Contusion Another term for a bruise. A bruise, the adrenal glands. or contusion, is caused when blood vessels are Coryza A word describing the symptoms of a damaged or broken as the result of a blow to head cold. It describes the infl ammation of the the skin. mucus membranes lining the nasal cavity Convulsant A drug or physical disturbance that which usually gives rise to the symptoms of induces convulsion. nasal congestion and loss of smell, among Convulsion Rapid and uncontrollable shaking other symptoms. of the body. COX- 1 See cyclooxygenase-1. Coolant That which reduces body temperature. COX-2 See cyclooxygenase-2. Copper (Cu) Is essential in all plants and CpG Islands Genomic regions that contain a animals. It is found in a variety of enzymes, high frequency of CpG sites. including the copper centres of cytochrome C CpG Sites The cytosine–phosphate–guanine oxidase and the enzyme superoxide dismutase nucleotide that links two nucleosides together (containing copper and zinc). In addition to its in DNA. enzymatic roles, copper is used for biological cPLA(2) Cytosolic phospholipases A2, these electron transport. Because of its role in facili- phospholipases are involved in cell signalling tating iron uptake, copper defi ciency can often processes, such as infl ammatory response. 898 Medical Glossary

CPY1B1, CPY1A1 A member of the cytochrome anes that are each involved in the infl ammatory P450 superfamily of heme-thiolate monooxy- response. Two different COX enzymes genase enzymes. existed, now known as COX-1 and COX-2. Corticosterone A 21-carbon corticosteroid hor- Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) Is known to be mone produced in the cortex of the adrenal present in most tissues. In the gastrointestinal glands that functions in the metabolism of car- tract, COX-1 maintains the normal lining of bohydrates and proteins. the stomach. The enzyme is also involved in Creatine A nitrogenous organic acid that occurs kidney and platelet function. naturally in vertebrates and helps to supply Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Is primarily present energy to muscle. at sites of infl ammation. Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK, CK) Enzyme Cysteine Proteases Are enzymes that degrade that catalyses the conversion of creatine and polypeptides possessing a common catalytic consumes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to mechanism that involves a nucleophilic cysteine create phosphocreatine and adenosine diphos- thiol in a catalytic triad. They are found in phate (ADP). fruits like papaya, pineapple and kiwifruit. CREB cAMP response element-binding, a pro- Cystitis A common urinary tract infection that tein that is a transcription factor that binds to occurs when bacteria travel up the urethra, certain DNA sequences called cAMP response infect the urine and infl ame the bladder elements. lining. Crohn’s Disease An infl ammatory disease of Cystorrhoea Discharge of mucus from the the intestines that affect any part of the gastro- bladder. intestinal tract. Cytochrome bc-1 Complex Ubihydroquinone: CRP (C-Reactive Protein) A substance pro- cytochrome c oxidoreductase. duced by the liver that increases in the pres- Cytochrome P450 3A CYP3A A very large ence of infl ammation in the body. and diverse superfamily of heme-thiolate pro- Crossover Study A longitudinal, balance study teins found in all domains of life. This group in which participants receive a sequence of of enzymes catalyses many reactions involved different treatments or exposures. in drug metabolism and synthesis of choles- Croup Is an infection of the throat (larynx) and terol, steroids and other lipids. windpipe (trachea) that is caused by a virus Cytokine Non-antibody proteins secreted by (also called laryngotracheobronchitis). certain cells of the immune system which Cryptococcal Meningitis A fungal infection of carry signals locally between cells. They are a the membranes covering the brain and spinal category of signalling molecules that are used cord (meninges). extensively in cellular communication. Crytorchidism (Cryptochism) A developmen- Cytopathic Any detectable, degenerative changes tal defect characterized by the failure of one or in the host cell due to infection. both testes to move into the scrotum as the Cytoprotective Protecting cells from noxious male fetus develops. chemicals or other stimuli. Curettage Surgical procedure in which a body Cytosolic Relates to the fl uid of the cytoplasm cavity or tissue is scraped with a sharp instru- in cells. ment or aspirated with a cannula. Cytostatic Preventing the growth and prolifera- Cutaneous Pertaining to the skin. tion of cells. CXC8 Also known as interleukin 8, IL-8. Cytotoxic Of or relating to substances that are Cyanogenesis Generation of cyanide. adj . toxic to cells; cell killing. cyanogenetic. D -Galactosamine An amino sugar with unique Cyclooxygenase (COX) An enzyme that is hepatotoxic properties in animals. responsible for the formation of prostanoids— Dandruff Scurf, dead, scaly skin among the prostaglandins, prostacyclins and thrombox- hair. Medical Glossary 899

Dartre Condition of dry, scaly skin. Deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) A crosslink product Debility Weakness, relaxation of muscular fi bre. of collagen molecules found in bone and Debridement Is the process of removing non- excreted in urine during bone degradation. living tissue from pressure ulcers, burns and Depilatory An agent for removing or destroying other wounds. hair. Debriding Agent Substance that cleans and Depressant A substance that diminishes func- treats certain types of wounds, burns and ulcers. tional activity, usually by depressing the ner- Decidual Stromal Cells Like endometrial vous system. glands and endothelium, express integrins that Depurative An agent used to cleanse or purify bind basement components. the blood; it eliminates toxins and purifi es the Deciduogenic Relating to the uterus lining that system. is shed off at childbirth. Dermatitis I n fl ammation of the skin causing Deciduoma Decidual tissue induced in the discomfort such as eczema. uterus (as by trauma) in the absence of Dermatitis Herpetiformis An autoimmune pregnancy. chronic blistering skin disorder characterized Deciduomata Plural of deciduoma. by blisters fi lled with a watery fl uid. Decoction A medical preparation made by boil- Dermatophyte A fungus parasitic on the skin. ing the ingredients. Dermatosis Is a broad term that refers to any Decongestant A substance that relieves or disease of the skin, especially one that is not reduces nasal or bronchial congestion. accompanied by infl ammation. Deep Venous Thrombosis Is a blood clot that Dermonecrotic Pertaining to or causing necro- forms in a vein deep inside a part of the body. sis of the skin. Defi brinated Plasma Blood whose plasma Desquamation The shedding of the outer layers component has had fi brinogen and fi brin of the skin. removed. Desquamative Gingivitis Red, painful, glazed Degranulation Cellular process that releases and friable gingivae which may be a manifes- antimicrobial cytotoxic molecules from secre- tation of some mucocutaneous conditions tory vesicles called granules found inside such as lichen planus or the vesiculobullous some cells. disorders. Delayed Afterdepolarizations (DADs) Detoxifi er A substance that promotes the Abnormal depolarization that begins during removal of toxins from a system or organ. phase 4, after repolarization is completed, but Diabetes A metabolic disorder associated with before another action potential would nor- inadequate secretion or utilization of insulin mally occur. and characterized by frequent urination and Delirium Is common, sudden severe confusion persistent thirst. See diabetes mellitus. and rapid changes in brain function that occur Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Sometimes called with physical or mental illness; it is reversible ‘sugar diabetes’, is a set of chronic, metabolic and temporary. disease conditions characterized by high Demulcent An agent that soothes internal mem- blood sugar (glucose) levels that result from branes. Also called emollient. defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both. Dendritic Cells Are immune cells and form part Diabetes mellitus appears in two forms. of the mammalian immune system, function- Diabetes Mellitus Type I Formerly known as ing as antigen presenting cells. juvenile-onset diabetes), caused by defi ciency Dentition A term that describes all of the upper of the pancreatic hormone insulin as a result and lower teeth collectively. of destruction of insulin- producing beta Deobstruent A medicine which removes cells of the pancreas. Lack of insulin causes obstructions, also called an aperient. an increase of fasting blood glucose that 900 Medical Glossary

begins to appear in the urine above the components of dietary fi bre may also be of renal threshold. value in reducing the level of cholesterol in Diabetes Mellitus Type II Formerly called blood and thereby decreasing a risk factor for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or coronary heart disease and the development of adult-onset diabetes; the disorder is character- gallstones. Dietary fi bre is benefi cial in the ized by high blood glucose in the context of treatment of some diabetics. insulin resistance and relative insulin defi - Digalactosyl Diglycerides Are the major lipid ciency in which insulin is available but cannot components of chloroplasts. be properly utilized. Diosgenin A steroid-like substance that is Diabetic Foot Any pathology that results directly involved in the production of the hormone from diabetes mellitus or any long-term or progesterone, extracted from roots of chronic complication of diabetes mellitus. Dioscorea yam. Diabetic Neuropathy A neuropathic disorder Dipsia Sensation of dryness in the mouth and that is associated with diabetes mellitus. It throat related to a desire to drink. affects all peripheral nerves including pain Dipsomania Pathological use of alcohol. fi bres, motor neurons and the autonomic Discutient An agent (as a medicinal application) nervous system. which serves to disperse morbid matter. Diabetic Retinopathy Damage to the retina Disinfectant An agent that prevents the spread caused by complications of diabetes mellitus, of infection, bacteria or communicable which can eventually lead to blindness. disease. Diads Two adjacent structural units in a polymer Distal Sensory Polyneuropathy (DSPN) O r molecule. peripheral neuropathy, is the most common Dialysis Is a method of removing toxic sub- neurological problem in HIV disease. DSPN stances (impurities or wastes) from the blood also represents a complex symptom that when the kidneys are unable to do so. occurs because of peripheral nerve damage Diaphoresis Is profuse sweating commonly related to advanced HIV disease. associated with shock and other medical Diuresis Increased urination. emergency conditions. Diuretic A substance that increases urination Diaphoretic A substance that induces perspira- (diuresis). tion, also called sudorifi c. Diverticular Disease Is a condition affecting Diaphyseal Pertaining to or affecting the shaft the large bowel or colon and is thought to be of a long bone (diaphysis). caused by eating too little fi bre. Diaphysis The main or mid section (shaft) of a DMBA 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene. A poly- long bone. cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco Diarrhoea A profuse, frequent and loose dis- smoke that is a potent carcinogen. charge from the bowels. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that Diastolic Referring to the time when the heart is contains the genetic instructions used in the in a period of relaxation and dilatation (expan- development and functioning of all known sion). cf . systolic. living organisms. Dieresis Surgical separation of parts. DOCA Desoxycorticosterone acetate—a steroid Dietary Fibre Is a term that refers to a group of chemical used as replacement therapy in food components that pass through the stom- Addison’s disease. ach and small intestine undigested and reach Dopamine A catecholamine neurotransmitter the large intestine virtually unchanged. that occurs in a wide variety of animals, Scientifi c evidence suggest that a diet high in including both vertebrates and invertebrates. dietary fi bre can be of value for treating or Dopaminergic Relating to, or activated by the preventing such disorders as constipation, neurotransmitter, dopamine. irritable bowel syndrome, diverticular disease, Double Blind Refers to a clinical trial or experi- hiatus hernia and haemorrhoids. Some ment in which neither the subject nor the Medical Glossary 901

researcher knows which treatment any partic- of the gastrointestinal tract (oesophagus, ular subject is receiving. stomach, small and large intestines). Douche A localized spray of liquid directed into Dyspareunia Painful sexual intercourse. a body cavity or onto a part. Dyspedia Indigestion followed by nausea. DPPH 2,2 Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl—a crys- Dyspepsia Refers to a symptom complex of talline, stable free radical used as an inhibitor epigastric pain or discomfort. It is often of free radical reactions. defi ned as chronic or recurrent discomfort Dracunculiasis Also called guinea worm disease centred in the upper abdomen and can be (GWD), is a parasitic infection caused by the caused by a variety of conditions. cf . func- nematode, Dracunculus medinensis . tional dyspepsia. Dropsy An old term for the swelling of soft Dysphagia Swallowing disorder. tissues due to the accumulation of excess Dysphonia A voice disorder, an impairment in water. adj . dropsical. the ability to produce voice sounds using the Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes Play central vocal organs. roles in the biotransformation, metabolism Dysplasia Refers to abnormality in development. and/or detoxifi cation of xenobiotics or foreign Dyspnoea Shortness of breath, diffi culty in compounds that are introduced to the human breathing. body. Dysrhythmias See arrhythmias. Drusen Tiny yellow or white deposits of extra- Dystocia Abnormal or diffi cult child birth or cellular materials in the retina of the eye or on labour. the optic nerve head. Dystonia A neurological movement disorder DT Diaphorase Also called DTD or NAD(P) characterized by prolonged, repetitive muscle H:quinone oxidoreductase, is an obligate contractions that may cause twisting or jerking two-electron reductase which bioactivates movements of muscles. chemotherapeutic quinones. Dysuria Refers to diffi cult and painful urination. Dysbiosis Also called dysbacteriosis, refers to a E -Cadherin Has traditionally been categorized condition with microbial imbalances on or as a tumour suppressor. inside the body. E- Selectin Also known as endothelial leukocyte Dysentery (Formerly known as fl ux or the adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1), CD62E, a bloody fl ux) is a disorder of the digestive member of the selectin family. It is transiently system that results in severe diarrhoea con- expressed on vascular endothelial cells in taining mucus and blood in the feces. It is response to IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. caused usually by a bacterium called Shigella . EC 50 Median effective concentration that Dysesthesia An unpleasant abnormal sensation produces desired effects in 50 % of the test produced by normal stimuli. population. Dysgeusia Distortion of the sense of taste. Ecbolic A drug (as an ergot alkaloid) that tends Dyshomeostasis An imbalance or other break- to increase uterine contractions and that is down of a homeostasis system. used especially to facilitate delivery. Dyskinesia The impairment of the power of Ecchymosis Skin discoloration caused by the voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary escape of blood into the tissues from ruptured or incomplete movements. adj . dyskinetic. blood vessels. Dyslipidemia Abnormality in or abnormal ECG See electrocardiography. amount of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood. EC–SOD Extracellular superoxide dismutase, a Dysmenorrhoea Is a menstrual condition char- tissue enzyme mainly found in the extracellu- acterized by severe and frequent menstrual lar matrix of tissues. It participates in the cramps and pain associated with menstruation. detoxifi cation of reactive oxygen species by Dysmotility Syndrome A vague, descriptive catalysing the dismutation of superoxide term used to describe diseases of the muscles radicals. 902 Medical Glossary

Ectopic Heartbeats Small changes in an other- Embryotoxic Term that describes any chemical wise normal heartbeat that lead to extra or which is harmful to an embryo. skipped heartbeats. Emesis Vomiting, throwing up. Ectrodactyly Involves the absence of one or Emetic An agent that induces vomiting, cf : more central digits of the hand or foot. antiemetic. Eczema Is broadly applied to a range of persistent Emetocathartic Causing vomiting and purging. skin conditions. These include dryness and Emmenagogue A substance that stimulates, recurring skin rashes which are characterized by initiates and/or promotes menstrual fl ow. one or more of these symptoms: redness, skin Emmenagogues are used in herbal medicine oedema, itching and dryness, crusting, fl aking, to balance and restore the normal function of blistering, cracking, oozing or bleeding. the female reproductive system. Eczematous Rash Dry, scaly, itchy rash. Emollient An agent that has a protective and ED 50 Is defi ned as the dose producing a response soothing action on the surfaces of the skin and that is 50 % of the maximum obtainable. membranes. Edema Formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, Emphysema A long-term, progressive disease is characterized swelling caused by abnormal of the lungs that primarily causes shortness of accumulation of fl uid beneath the skin, or in breath. one or more cavities of the body. It usually Emulsion A preparation formed by the suspen- occurs in the feet, ankles and legs, but it can sion of very fi nely divided oily or resinous liq- involve the entire body. uid in another liquid. EGFR Proteins Epidermal growth factor receptor Encephalitis I n fl ammation of the brain caused (EGFR) proteins—protein kinases are enzymes by a virus. that transfer a phosphate group from a phos- Encephalocele Protrusion of brain tissue through phate donor onto an acceptor amino acid in a a congenital fi ssure in the skull. substrate protein. Encephalomalacia Cerebral softening, a local- EGR-1 Early growth response 1, a human gene. ized softening of the brain substance, due to Eicosanoids Are signalling molecules made by haemorrhage or infl ammation. oxygenation of arachidonic acid, a 20-carbon Encephalopathy A disorder or disease of the essential fatty acid, includes prostaglandins brain. and related compounds. Endocrine Adj . of or relating to endocrine Elastase A serine protease that also hydrolyses glands or the hormones secreted by them. amides and esters. Endocytosis Is the process by which cells Electrocardiography Or ECG, is a transtho- absorb material (molecules such as proteins) racic interpretation of the electrical activity of from outside the cell by engulfi ng it with their the heart over time captured and externally cell membrane. recorded by skin electrodes. Endometrial Cancer Cancer that arises in the Electromyogram (EMG) A test used to record endometrium, the lining of the uterus (womb). the electrical activity of muscles. An electro- Endometriosis Is a common and often painful myogram (EMG) is also called a myogram. disorder of the female reproductive system in Electuary A medicinal paste composed of pow- which the endometrium, the tissue that nor- ders, or other medical ingredients, incorpo- mally lines the womb (uterus), grows outside rated with sweeteners to hide the taste, suitable the uterus. The two most common symptoms for oral administration. of endometriosis are pain and infertility. Elephantiasis A disorder characterized by Endometritis Refers to infl ammation of the chronic thickened and oedematous tissue on endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. the genitals and legs due to various causes. Endometrium The inner lining of the uterus. Embrocation Lotion or liniment that relieves Endoplasmic Reticulum Is a network of tubules, muscle or joint pains. vesicles and sacs around the nucleus that are Embryonation Formation of embryo in the egg. interconnected. Medical Glossary 903

Endostatin A naturally occurring 20-kDa Enterohepatonephropathy Hepatorenal lesions C-terminal protein fragment derived from accompanied by renal failure. type XVIII collagen. It is reported to serve Enterolactone A lignin formed by the action of as an anti-angiogenic agent that inhibits the intestinal bacteria on lignan precursors found formation of the blood vessels that feed cancer in plants; acts as a phytoestrogen. tumours. Enteropooling Increased fl uids and electrolytes Endosteul Pertaining to the endosteum. within the lumen of the intestines due to Endosteum The thin layer of cells lining the increased levels of prostaglandins. medullary cavity of a bone. Enterotoxigenic Of or being an organism con- Endothelial Progenitor Cells Population of taining or producing an enterotoxin. rare cells that circulate in the blood with the Enterotoxin Is a protein toxin released by a ability to differentiate into endothelial cells, microorganism in the intestine. the cells that make up the lining of blood Entheogen A substance taken to induce a spiri- vessels. tual experience. Endothelin Any of a group of vasoconstrictive Enuresis Bed-wetting, a disorder of elimination peptides produced by endothelial cells that that involves the voluntary or involuntary constrict blood vessels and raise blood release of urine into bedding, clothing or other pressure. inappropriate places. Endotoxaemia The presence of endotoxins in Envenomation Is the entry of venom into a per- the blood, which may result in shock. adj . son’s body, and it may cause localized or sys- endotoxaemic. temic poisoning. Endotoxin Toxins associated with certain Eosinophilia The state of having a high concen- bacteria, unlike an ‘exotoxin’ that is not tration of eosinophils (eosinophil granulocytes) secreted in soluble form by live bacteria, but is in the blood. a structural component in the bacteria which is Eosinophils Or, less commonly, acidophils, are released mainly when bacteria are lysed. white blood cells that are one of the immune Enema Liquid injected into the rectum either as system components. a purgative or medicine, also called clyster. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Enophthalmos A condition in which the eye (EGFR) Belongs to the ErbB family of falls back into the socket and inhibits proper receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). EGFR are eyelid function. involved in the pathogenesis and progression eNOS (Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase) of different carcinoma types. The enzyme responsible for most of the vas- Epididymis A structure within the scrotum cular nitric oxide produced. attached to the backside of the testis and Enteral Term used to describe the intestines or whose coiled duct provides storage, transit other parts of the digestive tract. and maturation of spermatozoa. Enteralgia Pain in the intestines; intestinal colic. Epididymitis A medical condition in which Enteral Administration Involves the oesopha- there is infl ammation of the epididymis. gus, stomach and small and large intestines Epigastralgia Pain in the epigastric region. (i.e. the gastrointestinal tract). Epigastric Discomfort Bloated abdomen, swell- Enteritis Refers to infl ammation of the small ing of abdomen, abdominal distension. intestine. Epilepsy A common chronic neurological dis- Enterocolic Disorder I n fl amed bowel disease. order that is characterized by recurrent unpro- Enterocytes Tall columnar cells in the small voked seizures. intestinal mucosa that are responsible for the Epileptiform Resembling epilepsy or its mani- fi nal digestion and absorption of nutrients. festations. adj . epileptiformic. Enterohaemorrhagic Causing bloody diar- Epileptogenesis A process by which a normal rhoea and colitis, said of pathogenic microor- brain develops epilepsy; a chronic condition ganisms. in which seizures occur. adj . epileptogenic. 904 Medical Glossary

Episiotomy A surgical incision through the Erythema Multiforme Is a skin disorder due to perineum made to enlarge the vagina and an allergic reaction or infection; characterized assist childbirth. by fever, general ill feeling, skin itching, joint Epistaxis Acute haemorrhage from the nostril, aches and multiple skin lesions. nasal cavity or nasopharynx (nosebleed). Erythematous Characterized by erythema. Epithelial- Mesenchymal Transition or Trans- Erythroleukoplakia An abnormal patch of red formation (EMT) A process by which epi- and white tissue that forms on mucous mem- thelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell–cell branes in the mouth and may become cancer. adhesion and gain migratory and invasive Tobacco (smoking and chewing) and alcohol properties to become mesenchymal cells. may increase the risk of erythroleukoplakia. Epithelioma A usually benign skin disease Erythropoietin (EPO) A hormone produced most commonly occurring on the face, around by the kidney that promotes the formation of the eyelids and on the scalp. red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the bone Epitope A single antigenic site on a protein marrow. against which an antibody reacts. Eschar A slough or piece of dead tissue that is Epitrochlearis The superfi cial-most muscle of cast off from the surface of the skin. the arm anterior surface. Escharotic Capable of producing an eschar; a Epstein Barr Virus Herpes virus that is the caustic or corrosive agent. causative agent of infectious mononucleosis. Estradiol Is the predominant sex hormone pres- It is also associated with various types of ent in females, also called oestradiol. human cancers. Estrogen Female hormone produced by the ERbeta Estrogen receptor beta, a nuclear receptor ovaries that play an important role in the which is activated by the sex hormone, estrous cycle in women. estrogen. Estrogen Receptor (ER) Is a protein found in Ergocalciferol A form of vitamin D, also called high concentrations in the cytoplasm of breast, vitamin D2. See vitamin D. uterus, hypothalamus and anterior hypophysis Ergonic Increasing capacity for bodily or men- cells; ER levels are measured to determine a tal labour especially by eliminating fatigue breast CA’s potential for response to hormonal symptoms. manipulation. ERK (Extracellular Signal- Regulated Kinases) Estrogen Receptor Positive (ER+) Means that Widely expressed protein kinase intracellular estrogen is causing the tumour to grow and signalling molecules which are involved in that the breast cancer should respond well to functions including the regulation of meiosis, hormone suppression treatments. mitosis and post-mitotic functions in differen- Estrogen Receptor Negative (ER−) Tumour is tiated cells. not driven by estrogen and needs another test Eructation The act of belching or of casting up to determine the most effective treatment. wind from the stomach through the mouth. Estrogenic Relating to estrogen or producing Eruption A visible rash or cutaneous disruption. estrus. Eryptosis Suicidal death of erythrocytes, Estrus Sexual excitement or heat of female; or characterized by cell shrinkage, membrane period of this characterized by changes in the blebbing, activation of proteases and phospha- sex organs. tidylserine exposure at the outer membrane Euglycaemia Normal blood glucose concentration. leafl et. Eupeptic Conducive to digestion. Erysipelas Is an intensely red Streptococcus Exanthematous Characterized by or of the bacterial infection that occurs on the face and nature of an eruption or rash. lower extremities. Excitotoxicity Is the pathological process by Erythema Abnormal redness and infl ammation which neurons are damaged and killed by glu- of the skin, due to vasodilation. tamate and similar substances. Medical Glossary 905

Excipient A pharmacologically inert substance form mainly in the epithelium of the large used as a diluent or vehicle for the active intestine. ingredients of a medication. Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy (FAP) Also Exfoliative Cheilitis Is a reactive process, in called Corino de Andrade’s disease, a neuro- which upper, lower or both lips become chroni- degenerative autosomal dominant genetically cally infl amed, crusted and sometimes fi ssured. transmitted, fatal, incurable disease. Exocytosis The cellular process by which cells Familial Dysautonomia A genetic disorder that excrete waste products or chemical transmitters. affects the development and survival of auto- Exophthalmos or Exophthalmia or Proptosis nomic and sensory nerve cells. Is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the Fanconi Syndrome Is a disease of the proximal orbit. adj . exophthalmic. renal tubes which certain substances normally Exotoxin A toxin secreted by a microorganism absorbed into the bloodstream by the kidneys and released into the medium in which it are released into the urine instead. grows. FasL or CD95L Fas ligand is a type II trans- Expectorant An agent that increases bronchial membrane protein that belongs to the tumour mucous secretion by promoting liquefaction necrosis factor (TNF) family. of the sticky mucous and expelling it from the FAS: Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) A multi-enzyme body. that plays a key role in fatty acid synthesis. Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis Fas Molecule A member of the tumour necrosis (EAE) Is an animal model of brain factor receptors that mediates apoptotic signal infl ammation. in many cell types. Exteroceptive Responsiveness to stimuli that Fauces The passage leading from the back of are external to an organism. the mouth into the pharynx. Extrapyramidal Side Effects Are a group of Favus A chronic skin infection, usually of the symptoms (tremor, slurred speech, akathisia, scalp, caused by the fungus Trichophyton dystonia, anxiety, paranoia and bradyphrenia) schoenleinii and characterized by the develop- that can occur in persons taking antipsychotic ment of thick, yellow crusts over the hair medications. follicles. Also termed tinea favosa. Extravasation Discharge or escape of blood Febrifuge An agent that reduces fever, also from the vein into the surrounding tissues; dis- called an antipyretic. charge or escape from a vessel or channel. Febrile Pertaining to or characterized by fever. Fabry Disease Is a rare X-linked (inherited) Febrile Neutropenia The development of fever, lysosomal storage disease caused by alpha- often with other signs of infection, in an galactosidase A defi ciency, which can cause a individual with neutropenia, an abnormally wide range of systemic symptoms such as low number of neutrophil granulocytes in the pain in the extremities, papules on the lower blood. body parts, cornea clouding, fatigue, neuropa- Felon A purulent infection in the bulbous distal thy and renal and cardiac complications. end of a fi nger. FAC Chemotherapy Fluorouracil, doxorubicin Fetotoxic Toxic to the fetus. (adriamycin) and cyclophosphamide Fibrates Hypolipidaemic agents primarily used chemotherapy. for decreasing serum triglycerides, while FADD Fas-associated protein with death increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL). domain, the protein encoded by this gene is an Fibril A small slender fi bre or fi lament. adaptor molecule which interacts with other Fibrin Insoluble protein that forms the essential death cell surface receptors and mediates portion of the blood clot. apoptotic signals. Fibrinolysis A normal ongoing process that dis- Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) Is an solves fi brin and results in the removal of inherited condition in which numerous polyps small blood clots. 906 Medical Glossary

Fibrinolytic Causing the dissolution of fi brin by Flatulence Is the presence of a mixture of gases enzymatic action. known as fl atus in the digestive tract of mam- Fibroblast Type of cell that synthesizes the mals expelled from the rectum. Excessive extracellular matrix and collagen, the struc- fl atulence can be caused by lactose intoler- tural framework (stroma) for animal tissues ance, certain foods or a sudden switch to a and play a critical role in wound healing. high fi bre. Fibrogenic Promoting the development of fi bres. Flavanols A subgroup of fl avonoids, are a class Fibromyalgia A common and complex chronic, of fl avonoids that use the 2-phenyl-3,4- body-wide pain disorder that affects people dihydro- 2H-chromen-3-ol skeleton. These physically, mentally and socially. Symptoms compounds include the catechins and the include debilitating fatigue, sleep disturbance catechin gallates. They are found in chocolate, and joint stiffness, also referred to as FM or fruits and vegetables. See fl avonoids. FMS. Flavanones A subgroup of fl avonoids, consti- Fibronectin A high molecular weight (~440 kDa) tute >90 % of total fl avonoids in citrus. The glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix major dietary fl avanones are hesperetin, narin- (ECM) that adheres to membrane-spanning genin and eriodictyol. receptor proteins called integrins. Flavans A subgroup of fl avonoids. See Fibrosarcoma A malignant tumour derived fl avonoids. from fi brous connective tissue and character- Flavivirus A family of viruses transmitted by ized by immature proliferating fi broblasts or mosquitoes and ticks that cause some impor- undifferentiated anaplastic spindle cells. tant diseases, including dengue, yellow fever, Fibrosis The formation of fi brous tissue as a tick-borne encephalitis and West Nile fever. reparative or reactive process. Flavones A subgroup of fl avonoids based on Filarial Pertaining to a threadlike nematode the backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one worm. (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one). Flavones are Filariasis A parasitic and infectious tropical mainly found in cereals and herbs. disease that is caused by threadlike fi larial Flavonoids Or biofl avonoids are a group of nematode worms in the superfamily polyphenolic antioxidant compounds that Filarioidea. occur in plant as secondary metabolites. They Fistula An abnormal connection between two are responsible for the colour of fruit and organs inside of the body. vegetables. Twelve basic classes (chemical Fistula-in-Ano A track connecting the internal types) of fl avonoids have been recognized: anal canal to the skin surrounding the anal fl avones, isofl avones, fl avans, fl avanones, fl a- orifi ce. vanols, fl avanolols, anthocyanidins, catechins 5′-Nucleotidase 5 ′-Ribonucleotide phosphohy- (including proanthocyanidins), leukoanthocy- drolase, an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein anidins, chalcones, dihydrochalcones and present as an ectoenzyme in a wide variety of aurones. Apart from their antioxidant activity, mammalian cells, hydrolyses 5′-nucleotides fl avonoids are known for their ability to to their corresponding nucleosides. strengthen capillary walls, thus assisting 5-HT1A Receptor A serotonin protein that circulation and helping to prevent and treat binds to 5-5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) with bruising, varicose veins, bleeding gums and high affi nity to exert subtle control over emo- nosebleeds and heavy menstrual bleeding and tion and behaviour. are also anti- infl ammatory. Flash Electroretinogram or Flash ERG Fluorine F is an essential chemical element that (fERG) Is a test which measures the electri- is required for maintenance of healthy bones cal response of the eye’s light-sensitive cells and teeth and to reduce tooth decay. It is found (rods and cones). It also checks other cell in sea weeds, tea, water, seafood and dairy layers in the retina. products. Medical Glossary 907

Fluorosis A dental health condition caused by a Furuncle Is a skin disease caused by the infec- child receiving too much fl uoride during tooth tion of hair follicles usually caused by development. Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in the local- Flux An excessive discharge of fl uid. ized accumulation of pus and dead tissue. FMD (Flow- Mediated Dilation) A measure of Furunculosis Skin condition characterized by endothelial dysfunction which is used to persistent, recurring boils. evaluate cardiovascular risk. Also called G Protein- Coupled Receptor Kinases (GRKs , FMVD (fl ow- mediated vasodilation). GPCRKs) A family of protein kinases which Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) Is a protein regulate the activity of G protein-coupled tyrosine kinase which is recruited at an receptors (GPCRs) by phosphorylating their early stage to focal adhesions and which intracellular domains after their associated G mediates many of the downstream regulatory proteins have been released and activated. responses. GABA Gamma aminobutyric acid, required as Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) A hor- an inhibitory neurotransmitter to block the mone produced by the pituitary gland. In transmission of an impulse from one cell to women, it helps control the menstrual cycle another in the central nervous system, which and the production of eggs by the ovaries. prevents over-fi ring of the nerve cells. It is Follicular Atresia The breakdown of the ovarian used to treat both epilepsy and hypertension. follicles. GADD 152 A proapoptotic gene. Fomentation Treatment by the application of Galactagogue A substance that promotes the war, moist substance. fl ow of milk. Fontanelle Soft spot on an infant’s skull. Galactophoritis I n fl ammation of the milk ducts. Forkhead Box-O Transcription Factors Galactopoietic Increasing the fl ow of milk; (FOXOs) Are a family of transcription fac- milk producing. tors that play important roles in regulating the Galctifuge Or lactifuge, causing the arrest of expression of genes involved in cell growth, milk secretion. proliferation, differentiation and longevity. It Gall Bladder A small, pear-shaped muscular also plays an important role in tumour sup- sac, located under the right lobe of the liver, in pression by regulating the expression of genes which bile secreted by the liver is stored until involved in stress resistance, DNA damage needed by the body for digestion, also called repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. cholecyst, cholecystitis. Framboesia See yaws. Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) Measures the FRAP Ferric reducing ability of plasma, an total phenol content in terms of the standard assay used to assess antioxidant property. gallic acid by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. Friedreich’s Ataxia Is a genetic inherited Galphai Proteins or G Alpha I Proteins Are disorder that causes progressive damage to the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-regulatory nervous system resulting in symptoms rang- (G) proteins associated with a variety of intra- ing from muscle weakness and speech prob- cellular membranes and specifi c plasma mem- lems to heart disease. cf . ataxia. brane domains. Fulminant Hepatitis Acute liver failure. Gamma GT (GGT) Gamma-glutamyl trans- Functional Dyspepsia A non-ulcer condition peptidase, a liver enzyme. that causes an upset stomach or pain or dis- Gastralgia (Heart Burn) Pain in the stomach or comfort in the upper belly, near the ribs. abdominal region. It is caused by excess of acid, Functional Food Is any fresh or processed food or an accumulation of gas, in the stomach. claimed to have a health-promoting or dis- Gastric Pertaining to or affecting the stomach. ease-preventing property beyond the basic Gastric Emptying Refers to the speed at which function of supplying nutrients, also called food and drink leave the stomach. medicinal food. Gastritis I n fl ammation of the stomach. 908 Medical Glossary

Gastrocnemius Muscle The big calf muscle at Glial Cells Support, non-neuronal cells in the the rear of the lower leg. central nervous system that maintain homeo- Gastroprokinetic See prokinetic. stasis, form myelin and provide protection for Gastrotonic (Gastroprotective) Substance the brain’s neurons. that strengthens, tones or regulates gastric Glioblastoma Common and most lethal form of functions (or protects from injury) without brain tumour. overt stimulation or depression. Glioblastoma Multiforme Most common and Gavage Forced feeding. most aggressive type of primary brain tumour Gene Silencing Suppression of the expression in humans, involving glial cells. of a gene. Glioma Is a type of tumour that starts in the Genotoxic Describes a poisonous substance brain or spine. It is called a glioma because it which harms an organism by damaging its arises from glial cells. DNA, thereby capable of causing mutations or Glomerulonephritis (GN) A renal disease cancer. characterized by infl ammation of the glomer- Genotoxin A chemical or other agents that uli or small blood vessels in the kidneys. damage cellular DNA, resulting in mutations Also known as glomerular nephritis. adj . or cancer. glomerulonephritic. Geriatrics Is a subspecialty of internal medi- Glomerulosclerosis A hardening (fi brosis) of cine that focuses on healthcare of elderly the glomerulus in the kidney. people. Glossal Pertaining to the tongue. Gestational Hypertension Development of GLP-1 Glucagon - like peptide-1. arterial hypertension in a pregnant woman Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Is derived after 20 weeks gestation. from the transcription product of the proglu- Ghrelin A gastrointestinal peptide hormone cagon gene, reduces insulin requirement in secreted by epithelial cells in the stomach diabetes mellitus and promotes satiety. lining, it stimulates appetite, gastric emptying Gluconeogenesis A metabolic pathway that and increases cardiac output. results in the generation of glucose from non- Gingival Index An index describing the clinical carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate. severity of gingival infl ammation as well as its adj . gluconeogenic. location. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD Gingivitis Refers to gingival infl ammation or G6PDH) Is a cytosolic enzyme in the induced by bacterial biofi lms (also called pentose phosphate metabolic pathway. plaque) adherent to tooth surfaces. Glucose Transporter Type 4 (GLUT 4) Insulin- Gin- nan Sitotoxism Toxicity caused by inges- regulated glucose transporter found in adipose tion of ginkgotoxin and characterized mainly tissues and striated muscles that modulate by epileptic convulsions, paralysis of the legs insulin-related translocation into the cell. and loss of consciousness. Glucose Transporters GLUT or SLC2A family GIP Gastric inhibitory polypeptide also known are a family of membrane proteins found in as the glucose- dependent insulinotropic pep- most mammalian cells. tide, a member of the secretin family of Glucosuria or Glycosuria Is the excretion of hormones. glucose into the urine. Glaucoma A group of eye diseases in which the Glucosyltranferase An enzyme that enables optic nerve at the back of the eye is slowly the transfer of glucose. destroyed, leading to impaired vision and Glucuronidation A phase II detoxifi cation blindness. pathway occurring in the liver in which gluc- Gleet A chronic infl ammation (as gonorrhoea) uronic acid is conjugated with toxins. of a bodily orifi ce usually accompanied by an Glutamic Oxaloacetate Transaminase (GOT) abnormal discharge. Catalyses the transfer of an amino group from Medical Glossary 909

an amino acid (Glu) to a 2-keto acid to gener- Goitrogen Substance that suppresses the func- ate a new amino acid and the residual 2-keto tion of the thyroid gland by interfering with acid of the donor amino acid. iodine uptake, causing enlargement of the thy- Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (GPT) See roid, i.e. goitre. alanine aminotransferase. Goitrogenic Adj . causing goitre. Glutathione (GSH) A tripeptide produced in Gonadotroph A basophilic cell of the the human liver and plays a key role in inter- anterior pituitary specialized to secrete mediary metabolism, immune response and follicle- stimulating hormone or luteinizing health. It plays an important role in scavenging hormone. free radicals and protects cells against several Gonadotropins Protein hormones secreted by toxic oxygen-derived chemical species. gonadotrope cells of the pituitary gland of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) The general vertebrates. name of an enzyme family with peroxidase Gonorrhoea A common sexually transmitted activity whose main biological role is to pro- bacterial infection caused by the bacterium tect the organism from oxidative damage. Neisseria gonorrhoeae . Glutathione S Transferase (GST) A major Gout A disorder caused by a buildup of a waste group of detoxifi cation enzymes that partici- product, uric acid, in the bloodstream. Excess pate in the detoxifi cation of reactive electro- uric acid settles in joints causing infl amma- philic compounds by catalysing their tion, pain and swelling. conjugation to glutathione. G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) Glycaemic Index (GI) Measures carbohydrates Constitute the largest family of cell surface according to how quickly they are absorbed molecules involved in signal transmission. and raise the glucose level of the blood. These receptors play key physiological roles Glycaemic Load (GL) Is a ranking system for and their dysfunction results in several carbohydrate content in food portions based diseases. on their glycaemic index and the amount of Granulation The condition or appearance of available carbohydrate, i.e. GI x available being granulated (becoming grain-like). carbohydrate divided by 100. Glycemic load Gravel Sandlike concretions of uric acid, cal- combines both the quality and quantity of car- cium oxalate and mineral salts formed in the bohydrate in one ‘number’. It’s the best way to passages of the biliary and urinary tracts. predict blood glucose values of different types Gripe Water Is a home remedy for babies with and amounts of food. colic, gas, teething pain or other stomach Glycation or Glycosylation A chemical reac- ailments. Its ingredients vary, and may include tion in which glycosyl groups are added to a alcohol, bicarbonate, ginger, dill, fennel and protein to produce a glycoprotein. chamomile. Glycogenolysis Is the catabolism of glycogen Grippe An epidemic catarrh; older term for by removal of a glucose monomer through infl uenza. cleavage with inorganic phosphate to produce GSH See glutathione. glucose-1-phosphate. GSH- Px Glutathione peroxidase, general name Glycometabolism Metabolism (oxidation) of of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity glucose to produce energy. whose main biological role is to protect the Glycosuria Or glucosuria is an abnormal condi- organism from oxidative damage. tion of osmotic diuresis due to excretion of GSSG Glutathione disulfi des are biologically glucose by the kidneys into the urine. important intracellular thiols, and alterations Glycosylases A family of enzymes involved in in the GSH/GSSG ratio are often used to base excision repair. assess exposure of cells to oxidative stress. Goitre An enlargement of the thyroid gland GSTM Glutathione S transferase M1, a major leading to swelling of the neck or larynx. group of detoxifi cation enzymes. 910 Medical Glossary

GSTM 2 Glutathione S transferase M2, a major Haematopoietic Adj. relating to the formation group of detoxifi cation enzymes. and development of blood cells. G2-M Cell Cycle The phase where the cell Haematopoietic Stem Cell Is a cell isolated prepares for mitosis and where chromatids from the blood or bone marrow that can renew and daughter cells separate. itself and can differentiate to a variety of spe- Guillain–Barre Syndrome Is a serious disorder cialized cells. that occurs when the body’s defence (immune) Haematuria, Hematuria Is the presence of system mistakenly attacks part of the nervous blood in the urine. Haematuria is a sign that system, leading to nerve infl ammation, muscle something is causing abnormal bleeding in a weakness and other symptoms. person’s genitourinary tract. Gynecomastia Enlargement of the gland tissue Haeme Oxygenase HO-1, encoded by Hmox1, of the male breast, resulting from an imbal- is an inducible protein activated in systemic ance of hormones. infl ammatory conditions by oxidant stress, an Gynecopathy Any or various diseases specifi c enzyme that catalyses degradation of heme. to women. Haemochromatosis Iron overload in the body Gynoid Adiposity Fat distribution mainly to the with a hereditary or primary cause. hips and thighs, pear-shaped. Haemodialysis, Hemodialysis A method for Haemagglutination A specifi c form of aggluti- removing waste products such as potassium nation that involves red blood cells. and urea, as well as free water from the blood Haemagglutination–Inhibition Test Measures when the kidneys are in renal failure. of the ability of soluble antigen to inhibit the Haemoglobinopathies Genetic defects that agglutination of antigen-coated red blood cells produce abnormal haemoglobins and anaemia. by antibodies. Haemolysis Lysis of red blood cells and the Haemagglutinin Refers to a substance that release of haemoglobin into the surrounding causes red blood cells to agglutinate. fl uid (plasma), adj . haemolytic. Haemagogic Promoting a fl ow of blood. Haemolytic Anaemia Anaemia due to haemol- Haemangioma Blood vessel. ysis, the breakdown of red blood cells in the Haematemesis, Hematemesis Is the vomiting blood vessels or elsewhere in the body. of blood. Haemolytic-Uremic Syndrome Is a disease Haematinic Improving the quality of the blood, characterized by haemolytic anaemia, acute its haemoglobin level and the number of renal failure (uraemia) and a low platelet count. erythrocytes. Haemoptysis, Hemoptysis Is the coughing up Haematochezia Passage of stools containing of blood from the respiratory tract. The blood blood. can come from the nose, mouth, throat and the Haematochyluria, Hematochyluria The dis- airway passages leading to the lungs. charge of blood and chyle (emulsifi ed fat) in Haemorheology Study of blood fl ow and its the urine; see also chyluria. elements in the circulatory system. adj . Haematocrit Is a blood test that measures the haemorheological. percentage of the volume of whole blood that Haemorrhage, Hemorrhage Bleeding, discharge is made up of red blood cells. of blood from blood vessels. Haematoma, Hematoma A localized accumu- Haemorrhagic Colitis An acute gastroenteritis lation of blood in a tissue or space composed characterized by overtly bloody diarrhoea that of clotted blood. is caused by Escherichia coli infection. Haematometra, Hematometra A medical Haemorrhoids, Hemorrhoids A painful condi- condition involving bleeding of or near the tion in which the veins around the anus or uterus. lower rectum are enlarged, swollen and Haematopoiesis, Hematopoiesis Formation of infl amed, also called piles. blood cellular components from the haemato- Haemostasis, Hemostasis A complex process poietic stem cells. which causes the bleeding process to stop. Medical Glossary 911

Haemostatic, Hemostatic Something that stops Hepa-1c1c7 A type of hepatoma cells. bleeding. Hepatalgia Pain or discomfort in the liver area. Halitosis (Bad breath) A common condition Hepatomegaly Condition of enlarged liver. caused by sulphur-producing bacteria that live Hepatectomy The surgical removal of part or within the surface of the tongue and in the throat. all of the liver. Hallucinogen Drug that produces hallucinogen. Hepatic Relating to the liver. Hallucinogenic Inducing hallucinations. Hepatic Cirrhosis Affecting the liver, charac- Hallux Abducto Valgus Commonly called bun- terized by hepatic fi brosis and regenerative ion is an abnormal bending of the big toe nodules. towards the other toes of the foot. Hepatic Fibrosis Is overly profuse wound heal- Haplotype A set of alleles of closely linked loci ing in which excessive connective tissue on a chromosome that tend to be inherited builds up in the liver. together. Hepatitis I n fl ammation of the liver. Hapten A small molecule that can elicit an Hepatitis A Formerly known as infectious hep- immune response only when attached to a atitis, is an acute infectious disease of the liver large carrier such as a protein. caused by the hepatovirus hepatitis A virus. HATs Histone acetyl transferases, enzymes that Hepatocarcinogenesis Represents a linear and regulate the acetylation of histones and tran- progressive cancerous process in the liver in scription factors, playing a major role in the which successively more aberrant monoclonal growth and differentiation of cells. populations of hepatocytes evolve. HbA1c Glycosylated haemoglobin. Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Also called HBD-2 (human β-defensin 2) A member of the malignant hepatoma, is a primary malignancy defensin family of antimicrobial peptides that (cancer) of the liver. plays important roles in the innate and adap- Hepatocytolysis Cytotoxicity (dissolution) of tive immune system of both vertebrates and liver cells. invertebrates. Hepatoma Cancer of the liver. HBeAg Hepatitis B e antigen. Hepatopathy A disease or disorder of the liver. HBsAg Hepatitis B s antigen. Hepatoprotective Liver protector, a substance Heartburn Burning sensation in the stomach that helps protect the liver from damage by and oesophagus caused by excessive acidity toxins, chemicals or other disease processes. of the stomach fl uids. Hepatoregenerative A compound that pro- Heat Rash Any condition aggravated by heat or motes hepatocellular regeneration and repairs hot weather such as intertrigo. and restores liver function to optimum Heat Shock Chaperones (HSC) Ubiquitous performance. molecules involved in the modulation of pro- Hepatotonic Liver tonic, a substance that is tein conformational and complexation states, tonic to the liver—usually employed to nor- associated with heat stress or other cellular malize liver enzymes and function. stress response. Hernia Occurs when part of an internal organ Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) A group of function- bulges through a weak area of a muscle. ally related proteins the expression of which is HER-2 Human epidermal growth factor recep- increased when the cells are exposed to elevated tor 2, a protein giving higher aggressiveness in temperatures or other cellular stresses. breast cancer, also known as ErbB-2, ERBB2. Helminthiasis A disease in which a part of the Herpes A chronic infl ammation of the skin or body is infested with worms such as pinworm, mucous membrane characterized by the devel- roundworm or tapeworm. opment of vesicles on an infl ammatory base. Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) An enzyme that Herpes Circinatus Dermatitis herpetiformis catalyses the degradation of heme; an induc- (resembling herpes). ible stress protein, confers cytoprotection Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 ( HSV-1 and against oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. HSV-2) Are two species of the herpes virus 912 Medical Glossary

family which cause a variety of illnesses/ sometimes called ‘good cholesterol’, or HDL-C. infections in humans such cold sores, chicken- A high level of HDL-C seems to protect pox or varicella, shingles or herpes zoster against cardiovascular diseases. cf. LDL. (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and various Hippocampal Pertaining to the hippocampus. cancers and can cause brain infl ammation Hippocampus A ridge in the fl oor of each (encephalitis). HSV-1 is commonly associated lateral ventricle of the brain that consists with herpes outbreaks of the face known as mainly of grey matter. cold sores or fever blisters, whereas HSV-2 is Hirsutism A condition where women have more often associated with genital herpes. excess facial and body hair that is dark and They are also called human herpes virus 1 and coarse. 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2) and are neurotropic Histaminergic Liberated or activated by hista- and neuroinvasive viruses; they enter and hide mine, relating to the effects of histamine at in the human nervous system, accounting for histamine receptors of target tissues. their durability in the human body. Histaminergic Receptors Are types of G protein- Herpes Zoster Or simply zoster, commonly coupled receptors with histamine as their known as shingles and also known as zona, is endogenous ligand. a viral disease characterized by a painful skin Histone Acetyltransferases (HAT) A r e rash with blisters. enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO) Is a viral amino acids on histone proteins by transfer- ocular disease characterized by a painful skin ring an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to form rash in one or more dermatome distributions e-N-acetyl lysine. HATs act as transcriptional of the fi fth cranial nerve, shared by the eye and co-activators. orbit. Histone Lysine Demethylases (KDMs) Heterophobia Term used to describe irrational Enzymes that play a key role in the amplifi ca- fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against tion of hypoxia-inducible-factor signalling heterosexuals. and expression of pro-angiogenic genes in HDL-C (HDL Cholesterol) High-density lipo- cancer and neurological disorders. protein cholesterol, also called ‘good choles- HIV See human immunodefi ciency virus. terol’. See also high-density lipoprotein. Hives Urticaria, is a skin rash characterized by HGPRT, HPRT (Hypoxanthine–Guanine circular wheals of reddened and itching skin. Phosphoribosyl Transferase) An enzyme that HLA Human leukocyte antigen system, name of catalyses the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl-1- the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) pyrophosphate and hypoxanthine, guanine or in humans. 6-mercaptopurine to the corresponding 5′-mono- HLA-DQB1 human leucocyte antigen beta nucleotides and pyrophosphate. The enzyme is chain. important in purine biosynthesis as well as cen- HLA-DR A major histocompatibility complex tral nervous system functions. (MHC) class II cell surface receptor encoded Hiatus Hernia Occurs when the upper part of by the human leukocyte antigen complex on the stomach pushes its way through a tear in chromosome 6 region 6p21.31. the diaphragm. HMG-CoAr 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- CoA High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Is one of the reductase or (HMGCR) is the rate-controlling fi ve major groups of lipoproteins which enable enzyme (EC 1.1.1.88) of the mevalonate cholesterol and triglycerides to be transported pathway. within the water-based bloodstream. HDL can HMG-CoA 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- coenzyme remove cholesterol from atheroma within A, an intermediate in the mevalonate pathway. arteries and transport it back to the liver Hodgkin’s Disease Disease characterized by for excretion or re-utilization—which is the enlargement of the lymph glands, spleen and main reason why HDL-bound cholesterol is anaemia. Medical Glossary 913

Homeodomain Transcription Factor A protein HT29 Cells Are human intestinal epithelial domain encoded by a homeobox. Homeobox cells which produce the secretory component genes encode transcription factors which typi- of Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and carcinoem- cally switch on cascades of other genes. bryonic antigen (CEA). Homeostasis The maintenance of a constant Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) A DNA internal environment of a cell or an organism, herpes virus which is the leading cause of con- despite fl uctuations in the external. genital viral infection and mental retardation. Homeotherapy Treatment or prevention of dis- Human Factor X A coagulation factor also ease with a substance similar but not identical known by the eponym Stuart-Prower factor or to the causative agent of the disease. as thrombokinase, is an enzyme involved in Homocysteine An amino acid in the blood. blood coagulation. It synthesized in the liver Homograft See allograft. and requires vitamin K for its synthesis. Hormesis A term used by toxicologists to refer Human Immunodefi ciency Virus (HIV) A ret- to a biphasic dose response to an environmen- rovirus that can lead to acquired immunodefi - tal agent characterized by a low dose stimula- ciency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in tion or benefi cial effect and a high dose humans in which the immune system begins inhibitory or toxic effect. to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunis- Hormonal (Female) Substance that has a hor- tic infections. mone-like effect similar to that of estrogen Humoral Immune Response (HIR) Is the aspect and/or a substance used to normalize female of immunity that is mediated by secreted hormone levels. antibodies (as opposed to cell-mediated immu- Hormonal (Male) Substance that has a hormone- nity, which involves T lymphocytes) produced like effect similar to that of testosterone and/ in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage (B cell). or a substance used to normalize male hor- HUVEC Human umbilical vein endothelial cells. mone levels. Hyaluronidase Enzymes that catalyse the hydro- HRT Hormone replacement therapy, the admin- lysis of certain complex carbohydrates like istration of the female hormones, estrogen and hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphates. progesterone and sometimes testosterone. Hydatidiform A rare mass or growth that HSF-1 Factor Major regulator of heat shock forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a protein transcription in eukaryotes. pregnancy. HSP27 Is an ATP-independent, 27 kDa heat Hydrocholeretic An agent that stimulates an shock protein chaperone that confers protec- increased output of bile of low specifi c gravity. tion against apoptosis. Hydrocoele Abnormal accumulation of fl uid HSP70 Heat shock protein chaperone that con- inside the scrotum. fers protection against heat-induced apoptosis. Hydrogogue A purgative that causes an abun- HSP90 A 90 kDa heat shock protein chaperone dant watery discharge from the bowel. that has the ability to regulate a specifi c subset Hydronephrosis Is distension and dilation of of cellular signalling proteins that have been the renal pelvis and calyces, usually caused by implicated in disease processes. obstruction of the free fl ow of urine from the HSPD 1 Heat shock 60 kDa protein 1 kidney. hTERT — (TERT) Telomerase reverse tran- Hydrophobia A viral neuroinvasive disease that scriptase is a catalytic subunit of the enzyme causes acute encephalitis (infl ammation of the telomerase in humans. It exerts a novel protec- brain) in warm-blooded animals, also called tive function by binding to mitochondrial rabies. DNA, increasing respiratory chain activity Hydropsy See dropsy. and protecting against oxidative stress- Hydrothorax Accumulation of serous fl uid in induced damage. the pleural cavity. 914 Medical Glossary

Hyperaemia The increase of blood fl ow to dif- Hypermethylation An increase in the inherited ferent tissues in the body. methylation of cytosine and adenosine residues Hyperalgesia An increased sensitivity to pain in DNA. (enhanced pricking pain), which may be Hyperoxaluria An excessive urinary excretion caused by damage to nociceptors or peripheral of oxalate. nerves. Hyperphagia Or polyphagia, abnormally large Hyperaemia Is the increased blood fl ow that ingestion of food beyond that needed for basic occurs when tissue is active. energy requirements. Hyperammonemia, Hyperammonaemia A Hyperpiesia Persistent and pathological high metabolic disturbance characterized by an blood pressure for which no specifi c cause can excess of ammonia in the blood. be found. Hypercalciuria ( Idiopathic) Presence of excess Hyperplasia Increased cell production in a nor- calcium in the urine without obvious cause. mal tissue or organ. Hypercholesterolaemia High levels of choles- Hyperprebeta-Lipoproteinaemia Increased terol in the blood that increase a person’s risk concentrations of pre-beta-lipoproteins in the for cardiovascular disease leading to stroke or blood. heart attack. Hyperpropulsion Using water pressure as a Hyperemesis Severe and persistent nausea force to move objects; used to dislodge calculi and vomiting (morning sickness) during in the urethra. pregnancy. Hyperpyrexia Is an abnormally high fever. Hyperfi brinogenaemia Excessive fi brinogen in Hypertension Commonly referred to as ‘high the blood. blood pressure’ or HTN, is a medical condition Hyperglycaemia Hyperglycaemic High blood in which the arterial blood pressure is chroni- sugar, is a condition in which an excessive cally elevated. amount of glucose circulates in the blood Hypertensive Characterized or caused by plasma. increased tension or pressure as abnormally Hyperglycaemic A substance that raises blood high blood pressure. sugar levels. Hypertonia Abnormal increase in muscle tension Hyperhomocysteinaemia Is a medical condi- and a reduced ability of the muscle to stretch. tion characterized by an abnormally large Hypertriglyceridaemia or Hypertriglycaemia level of homocysteine in the blood. A disorder that causes high triglycerides in the Hyperinsulinaemia A condition in which there blood. are excess levels of circulating insulin in the Hypertrophy Enlargement or overgrowth of an blood; also known as prediabetes. organ. Hyperkalaemia Is an elevated blood level of Hyperuricaemia Is a condition characterized by the electrolyte potassium. abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood. Hyperkeratosis Abnormal thickening of the Hypoadiponectinaemia The state of having too outer layer of the skin. adj . hyperkeratotic. low level of adiponectin, a major metabolic Hyperkinesis Enhanced itch to pricking. endocrine, responsible for regulating things Hyperleptinaemia Increased serum leptin level. like glucose uptake and lipolysis (the break- Hyperlipoproteinaemia A metabolic disorder down of fat deposits); low adiponectin, is a characterized by abnormally elevated concen- risk factor for both type II diabetes and meta- trations of lipid/lipoprotein in the plasma, also bolic syndrome. known as hyperlipidaemia and hyperlipaemia. Hypoalbuminaemia A medical condition Hypermenorrhoea Abnormally heavy or pro- where levels of albumin in blood serum are longed menstruation. abnormally low. Medical Glossary 915

Hypocalcaemic Tetany A disease caused by an IC 50 The median maximal inhibitory concen- abnormally low level of calcium in the blood tration; a measure of the effectiveness of a and characterized by hyperexcitability of the compound in inhibiting biological or bio- neuromuscular system and results in carpo- chemical function. pedal spasms. I.C.V. (Intra-cerebroventricular) Injection of Hypochlorhydria Refers to states where the chemical into the right lateral ventricle of the production of gastric acid in the stomach is brain. absent or low. Iceterus Jaundice, yellowish pigmentation of Hypocholesterolaemic Cholesterol reducer, a the skin. substance that lowers blood cholesterol levels. Ichthyotoxic A substance which is poisonous to Hypocitraturia Low amount of citrate in the fi sh. urine, an important risk factor for kidney stone Icteric Hepatitis An infectious syndrome of formation. hepatitis characterized by jaundice, nausea, Hypocorticism See Addison’s disease. fever, right-upper quadrant pain, enlarged Hypocortisolism See Addison’s disease. liver and transaminitis (increase in alanine Hypoesthesia Or hypesthesia, refers to a aminotransferase (ALT) and/or aspartate ami- reduced sense of touch or sensation, or a par- notransferase (AST)). tial loss of sensitivity to sensory stimuli. Icterus Neonatorum Jaundice in newborn Hypoglycemic An agent that lowers the con- infants. centration of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Idiopathic Of no apparent physical cause. Hypoperfusion Decreased blood fl ow through an Idiopathic Mesenteric Phlebosclerosis (IMP) organ, characterized by an imbalance of oxygen A rare disease, characterized by thickening of demand and oxygen delivery to tissues. the wall of the right hemicolon with calcifi ca- Hypophagic Under- eating. tion of mesenteric veins. Hypospadias An abnormal birth defect in males Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing in which the urethra opens on the under sur- Loss (ISSHL) Is a sudden hearing loss where face of the penis. clinical assessment fails to reveal a cause. Hypotensive Characterized by or causing I.g. Gastric intubation, insertion of Levin tube diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally through the nasal passage to the stomach. low blood pressure. IgE Immunoglobin E, a class of antibody that Hypothermia A condition in which an organ- plays a role in allergy. ism’s temperature drops below that required IGFs Insulin-like growth factors, polypeptides for normal metabolism and body functions. with high sequence similarity to insulin. Hypothermic Relating to hypothermia, with IgG Immunoglobin G, the most abundant subnormal body temperature. immunoglobin (antibody) and is one of Hypoxaemia Is the reduction of oxygen specifi - the major activators of the complement cally in the blood. pathway. Hypoxia A shortage of oxygen in the body. adj . IgM Immunoglobin M, primary antibody hypoxic. against A and B antigens on red blood cells. Hypoxia-Inducible Factors (HIFs) Transcription IKAP Is a scaffold protein of the IvarKappaBeta factors that respond to changes in available kinase complex and a regulator for kinases oxygen in the cellular environment, specifi - involved in pro-infl ammatory cytokine cally to defi ciency in oxygen. signalling. ICAM-1 (Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule 1) IKappa B Or IkB-beta, a protein of the Also known as CD54 (cluster of differentia- NF-Kappa-B inhibitor family. tion 54), is a protein that in humans is encoded Ileus A temporary disruption of intestinal peri- by the ICAM1 gene. stalsis due to non-mechanical causes. 916 Medical Glossary

Immune Modulator A substance that affects or Induration Hardened, as a soft tissue that modulates the functioning of the immune becomes extremely fi rm, sclerosis. system. Infarct An area of living tissue that undergoes Immunodefi ciency A state in which the necrosis as a result of obstruction of local immune system’s ability to fi ght infectious blood supply. disease is compromised or entirely absent. Infarction Is the process of tissue death (necrosis) Immunogenicity The property enabling a sub- caused by blockage of the tissue’s blood stance to provoke an immune response. adj . supply. immunogenic. Infl ammation A protective response of the Immunoglobulin Class Switching Ig Class body to infection, irritation or other injuries, Switching A biological mechanism that aimed at destroying or isolating the injuries changes a B cell’s production of antibody and characterized by redness, pain, warmth from one class to another. and swelling. Immunomodulatory Capable of modifying or Infl uenza A viral infection that affects mainly the regulating one or more immune functions. nose, throat, bronchi and occasionally lungs. Immunoreactive Reacting to particular anti- Infusion A liquid extract obtained by steeping gens or haptens. something (e.g. herbs) that are more volatile Immunostimulant Agent that stimulates an or dissolve readily in water to release their immune response. active ingredients without boiling. Immunosuppression Involves a process that Inguinal Hernia A hernia into the inguinal reduces the activation or effi cacy of the canal of the groin. immune system. Inhalant A medicinal substance that is adminis- Immunotoxin A man-made protein that con- tered as a vapour into the upper respiratory sists of a targeting portion linked to a toxin. passages. Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) A pre- iNOS, Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthases diabetic state of dysglycaemia associated Through its product, nitric oxide (NO), may with insulin resistance, increased risk of contribute to the induction of germ cell cardiovascular pathology and also a risk factor apoptosis. It plays a crucial role in early for mortality. sepsis-related microcirculatory dysfunction. Impetigo A contagious, bacterial skin infec- Inotropic Affecting the force of muscle tion characterized by blisters that may contraction. itch, caused by a Streptococcus bacterium or Insecticide An agent that destroys insects. adj . Staphylococcus aureus and mostly seen in insecticidal. children. Insomnia A sleeping disorder characterized by Impotence A sexual dysfunction characterized the inability to fall asleep and/or the inability by the inability to develop or maintain an erec- to remain asleep for a reasonable amount of tion of the penis. time. Incontinence (Fecal) The inability to control Insulin A peptide hormone composed of 51 bowel’s movement. amino acids produced in the islets of Incontinence (Urine) The inability to control Langerhans in the pancreas causes cells in the urine excretion. liver, muscle and fat tissue to take up glucose Incretin A group of gastrointestinal hormones from the blood, storing it as glycogen in the that cause an increase in the amount of insulin liver and muscle. Insulin defi ciency is often released from the beta cells of the islets of the cause of diabetes and exogenous insulin is Langerhans after a meal; members include used to control diabetes. GIP and GLP-1. Insulin Homeostasis Blood sugar regulation. Index of Structural Atypia (ISA) Index of Insulin-Like Growth Factors (IGFs) Polypep- structural abnormality. tides with high sequence similarity to insulin. Medical Glossary 917

They are part of a complex system that cells Interleukin-6 (IL-6) An interleukin that acts as employ to communicate with their physio- both a pro-infl ammatory and anti-infl ammatory logical environment. cytokine. Insulin-Mimetic To act like insulin. Interleukin 8 (I-8) A cytokine produced by Insulin Resistance A condition where the natu- macrophages and other cell types such as epi- ral hormone insulin becomes less effective at thelial cells and is one of the major mediators reducing blood sugars. of the infl ammatory response. Insulinogenic Associated with or stimulating Intermediate-Density Lipoproteins (IDL) I s the production of insulin. one of the fi ve major groups of lipoproteins Insulinotropic Stimulating or affecting the pro- (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL and HDL) duction and activity of insulin. that enable fats and cholesterol to move within Integrase An enzyme produced by a retrovirus the water-based solution of the bloodstream. (such as HIV) that enables its genetic material IDL is further degraded to form LDL particles to be integrated into the DNA of the infected and, like LDL, can also promote the growth of cell. atheroma and increase cardiovascular diseases. Interferons (IFNs) Are natural cell signalling Intermittent Claudication An aching, crampy, glycoproteins known as cytokines produced tired and sometimes burning pain in the legs by the cells of the immune system of most ver- that comes and goes, caused by peripheral tebrates in response to challenges such as vascular disease. It usually occurs with walking viruses, parasites and tumour cells. and disappears after rest. Interleukins A group of naturally occurring Interoceptive Relating to stimuli arising from proteins and is a subset of a larger group of within the body. cellular messenger molecules called cyto- Interstitial Pertaining to the interstitium. kines, which are modulators of cellular Interstitium The space between cells in a behaviour. tissue. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) A cytokine that could Intertrigo An infl ammation (rash) caused by induce fever, control lymphocytes, increase microbial infection in skin folds. the number of bone marrow cells and cause Intima Innermost layer of an artery or vein. degeneration of bone joints. Also called Intimal Hyperplasia The thickening of the endogenous pyrogen, lymphocyte activating tunica intima of a blood vessel as a complica- factor, haemopoetin-1 and mononuclear cell tion of a reconstruction procedure. factor, among others. IL-1 is composed of two Intoxicant Substance that produces drunkenness distinct proteins, now called IL-1α and IL-1β. or intoxication. Interleukin 1 Beta (IL-1β) A cytokine protein Intracavernosal Within the corpus cavernosum, produced by activated macrophages. Cytokine columns of erectile tissues forming the body is an important mediator of the infl ammatory of the penis. response and is involved in a variety of cellular Intraperitoneal (i.p.) The term used when a activities, including cell proliferation, differ- chemical is contained within or administered entiation and apoptosis. through the peritoneum (the thin, transparent Interleukin 2 (IL-2) A type of cytokine immune membrane that lines the walls of the system signalling molecule that is instrumen- abdomen). tal in the body’s natural response to microbial Intrathecal (i.t.) Through the theca of the spinal infection. cord into the subarachnoid space. Interleukin-2 Receptor (IL-2R) A heterotri- Intromission The act of putting one thing into meric protein expressed on the surface of cer- another. tain immune cells, such as lymphocytes, that Intubation Refers to the placement of a tube binds and responds to a cytokine called IL-2. into an external or internal orifi ce of the body. 918 Medical Glossary

Iodine (I) Is an essential chemical element that Jaundice Refers to the yellow colour of the skin is important for hormone development in the and whites of the eyes caused by excess biliru- human body. Lack of iodine can lead to an bin in the blood. enlarged thyroid gland (goitre) or other iodine JNK Jun N-terminal kinase, also known as defi ciency disorders including mental retarda- stress activated protein kinase (SAPK), tion and stunted growth in babies and children. belongs to the family of MAP kinases. Iodine is found in dairy products, seafood, Jurkat Cells A line of T lymphocyte cells that kelp, seaweeds, eggs, some vegetables and are used to study acute T cell leukaemia. iodized salt. Kainate Receptors Or KARs, are non-NMDA IP See intraperitoneal. (N-methyl-D -aspartate) ionotropic receptors IP3R3 Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor type 3, which respond to the neurotransmitter is an intracellular calcium release channel that glutamate. mediates calcium release from the endoplasmic Kaliuresis The presence of excess potassium in reticulum. the urine. Iron (Fe) Is essential to most life forms and to Kallikreins Peptidases (enzymes that cleave normal human physiology. In humans, iron is peptide bonds in proteins), a subgroup of the an essential component of proteins involved in serine protease family; they liberate kinins oxygen transport and for haemoglobin. It is from kininogens. Kallikreins are targets of also essential for the regulation of cell growth active investigation by drug researchers as and differentiation. A defi ciency of iron limits possible biomarkers for cancer. oxygen delivery to cells, resulting in fatigue, Kaposi Sarcoma A cancerous tumour of the poor work performance and decreased immu- connective tissues caused by the human her- nity. Conversely, excess amounts of iron can pesvirus 8 and is often associated with AIDS. result in toxicity and even death. Dietary Kaposi Sarcoma Herpes Virus (KSHV) Also sources include certain cereals, dark green known as human herpesvirus 8, is a gamma 2 leafy vegetables, dried fruit, legumes, seafood, herpesvirus or rhadinovirus. It plays an impor- poultry and meat. tant role in the pathogenesis of Kaposi sarcoma Ischaemia An insuffi cient supply of blood to an (KS), multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) organ, usually due to a blocked artery. of the plasma cell type and primary effusion Ischuria Retention or suppression of urine. lymphoma and occurs in HIV patients. Isofl avones A subgroup of fl avonoids in which Karyolysis Dissolution and disintegration of the the basic structure is a 3-phenyl chromane nucleus when a cell dies. skeleton. They act as phytoestrogens in mam- Karyorrhexis Destructive fragmentation of the mals. See fl avonoids. nucleus of a dying cell whereby its chromatin Isomers Substances that are composed of the disintegrates into formless granules. same elements in the same proportions and KB Cell A cell line derived from a human carci- hence have the same molecular formula but noma of the nasopharynx, used as an assay for differ in properties because of differences in antineoplastic (antitumour) agents. the arrangement of atoms. Keloids Benign dermal tumours characterized Isoprostanes Unique prostaglandin-like com- by fi broblastic proliferation and excessive pounds generated in vivo from the free radical accumulation of collagen. catalysed peroxidation of essential fatty acids. Keratin A sulphur-containing protein which is a Jamu Traditional Indonesian herbal medicine. major component in skin, hair, nails, hooves, Janus Kinase (JAK)-Signal Transducer and horns and teeth. Activator of Transcription (STAT) Keratinocyte Is the major constituent of the Signalling Are essential molecules in cyto- epidermis, constituting 95 % of the cells found kine signal transduction pathways involved in there. cancer development and progression. Keratinophilic Having an affi nity for keratin. Medical Glossary 919

Keratitis I n fl ammation of the cornea. Laminin A glycoprotein component of connec- Keratolysis Softening and separation of the tive tissue basement membrane that promotes horny layer of the epidermis. cell adhesion. Keratolytic Pertaining to keratolysis. Laparotomy A surgical procedure involving an Keratomalacia An eye disorder that leads to a incision through the abdominal wall to gain dry cornea. access into the abdominal cavity. adj . Kidney Stones Calculi, are hardened mineral laparotomized. deposits that form in the kidney. Larvicidal An agent which kills insect or para- Kinin Is any of various structurally related poly- site larva. peptides, such as bradykinin, that act locally Laryngitis Is an infl ammation of the larynx. to induce vasodilation and contraction of Laxation Bowel movement. smooth muscle. Laxatives Substances that are used to promote Kininogen Either of two plasma α2-globulins bowel movement. that are kinin precursors. LC 50 Median lethal concentration, see LD 50. Ki- 67 Human protein associated with cell LD 50 Median lethal dose, the dose required to kill proliferation. half the members of a tested population, also Knockout Gene knockout is a genetic technique called LC 50 (median lethal concentration). in which an organism is engineered to carry LDL See low- density lipoprotein. genes that have been made inoperative. LDL Cholesterol See low-density lipoprotein. Kunitz Protease Inhibitors A type of protein LDL Receptor (LDLr) A low-density lipopro- contained in legume seeds which functions as tein receptor gene. a protease inhibitor. Lectins Are sugar-binding proteins that are Kupffer Cells Are resident macrophages of the highly specifi c for their sugar moieties that liver and play an important role in its normal agglutinate cells and/or precipitate glyco- physiology and homeostasis as well as partici- conjugates. They play a role in biological pating in the acute and chronic responses of recognition phenomena involving cells and the liver to toxic compounds. proteins. L -Dopa L -3,4- dihydroxyphenylalanine, is an Leishmaniasis A disease caused by protozoan amino acid that is formed in the liver and con- parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania verted into dopamine in the brain. and is transmitted by the bite of certain spe- Labour Process of childbirth involving muscu- cies of sand fl y. lar contractions. Lenitive Palliative, easing pain or discomfort. Lacrimation Secretion and discharge of tears. Lenticular Opacity Also known as or related to Lactagogue An agent that increases or stimu- cataract. lates milk fl ow or production, also called a Leprosy A chronic bacterial disease of the skin galactagogue. and nerves in the hands and feet and, in some Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Enzyme that cases, the lining of the nose. It is caused by the catalyses the conversion of lactate to Mycobacterium leprae , also called Hansen’s pyruvate. disease. Lactation Secretion and production of milk. Leptin Is a 16 kDa protein hormone with impor- Lactic Acidosis Is a condition caused by the tant effects in regulating body weight, metab- buildup of lactic acid in the body. It leads to olism and reproductive function. acidifi cation of the blood (acidosis) and is Lequesne Algofunctional Index Is a wide- considered a distinct form of metabolic spread international instrument (10 questions acidosis. survey) and recommended by the World LAK Cell A lymphokine-activated killer cell, Health Organization (WHO) for outcome i.e. a white blood cell that has been stimulated measurement in hip and knee diseases such as to kill tumour cells. osteoarthritis. 920 Medical Glossary

Leucocyte White blood corpuscles, colourless, Limbic System Complex set of brain structures, without haemoglobin that help to combat including the hypothalamus, amygdala, hippo- infection. campus, anterior thalamic nuclei, septum, lim- Leucoderma A skin abnormality characterized bic cortex and fornix that control various by white spots, bands and patches on the skin; functions such as emotion, behaviour, motiva- they can also be caused by fungus and tinea, tion, memory and olfaction. also see vitiligo. Liniment Liquid preparation rubbed on skin, Leucorrhoea Commonly known as whites, used to relieve muscular aches and pains. refers to a whitish discharge from the female Linterized Starch Starch that has undergone genitals. prolonged acid treatment. Leukemia, Leukaemia A cancer of the blood Lipodiatic Having lipid and lipoprotein lower- or bone marrow and is characterized by an ing property. abnormal proliferation (production by multi- Lipodystrophy A medical condition character- plication) of blood cells, usually white blood ized by abnormal or degenerative conditions cells (leukocytes). of the body’s adipose tissue. Leukemogenic Relating to leukaemia, causing Lipogenesis Is the process by which acetyl- leukaemia. CoA is converted to fats. Leukocytopenia Abnormal decrease in the Lipolysis Is the breakdown of fat stored in fat number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in cells in the body. the blood. Liposomes Artifi cially prepared vesicles made Leukocytosis Increase in white blood cell count of lipid bilayer. above its normal range. Lipotoxicity Refers to tissue diseases that may Leukomyelopathy Any diseases involving the occur when fatty acids spill over in excess of white matter of the spinal cord. the oxidative needs of those tissues and Leukopenia A decrease in the number of circu- enhance the metabolic fl ux into harmful path- lating white blood cells. ways of nonoxidative metabolism. Leukoplakia Condition characterized by white Lipotropic Refers to compounds that help spots or patches on mucous membranes, espe- catalyse the breakdown of fat during cially of the mouth and vulva. metabolism in the body, e.g. chlorine and Leukotriene A group of hormones that cause lecithin. the infl ammatory symptoms of hay fever and Lipoxygenase A family of iron-containing asthma. enzymes that catalyse the dioxygenation of Levarterenol See norepinephrine. polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids contain- LexA Repressor Or repressor LexA, is a repres- ing a cis,cis-1,4-pentadiene structure. sor enzyme that represses SOS response genes Lithiasis Formation of urinary calculi (stones) coding for DNA polymerases required for in the renal system (kidneys, ureters, urinary repairing DNA damage. bladder, urethra) can be of any one of several Leydig Cells Also called interstitial cells of compositions. Leydig, are found adjacent to the seminiferous Lithogenic Promoting the formation of calculi tubules in the testicle. They produce testoster- (stones). one in response to luteinizing hormone. Lithontriptic Removes stones from kidney, gall Libido Sexual urge. bladder. Lichen Planus A chronic mucocutaneous dis- Liver X Receptors Nuclear hormones that ease that affects the skin, tongue and oral function as central transcriptional regulators mucosa. for lipid homeostasis. Ligroin A volatile, infl ammable fraction of Lotion A liquid suspension or dispersion of petroleum, obtained by distillation and used as chemicals for external application to the body. a solvent. Lovo Cells Colon cancer cells. Medical Glossary 921

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Is a type of Lymphadenitis The infl ammation or enlarge- lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and ment of a lymph node caused by microbial triglycerides from the liver to the peripheral infection. tissues. High levels of LDL cholesterol can Lymphadenitis, Cervical I n fl ammation of the signal medical problems like cardiovascular lymph nodes in the neck, usually caused by an disease, and it is sometimes called ‘bad infection. cholesterol ’. Lymphadenomegaly Is the enlargement of the LRP1 Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related lymph node/nodes. protein-1, plays a role in intracellular signal- Lymphadenopathy A term meaning ‘disease of ling functions as well as in lipid metabolism. the lymph nodes’, lymph node enlargement. LTB4 A type of leukotriene, a major metabolite Lymphatitis I n fl ammation of lymph vessels in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. and nodes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function Lymphoblastic Pertaining to the production of (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centred lymphocytes. free radicals, arachidonic acid release and Lymphocyte A small white blood cell (leuco- metabolism). It induces skin infl ammation. cyte) that plays a large role in defending the Luciferase Is a generic name for enzymes com- body against disease. Lymphocytes are monly used in nature for bioluminescence. responsible for immune responses. There are Lumbago Is the term used to describe general two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T lower back pain. cells. Lymphocytes secrete products (lympho- Lung Abscess Necrosis of the pulmonary kines) that modulate the functional activities tissue and formation of cavities containing of many other types of cells and are often necrotic debris or fl uid caused by microbial present at sites of chronic infl ammation. infections. Lymphocyte B Cells The B cells make antibod- Lusitropic An agent that affects diastolic ies that attack bacteria and toxins. relaxation. Lymphocyte T Cells T cells attack body cells Lutein A carotenoid, occurs naturally as yellow themselves when they have been taken over by or orange pigment in some fruits and leafy viruses or have become cancerous. vegetables. It is one of the two carotenoids Lymphoma A type of cancer involving cells of contained within the retina of the eye. Within the immune system, called lymphocytes. the central macula, zeaxanthin predominates, Lymphopenia Abnormally low number of lym- whereas in the peripheral retina, lutein pre- phocytes in the blood. dominates. Lutein is necessary for good vision Lysosomes Are small, spherical organelles con- and may also help prevent or slow down ath- taining digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases) erosclerosis, the thickening of arteries, which and other proteases (cathepsins). is a major risk for cardiovascular disease. Maceration Softening or separation of parts by Luteinising Hormone (LH) A hormone pro- soaking in a liquid. duced by the anterior pituitary gland. In Macrophage A type of large leukocyte that females, it triggers ovulation. In males, it travels in the blood but can leave the blood- stimulates the production of testosterone to stream and enter tissue; like other leukocytes aid sperm maturation. it protects the body by digesting debris and Luteolysis Degeneration of the corpus luteum foreign cells. and ovarian luteinized tissues at the end of the Macular Degeneration A disease that gradu- luteal phase of both the estrous and menstrual ally destroys the macula, the central portion of cycles in the absence of pregnancy. adj . the retina, reducing central vision. luteolytic. Macules Small circumscribed changes in the Luteotropic Stimulating the formation of the colour of skin that are neither raised (elevated) corpus luteum. nor depressed. 922 Medical Glossary

Maculopapular Describes a rash characterized processes. Manganese superoxide dismutase by raised, spotted lesions. (MnSOD) is the principal antioxidant enzyme Magnesium (Mg) Is the fourth most abundant in the mitochondria. Manganese-activated mineral in the body and is essential to good enzymes play important roles in the metabo- health. It is important for normal muscle and lism of carbohydrates, amino acids and cho- nerve function, steady heart rhythm, immune lesterol. Manganese is the preferred cofactor system and strong bones. Magnesium also of enzymes called glycosyltransferases which helps regulate blood sugar levels, promotes are required for the synthesis of proteoglycans normal blood pressure and is known to be that are needed for the formation of healthy involved in energy metabolism and protein cartilage and bone. Dietary source include synthesis and plays a role in preventing and whole grains, fruit, legumes (soybean and managing disorders such as hypertension, car- by-products), green leafy vegetables, beetroot diovascular disease and diabetes. Dietary and tea. sources include legumes (e.g. soya bean and MAO Activity Monoamine oxidase activity. by-products), nuts, whole unrefi ned grains, MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) fruit (e.g. banana, apricots), okra and green These kinases are strongly activated in cells leafy vegetables. subjected to osmotic stress, UV radiation, + MAK Cell Macrophage-activated killer cell, dysregulated K currents, RNA-damaging activated macrophage that is much more agents and a multitude of other stresses, as phagocytic than monocytes. well as infl ammatory cytokines, endotoxin Malaise A feeling of weakness, lethargy or dis- and withdrawal of a trophic factor. The stress- comfort as of impending illness. responsive MAPKs mediate a plethora of Malaria Is an infection of the blood by cellular responses to such stressful stimuli, Plasmodium parasite that is carried from per- including apoptosis and production of infl am- son to person by mosquitoes. There are four matory and immunoregulatory cytokines in species of malaria parasites that infect man: diverse cell systems. Plasmodium falciparum, so called ‘malignant Marasmus Is one of the three forms of serious tertian fever’, is the most serious disease; protein-energy malnutrition. Plasmodium vivax , causing a relapsing form Mastectomy Surgery to remove a breast. of the disease, Plasmodium malariae ; and Masticatory A substance chewed to increase Plasmodium ovale . salivation, also called sialogue. Malassezia A fungal genus (previously known Mastitis A bacterial infection of the breast which as Pityrosporum ) classifi ed as yeasts, natu- usually occurs in breastfeeding mothers. rally found on the skin surfaces of many Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP) A member animals including humans. It can cause of a group of enzymes that can break down hypopigmentation on the chest or back if it proteins, such as collagen, that are normally becomes an opportunistic infection. found in the spaces between cells in tissues Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (i.e. extracellular matrix proteins). Matrix ( mTOR ) Pathway that regulates mitochon- metalloproteinases are involved in wound drial oxygen consumption and oxidative healing, angiogenesis and tumour cell metas- capacity. tasis. See also metalloproteinase. Mammogram An x-ray of the breast to detect MBC Minimum bacterial concentration, the tumours. lowest concentration of antibiotic required to Mandibular Relating to the mandible, the kill an organism. human jaw bone. MCP- 1 Monocyte chemotactic protein-1, plays Manganese Is an essential element for heath. It is a role in the recruitment of monocytes to sites an important constituent of some enzymes and of infection and injury. It is a member of small an activator of other enzymes in physiological inducible gene (SIG) family. Medical Glossary 923

MDA Malondialdehyde is one of the most fre- Mesangial Cells Are specialized cells around quently used indicators of lipid peroxidation. blood vessels in the kidneys, at the mesangium. Measles An acute, highly communicable rash Mesothelioma Is an aggressive cancer affecting illness due to a virus transmitted by direct the membrane lining of the lungs and abdomen. contact with infectious droplets or, less com- Meta-analysis A statistical procedure that com- monly, by airborne spread. bines the results of several studies that address Mechanonociceptors Sensory neurons that are a set of related research hypotheses. mechanically sensitive found in all of the para- Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) Represents a spinal connective tissues including ligament, combination of cardiometabolic risk factors, joint capsule, annulus fi brosus of the interverte- including visceral obesity, glucose intolerance bral disc, muscle, tendon and skin. They respond or type 2 diabetes, elevated triglycerides, to a noxious (damaging) mechanical load. reduced HDL cholesterol and hypertension. Medial Preoptic Area Is located at the rostral Metabolomics Is the scientifi c study of chemi- end of the hypothalamus; it is important for cal processes involving metabolites. the regulation of male sexual behaviour. Metabonome Complete set of metabologically Megaloblastic Anaemia An anaemia that regulated elements in cells. results from inhibition of DNA synthesis in Metalloproteinase Enzymes that breakdown red blood cell production, often due to a proteins and requiring zinc or calcium atoms defi ciency of vitamin B12 or folate and is for proper function. characterized by many large immature and Metallothionein (MT) A family of cysteine- dysfunctional red blood cells (megaloblasts) rich, low molecular weight (500–14,000 Da) in the bone marrow. proteins. Melaena (Melena) Refers to the black, ‘tarry’ Metaphysis Is the portion of a long bone between feces that are associated with gastrointestinal the epiphyses and the diaphysis of the femur. haemorrhage. Metaphyseal Pertaining to the metaphysis. Melanogenesis Production of melanin by living Metaplasia Transformation of one type of one cells. mature differentiated cell type into another Melanoma Malignant tumour of melanocytes mature differentiated cell type. which are found predominantly in skin but Metastasis Is the movement or spreading of also in the bowel and the eye and appear as cancer cells from one organ or tissue to pigmented lesions. another. Melatonin A hormone produced in the brain by Metestrus The quiescent period of sexual inac- the pineal gland; it is important in the regula- tivity between oestrus cycles. tion of the circadian rhythms of several bio- Metropathy Any disease of the uterus espe- logical functions. cially of the myometrium. Menarche The fi rst menstrual cycle, or fi rst Metroptosis The slipping or falling out of place menstrual bleeding, in female human beings. of an organ (as the uterus). Menorrhagia Heavy or prolonged menstruation, Metrorrhagia Uterine bleeding at irregular too frequent menstrual periods. intervals, particularly between the expected Menopausal Refers to permanent cessation of menstrual periods. menstruation. Mevinolin A potent inhibitor of 3-hydroxy- Menorrhagia Is heavy bleeding and that’s usu- 3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase ally defi ned as periods lasting longer than 7 (HMG-CoA reductase). days or excessive bleeding. MHC Acronym for major histocompatibility Menses See menstruation. complex, a large cluster of genes found on the Menstruation The approximately monthly dis- short arm of chromosome 6 in most verte- charge of blood from the womb in women of brates that encodes MHC molecules. MHC childbearing age who are not pregnant. Also molecules play an important role in the called menses. adj . menstrual. immune system and autoimmunity. 924 Medical Glossary

MHC 11 Molecules Class II MHC molecules chondrial membranes to molecules of less belong to a group of molecules known as the than 1,500 Da in molecular weight. MPT is Immunoglobulin Supergene Family, which one of the major causes of cell death in a vari- includes immunoglobulins, T-cell receptors, ety of conditions. CD4, CD8 and others. Mitogen An agent that triggers mitosis, elicit MIC Minimum inhibitory concentration, all the signals necessary to induce cell lowest concentration of an antimicrobial proliferation. that will inhibit the visible growth of a Mitogenic Able to induce mitosis or microorganism. transformation. Micelle A submicroscopic aggregation of Mitogenicity Process of induction of mitosis. molecules. Mitomycin A chemotherapy drug that is given Micellization Formation process of micelles. as a treatment for several different types of Microangiopathy Or microvascular disease, is cancer, including breast, stomach, oesophagus an angiopathy affecting small blood vessels in and bladder cancers. the body. Mitosis Cell division in which the nucleus Microfi laria A pre-larval parasitic worm of the divides into nuclei containing the same num- family Onchocercidae, found in the vector and ber of chromosomes. in the blood or tissue fl uid of human host. MMP Matrix metalloproteinases, a group of Micronuclei Small particles consisting of acen- peptidases involved in degradation of the tric fragments of chromosomes or entire chro- extracellular matrix (ECM). mosomes, which lag behind at anaphase of Mnestic Pertaining to memory. cell division. Molecular Docking Is a key tool in structural Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription molecular biology and computer-assisted drug Factor (MITF) A basic helix–loop–helix design. leucine zipper transcription factor protein that Molluscidal Destroying molluscs like snails. plays a role in the development, survival and Molt 4 Cells MOLT4 cells are lymphoblast-like function of melanocytes and osteoclast. in morphology and are used for studies of Microsomal PGE2 Synthase Is the enzyme apoptosis, tumour cytotoxicity, tumorigenicity, that catalyses the fi nal step in prostaglandin as well as for antitumour testing. E2 (PGE2) biosynthesis. Molybdenum (Mo) Is an essential element Microvasculature The fi ner vessels of the body, that forms part of several enzymes such as as the arterioles, capillaries and venules. xanthine oxidase involved in the oxidation of Micturition Urination, act of urinating. xanthine to uric acid and use of iron. Migraine A neurological syndrome character- Molybdenum concentrations also affect pro- ized by altered bodily perceptions, severe tein synthesis, metabolism and growth. painful headaches and nausea. Dietary sources include meat, green beans, Mimosine Is an alkaloid, β-3-hydroxy-4 pyri- eggs, sunfl ower seeds, wheat fl our, lentils and done amino acid; it is a toxic non-protein free cereal grain. amino acid and is an antinutrient. Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA) Is an isozyme Mineral Apposition Rate MAR, rate of addi- of monoamine oxidase. It preferentially deaminates tion of new layers of mineral on the trabecular norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine surfaces of bones. (adrenaline), serotonin and dopamine. Miscarriage Spontaneous abortion. Monoaminergic Of or pertaining to neurons Mitochondrial Complex I The largest enzyme that secrete monoamine neurotransmitters in the mitochondrial respiratory oxidative (e.g. dopamine, serotonin). phosphorylation system. Monoclonal Antibodies Are produced by fus- Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (MPT) ing single antibody-forming cells to tumour Is an increase in the permeability of the mito- cells grown in culture. Medical Glossary 925

Monocyte Large white blood cell that ingest Mycosis An infection or disease caused by a microbes, other cells and foreign matter. fungus. Monogalactosyl Diglyceride Are the major Myelocyte Is a young cell of the granulocytic lipid components of chloroplasts. series, occurring normally in bone marrow, Morbidity A diseased state or symptom or can but not in circulating blood. refer either to the incidence rate or to the prev- Myeloid Leukaemia (chronic) A type of cancer alence rate of a disease. that affects the blood and bone marrow, char- Morellofl avone A bifl avonoid extracted from acterized by excessive number of white blood Garcinia dulcis , has shown antioxidative, cells. antiviral and anti-infl ammatory properties. Myeloma Cancer that arise in the plasma cells, Morphine The major alkaloid of opium and a a type of white blood cells. potent narcotic analgesic. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) Is a peroxidase mTOR, the Mammalian (or Mechanistic) enzyme most abundantly present in neutrophil Target of Rapamycin Regulates a wide granulocytes (a subtype of white blood cells). range of cellular and developmental processes It is an infl ammatory enzyme produced by by coordinating signalling responses to mito- activated leukocytes that predicts risk of coro- gens, nutrients and various stresses. nary heart disease. MTTP Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein Myeloproliferative Disorder Disease of the bone that is required for the assembly and secretion marrow in which excess cells are produced. of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins from both Myelosuppressive Causing bone marrow enterocytes and hepatocytes. suppression. MUC 5A C Mucin 5AC, a secreted gel-forming Myelotoxicity State of being toxic to myeloid protein mucin with a high molecular weight of tissues, the bone marrow. about 641 kDa. Myocardial Relating to heart muscle tissues. Mucolytic Capable of reducing the viscosity of Myocardial Infarction (MI) Is the rapid devel- mucus, or an agent that so acts. opment of myocardial necrosis caused by a Mucositis Painful infl ammation and ulceration critical imbalance between oxygen supply and of the mucous membranes lining the digestive demand of the myocardium. tract. Myocardial Ischaemia An intermediate condi- Mucous Relating to mucus. tion in coronary artery disease during which Mucus Viscid secretion of the mucous membrane. the heart tissue is slowly or suddenly starved Multidrug Resistance (MDR) Ability of a living of oxygen and other nutrients. cell to show resistance to a wide variety of struc- Myocardial Lipidosis Is the accumulation of turally and functionally unrelated compounds. fat droplets in myocardial fi bres. Muscarinic Receptors Are G protein-coupled Myoclonus Brief, involuntary twitching of a acetylcholine receptors found in the plasma muscle or a group of muscles. membranes of certain neurons and other cells. Myogenesis The formation of muscular tissue, Musculotropic Affecting or acting upon mus- especially during embryonic development. cular tissue. Myopathy A muscular disease wherein the Mutagen An agent that induces genetic mutation muscle fi bres do not function for any one by causing changes in the DNA. of many reasons, resulting in muscular Mutagenic Capable of inducing mutation (used weakness. mainly for extracellular factors such as x-rays Myopia Near or short- sightedness. or chemical pollution). Myosarcoma A malignant muscle tumour. Myalgia Muscle pain. Myotonia A symptom of certain neuromuscular Myc Codes for a protein that binds to the DNA disorders characterized by the slow relaxation of other genes and is therefore a transcription of the muscles after voluntary contraction or factor, found on chromosome 8 in human. electrical stimulation. 926 Medical Glossary

Myotonia Dystrophica An inherited disorder atherosclerosis by migration and proliferation of the muscles and other body systems charac- of cells from the media. terized by progressive muscle weakness, Neonatal Adj . of or relating to newborn infants prolonged muscle contractions (myotonia), or an infant. clouding of the lens of the eye (cataracts), Neoplasia Abnormal growth of cells, which cardiac abnormalities, balding and infertility. may lead to a neoplasm, or tumour. Myotube A developing skeletal muscle fi bre or Neoplasm Tumour; any new and abnormal cell with a tubular appearance and a centrally growth, specifi cally one in which cell multi- located nucleus. plication is uncontrolled and progressive. Myringosclerosis Also known as tympanoscle- Neoplasms may be benign or malignant. rosis or intratympanic tympanosclerosis, a Neoplastic Transformation Conversion of a condition caused by calcifi cation of collagen tissue with a normal growth pattern into a tissues in the tympanic membrane of the malignant tumour. middle ear. Neovascularization Is the development of tiny, N- Nitrosomorpholine A human carcinogen. abnormal, leaky blood vessels inside the eye. N- Nitrosoproline An indicator for N-nitrosation Neovasculature Formation of new blood vessels. of amines. Nephrectomized Kidneys surgically removed. NADPH The reduced form of nicotinamide Nephrectomy Surgical removal of the kidney. adenine dinucleotide phosphate that serves as Nephric Relating to or connected with a kidney. an electron carrier. Nephrin Is a protein necessary for the proper NAFLD Non- alcoholic fatty liver disease. functioning of the renal fi ltration barrier. Narcotic An agent that produces narcosis, in Nephritic Syndrome Is a collection of signs moderate doses it dulls the senses, relieves (known as a syndrome) associated with disor- pain and induces sleep; in excessive dose it ders affecting the kidneys, more specifi cally causes stupor, coma, convulsions and death. glomerular disorders. Nasopharynx Upper part of the alimentary con- Nephritis Is infl ammation of the kidney. tinuous with the nasal passages. Nephrolithiasis Process of forming a kidney Natriorexia Excessive intake of sodium evoked stone in the kidney or lower urinary tract. by sodium depletion. adj . natriorexic, Nephropathy A disorder of the kidney. natriorexigenic. Nephrotic Syndrome Nonspecifi c disorder in Natriuresis The discharge of excessive large which the kidneys are damaged, causing them amount of sodium through urine. adj . to leak large amounts of protein from the natriuretic. blood into the urine. Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells) A type of Nephrotoxicity Poisonous effect of some sub- cytotoxic lymphocyte that constitutes a major stances, both toxic chemicals and medication, component of the innate immune system. on the kidney. Natural Killer T (NKT) Cells A heteroge- Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) A small protein neous group of T cells that share properties of that induces the differentiation and survival of both T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. particular target neurons (nerve cells). Nausea Sensation of unease and discomfort in Nervine A nerve tonic that acts therapeutically the stomach with an urge to vomit. upon the nerves, particularly in the sense of a Necropsy See autopsy. sedative that serves to calm ruffl ed nerves. Necrosis Morphological changes that follow Neural Tube Defects (NTDs) Are common cell death, usually involving nuclear and cyto- birth defects of the brain and spinal cord. plasmic changes. NEU 4 Sialidase This protein belongs to a Neointima A new or thickened layer of arterial family of glycohydrolytic enzymes, which intima formed especially on a prosthesis or in remove terminal sialic acid residues from Medical Glossary 927

various sialo derivatives, such as glycopro- Neuropathy A collection of disorders that teins, glycolipids, oligosaccharides and occurs when the peripheral nervous systems gangliosides. are damaged causing pain and numbness in Neuralgia Is a sudden, severe painful disorder the hands and feet. of the nerves. Neuropharmacological Relating the effects of Neuraminidase Glycoside hydrolase enzymes drugs on the neurosystem. that cleave the glycosidic linkages of neur- Neuroradiology Is a subspecialty of radiology aminic acids. focusing on the diagnosis and characterization Neuraminidase Inhibitors A class of antivi- of abnormalities of the central and peripheral ral drugs targeted at the influenza viruses nervous system. adj . neuroradiologic. whose mode of action consists of blocking Neurotrophic Relating to the nutrition and the function of the viral neuraminidase maintenance of nervous tissue (neurons). protein, thus preventing the virus from Neutropenia A disorder of the blood, character- reproducing. ized by abnormally low levels of neutrophils. Neurasthenia A condition with symptoms of Neutrophil Type of white blood cell, specifi cally fatigue, anxiety, headache, impotence, neuralgia a form of granulocyte. and impotence. Neutrophin Protein that induces the survival, Neurasthenic A substance used to treat nerve development and function of neurons. pain and/or weakness (i.e. neuralgia, sciatica, NF-kappa B (NF-kB) Nuclear factor kappa B, etc.). is an ubiquitous rapid response transcription Neurectomy Surgical cutting through or removal factor in cells involved in immune and infl am- of a nerve or a section of a nerve. matory reactions. Neurite Refers to any projection from the cell Niacin Vitamin B3. See vitamin B3. body of a neuron. Niacinamide An amide of niacin, also known as Neuritis An infl ammation of the nerve charac- nicotinamide. See vitamin B3. terized by pain, sensory disturbances and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate impairment of refl exes. adj . neuritic. (NADP) A coenzyme comprising nicotinamide Neuritogenesis The fi rst step of neuronal differ- mononucleotide coupled by pyrophosphate entiation, takes place as nascent neurites bud linkage to adenosine 2′,5′-bisphosphate; it from the immediate post-mitotic neuronal acts as an electron carrier in numerous reac- soma. tions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) Neuroblastoma A common extracranial cancer and reduced (NADPH). that forms in nerve tissues, common in NIH3T3 Cells A mouse embryonic fi broblast infancy. cell line used in the cultivation of Neuroendocrine Adj. of, relating to, or involving keratinocytes. the interaction between the nervous system Nidation Implantation. and the hormones of the endocrine glands. Niosomes Are novel, vesicular, drug delivery Neurogenesis Process by which neurons are systems composed of nonionic surfactants generated from neural stem and progenitor instead of phospholipids; they are capable of cells. entrapping hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Neurogenic Originating from the nerves of the Nitrogen (N) Is an essential building block of nervous system. amino and nucleic acids and proteins and is Neuroleptic Refers to the effects on cognition essential to all living organisms. Protein-rich and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs that vegetables like legumes are rich food sources reduce confusion, delusions, hallucinations of nitrogen. and psychomotor agitation in patients with NK Cells Natural killer cells, a type of cytotoxic psychoses. lymphocyte that constitutes a major compo- Neuroma Is a growth or tumour of nerve tissue. nent of the innate immune system. 928 Medical Glossary

NK1.1+ T (NKT) Cells A type of natural killer It is critical for the uptake of cholesterol across T (NKT) cells. See natural killer T cells. the plasma membrane of the intestinal NMDA Receptor N-methyl - d-aspartate receptor, enterocyte. the predominant molecular device for control- Nrf2 NF-E2 - related factor 2, a transcription fac- ling synaptic plasticity and memory function. tor that activates ARE-containing genes. A brain receptor activated by the amino acid Nrf2/ARE Pathway Plays an important role in glutamate, which when excessively stimulated inducing phase II detoxifying enzymes and may cause cognitive defects in Alzheimer’s antioxidant proteins and has been considered disease. a potential target for cancer chemoprevention Nocebo A harmless substance that when taken because it eliminates harmful reactive oxygen by a patient is associated with unpleasant or species or reactive intermediates generated harmful effects due to negative expectations from carcinogens. or the psychological state of the person. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Nociceptive Causing pain, responding to a pain- (Nrf2) A transcription factor that plays a ful stimulus. major role in response to oxidative stress by Nociceptors Specialized peripheral sensory binding to antioxidant-responsive elements neurons that respond to potentially damaging that regulate many hepatic phase I and II stimuli by sending nerve signals to the spinal enzymes as well as hepatic effl ux transporters. cord and brain. Nucleosomes Fundamental repeating subunits Non- alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease One cause of all eukaryotic chromatin, consisting of a of a fatty liver, occurring when fat is deposited DNA chain coiled around a core of histones. (steatosis) in the liver not due to excessive Nulliparous Term used to describe a woman alcohol use. who has never given birth. Non-osteogenic Fibromata of bone, a benign Nyctalopia Night blindness, impaired vision in tumour of bone which shows no evidence of dim light and in the dark, due to impaired ossifi cation. function of certain specialized vision cells. Nootropics Are substances which are claimed to Nycturia Excessive urination at night, especially boost human cognitive abilities (the functions common in older men. and capacities of the brain). Also popularly Nystagmus Fast, involuntary movements of the referred to as ‘smart drugs’, ‘smart nutrients’, eyes. ‘cognitive enhancers’ and ‘brain enhancers’. Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) A Noradrenalin See norepinephrine. common psychiatric disorder defi ned by the Norepinephrine A substance, both a hormone presence of obsessive thoughts and repetitive and neurotransmitter, secreted by the adrenal compulsive actions, self- grooming. medulla and the nerve endings of the sympa- Occludin A novel integral membrane protein thetic nervous system to cause vasoconstriction localizing at tight junctions cf . tight junction. and increases in heart rate, blood pressure and Occlusion Closure or blockage (as of a blood the sugar level of the blood. Also called levar- vessel). terenol, noradrenalin. Occlusive Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAOD) Normoglycaemic Having the normal amount of Also known as peripheral vascular disease glucose in the blood. (PVD), or peripheral arterial disease (PAD), Normotensive Having normal blood pressure. refers to the obstruction of large arteries not Nosocomial Infections Infections which are a within the coronary, aortic arch vasculature or result of treatment in a hospital or a healthcare brain. PVD can result from atherosclerosis, service unit, but secondary to the patient’s infl ammatory processes leading to stenosis, an original condition. embolism or thrombus formation. NPC1L1 Niemann–Pick C1-Like 1 gene that Oculomotor Nerve The third of 12 paired cranial plays a major role in cholesterol homeostasis. nerves. Medical Glossary 929

Odds Ratio A statistical measure of effect size, sometimes called gamoleic acid, eicosadienoic describing the strength of association or non- acid, arachidonic acid and docosadienoic acid. independence between two binary data values. Omega 9 Fatty Acids Are not essential polyun- Odontalgia Toothache. adj . odontalgic. saturated fatty acids that have in common a Odontopathy Any disease of the teeth. fi nal carbon–carbon double bond in the n − 9 Oedema See edema. position. Some n − 9s are common compo- Oedematogenic Producing or causing oedema. nents of animal fat and vegetable oil. Two Oligoanuria Insuffi cient urine volume to allow n − 9 fatty acids important in industry are oleic for administration of necessary fl uids, etc. acid (18:1, n − 9), which is a main component Oligoarthritis An infl ammation of two, three or of olive oil, and erucic acid (22:1, n − 9), four joints. which is found in rapeseed, wallfl ower seed Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia Male infertility and mustard seed. refers to the inability of a male to achieve a Oncogenes Genes carried by tumour viruses pregnancy in a fertile female. that are directly and solely responsible for the Oligonucleosome A series of nucleosomes. neoplastic (tumorous) transformation of host Oligospermia or Oligozoospermia Refers to cells. semen with a low concentration of sperm, Oncosis Accidental cell death, also referred to commonly associated with male infertility. swelling necrosis. Oliguria Decreased production of urine. Ophthalmia Severe infl ammation of eye, or the Omega 3 Fatty Acids Are essential polyunsatu- conjunctiva or deeper structures of the eye, rated fatty acids that have in common a fi nal also called ophthalmitis. carbon–carbon double bond in the n − 3 posi- Ophthalmia ( Sympathetic) I n fl ammation of tion. Dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids both eyes following trauma to one eye. include fi sh oil and certain plant/nut oils. The Ophthalmopathy An autoimmune disease three most nutritionally important omega 3 fatty where the thyroid gland is overactive leading acids are alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic to ocular manifestations. acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Opiate Drug derived from the opium plant. Research indicates that omega 3 fatty acids are Opioid Receptors A group of G protein-coupled important in health promotion and disease receptors located in the brain and various and can help prevent a wide range of medical organs that bind opiates or opioid substances. problems, including cardiovascular disease, Oppilation Obstruction particularly of the lower depression, asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. intestines. Omega 6 Fatty Acids Are essential polyunsatu- Optic Placode An ectodermal placode from rated fatty acids that have in common a fi nal which the lens of the embryonic eye develops, carbon–carbon double bond in the n − 6 posi- also called lens placode. tion. Omega-6 fatty acids are considered ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance essential fatty acids (EFAs) found in vegetable Capacity) A method of measuring antioxidant oils, nuts and seeds. They are essential to capacities in biological samples. human health but cannot be made in the body. Oral Submucous Fibrosis A chronic debilitat- Omega-6 fatty acids—found in vegetable oils, ing disease of the oral cavity characterized by nuts and seeds—are a benefi cial part of a infl ammation and progressive fi brosis of the heart-healthy eating. Omega-6 and omega-3 submucosa tissues. PUFA play a crucial role in heart and brain Oral Thrush An infection of yeast fungus, function and in normal growth and develop- Candida albicans , in the mucous membranes ment. Linoleic acid (LA) is the main omega-6 of the mouth. fatty acid in foods, accounting for 85–90 % of Orchidectomy Surgery to remove one or both the dietary omega-6 PUFA. Other omega 6 testicles. acids include gamma-linolenic acid or GLA, Orchidectomized With testis removed. 930 Medical Glossary

Orchitis An acute painful infl ammatory reaction Otic Placode A thickening of the ectoderm on of the testis secondary to infection by different the outer surface of a developing embryo from bacteria and viruses. which the ear develops. Orexigenic Increasing or stimulating the appetite. Otitis I n fl ammation of the inner or outer parts of Orofacial Dyskinesia Abnormal involuntary the ear. movements involving muscles of the face, Otitis Media I n fl ammation of the middle ear. mouth, tongue, eyes and occasionally the Otopathy Disease of the ear. neck—may be unilateral or bilateral and con- Otorrhoea Running drainage (discharge) exit- stant or intermittent. ing the ear. Oropharyngeal Relating to the oropharynx. Ovariectomized With one or two ovaries Oropharynx Part of the pharynx between the removed. soft palate and the epiglottis. Ovariectomy Surgical removal of one or both Ostalgia, Ostealgia Pain in the bones, also ovaries. called osteodynia. Oxidation The process of adding oxygen to a Osteoarthritis Is the deterioration of the joints compound, dehydrogenation or increasing the that becomes more common with age. electro-negative charge. Osteoarthrosis Chronic non-infl ammatory bone Oxidoreductase Activity Catalysis of an disease. oxidation–reduction (redox) reaction, a Osteoblast A mononucleate cell that is respon- reversible chemical reaction. One substrate acts sible for bone formation. as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes Osteoblastic Relating to osteoblasts. oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or Osteocalcin A noncollagenous protein found in electron acceptor and becomes reduced. bone and dentin, also referred to as bone gamma- Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity carboxyglutamic acid- containing protein. (ORAC) A method of measuring antioxidant Osteoclastogenesis The production of osteoclasts. capacities in biological samples. Osteoclasts A kind of bone cell that removes Oxytocic Adj . hastening or facilitating child- bone tissue by removing its mineralized matrix. birth, especially by stimulating contractions Osteodynia Pain in the bone. of the uterus. Osteogenic Derived from or composed of any Oxytocin Is a mammalian hormone that also tissue concerned in bone growth or repair. acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. It is best Osteomalacia Refers to the softening of the known for its roles in female reproduction: it bones due to defective bone mineralization. is released in large amounts after distension of Osteomyelofi brosis A myeloproliferative disor- the cervix and vagina during labour and after der in which fi brosis and sclerosis fi nally lead stimulation of the nipples, facilitating birth to bone marrow obliteration. and breastfeeding, respectively. Osteopenia Reduction in bone mass, usually Oxyuriasis Infestation by pinworms. caused by a lowered rate of formation of new Ozoena Discharge of the nostrils caused by bone that is insuffi cient to keep up with the chronic infl ammation of the nostrils. rate of bone destruction. p.o. Per os, oral administration. Osteoporosis A disease of bone that leads to an P-Glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1, MDR1) A cell increased risk of fracture. membrane-associated drug-exporting protein Osteoprotegerin Also called osteoclastogene- that transports a variety of drug substrates sis inhibitory factor (OCIF), a cytokine, which from cancer cells. can inhibit the production of osteoclasts. P-Selectin Also known as CD62P, GMP-140, Osteosarcoma A malignant bone tumour, also LLECAM-3, PADGEM, a member of the called osteogenic sarcoma. selectin family. It is expressed by activated Otalgia Earache, pain in the ear. platelets and endothelial cells. Medical Glossary 931

P65 Transcription Factor Is a protein that in Paraoxonase An enzyme that protects against humans is encoded by the RELA gene. Its oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and alternative name is nuclear factor NF-kappa-B affects the risk of coronary artery disease. p65 subunit. Parasitaemia Presence of parasites in blood. P300/CBP Are transcriptional co-activators that adj . parasitaemic. play critical roles in integrating multiple Parasympathetic Nervous System Subsystem signal-dependent transcription events and may of the nervous systems that slows the heart have specifi c roles in tumour suppression rate and increases intestinal and gland activity pathways. and relaxes the sphincter muscles. p21waf1/cip1 Encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase Parasympathomimetic Having an action inhibitor that is transcriptionally activated by resembling that caused by stimulation of the the p53 tumour suppressor gene, transforming parasympathetic nervous system. growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), AP2 and Parenteral Administration Administration by other pathways, all regulating apoptosis and intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular the cell cycle. routes. Palliative Relieving pain without alleviating the Paresis A condition characterized by partial underlying problem. loss of movement or impaired movement. Palpebral Ptosis The abnormal drooping of the Parotitis I n fl ammation of salivary glands. upper lid, caused by partial or total reduction Paroxysm A sudden outburst of emotion or in levator muscle function. action, a sudden attack, recurrence or intensi- Palpitation Rapid pulsation or throbbing of the fi cation of a disease. heart. Paroxystic Relating to an abnormal event of Paludism State of having symptoms of malaria the body with an abrupt onset and an equally characterized by high fever and chills. sudden return to normal. Pancreatectomized Having undergone a PARP See poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. pancreatectomy. Pars Compacta Is a portion of the substantia Pancreatectomy Surgical removal of all or part nigra (a brain structure located in the of the pancreas. midbrain). Pancreatitis I n fl ammation of the pancreas. Parturition Act of child birth. Pancytopenia A haematological condition in PCAF P300/CBP-associated factor, a histone which there is a reduction in the number of red acetyl transferase (HAT) that plays an impor- and white blood cells, as well as platelets. tant role in the remodeling of chromatin and Pantothenic Acid Vitamin B5. See vitamin B5. the regulation of gene expression, transcription, Papain A protein-degrading enzyme used cell cycle progression and differentiation. medicinally and to tenderize meat. PCE/PCN Ratio Polychromatic erythrocyte/ Papilloma A benign epithelial tumour growing normochromatic erythrocyte ratio use as a outwardly like in fi ngerlike fronds. measure of cytotoxic effects. Papule A small, solid, usually infl ammatory PCNA Proliferating cell nuclear antigen, an elevation of the skin that does not contain pus. auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta Paradontosis Is the infl ammation of gums and involve in modulating eukaryotic DNA other deeper structures, including the bone. replication. Paraesthesia A sensation of tingling, burning, pCREB Phosphorylated cAMP (adenosine 3′5′ pricking or numbness of a person’s skin with cyclic monophosphate), response element- no apparent long-term physical effect. Also binding protein. known as ‘pains and needles’. PDEF Acronym for prostate-derived ETS Paralytic Person affected with paralysis, per- factor, an ETS (epithelial-specifi c E26 taining to paralysis. transforming sequence) family member that 932 Medical Glossary

has been identifi ed as a potential tumour production is declining and fl uctuating. adj . suppressor. perimenopausal. PDGFs Platelet-derived growth factors consti- Perineum The region between the thighs infe- tute a group of growth factors that play a sig- rior to the pelvic diaphragm. nifi cant role in blood vessel formation and the Perineal Pertaining to the perineum. growth of blood vessels. Periodontal Ligament (PDL) Is a group of PDGR Receptor (Platelet-Derived Growth specialized connective tissue fi bres that essen- Factor Receptor) Are cell surface tyro- tially attach a tooth to the bony socket. sine kinase receptors for members of the Periodontitis Is a severe form of gingivitis in platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) which the infl ammation of the gums extends family. to the supporting structures of the tooth, also Pectoral Pertaining to or used for the chest and called pyorrhoea. respiratory tract. Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) Is a disease pERK Phosphorylated extracellular signal-reg- in which plaque builds up in the arteries that ulated kinase, protein kinases involved in carry blood to your head, organs and limbs. many cell functions. Peripheral Neuropathic Pain (PNP) Refers to P53 Also known as protein 53 or tumour pro- situations where nerve roots or peripheral nerve tein 53, is a tumour suppressor protein that in trunks have been damaged by mechanical and/ humans is encoded by the TP53 gene. or chemical stimuli that exceeded the physical Peliosis See purpura. capabilities of the nervous system. Symptoms Pellagra Is a systemic nutritional wasting may include pain, paraesthesia, dysaesthesia, disease caused by a defi ciency of vitamin B3 spasm, weakness, hypoesthesia or anaesthesia. (niacin). Peripheral Neuropathy Refers to damage to Pemphigus Neonatorum Staphylococcal scalded nerves of the peripheral nervous system. skin syndrome, a bacterial disease of infants, Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) See characterized by elevated vesicles or blebs on peripheral artery occlusive disease . a normal or reddened skin. Peristalsis A series of organized, wave-like Peptic Ulcer A sore in the lining of the stomach muscle contractions that occur throughout the or duodenum, the fi rst part of the small digestive tract. intestine. PERK A transmembrane protein kinase of the Peptide YY A short (36 amino acid) pancreatic PEK family resident in the endoplasmic retic- protein released by cells in the ileum and ulum (ER) membrane and is linked to insulin colon in response to feeding. processing. Percutaneous Pertains to a medical procedure Perlingual Through or by way of the tongue. where access to inner organs or tissues is done Perniosis An abnormal reaction to cold that via needle puncture of the skin. occurs most frequently in women, children Perfusion To force fl uid through the lymphatic and the elderly, also called chilblains. system or blood vessels to an organ or tissue. Per Os (P.O.) Oral administration. Periapical Periodontitis Is the infl ammation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors the tissue adjacent to the tip of the tooth’s root. (PPARs) A family of nuclear receptors that are Perifuse T o fl ush a fresh supply of bathing fl uid involved in lipid metabolism, differentiation, around all of the outside surfaces of a small proliferation, cell death and infl ammation. piece of tissue immersed in it. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Perilipins Highly phosphorylated adipocyte Alpha (PPAR-Alpha) A nuclear receptor proteins that are localized at the surface of the protein, transcription factor and a major regu- lipid droplet. lator of lipid metabolism in the liver. Perimenopause Is the phase before menopause Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor actually takes place, when ovarian hormone Gamma (PPAR-γ) A type II nuclear receptor Medical Glossary 933

protein that regulates fatty acid storage and Pheochromocytoma Is a rare neuroendocrine glucose metabolism. tumour that usually originates from the adrenal Pertussis Whooping cough, sever cough. glands’ chromaffi n cells, causing overproduc- Peyer’s Patches Patches of lymphoid tissue tion of catecholamines, powerful hormones or lymphoid nodules on the walls of the ileal- that induce high blood pressure and other small intestine. symptoms. PGE-2 Prostaglandin E2, a hormone-like sub- Phlebitis Is an infl ammation of a vein, usually stance that is released by blood vessel walls in in the legs. response to infection or infl ammation that acts Phlegm Abnormally viscid mucus secreted by on the brain to induce fever. the mucosa of the respiratory passages during Phagocytes Are the white blood cells that pro- certain infectious processes. tect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) Phlegmon A spreading, diffuse infl ammation of harmful foreign particles, bacteria and dead or the soft or connective tissue due to infection dying cells. adj . phagocytic. by Streptococci bacteria. Phagocytosis Is a process the human body uses Phloroglucinol A white, crystalline compound to destroy dead or foreign cells. used as an antispasmodic, analytical reagent Pharmacodynamics Branch of pharmacology and decalcifi er of bone specimens for micro- dealing with the effects of drugs and the scopic examination. mechanism of their action. Phosphatidylglycerol Is a glycerophospholipid Pharmacognosis The branch of pharmacology found in pulmonary active surface lipoprotein that studies the composition, use and history and consists of a L -glycerol 3-phosphate back- of drugs. bone ester-bonded to either saturated or unsat- Pharmacokinetics Branch of pharmacology con- urated fatty acids on carbons 1 and 2. cerned with the movement of drugs within the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases (PI 3-Kinases body including processes of absorption, distri- or PI3Ks) A group of enzymes involved bution, metabolism and excretion in the body. in cellular functions such as cell growth, Pharmacopoeia Authoritative treatise contain- proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival ing directions for the identifi cation of drug and intracellular traffi cking, which in turn are samples and the preparation of compound involved in cancer. medicines and published by the authority of a Phosphatidylserine A phosphoglyceride phos- government or a medical or pharmaceutical pholipid that is one of the key building blocks society and in a broader sense is a general of cellular membranes, particularly in the ner- reference work for pharmaceutical drug vous system. It is derived from soy lecithin. specifi cations. Phosphaturia A urinary tract condition of Pharyngitis, Pharyngolaryngitis I n fl ammation excessive urine phosphorus, causing urine to of the pharynx and the larynx. appear cloudy or murky colour, also called Pharyngolaryngeal Pertaining to the pharynx hypophosphataemia. and larynx. Phosphodiesterases A diverse family of Phase II Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes Play an enzymes that hydrolyse cyclic nucleotides and important role in biotransformation of endog- thus play a key role in regulating intracellular enous compounds and xenobiotics to more levels of the second messengers cAMP and easily excretable forms as well as in the cGMP, and hence cell function. metabolic inactivation of pharmacologically Phosphoenolpyruvate C Kinase (PEPCK) A n active compounds. Phase II drug-metabolizing enzyme in the lyase family used in the meta- enzymes are mainly transferases. bolic pathway of gluconeogenesis. Phenolics Class of chemical compounds con- Phospholipase An enzyme that hydrolyses sisting of a hydroxyl group (−OH) bonded phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipo- directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. philic substances. 934 Medical Glossary

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) A small lipolytic Phytonutrients are not ‘essential’ for life, also enzyme that releases fatty acids from the called phytochemicals. second carbon group of glycerol. Plays an Phytosterols A group of steroid alcohols, cho- essential role in the synthesis of prostaglan- lesterol-like phytochemicals naturally occur- dins and leukotrienes. ring in plants like vegetable oils, nuts and Phospholipase C Enzymes that cleaves legumes. phospholipase. Piebaldism Rare autosomal dominant disorder Phospholipase C Gamma (PLC Gamma) of melanocyte development characterized by Enzymes that cleave phospholipase in cellular distinct patches of skin and hair that contains proliferation and differentiation, and its enzy- no pigment. matic activity is upregulated by a variety of Piles See haemorrhoids. growth factors and hormones. PI3K Phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Phosphorus (P) Is an essential mineral that PI13K/AKT Signalling Pathways Are involved makes up 1 % of a person’s total body weight in the modulation of cell survival, cell cycle and is found in the bones and teeth. It plays an progression and cellular growth in cancer. important role in the body’s utilization of Pityriasis Lichenoides Is a rare skin disorder of carbohydrates and fats and in the synthesis of unknown aetiology characterized by multiple protein for the growth, maintenance and repair papules and plaques. of cells and tissues. It is also crucial for the PKC Protein kinase C, a membrane-bound production of ATP, a molecule the body uses enzyme that phosphorylates different intra- to store energy. Main sources are meat and cellular proteins and raised intracellular Ca milk; fruits and vegetables provide small levels. amounts. PKC Delta Inhibitors Protein kinase C delta Photoaging Is the term that describes damage to inhibitors that induce apoptosis of haemato- the skin caused by intense and chronic expo- poietic cell lines. sure to sunlight resulting in premature aging Placebo A sham or simulated medical of the skin. intervention. Photocarcinogenesis Represents the sum of a Placode A platelike epithelial thickening in the complex of simultaneous and sequential embryo where some organ or structure later biochemical events that ultimately lead to the develops. occurrence of skin cancer caused by exposure Plantar Verruca Wart occurring on the sole of to the sun. the foot. Photodermatoses Skin disorders caused by Plasma The yellow-coloured liquid component exposure to sunlight. of blood, in which blood cells are suspended. Photophobia Abnormal visual intolerance to Plasma Kallikrein A serine protease, synthe- light. sized in the liver and circulates in the plasma. Photopsia An affection of the eye, in which Plasmalemma Plasma membrane. the patient perceives luminous rays, fl ashes, Plasmin A proteinase enzyme that is responsi- coruscations, etc. ble for digesting fi brin in blood clots. Photosensitivity Sensitivity towards light. Plasminogen The proenzyme of plasmin, Phthisis An archaic name for tuberculosis. whose primary role is the degradation of fi brin Phytohaemagglutinin A lectin found in plant in the vasculature. that is involved in the stimulation of lympho- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Also cyte proliferation. known as endothelial plasminogen activator Phytonutrients Certain organic components of inhibitor or serpin E1, is a serine protease plants that are thought to promote human inhibitor (serpin) that functions as the princi- health. Fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts pal inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator and teas are rich sources of phytonutrients. (tPA) and urokinase (uPA), the activators of Medical Glossary 935

plasminogen and hence fi brinolysis (the Polycythaemia A type of blood disorder physiological breakdown of blood clots). characterized by the production of too many Plaster Poultice. red blood cells. Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) Is an acety- Polymorphonuclear Having a lobed nucleus. lated derivative of glycerophosphorylcholine, Used especially of neutrophilic white blood released by basophils and mast cells in imme- cells. diate hypersensitive reactions and macrophages Polyneuritis Widespread infl ammation of the and neutrophils in other infl ammatory reac- nerves. tions. One of its main effects is to induce Polyneuritis Gallinarum A nervous disorder in platelet aggregation. birds and poultry. Platelet -Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) I s Polyneuropathy Simultaneous malfunction one of the numerous growth factors, or pro- of many peripheral nerves throughout the teins, that regulate cell growth and division. body. PLC Gamma Phospholipase C gamma plays a Polyp A growth that protrudes from a mucous central role in signal transduction. membrane. Pleurisy Is an infl ammation of the pleura, the Polyphagia Medical term for excessive hunger lining of the pleural cavity surrounding the or eating. lungs, which can cause painful respiration and Polyposis Describes a condition where there are other symptoms. Also known as pleuritis. a lot of polyps. Pneumonia An infl ammatory illness of the lung PolyQ Disease Polyglutamine repeat diseases caused by bacteria or viruses. are neurodegenerative ailments elicited by Pneumotoxicity Damage to lung tissues. glutamine-encoding CAG nucleotide expan- Poliomyelitis Is a highly infectious viral disease sions within endogenous human genes. that may attack the central nervous system Polyuria A condition characterized by the pas- and is characterized by symptoms that range sage of large volumes of urine with an increase from a mild non-paralytic infection to total in urinary frequency. paralysis in a matter of hours, also called polio Pomade A thick oily dressing. or infantile paralysis. Porphyrin Any of a class of water-soluble, Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) A nitrogenous biological pigments. protein involved in a number of cellular pro- Postherpetic Neuralgia (PHN) Neuralgia (pain cesses especially DNA repair and programmed in the nerves) caused by the varicella herpes cell death. zoster virus. The pain may last for more than a Polyarthritis Is any type of arthritis which month or more after a shingles infection involves fi ve or more joints. occurred. Polychromatic Erythrocyte (PCE) An imma- Postpartum Depression Depression after preg- ture red blood cell containing RNA that can be nancy, also called postnatal depression. differentiated by appropriate staining tech- Postprandial After mealtime. niques from a normochromatic erythrocyte Potassium (K) Is an element that’s essential for (NCE), which lacks RNA. the body’s growth and maintenance. It’s nec- Polycystic Kidney Disease Is a kidney disorder essary to keep a normal water balance between passed down through families in which multi- the cells and body fl uids, for cellular enzyme ple cysts form on the kidneys, causing them to activities and plays an essential role in the become enlarged. response of nerves to stimulation and in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Imbalance of contraction of muscles. Potassium is found in woman’s sex hormone; this imbalance may many plant foods and fi sh (tuna, halibut): cause changes in menstrual cycle, skin chard, mushrooms, spinach, fennel, kale, changes, small cysts in the ovary and problem mustard greens, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, in getting pregnant. caulifl ower, cabbage winter squash, eggplant, 936 Medical Glossary

cantaloupe, tomatoes, parsley, cucumber, bell Probiotication Enhancement with benefi cial pepper, turmeric, ginger root, apricots, straw- probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus spe- berries, avocado and banana. cies that can prevent the growth of intestinal Poultice Is a soft moist mass, often heated and pathogenic microfl ora. medicated, that is spread on cloth over the Probiotics Are dietary supplements and live skin to treat an aching, infl amed or painful microorganisms containing potentially benefi - part of the body, also called cataplasm. cial bacteria or yeasts that are taken into the PPARs Peroxisome proliferator-activated alimentary system for healthy intestinal func- receptors—a group of nuclear receptor pro- tions. cf . prebiotics. teins that function as transcription factors Proctitis An infl ammation of the rectum that regulating the expression of genes. causes discomfort, bleeding and occasionally PR Interval Is the time (in seconds) from the a discharge of mucus or pus. beginning of the P wave (onset of atrial depo- Procyanidin Also known as proanthocyanidin, larization) to the beginning of the QRS oligomeric proanthocyanidin, leukocyanidin, complex. leucoanthocyanin, is a class of fl avanols found Prebiotics A category of functional food, in many plants. It has antioxidant activity and defi ned as non-digestible food ingredients plays a role in the stabilization of collagen and that benefi cially affect the host by selec- maintenance of elastin. tively stimulating the growth and/or activity Progestational Of or relating to the phase of of one or a limited number of bacteria in the menstrual cycle immediately following the colon, and thus improve host health. cf . ovulation, characterized by secretion of probiotics. progesterone. Pre-eclampsia Toxic condition of pregnancy Proglottid One of the segments of a tapeworm. characterized by high blood pressure, abnor- Prognosis Medical term to describe the likely mal weight gain, proteinuria and oedema. outcome of an illness. Pregnane X Receptor (PXR; NR1I2) Is a Prokinetic Or gastroprokinetic, substance that ligand-activated transcription factor that plays enhances gastrointestinal motility by increasing a role not only in drug metabolism and the frequency of contractions in the small transport but also in various other biological intestine or making them stronger. processes. Prolactin A hormone produced by the pituitary Pregnenolone A steroid hormone produced by gland, it stimulates the breasts to produce milk the adrenal glands, involved in the steroido- in pregnant women. It is also present in males genesis of other steroid hormones like proges- but its role is not well understood. terone, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, Prolapse A common condition where the blad- androgens and estrogens. der, uterus and or bowel protrudes into the Prenidatory Referring to the time period vagina. between fertilization and implantation. Prolapsus To fall or slip out of place. Prenidatory Phase Pre-implantation phase. Prolapsus Ani Eversion of the lower portion of Prenylated Flavones Flavones with an isoprenyl the rectum and protruding through the anus, group in the 8-position, has been reported to common in infancy and old age. have good anti-infl ammatory properties. Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) A Prepubertal Before puberty, pertaining to the new marker to study human colonic cell period of accelerated growth preceding gonadal proliferation. maturity. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy (PVR) A most Primiparous Relating to a woman who has common cause of failure in retinal reattach- given birth once. ment surgery, characterized by the formation Pro-angiogenic Promote angiogenesis (forma- of cellular membrane on both surfaces of the tion and development of new blood vessels). retina and in the vitreous. Medical Glossary 937

Promastigote The fl agellate stage in the devel- Prostate-Specifi c Antigen (PSA) A protein opment of trypanosomatid protozoa, charac- produced by the cells of the prostate gland. terized by a free anterior fl agellum. Protein Kinase C (PKC) A family of enzymes Promyelocytic Leukaemia A subtype of acute involved in controlling the function of other myelogenous leukaemia (AML), a cancer of proteins through the phosphorylation of the blood and bone marrow. hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine Pro-oxidants Chemicals that induce oxidative amino acid residues on these proteins. PKC stress, either through creating reactive oxygen enzymes play important roles in several signal species or inhibiting antioxidant systems. transduction cascades. Prophylaxis Prevention or protection against Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (PTP) A group disease. of enzymes that remove phosphate groups Proptosis See exophthalmos. from phosphorylated tyrosine residues on Prostacyclin A prostaglandin that is a metabo- proteins. lite of arachidonic acid, inhibits platelet aggre- Proteinase A protease (enzyme) involved in the gation and dilates blood vessels. hydrolytic breakdown of proteins, usually by Prostaglandins A family of C 20 lipid com- splitting them into polypeptide chains. pounds found in various tissues, associated with Proteinuria Means the presence of an excess of muscular contraction and the infl ammation serum proteins in the urine. response such as swelling, pain, stiffness, Proteolysis Cleavage of the peptide bonds in redness and warmth. protein forming smaller polypeptides. adj . Prostaglandin E2 (PEG −2) One of the prosta- proteolytic. glandins, a group of hormone-like substances Proteomics The large-scale study of proteins, that participate in a wide range of body func- particularly their structures and functions. tions such as the contraction and relaxation of Protheolithic Proteolytic see proteolysis. smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction Prothrombin Blood-clotting protein that is of blood vessels, control of blood pressure and converted to the active form, factor IIa, or modulation of infl ammation. thrombin, by cleavage. Prostaglandin E Synthase An enzyme that Prothyroid Good for thyroid function. in humans is encoded by the glutathione- Proto-oncogene A normal gene which, when dependent PTGES gene. altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene Prostanoids Term used to describe a subclass that can contribute to cancer. of eicosanoids (products of COX pathway) Prurigo A general term used to describe itchy consisting of: the prostaglandins (mediators of eruptions of the skin. infl ammatory and anaphylactic reactions), the Pruritus D e fi ned as an unpleasant sensation on thromboxanes (mediators of vasoconstriction) the skin that provokes the desire to rub or and the prostacyclins (active in the resolution scratch the area to obtain relief; itch, itching. phase of infl ammation.) adj . pruritic. Prostanoid EP 4 A prostaglandin receptor that PSA Prostate-specifi c antigen, a protein which may be involved in the neonatal adaptation of is secreted into ejaculate fl uid by the healthy circulatory system, osteoporosis, as well as prostate. One of its functions is to aid sperm initiation of skin immune responses. movement. Prostate A gland that surrounds the urethra at Psoriasis A common chronic, non-contagious the bladder in the male. autoimmune dermatosis that affects the skin Prostate Cancer A disease in which cancer and joints. develops in the prostate, a gland in the male Psychoactive Having effects on the mind or reproductive system. Symptoms include pain, behaviour. diffi culty in urinating, erectile dysfunction Psychonautics Exploration of the psyche by and other symptoms. means of approaches such as meditation, 938 Medical Glossary

prayer, lucid dreaming, brain wave entrain- Pyorrhoea See periodontitis. ment, etc. Pyretic Referring to fever. Psychotomimetic Hallucinogenic. Pyrexia Fever of unknown origin. Psychotropic Capable of affecting the mind, Pyridoxal A chemical form of vitamin B6. See emotions and behaviour. vitamin B6. PTEN Phosphatase and tensin homolog, a Pyridoxamine A chemical form of vitamin B6. tumour suppressor gene. See vitamin B6. Ptosis Also known as drooping eyelid, caused Pyridoxine A chemical form of vitamin B6. See by weakness of the eyelid muscle and damage vitamin B6. to the nerves that control the muscles or loose- Pyrolysis Decomposition or transformation of a ness of the skin of the upper eyelid. compound caused by heat. adj . pyrolytic. P13-K Is a lipid kinase enzyme involved in the PYY Peptide A 36 amino acid peptide secreted regulation of a number of cellular functions by L cells of the distal small intestine and colon such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, that inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion. motility, survival and intracellular traffi cking, QSR Complex Series of defl ections in an elec- which in turn are involved in cancer. trocardiogram that represent electrical activity P13-K/AKT Signalling Pathway Shown to be generated by ventricular depolarization prior important for an extremely diverse array of to contraction of the ventricle. cellular activities—most notably cellular QT Interval Is a measure of the time between proliferation and survival. the start of the Q wave and the end of the T Phthisis Silicosis with tuberculosis. wave in the heart’s electrical cycle. A pro- Ptosis Drooping of the upper eye lid. longed QT interval is a biomarker for ventric- PTP Protein tyrosine phosphatase. ular tachyarrhythmias and a risk factor for PTPIB Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. sudden death. P21 Also known as cyclin-dependent kinase Quorum Sensing (QS) The control of gene inhibitor 1 or CDK-interacting protein 1, is a expression in response to cell density; is used potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. by both gram-negative and gram-positive Puerperal Pertaining to child birth. bacteria to regulate a variety of physiological Puerperium Postpartum period. functions. Pulmonary Embolism A blockage (blood clot) Radiodermatitis A skin disease associated with of the main artery of the lung. prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation. Purgative A substance used to cleanse or purge, Radiolysis The dissociation of molecules by especially causing the immediate evacuation radiation. of the bowel. Radioprotective Serving to protect or aiding in Purpura Is the appearance of red or purple dis- protecting against the injurious effect of colorations on the skin that do not blanch on radiations. applying pressure, also called peliosis. RAD23B UV excision repair protein RAD23 Purulent Containing pus discharge. homolog B Purulent Sputum Sputum containing, or con- RAGE Is the receptor for advanced glycation sisting of, pus. end products; a multiligand receptor that prop- Pustule Small, infl amed, pus-fi lled lesions. agates cellular dysfunction in several infl am- Pyelitis Acute infl ammation of the pelvis of the matory disorders, in tumours and in diabetes. kidney caused by bacterial infection. RAS See renin–angiotensin system or recurrent Pyelonephritis An ascending urinary tract aphthous stomatitis. infection that has reached the pyelum (pelvis) Rash A temporary eruption on the skin, see of the kidney. urticaria. Pyoderma Bacterial skin infection. Reactive Oxygen Species Species such as Pyodermatitis Refers to infl ammation of the skin. superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl Medical Glossary 939

radical. At low levels, these species may func- Respiratory Burst Is the rapid release of tion in cell signalling processes. At higher reactive oxygen species (superoxide radical levels, these species may damage cellular mac- and hydrogen peroxide) from different cells. romolecules (such as DNA and RNA) and par- Restenosis Is the reoccurrence of stenosis, a ticipate in apoptosis (programmed cell death). narrowing of a blood vessel, leading to Rec A Is a 38 kDa Escherichia coli protein essen- restricted blood fl ow. tial for the repair and maintenance of DNA. Resveratrol Is a phytoalexin produced naturally Receptor for Advanced Glycation End by several plants when under attack by patho- Products (RAGE) Is a member of the immu- gens such as bacteria or fungi. It is a potent noglobulin superfamily of cell surface mole- antioxidant found in red grapes and other cules, mediates neurite outgrowth and cell plants. migration upon stimulation with its ligand Reticulocyte Non-nucleated stage in the devel- amphoterin. opment of the red blood cell. Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis or RAS Is a Reticulocyte Lysate Cell lysate produced from common, painful condition in which recurring reticulocytes, used as an in vitro translation ovoid or round ulcers affect the oral mucosa. system. Redox Homeostasis Is considered as the Reticuloendothelial System Part of the immune cumulative action of all free radical reactions system, consists of the phagocytic cells and antioxidant defences in different tissues. located in reticular connective tissue, primarily Refrigerant A medicine or an application for monocytes and macrophages. allaying heat, fever or its symptoms. Retinal Ischaemia Is a common cause of visual Renal Calculi Kidney stones. impairment and blindness. Renal Interstitial Fibrosis Damage sustained by Retinitis Pigmentosa ( RP ) An inherited, the kidneys’ renal tubules and interstitial capil- degenerative eye disease that causes severe laries due to accumulation of extracellular waste vision impairment and may lead to blindness. in the wall of the small arteries and arterioles. Retinoblastoma Protein A tumour suppressor Renal Resistive Index (RRI) Measures the protein that is dysfunctional in several major resistance of renal arterial fl ow to the kidney. cancers. Renin Also known as an angiotensinogenase, is Retinol A form of vitamin A; see vitamin A. an enzyme that participates in the body’s Retinopathy A general term that refers to some renin–angiotensin system (RAS). form of non-infl ammatory damage to the Renin–Angiotensin System (RAS) Also called retina of the eye. the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system Revulsive Counterirritant, used for swellings. (RAAS), is a hormone system that regulates Reye’s Syndrome A potentially fatal disease blood pressure and water (fl uid) balance. that has numerous detrimental effects to many Reperfusion The restoration of blood fl ow to an organs, especially the brain and liver, occurs organ or tissue that has had its blood supply commonly in children after a viral infection. cut off, as after a heart attack. Rhabdomyolysis Breakdown of muscle fi bres Reporter Gene A transfected gene that produces leading to the release of muscle fi bre content a signal, such as green fl uorescence, when it is (myoglobin) into the bloodstream. expressed. Rheumatic Pertaining to rheumatism or to Resistin A cysteine-rich protein secreted by abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system. adipose tissue of mice and rats. Rheumatism, Rheumatic Disorder, Rheumatic Resolutive A substance that induces subsidence Diseases Refers to various painful medical of infl ammation. conditions which affect bones, joints, muscles, Resolvent Reduce infl ammation or swelling. tendons. Rheumatic diseases are characterized Resorb To absorb or assimilate a product of the by the signs of infl ammation—redness, heat, body such as an exudates or cellular growth. swelling and pain. 940 Medical Glossary

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Is a chronic, Salve Medical ointment used to soothe the head systemic autoimmune disorder that most or body surface. commonly causes infl ammation and tissue Sapraemia See septicaemia. damage in joints (arthritis) and tendon sheaths, Sarcoma Cancer of the connective or supportive together with anaemia. tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood ves- Rhinitis Irritation and infl ammation of some sels) and soft tissues. internal areas of the nose and the primary Sarcopenia Degenerative loss of skeletal muscle symptom of rhinitis is a runny nose. mass and strength associated with aging. Rhinopathy Disease or malformation of the nose. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum A special type of Rhinoplasty Is surgery to repair or reshape the smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in nose. smooth and striated muscle. Rhinorrhoea Commonly known as a runny SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome, the nose, characterized by an unusually signifi - name of a potentially fatal new respiratory cant amount of nasal discharge. disease in humans which is caused by the Rhinosinusitis I n fl ammation of the nasal cavity SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). and sinuses. Satiety State of feeling satiated, fully satisfi ed Rho GTPases Rho-guanosine triphosphate (appetite or desire). hydrolase enzymes are molecular switches Scabies A transmissible ectoparasite skin infec- that regulate many essential cellular processes, tion characterized by superfi cial burrows, intense including actin dynamics, gene transcription, pruritus (itching) and secondary infection. cell-cycle progression and cell adhesion. Scarlatina Scarlet fever, an acute, contagious Ribosome Inactivating Proteins Protein that is disease caused by infection with group A capable of inactivating ribosomes. streptococcal bacteria. Rickets Is a softening of the bones in children Schistosomiasis Is a parasitic disease caused potentially leading to fractures and deformity. by several species of fl uke of the genus Ringworm Dermatophytosis, a skin infection Schistosoma . Also known as bilharzia, bilhar- caused by fungus. ziosis or snail fever. Roborant Restoring strength or vigour, a tonic. Schizophrenia A psychotic disorder (or a group Rotavirus The most common cause of infec- of disorders) marked by severely impaired tious diarrhoea (gastroenteritis) in young thinking, emotions and behaviours. children and infants, one of several viruses Schwann Cells Or neurolemmocytes, are the that cause infections called stomach fl u. principal supporting cells of the peripheral Rubefacient A substance for external applica- nervous system, they form the myelin sheath tion that produces redness of the skin, e.g. by of a nerve fi bre. causing dilation of the capillaries and an Sciatica A condition characterized by pain deep increase in blood. in the buttock often radiating down the back of Ryanodine Receptor Intracellular Ca++ chan- the leg along the sciatic nerve. nels in animal tissues like muscles and Scleroderma A disease of the body’s connec- neurons. tive tissue. The most common symptom is a S.C. Abbreviation for subcutaneous, beneath the thickening and hardening of the skin, particu- layer of skin. larly of the hands and face. S-T Segment The portion of an electrocardio- Scrofula A tuberculous infection of the skin gram between the end of the QRS complex on the neck caused by the bacterium and the beginning of the T wave. Elevation or Mycobacterium tuberculosis . depression of the S-T segment is the charac- Scrophulosis See scrofula. teristics of myocardial ischaemia or injury and Scurf Abnormal skin condition in which small coronary artery disease. fl akes or sales become detached. Medical Glossary 941

Scurvy A state of dietary defi ciency of vitamin C Sexual Potentiator Increases sexual activity (ascorbic acid) which is required for the syn- and potency, enhances sexual performance thesis of collagen in humans. due to increased blood fl ow and effi cient Secretagogue A substance that causes another metabolism. substance to be secreted. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Infections Sedative Having a soothing, calming or tran- that are transmitted through sexual activity. quilizing effect; reducing or relieving stress, SGOT , Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transa- irritability or excitement. minase An enzyme that is normally present Seizure The physical fi ndings or changes in in liver and heart cells. SGOT is released into behaviour that occur after an episode of abnor- blood when the liver or heart is damaged, also mal electrical activity in the brain. called aspartate transaminase (AST). Selectins Are a family of cell adhesion mole- SGPT , Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transa- cules; e.g. selectin-E, selectin-L, selectin P. minase An enzyme normally present in Selenium (Se) A trace mineral that is essential serum and body tissues, especially in the liver; to good health but required only in tiny it is released into the serum as a result of tissue amounts; it is incorporated into proteins to injury, also called alanine transaminase (ALT). make selenoproteins, which are important Shiga-Like Toxin A toxin produced by the antioxidant enzymes. It is found in avocado, bacterium Escherichia coli which disrupts brazil nut, lentils, sunfl ower seeds, tomato, the function of ribosomes, also known as whole grain cereals, seaweed, seafood and verotoxin. meat. Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) Sensorineural Bradyacusia Hearing impairment Comprises a diverse group of organisms capa- of the inner ear resulting from damage to the ble of causing severe gastrointestinal disease sensory hair cells or to the nerves that supply in humans. the inner ear. Shiga Toxin A toxin produced by the bacterium Sepsis Potentially fatal whole-body infl amma- Shigella dysenteriae, which disrupts the func- tion caused by severe infection. tion of ribosomes. Sequela An abnormal pathological condition Shingles Skin rash caused by the zoster virus resulting from a disease, injury or trauma. (same virus that causes chicken pox) and is Serine Proteinase Peptide hydrolases which medically termed Herpes zoster. have an active centre histidine and serine Sialogogue Salivation promoter, a substance involved in the catalytic process. used to increase or promote the excretion of Serotonergic Liberating, activated by or involv- saliva. ing serotonin in the transmission of nerve Sialoproteins Glycoproteins that contain sialic impulses. acid as one of their carbohydrates. Serotonin A monoamine neurotransmitter syn- Sialylation Reaction with sialic acid or its thesized in serotonergic neurons in the central derivatives; used especially with oligosac- nervous system. charides. Sepsis Is a potentially fatal medical condition Sialyltransferases Enzymes that transfer sialic characterized by a whole-body infl ammatory acid to nascent oligosaccharide. response (called a systemic infl ammatory Sickle Cell Disease Is an inherited blood disor- response syndrome or SIRS) that is triggered der that affects red blood cells. People with by an infection. sickle cell disease have red blood cells that Septicaemia A systemic disease associated with contain mostly haemoglobin S, an abnormal the presence and persistence of pathogenic type of haemoglobin. Sometimes these red microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. blood cells become sickle-shaped (crescent- Sequelae A pathological condition resulting shaped) and have diffi culty passing through from a prior disease, injury or attack. small blood vessels. 942 Medical Glossary

Side Stitch Is an intense stabbing pain under the SOD Superoxide dismutase, is an enzyme that lower edge of the ribcage that occurs while repairs cells and reduces the damage done to exercising. them by superoxide, the most common free Signal Transduction Cascade Refers to a series radical in the body. of sequential events that transfer a signal Sodium (Na) Is an essential nutrient required through a series of intermediate molecules for health. Sodium cations are important in until fi nal regulatory molecules, such as tran- neuron (brain and nerve) function and in infl u- scription factors, are modifi ed in response to encing osmotic balance between cells and the the signal. interstitial fl uid and in maintenance of total Silicon (Si) Is required in minute amounts by body fl uid homeostasis. Extra intake may the body and is important for the development cause a harmful effect on health. Sodium is of healthy hair and the prevention of nervous naturally supplied by salt intake with food. disorders. Lettuce is the best natural source of Soleus Muscle Smaller calf muscle lower down silicon. the leg and under the gastrocnemius muscle. Sinapism Signifi es an external application, in Somites Mesodermal structures formed during the form of a soft plaster, or poultice. embryonic development that give rise to Sinusitis I n fl ammation of the nasal sinuses. segmented body parts such as the muscles of SIRC Cells Statens Serum Institut Rabbit the body wall. Cornea (SIRC) cell line. Soporifi c A sleep-inducing drug. SIRT 1 Stands for sirtuin (silent mating type SOS Response A global response to DNA dam- information regulation 2 homolog) 1. It is an age in which the cell cycle is arrested and enzyme that deacetylates proteins that con- DNA repair and mutagenesis are induced. tribute to cellular regulation. Soyasapogenins Triterpenoid products obtained Sirtuin Also called Sir2 proteins a class of pro- from the acid hydrolysis of soyasaponins, teins that possess either histone deacetylase or designated soyasapogenols A, B, C, D and E. mono-ribosyltransferase activity. Soyasaponins Bioactive saponin compounds 6-Keto-PGF1 Alpha A physiologically active found in many legumes. and stable hydrolysis product of epoprostenol, Spasmogenic Inducing spasm. found in nearly all mammalian tissues. Spasmolytic Checking spasms; see antispasmodic. Sjögren’s Syndrome An autoimmune disease Spermatorrhoea Medically an involuntary that mainly affects the eyes and salivary glands, ejaculation/drooling of semen usually noctur- but can affect different parts of the body. nal emissions. SKP1 (S-Phase Kinase-Associated Protein 1) I s Spermidine An important polyamine in DNA a core component of SCF ubiquitin ligases synthesis and gene expression. and mediates protein degradation. Sphingolipid A member of a class of lipids Smads A family of intracellular proteins that derived from the aliphatic amino alcohol, mediate signalling by members of the TGF- sphingosine. beta (transforming growth factor beta) Spina Bifi da A congenital birth defect caused superfamily. by the incomplete closing of the embryonic Smad2/3 A key signalling molecule for neural tube. TGF-beta. Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA) Is a progressive, Smad7 A TGFβ type 1 receptor antagonist. degenerative, genetic disease with multiple Smallpox Is an acute, contagious and devastat- types. ing disease in humans caused by Variola virus Spleen Organ that fi lters blood and prevents and have resulted in high mortality over the infection. centuries. Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (SYK) Is an enigmatic Snuff Powder inhaled through the nose. protein tyrosine kinase functional in a number 2 + SOCE (Store - Operated Ca Entry) Is a of diverse cellular processes such as the regu- receptor-regulated Ca2 + entry pathway. lation of immune and infl ammatory responses. Medical Glossary 943

Splenitis I n fl ammation of the spleen. Stimulant A substance that promotes the activity Splenocyte Is a monocyte, one of the fi ve major of a body system or function. types of white blood cell, and is characteristi- Stomachic Digestive stimulant, an agent that cally found in the splenic tissue. stimulates or strengthens the activity of the Splenomegaly Is an enlargement of the spleen. stomach; used as a tonic to improve the appe- Sprain To twist a ligament or muscle of a joint tite and digestive processes. without dislocating the bone. Stomatitis Oral infl ammation and ulcers, may Sprue Is a chronic disorder of the small intes- be mild and localized or severe, widespread tine caused by sensitivity to gluten, a protein and painful. found in wheat and rye and to a lesser extent Stomatology Medical study of the mouth and oats and barley. It causes poor absorption by its diseases. the intestine of fat, protein, carbohydrates, Stool Faeces. iron, water and vitamins A, D, E and K. Strangury Is the painful passage of small quan- Sputum Matter coughed up and usually ejected tities of urine which are expelled slowly by from the mouth, including saliva, foreign straining with severe urgency; it is usually material and substances such as mucus or accompanied with the unsatisfying feeling of phlegm, from the respiratory tract. a remaining volume inside and a desire to pass SREBP-1 See sterol regulatory element-binding something that will not pass. protein-1. Straub Tail Condition in which an animal Stanch To stop or check the fl ow of a bodily carries its tail in an erect (vertical or nearly fl uid like blood from a wound. vertical) position. Statin A type of lipid-lowering drug. STREPs Sterol regulatory element-binding STAT3 Signal transducer and activator of tran- proteins, a family of transcription factors that scription 3, a transcription factor, plays a key regulate lipid homeostasis by controlling the role in many cellular processes such as cell expression of a range of enzymes required growth and apoptosis. for endogenous cholesterol, fatty acid, triacyl- Status Epilepticus Refers to a life-threatening glycerol and phospholipid synthesis. condition in which the brain is in a state of Stria Terminalis A structure in the brain con- persistent seizure. sisting of a band of fi bres running along the STD Sexually transmitted disease. lateral margin of the ventricular surface of the Steatohepatitis Liver disease, characterized by thalamus. infl ammation of the liver with fat accumula- Striae Gravidarum A cutaneous condition tion in the liver. characterized by stretch marks on the abdo- Steatorrhoea Is the presence of excess fat in men during and following pregnancy. feces which appear frothy, foul smelling and Stricture An abnormal constriction of the inter- fl oats because of the high fat content. nal passageway within a tubular structure such Steatosis Refers to the deposition of fat in the as a vessel or duct. interstitial spaces of an organ like the liver, Strongyloidiasis An intestinal parasitic infec- fatty liver disease. tion in humans caused by two species of the Sterility Inability to produce offspring, also parasitic nematode Strongyloides . The nema- called asepsis. tode or round worms are also called thread Steroidogenesis The production of steroids, as worms. by the adrenal glands. Styptic A short stick of medication, usually Steroidogenic Relating to steroidogenesis. anhydrous aluminum sulphate (a type of alum) Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-1 or titanium dioxide, which is used for stanch- (SREBP1) Is a key regulator of the transcrip- ing blood by causing blood vessels to contract tion of numerous genes that function in the at the site of the wound, also called hemostatic metabolism of cholesterol and fatty acids. pencil; see antihaemorrhagic. 944 Medical Glossary

Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Is bleeding in the that in general inhibits or opposes the physio- area between the brain and the thin tissues that logical effects of the parasympathetic nervous cover the brain. system, as in tending to reduce digestive Substance P A neuropeptide that functions as a secretions or speed up the heart. neurotransmitter, neuromodulator and is asso- Synaptic Plasticity The ability of neurons to ciated with the sensation of pain. change the number and strength of their Substantia Nigra Is a dark coloured brain struc- synapses. ture located in the midbrain that plays an Synaptogenesis The formation of synapses. important role in reward, addiction and Synaptoneurosomes Purifi ed synapses contain- movement. ing the pre- and postsynaptic termini. Sudatory Medicine that causes or increases Synaptosomes Isolated terminal of a neuron. sweating; also see sudorifi c. Syncope Fainting, sudden loss of consciousness Sudorifi c A substance that causes sweating. followed by the return of wakefulness. Sulphur Sulphur is an essential component of Syndactyly Webbed toes, a condition where all living cells. Sulphur is important for the two or more digits are fused together. synthesis of sulphur-containing amino acids, Syneresis Expulsion of liquid from a gel, as all polypeptides, proteins and enzymes such contraction of a blood clot and expulsion of as glutathione an important sulphur-containing liquid. tripeptide which plays a role in cells as a Syngeneic Genetically identical or closely source of chemical reduction potential. related, so as to allow tissue transplant, immu- Sulphur is also important for hair formation. nologically compatible. Good plant sources are garlic, onion, leeks Synovial Lubricating fl uid secreted by synovial and other Alliaceous vegetables, Brassicaceous membranes, as those of the joints. vegetables like caulifl ower, cabbages, Brussels Synoviocyte Located in the synovial membrane, sprout, Kale; legumes—beans, green and red there are two types. Type A cells are more gram, soybeans; horse radish, water cress, numerous, have phagocytic characteristics wheat germ. and produce degradative enzymes. Type B Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) Arises cells produce synovial fl uid, which lubricates from the anterior surface of the abdominal the joint and nurtures nourishes the articular aorta, just inferior to the origin of the celiac cartilage. trunk, and supplies the intestine from the Syphilis Is perhaps the best known of all the lower part of the duodenum to the left colic STDs. Syphilis is transmitted by direct contact fl exure and the pancreas. with infection sores, called chancres, syphitic Superoxidae Mutase (SOD) Antioxidant enzyme. skin rashes or mucous patches on the tongue Suppuration The formation of pus, the act of and mouth during kissing, necking, petting or becoming converted into and discharging pus. sexual intercourse. It can also be transmitted Supraorbital Located above the orbit of the eye. from a pregnant woman to a fetus after the Sural Nerve Sensory nerve comprising collat- fourth month of pregnancy. eral branches off of the common tibial and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus A long-term common fi bular nerve. autoimmune disorder that may affect the skin, SYK, Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Is a human joints, kidneys, brain and other organs. protein and gene. Syk plays a similar role in Symptoms may include chest pain, fatigue, transmitting signals from a variety of cell sur- fever, hair loss, malaise, mouth sores, sensitiv- face receptors including CD74, Fc Receptor ity to sunlight, skin rash (butterfl y-rash). and integrins. Systolic The blood pressure when the heart is Sympathetic Nervous System The part of the contracting. It is specifi cally the maximum autonomic nervous system originating in the arterial pressure during contraction of the left thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord ventricle of the heart. Medical Glossary 945

T Cells Or T lymphocytes, a type of white blood Teletherapy A noninvasive procedure using cell that plays a key role in the immune external beam radiotherapy treatments. system. Telomerase Enzyme that acts on parts of chro- Tachyarrhythmia Any disturbance of the heart mosomes known as telomeres. rhythm in which the heart rate is abnormally Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMJD increased. or TMD Syndrome) A disorder character- Tachycardia A false heart rate applied to adults ized by acute or chronic infl ammation of the to rates over 100 beats per minute. temporomandibular joint that connects the Tachykinins Neuropeptide transmitters that are mandible to the skull. widely distributed and active in the central Tendonitis Is the infl ammation of a tendon. nervous system and periphery, rapidly acting Tenesmus A strong desire to defecate. secretagogues and cause smooth muscle Teratogen Is an agent that can cause malforma- contraction and vasodilation (hypotension). tions of an embryo or fetus. adj . teratogenic. Tachyphylaxia A decreased response to a Testicular Torsion Twisting of the spermatic cord, medicine given over a period of time so that which cuts off the blood supply to the testicle larger doses are required to produce the same and surrounding structures within the scrotum. response. Tetanus An acute, potentially fatal disease Tachypnea Abnormally fast breathing. caused by tetanus bacilli multiplying at the site Taenia A parasitic tapeworm or fl atworm of the of an injury and producing an exotoxin that genus, Taenia . reaches the central nervous system producing Taeniacide An agent that kills tapeworms. prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fi bres, Tardive Dyskinesia A disorder characterized also called lockjaw. by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless move- Tete Acute dermatitis caused by both bacterial ments in the body such as grimacing, tongue and fungal infection. protrusion, lip smacking, puckering and purs- Tetter Any of a number of skin diseases. ing of the lips and rapid eye blinking. Rapid, TGF-Beta Transforming growth factor beta is a involuntary movements of the limbs, torso and protein that controls proliferation, cellular dif- fi ngers may also occur. ferentiation and other functions in most cells. Tau Is a class of microtubule-associated protein Th Cells or T Helper Cells A subgroup of lym- (MAP) in neuronal and glial cells. phocytes that helps other white blood cells in Tau-1 (Ser198/199/202), pS396 (Ser396) and immunologic processes. pS214 (Ser214) Epitopes Serine phosphory- Th 1 Cells Helper cells that play an important lation sites of tau-1. role in the immune system. Tau Phosphorylation Plays an important role Th 17 Cells A subset of T helper cells producing in neurodegenerative diseases and regulated interleukin 17. by protein kinases and phosphatases. Thalassemia Major Is a genetic blood disorder TBARS See thiobarbituric acid reactive that causes the body to manufacture an abnor- substances. mal form of haemoglobin. T-Cell A type of white blood cell that attacks Thelarche The beginning of secondary (postnatal) virus-infected cells, foreign cells and cancer breast development, usually occurring at the cells. beginning of puberty in girls. TCA Cycle See tricarboxylic acid cycle. Thermogenesis Is the process of heat produc- TCID50 Median tissue culture infective dose; tion in organisms. that amount of a pathogenic agent that will Thermogenic Tending to produce heat, applied produce pathological change in 50 % of cell to drugs or food (fat burning food). cultures. Thermonociceptors Or thermal nociceptors, Telencephalon The cerebral hemispheres, the sensory receptors that are stimulated by noxious largest divisions of the human brain. heat or cold at various temperature. 946 Medical Glossary

Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Thyrotoxicosis Or hyperthyroidism—an over- (TBARS) A well-established method for active thyroid gland, producing excessive screening and monitoring lipid peroxidation. circulating free thyroxine and free triiodothy- Thixotropy The property exhibited by certain ronine, or both. gels of becoming fl uid when stirred or shaken Tight Junction Associated areas of two cells and returning to the semisolid state upon whose membranes join together forming a standing. virtually impermeable barrier to fl uid. 3-β-HSD Or 3-β-hydroxysteroid dehydro- TIMP-3 A human gene belongs to the tissue genase/δ-5-4 isomerase, is an enzyme that inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) catalyses the synthesis of progesterone from gene family; see MMP. pregnenolone. Tincture Solution of a drug in alcohol. 3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT) Protein Used as a marker Tinea Ringworm, fungal infection on the skin. for oxidative damage or nitrosative stress. Tinea cruris Ringworm of the groin. Thrombocythaemia A blood condition charac- Tinea favosa See favus. terized by a high number of platelets in the Tinea imbricata Also called Tokelau, an eruption blood. characterized by concentric rings of overlap- Thrombocytopenia A condition when the bone ping scales forming papulosquamous patches marrow does not produce enough platelets scattered over the body; it occurs in tropical (thrombocytes) like in leukaemia. climates especially prevalent in southwest Thromboembolism Formation in a blood vessel Polynesia and is caused by the fungus of a clot (thrombus) that breaks loose and is Trichophyton concentricum . carried by the bloodstream to plug another Tinea pedis Fungal infection of the foot, also vessel. cf. deep vein thrombosis. called athletes’ foot. Thrombogenesis Formation of a thrombus or Tinnitus A noise in the ears, as ringing, buzzing, blood clot. roaring, clicking, etc. Thrombophlebitis Occurs when there is infl am- Tisane A herbal infusion used as tea or for mation and clot in a surface vein. medicinal purposes. Thromboplastin An enzyme liberated from Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) A serine blood platelets that converts prothrombin into protease involved in the breakdown of blood thrombin as blood starts to clot, also called clots. thrombokinase. TNF-Alpha Cachexin or cachectin and formally Thrombosis The formation or presence of a known as tumour necrosis factor-alpha, a cyto- thrombus (clot). kine involved in systemic infl ammation. Thromboxanes Any of several compounds, Primary role of TNF is in the regulation of originally derived from prostaglandin precur- immune cells. TNF is also able to induce apop- sors in platelets that stimulate aggregation of totic cell death, to induce infl ammation, and to platelets and constriction of blood vessels. inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication. Thromboxane B2 The inactive product of Tocolytics Medications used to suppress prema- thromboxane. ture labour. Thrombus A fi brinous clot formed in a blood Tocopherol Fat-soluble organic compounds vessel or in a chamber of the heart. belonging to vitamin E group. See vitamin E. Thrush A common mycotic infection caused by Tocotrienol Fat-soluble organic compounds yeast, Candida albicans , in the digestive tract belonging to vitamin E group. See vitamin E. or vagina. In children it is characterized by Tolerogenic Producing immunological tolerance. white spots on the tongue. Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) A class of pro- Thymocytes Are T cell precursors which teins that play a key role in the innate immune develop in the thymus. system. Medical Glossary 947

Tonic Substance that acts to restore, balance, Transcriptional Activators Are proteins that tone, strengthen or invigorate a body system bind to DNA and stimulate transcription of without overt stimulation or depression. nearby genes. Tonic Clonic Seizure A type of generalized Transcriptional Coactivator PGC-1 A potent seizure that affects the entire brain. transcriptional coactivator that regulates Tonsillitis An infl ammatory condition of the oxidative metabolism in a variety of tissues. tonsils due to bacteria, allergies or respiratory Transcriptome Profi ling To identify genes problems. involved in peroxisome assembly and function. TOP2A Topoisomerase II alpha enzyme. Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) A Topoisomerases A class of enzymes involved in protein that controls proliferation, cellular the regulation of DNA supercoiling. differentiation and other functions in most Topoisomerase Inhibitors A new class of anti- cells. cancer agents with a mechanism of action aimed Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 at interrupting DNA replication in cancer cells. (TRPV1) Receptor also known as capsaicin Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) Is a method of receptor and vanilloid receptor, is a Ca 2+ feeding that bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. permeable nonselective cation channel local- Toxaemia Is the presence of abnormal sub- ized on a subset of primary sensory neurons stances in the blood, but the term is also used and can be activated by physical and chemical for a serious condition in pregnancy that stimuli. involves hypertension and proteinuria, also TRAP 6 Thrombin receptor-activating peptide called pre-eclampsia. with six amino acids. Tracheitis Is a bacterial infection of the trachea, Tremorine A chemical that produces a tremor also known as bacterial tracheitis or acute resembling Parkinsonian tremor. bacterial tracheitis. Tremulous Marked by trembling, quivering or Trachoma A contagious disease of the conjunc- shaking. tiva and cornea of the eye, producing painful Triacylglycerols Or triacylglyceride, is a glyceride sensitivity to strong light and excessive tearing. in which the glycerol is esterifi ed with three TRAIL Acronym for tumour necrosis factor- fatty acids. related apoptosis-inducing ligand, is a cyto- Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle) A kine that preferentially induces apoptosis in series of enzymatic reactions in aerobic organ- tumour cells. isms involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl Tranquilizer A substance drug used in calming units and producing high-energy phosphate person suffering from nervous tension or compounds, which serve as the main source of anxiety. cellular energy, also called citric acid cycle, Transaminase Also called aminotransferase is Krebs cycle. an enzyme that catalyses a type of reaction Trichophytosis Infection by fungi of the genus between an amino acid and an α-keto acid. Trichophyton . Transaminitis Increase in alanine aminotransfer- Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN) Is a neuropathic ase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase disorder of one or both of the facial trigeminal (AST) to >5 times the upper limit of normal. nerves, also known as prosopalgia. Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization Triglycerides A type of fat (lipids) found in the (TACE) Is an interventional radiology proce- bloodstream. dure involving percutaneous access of to the Trismus Continuous contraction of the muscles hepatic artery and passing a catheter through of the jaw, specifi cally as a symptom of teta- the abdominal artery aorta followed by radiol- nus, or lockjaw, inability to open mouth fully. ogy. It is used extensively in the palliative TrKB Receptor Also known as TrKB tyrosine treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carci- kinase, a protein in humans that acts as a cata- noma (HCC). lytic receptor for several neutrophins. 948 Medical Glossary

Trolox Equivalent Measures the antioxidant Ulcerative Colitis Is one of two types of infl am- capacity of a given substance, as compared to matory bowel disease, a condition that causes the standard Trolox also referred to as TEAC the bowel to become infl amed and red. (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity). Ulemorrhagia Bleeding of the gums. TRPV1 See transient receptor potential Ulitis I n fl ammation of the gums. vanilloid 1. Unguent Ointment. Trypanocidal Destructive to trypanosomes. Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction Unilateral Trypanosomes Protozoan of the genus blockage of urine fl ow through the ureter of Trypanosoma . one kidney, resulting in a backup of urine, Trypanosomiasis Human disease or an infec- distension of the renal pelvis and calyces and tion caused by a trypanosome. hydronephrosis. Trypsin An enzyme of pancreatic juice that hydro- Uraemia An excess in the blood of urea, creati- lyses proteins into smaller polypeptide units. nine and other nitrogenous end products of Trypsin Inhibitor Small protein synthesized protein and amino acids metabolism, more in the exocrine pancreas which prevents correctly referred to as azotaemia. conversion of trypsinogen to trypsin, so Urethra Tube conveying urine from the bladder protecting itself against trypsin digestion. to the external urethral orifi ce. Tuberculosis (TB) Is a bacterial infection of Urethritis Is an infl ammation of the urethra the lungs caused by a bacterium called caused by infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis , characterized Uricaemia An excess of uric acid or urates in by the formation of lesions (tubercles) and the blood. necrosis in the lung tissues and other organs. Uricosuric Promoting the excretion of uric acid Tumorigenesis Formation or production of tumours. in the urine. Tumour An abnormal swelling of the body Urinary Pertaining to the passage of urine. other than those caused by direct injury. Urinary Incontinence Sudden and strong need Tussis A cough. to urinate because of poor bladder control. Tympanic Membrane Eardrum. Urinogenital Relating to the genital and urinary Tympanitis Infection or infl ammation of the organs or functions. inner ear. Urodynia Pain on urination. Tympanophonia Increased resonance of one’s Urokinase Also called urokinase-type plasmin- own voice, breath sounds, arterial murmurs, etc. ogen (uPA), is a serine protease enzyme in noted especially in disease of the middle ear. human urine that catalyses the conversion of Tympanosclerosis See myringosclerosis. plasminogen to plasmin. It is used clinically Tyrosinase A copper-containing enzyme found as a thrombolytic agent. in animals and plants that catalyses the oxida- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen (uPA) Plays a tion of phenols (such as tyrosine) and the key role in tumour invasion and metastasis, production of melanin and other pigments also see urokinase. from tyrosine by oxidation. Urolithiasis Formation of stone in the urinary Ubiquitin Ligase Also called an E3 ubiquitin tract (kidney bladder or urethra). ligase, is a protein that targets other proteins to Urticant A substance that causes wheals to form. be broken down (degraded) within cells. Urticaria Or hives, is a skin condition, com- UCP1 An uncoupling protein found in the mito- monly caused by an allergic reaction, that is chondria of brown adipose tissue used to gen- characterized by raised red skin welts. erate heat by non-shivering thermogenesis. Uterine Relating to the uterus. UCP-2 Enzyme Uncoupling protein 2 enzyme, a Uterine Myomas Also called fi broids, tumours mitochondrial protein expressed in adipocytes. that grow from the uterine wall. Ulcer An open sore on an external or internal Uterine Prolapse Occurs when weakened or body surface usually accompanied by disinte- damaged muscles and ligaments allow the gration of tissue and pus. uterus to slip into the vagina. Medical Glossary 949

Uterine Relaxant An agent that relaxes the Vasospasm Refers to a condition in which blood muscles in the uterus. vessels spasm, leading to vasoconstriction Uterine Stimulant An agent that stimulates and subsequently to tissue ischaemia and the uterus (and often employed during active death (necrosis). childbirth). VCAM-1 (Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1) Uterotonic Giving muscular tone to the Also known as CD106, contains six or seven uterus. immunoglobulin domains and is expressed on Uterotrophic Causing an effect on the uterus. both large and small vessels only after the Uterus W o m b . endothelial cells are stimulated by cytokines. Vaginal Dystrophy A condition in which the VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor. outer part of the vagina becomes dry and the Venereal Disease (VD) Term given to the diseases skin thickens or thins. syphilis and gonorrhoea. Vaginitis Infectious or non-infectious infl ammation Venule A small vein, especially one joining of the vaginal mucosa. capillaries to larger veins. Vaginopathy Any disease of the vagina. Vermifuge A substance used to expel worms Vagotomy The surgical cutting of the vagus from the intestines. nerve to reduce acid secretion in the stomach. Verotoxin A Shiga-like toxin produced by Vagus Nerve A cranial nerve, that is, a nerve Escherichia coli, which disrupts the function connected to the brain. The vagus nerve has of ribosomes, causing acute renal failure. branches to most of the major organs in the Verruca A contagious and painful wart on the body, including the larynx, throat, wind- sole of the foot. pipe, lungs, heart and most of the digestive Verruca plana Is a reddish-brown or fl esh- system. coloured, slightly raised, fl at-surfaced, well- Varicose Veins Are veins that have become demarcated papule on the hand and face, also enlarged and twisted. called fl at wart. Variola Or smallpox, a contagious disease Verruca vulgaris Small painless warts on the unique to humans, caused by either of two skin caused by the human papillomavirus. virus variants, Variola major and Variola Vertigo An illusory, sensory perception that the minor. The disease is characterized by fever, surroundings or one’s own body are revolving, weakness and skin eruption with pustules that dizziness. form scabs that leave scars. Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) A Vasa Vasorum Is a network of small blood type of lipoprotein made by the liver. VLDL is vessels that supply large blood vessels. plur . one of the fi ve major groups of lipoproteins vasa vasori. (chylomicrons, VLDL, intermediate-density Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) A lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high- polypeptide chemical produced by cells that density lipoprotein (HDL)) that enable fats stimulate the growth of new blood vessels. and cholesterol to move within the water- Vasculogenesis The process of blood vessel based solution of the bloodstream. VLDL is formation occurring by a de novo production converted in the bloodstream to low-density of endothelial cells. lipoprotein (LDL). Vasoconstrictor Drug that causes constriction Vesical Calculus Calculi (stones) in the urinary of blood vessels. bladder Vasodilator Drug that causes dilation or relaxation Vesicant A substance that causes tissue blistering. of blood vessels. Vestibular Relating to the sense of balance. Vasodilatory Causing the widening of the lumen Vestibular Disorders Includes symptoms of of blood vessels. dizziness, vertigo and imbalance; it can be Vasomotor Symptoms Menopausal symptoms resulted from or worsened by genetic or characterized by hot fl ushes and night sweats. environmental conditions. 950 Medical Glossary

Vestibular Schwannoma Also called acoustic zyme or co-substrate for many redox reactions neuroma is a benign tumour that may develop and is required for energy metabolism. from an overproduction of Schwann cells that Defi ciency causes pellagra. press on the hearing and balance nerves in the Vitamin B5 Also called pantothenic acid, a inner ear. water-soluble vitamin that function as coen- Vestibular System Includes parts of the inner zyme in fatty acid metabolism. Defi ciency ear and brain that process sensory information causes paresthesia. involved with controlling balance and eye Vitamin B6 Water-soluble vitamin, exists in movement. three major chemical forms: pyridoxine, pyri- Vibrissa Stiff hairs that are located especially doxal and pyridoxamine. Vitamin B6 is needed about the nostrils. in enzymes involved in protein metabolism, Vimentin A type III intermediate fi lament red blood cell metabolism, effi cient functioning protein that is expressed in mesenchymal cells. of nervous and immune systems and haemo- Viraemia A medical condition where viruses globin formation. Defi ciency causes anaemia enter the bloodstream and hence have access and peripheral neuropathy. to the rest of the body. Vitamin B7 Also called biotin or vitamin H, an Visceral Fat Intra-abdominal fat, is located essential water-soluble vitamin, is involved in inside the peritoneal cavity, packed in between the synthesis of fatty acids, amino acids and internal organs and torso. glucose and in energy metabolism. Biotin Vitamin Any complex, organic compound, promotes normal health of sweat glands, bone found in various food or sometimes synthe- marrow, male gonads, blood cells, nerve sized in the body, required in tiny amounts and tissue, skin and hair. Defi ciency causes der- are essential for the regulation of metabolism, matitis and enteritis. normal growth and function of the body. Vitamin B9 Also called folic acid, an essential Vitamin A Retinol, fat-soluble vitamins that water-soluble vitamin. Folate is especially play an important role in vision, bone growth, important during periods of rapid cell division reproduction, cell division and cell differenti- and growth such as infancy and pregnancy. ation, helps regulate the immune system in Defi ciency during pregnancy is associated preventing or fi ghting off infections. Vitamin with birth defects such as neural tube defects. A that is found in colourful fruits and vegeta- Folate is also important for production of red bles is called provitamin A carotenoid. They blood cells and prevents anaemia. Folate is can be made into retinol in the body. Defi ciency needed to make DNA and RNA, the building of vitamin A results in night blindness and blocks of cells. It also helps prevent changes keratomalacia. to DNA that may lead to cancer. Vitamin B1 Also called thiamine, water-soluble Vitamin B12 A water-soluble vitamin, also vitamins, dissolves easily in water and, in called cobalamin as it contains the metal general, are readily excreted from the body they cobalt. It helps maintain healthy nerve cells are not readily stored, consistent daily intake and red blood cells, and DNA production. is important. It functions as coenzyme in the Vitamin B12 is bound to the protein in food. metabolism of carbohydrates and branched Defi ciency causes megaloblastic anaemia. chain amino acids and other cellular processes. Vitamin C Also known as ascorbic acid, is an Defi ciency results in beri-beri disease. essential water-soluble vitamin. It functions Vitamin B2 Also called ribofl avin, an essential as cofactor for reactions requiring reduced water-soluble vitamin that functions as coen- copper or iron metallonzyme and as a protective zyme in redox reactions. Defi ciency causes antioxidant. Defi ciency of vitamin C causes aribofl avinosis. scurvy. Vitamin B3 Comprises niacin and niacinamide, Vitamin D A group of fat-soluble, prohormone water-soluble vitamin that functions as coen- vitamin, the two major forms of which are Medical Glossary 951

vitamin D2 (or ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 responsible for skin pigmentation, die or are (or cholecalciferol). Vitamin D obtained from unable to function, also called leucoderma. sun exposure, food and supplements is biologi- Vitreoretinopathy See proliferative vitreore- cally inert and must undergo two hydroxyl- tinopathy. ations in the body for activation. Vitamin D is VLA-4 Very late antigen-4, expressed by most essential for promoting calcium absorption leucocytes but it is observed on neutrophils in the gut and maintaining adequate serum under special conditions. calcium and phosphate concentrations to enable VLDL See very low-density lipoproteins. normal growth and mineralization of bone and Vomitive Substance that causes vomiting. prevent hypocalcaemic tetany. Defi ciency Vulnerary Wound healer, a substance used to causes rickets and osteomalacia. Vitamin D heal wounds and promote tissue formation. has other roles in human health, including Vulva–Vaginal Erythema Abnormal redness modulation of neuromuscular and immune and infl ammation of the skin in the vagina. function, reduction of infl ammation and mod- Wart An infectious skin tumour caused by a ulation of many genes encoding proteins that viral infection. regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and Welt See wheal. apoptosis. Wheal A fi rm, elevated swelling of the skin, Vitamin E Is the collective name for a group also called a weal or welt. of fat-soluble compounds and exists in eight White Fat White adipose tissue (WAT) in chemical forms (alpha-, beta-, gamma- and mammals, store of energy. cf. brown fat. delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma- Whitlow Painful infection of the hand involving and delta-tocotrienol). It has pronounced 1 or more fi ngers that typically affect the antioxidant activities stopping the formation terminal phalanx. of reactive oxygen species when fat undergoes Whooping Cough Acute infectious disease usu- oxidation and helps prevent or delay the ally in children caused by a Bacillus bacterium chronic diseases associated with free radicals. and accompanied by catarrh of the respiratory Besides its antioxidant activities, vitamin E is passages and repeated bouts of coughing. involved in immune function, cell signalling, Wnt Signalling Pathway Is a network of pro- regulation of gene expression and other teins involved in embryogenesis and cancer metabolic processes. Defi ciency is very rare and also in normal physiological processes. but can cause mild haemolytic anaemia in Xanthine Oxidase A fl avoprotein enzyme con- newborn infants. taining a molybdenum cofactor (Moco) and

Vitamin K A group of fat-soluble vitamin and (Fe2 S2 ) clusters, involved in purine metabo-

consists of vitamin K1 which is also known as lism. In humans, inhibition of xanthine oxidase phylloquinone or phytomenadione (also called reduces the production of uric acid and

phytonadione) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone, prevents hyperuricaemia and gout. menatetrenone). Vitamin K plays an important Xanthones Unique class of biologically active role in blood clotting. Defi ciency is very rare phenol compounds with the molecular formula but can cause bleeding diathesis. C13H8O2 possessing antioxidant properties, Vitamin P A substance or mixture of substances discovered in the mangosteen fruit. obtained from various plant sources, identifi ed Xenobiotics A chemical (as a drug, pesticide as citrin or a mixture of biofl avonoids, thought or carcinogen) that is foreign to a living to but not proven to be useful in reducing the organism. extent of haemorrhage. Xenograft A surgical graft of tissue from one Vitiligo A chronic skin disease that causes loss species to an unlike species. of pigment, resulting in irregular pale patches Xerophthalmia A medical condition in which of skin. It occurs when the melanocytes, cells the eye fails to produce tears. 952 Medical Glossary

Xerostomia Dryness in the mouth due to lack of Zeaxanthin A common carotenoid, found natu- saliva production. rally as coloured pigments in many fruit X-Linked Agammaglobulinaemia Also known vegetables and leafy vegetables. It is impor- as X-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia, XLA, tant for good vision and is one of the two Bruton type agammaglobulinaemia, Bruton carotenoids contained within the retina of syndrome or sex-linked agammaglobulinemia; the eye. Within the central macula, zeaxanthin a rare x-linked genetic disorder that affects the predominates, whereas in the peripheral body’s ability to fi ght infection. retina, lutein predominates. Yaws An infectious tropical infection of the Zinc (Zn) Is an essential mineral for health. It is skin, bones and joints caused by the spirochete involved in numerous aspects of cellular bacterium Treponema pertenue , characterized metabolism: catalytic activity of enzymes, by papules and papilloma with subsequent immune function, protein synthesis, wound deformation of the skin, bone and joints, also healing, DNA synthesis and cell division. It called framboesia. also supports normal growth and development yGCN5 A histone acetyl transferase (HAT) that during pregnancy, childhood and adolescence plays a role in regulation of transcription, cell and is required for proper sense of taste and cycle progression and differentiation. smell. Dietary sources include beans, nuts, Yellow Fever Is a viral disease that is transmitted pumpkin seeds, sunfl ower seeds, whole wheat to humans through the bite of infected mosqui- bread and animal sources. toes. Illness ranges in severity from an infl uenza- ZK1 Krueppel-type zinc fi nger protein, binds like syndrome to severe hepatitis and DNA and, through this binding, regulates haemorrhagic fever. Yellow fever virus (YFV) gene transcription. is maintained in nature by mosquito-borne ZO1 Protein A high molecular weight tight transmission between nonhuman primates. junction-associated protein. Scientifi c Glossary

Abaxial Facing away from the axis, as of the Adventive Not native to and not fully established surface of an organ. in a new habitat or environment; locally or tem- Abortive Imperfectly formed. porarily naturalized, e.g. an adventive weed. Abscission Shedding of leaves, fl owers or fruits Aestivation Refers to positional arrangement of following the formation of the abscission zone. the fl oral parts in the bud before it opens. Acaulescen t Lacking a stem or stem very much Akinete A thick-walled dormant cell derived reduced. from the enlargement of a vegetative cell. It Accrescent Increasing in size after fl owering or serves as a survival structure. with age. Alfi sols Soil with a clay-enriched subsoil and Achene A dry, small, one-seeded, indehiscent relatively high native fertility, having undergone one-seeded fruit formed from a superior ovary only moderate leaching, containing aluminium of one carpel as in sunfl ower. and iron and with at least 35 % base saturation, Acid Soil Soil that maintains a pH of less than 7.0. meaning that calcium, magnesium and potas- Acidulous Acid or sour in taste. sium are relatively abundant. Actinomorphic Having radial symmetry, capable Alkaline Soil Soil that maintains a pH above 7.0, of being divided into symmetrical halves by usually containing large amounts of calcium, any plane, refers to a fl ower, calyx or corolla. sodium and magnesium and is less soluble Aculeate Having sharp prickles. than acidic soils. Acuminate Tapering gradually to a sharp point. Alkaloids Naturally occurring bitter, complex Acute (Botany) tapering at an angle of less than organic-chemical compounds containing basic 90° before terminating in a point as of leaf nitrogen and oxygen atoms and having apex and base. various pharmacological effects on humans Adaxia l Side closest to the stem axis. and other animals. Adelphous Having stamens united together by Allomorphic With a shape or form different their fi laments. from the typical. Adherent Touching without organic fusion as Alluvial Soil A fi ne-grained fertile soil deposited by of fl oral parts of different whorls. water fl owing over fl ood plains or in river beds. Adnate United with another unlike part as of Alluvium Soil or sediments deposited by a river stamens attached to petals. or other running water. Adpressed Lying close to another organ but not Alternate Leaves or buds that are spaced along fused to it. opposite sides of stem at different levels. Adventitious Arising in abnormal positions, Amplexicaul Clasping the stem as base of e.g. roots arising from the stem, branches or certain leaves. leaves, buds arising elsewhere than in the axils Anatomizing Interconnecting network as applied of leaves. to leaf veins.

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 8, Flowers, 953 DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-8748-2, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 954 Scientifi c Glossary

Andisols Are soils formed in volcanic ash and Apiculate Ending abruptly in a short, sharp, containing high proportions of glass and small point. amorphous colloidal materials. Apiculum A short, pointed, fl exible tip. Androdioecious With male fl owers and bisexual Apocarpous Carpels separate in single individual fl owers on separate plants. pistils. Androecium Male parts of a fl ower, comprising Apopetalous With separate petals, not united to the stamens of one fl ower. other petals. Androgynophore A stalk bearing both the Aposepalous With separate sepals, not united to androecium and gynoecium above the peri- other sepals. anth of the fl ower. Appressed Pressed closely to another structure Androgynous With male and female fl owers in but not fused or united. distinct parts of the same infl orescence. Aquatic A plant living in or on water for all or a Andromonoecious Having male fl owers and considerable part of its life span. bisexual fl owers on the same plant. Arachnoid (Botany) formed of or covered with Angiosperm A division of seed plants with the long, delicate hairs or fi bres. ovules borne in an ovary. Arborescent Resembling a tree; applied to Annual A plant which completes its life cycle non-woody plants attaining tree height and within a year. to shrubs tending to become tree-like in size. Annular Shaped like or forming a ring. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) A type of Annulus Circle or ring-like structure or marking; mycorrhiza in which the fungus (of the phy- the portion of the corolla which forms a fl eshy, lum Glomeromycota) penetrates the cortical raised ring. cells of the roots of a vascular plant and forms Anthelate An open, paniculate cyme. unique structures such as arbuscules and vesi- Anther The part of the stamen containing cles. These fungi help plants to capture nutri- pollen sac which produces the pollen. ents such as phosphorus and micronutrients Antheriferous Containing anthers. from the soil. Anthesis The period between the opening of the Archegonium A fl ask-shaped female reproduc- bud and the onset of fl ower withering. tive organ in mosses, ferns and other related Anthocarp A false fruit consisting of the true plants. fruit and the base of the perianth. Areolate With areolea. Anthocyanidins Are common plant pigments. Areole (Botany) a small, specialized, cushion- They are the sugar-free counterparts of like area on a cactus from which hairs, glochids, anthocyanins. spines, branches or fl owers may arise; an Anthocyanins A subgroup of antioxidant fl avo- irregular angular specs marked out on a noids, are glucosides of anthocyanidins. They surface, e.g. fruit surface. pl . areolea. occur as water-soluble vacuolar pigments that Aril Specialized outgrowth from the funiculus may appear red, purple or blue according to (attachment point of the seed) (or hilum) pH in plants. that encloses or is attached to the seed. adj . Antipetala Situated opposite petals. arillate. Antisepala Situated opposite sepals. Arillode A false aril; an aril originating from the Antrorse Directed forward upwards. micropyle instead of from the funicle or Apetalous Lacking petals as of fl owers with no chalaza of the ovule, e.g. mace of nutmeg. corolla. Aristate Bristle-like part or appendage, e.g. awns Apical Meristem Active growing point. A zone of grains and grasses. of cell division at the tip of the stem or the root. Aristulate Having a small, stiff, bristle-like part Apically Towards the apex or tip of a structure. or appendage; a diminutive of aristate. Scientifi c Glossary 955

Articulate Jointed; usually breaking easily at the Biennial Completing the full cycle from germination nodes or point of articulation into segments. to fruiting in more than one, but not more than Ascending Arched upwards in the lower part 2 years. and becoming erect in the upper part. Bifi d Forked, divided into two parts. Ascospore Spore produced in the ascus in Bifoliolate Having two leafl ets. Ascomycete fungi. Bilabiate Having two lips as of a corolla or Ascus Is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced calyx with segments fused into an upper and in Ascomycete fungi. pl . asci. lower lip. Asperulous Refers to a rough surface with Bipinnate Twice pinnate; the primary leafl ets short, hard projections. being again divided into secondary leafl ets. Attenuate Tapered or tapering gradually to a Bipinnatisect Refers to a pinnately compound point. leaf, in which each leafl et is again divided into Auricle An ear-like appendage that occurs at the pinnae. base of some leaves or corolla. Biserrate Doubly serrate; with smaller regular, Auriculate Having auricles. asymmetric teeth on the margins of larger teeth. Awn A hair-like or bristle-like appendage on a Bisexual Having both sexes, as in a fl ower larger structure. bearing both stamens and pistil, hermaphro- Axil Upper angle between a lateral organ, such dite or perfect. as a leaf petiole and the stem that bears it. Biternate Twice ternate; with three pinnae each Axile Situated along the central axis of an ovary hav- divided into three pinnules. ing two or more locules, as in axile placentation. Blade Lamina; part of the leaf above the sheath Axillary Arising or growing in an axil. or petiole. Baccate Beery-like, pulpy or fl eshy. Blotched See variegated. Barbate Bearded, having tufts of hairs. Bole Main trunk of tree from the base to the fi rst Barbellae Short, stiff, hair-like bristles. adj . branch. barbellate. Brachyblast A short, axillary, densely crowded Bark Is the outermost layers of stems and roots branchlet or shoot of limited growth, in which of woody plants. the internodes elongate little or not at all. Basal Relating to, situated at, arising from or Bracket Fungus Shelf fungus. forming the base. Bract A leafl ike structure, different in form from Basaltic Soil Soil derived from basalt, a com- the foliage leaves, associated with an infl ores- mon extrusive volcanic rock. cence or fl ower. adj . bracteate. Basidiospore A reproductive spore produced by Bracteate Possessing bracts. Basidiomycete fungi. Bracteolate Having bracteoles. Basidium A microscopic, spore-producing Bracteole A small, secondary, bract-like struc- structure found on the hymenophore of fruit- ture borne singly or in a pair on the pedicel or ing bodies of Basidiomycete fungi. calyx of a fl ower. adj . bracteolate. Basifi xed Attached by the base, as certain Bran Hard outer layer of grain and comprises anthers are to their fi laments. the aleurone and pericarp. It contains impor- Basionym The synonym of a scientifi c name tant antioxidant, vitamins and fi bre. that supplies the epithet for the correct name. Bristle A stiff hair. Beak A prominent apical projection, especially Bulb A modifi ed underground axis that is short of a carpel or fruit. adj . beaked. and crowned by a mass of usually fl eshy, Bearded Having a tuft of hairs. imbricate scales. adj . bulbous. Berry A fl eshy or pulpy indehiscent fruit from a Bulbil A small bulb or bulb-shaped body, single ovary with the seed(s) embedded in the especially one borne in the leaf axil or an fl eshy tissue of the pericarp. infl orescence, and usually produced for asexual Biconvex Convex on both sides. reproduction. 956 Scientifi c Glossary

Bullate Puckered, blistered. Capitulum A fl ower head or infl orescence Burr Type of seed or fruit with short, stiff bristles having a dense cluster of sessile, or almost or hooks or may refer to a deformed type of sessile, fl owers or fl orets. wood in which the grain has been misformed. Capsule A dry, dehiscent fruit formed from two Bush Low, dense shrub without a pronounced or more united carpels and dehiscing at matu- trunk. rity by sections called valves to release the Buttress Supporting, projecting outgrowth from seeds. adj . capsular. base of a tree trunk as in some Rhizophoraceae Carinate Keeled. and Moraceae. Carpel A simple pistil consisting of ovary, Caducous Shedding or falling early before ovules, style and stigma. adj . carpellary. maturity refers to sepals and petals. Carpogonium Female reproductive organ in Caespitose Growing densely in tufts or clumps; red algae. pl . carpogonia. having short, closely packed stems. Carpophore Part of the receptacle which is Calcareous Composed of or containing lime or lengthened between the carpels as a central limestone. axis; any fruiting body or fruiting structure of Calcrete A hardpan consisting gravel and sand a fungus. cemented by calcium. Cartilaginous Sinewy, having a fi rm, tough, Callus A condition of thickened raised mass of fl exible texture (in respect of leaf margins). hardened tissue on leaves or other plant parts Caruncle (Bot) fl eshy structure attached to the often formed after an injury but sometimes seed of certain plants. a normal feature. A callus also can refer to Caryopsis A simple dry, indehiscent fruit an undifferentiated plant cell mass grown on a formed from a single ovary with the seed coat culture medium. n . callosity. pl . calli, callosities. united with the ovary wall as in grasses and adj . callose. cereals. Calyptra The protective cap or hood covering Cataphyll A reduced or scarcely developed leaf the spore case of a moss or related plant. at the start of a plant’s life (i.e. cotyledons) or Calyptrate Operculate, having a calyptra. in the early stages of leaf development. Calyx Outer fl oral whorl usually consisting of Catkin A slim, cylindrical, pendulous fl ower free sepals or fused sepals (calyx tube) and spike usually with unisexual fl owers. calyx lobes. It encloses the fl ower while it is Caudate Having a narrow, tail-like appendage. still a bud. adj . calycine. Caudex Thickened, usually underground base Calyx Lobe One of the free upper parts of the of the stem. calyx which may be present when the lower Caulescent Having a well-developed aerial stem. part is united into a tube. Caulifl ory Botanical term referring to plants Calyx Tube The tubular fused part of the calyx, which fl ower and fruit from their main stems often cup-shaped or bell-shaped, when it is or woody trunks. adj . caulifl orus. free from the corolla. Cauline Borne on the aerial part of a stem. Campanulate Shaped like a bell, refers to calyx Chaffy Having thin, membranous scales in the or corolla. infl orescence as in the fl ower heads of the sun- Canaliculate Having groove or grooves. fl ower family. Candelabriform Having the shape of a tall Chalaza The basal region of the ovule where branched candlestick. the stalk is attached. Canescent Covered with short, fi ne whitish or Chamaephyte A low-growing perennial plant greyish hairs or down. whose dormant overwintering buds are borne Canopy Uppermost leafy stratum of a tree. at or just above the surface of the ground. Cap See pileus. Chartaceous Papery, of paper-like texture. Capitate Growing together in a head. Also Chasmogamous Describing fl owers in which means enlarged and globular at the tip. pollination takes place while the fl ower is open. Scientifi c Glossary 957

Chatoyant Having a velvety sheen or lustre. Cleistogamous Refers to a fl ower in which Chloroplast A chlorophyll-containing organelle fertilization occurs within the bud, i.e. without (plastid) that gives the green colour to leaves the fl ower opening. cf . chasmogamous. and stems. Plastids harness light energy that is Climber Growing more or less upwards by used to fi x carbon dioxide in the process called leaning or twining around another structure. photosynthesis. Clone All the plants reproduced, vegetatively, Chromoplast Plastid containing coloured from a single parent thus having the same pigments apart from chlorophyll. genetic make-up as the parent. Chromosomes Thread-shaped structures that Coccus One of the sections of a distinctly lobed occur in pairs in the nucleus of a cell, containing fruit which becomes separate at maturity; the genetic information of living organisms. sometimes called a mericarp. pl . cocci. Cilia Hairs along the margin of a leaf or corolla Coenocarpium A fl eshy, multiple pseudocarp lobe. formed from an infl orescence rather than a Ciliate With a fringe of hairs on the margin as of single fl ower. the corolla lobes or leaf. Coherent Touching without organic fusion, refer- Ciliolate Minutely ciliate. ring to parts normally together, e.g. fl oral parts of Cilium A straight, usually erect hair on a the same whorl. cf. adherent, adnate, connate. margin or ridge. pl . cilia. Collar Boundary between the above and below Cincinnus A monochasial cyme in which the ground parts of the plant axis. lateral branches arise alternately on opposite Colliculate Having small elevations. sides of the false axis. Column A structure formed by the united style, Circinnate Spirally coiled, with the tip innermost. stigma and stamen(s) as in Asclepiadaceae and Circumscissile Opening by a transverse line Orchidaceae. around the circumference as of a fruit. Comose Tufted with hairs at the ends as of seeds. Cladode The modifi ed photosynthetic stem of a Composite Having two types of fl orets as of the plant whose foliage leaves are much reduced fl owers in the sunfl ower family Asteraceae. or absent. cf . cladophyll, phyllode. Compost Organic matter (like leaves, mulch, Cladophyll A photosynthetic branch or portion manure, etc.) that breaks down in soil releas- of a stem that resembles and functions as a ing its nutrients. leaf, like in asparagus. cf . cladode, phyllode. Compound Describe a leaf that is further Clamp Connection In the Basidiomycetes fungi, divided into leafl ets or pinnae or fl ower with a lateral connection or outgrowth formed more than a single fl oret. between two adjoining cells of a hypha and Compressed Flattened in one plane. arching over the septum between them. Conceptacles Specialized cavities of marine Clavate Club-shaped thickened at one end, algae that contain the reproductive organs. refers to fruit or other organs. Concolorous Uniformly coloured, as in upper Claw The conspicuously narrowed basal part of and lower surfaces. cf . discolorous. a fl at structure. Conduplicate Folded together lengthwise. Clay A naturally occurring material composed Cone A reproductive structure composed of an primarily of fi ne-grained minerals like kaolin- axis (branch) bearing sterile bract-like organs ite, montmorillonite-smectite or illite which and seed or pollen-bearing structures. Applied to exhibit plasticity through a variable range of Gymnospermae, Lycopodiaceae, Casuarinaceae water content and which can be hardened and also in some members of Proteaceae. when dried and/or fi red. Conic Cone-shaped, attached at the broader end. Clayey Resembling or containing a large pro- Conic-Capitate A cone-shaped head of fl owers. portion of clay. Connate Fused to another structure of the same Cleft Incised halfway down. kind. cf . adherent, adnate, coherent. 958 Scientifi c Glossary

Connective The tissue separating two lobes of Crenate Round-toothed or scalloped as of leaf an anther. margins. Connivent Converging. Crenulate Minutely crenate, very strongly Conspecifi c Within or belonging to the same scalloped. species. Crested Frilled and ruffl ed edge. Contorted Twisted. Crispate Weakly undulating edge. Convolute Refers to an arrangement of petals in Crisped With a curled or twisted edge. a bud where each has one side overlapping the Cristate Having or forming a crest or crista. adjacent petal. Crozier Shaped like a shepherd’s crook. Cordate Heart-shaped as of leaves. Crustaceous Like a crust; having a hard crust or Core Central part. shell. Coriaceous Leathery texture as of leaves. Cucullate Having the shape of a cowl or hood, Corm A short, swollen, fl eshy, underground hooded. plant stem that serves as a food storage organ Culm The main aerial stem of the Gramineae used by some plants to survive winter or other (grasses, sedges, rushes and other monocots). adverse conditions. Culm Sheath The plant casing (similar to a Cormel A miniature, new corm produced on a leaf) that protects the young bamboo shoot mature corm. during growth, attached at each node of culm. Corn Silk The long, fi lamentous styles that grow Cultigen Plant species or race known only in as a silky tuft or tassel at the tip of an ear of corn. cultivation. Corolla The inner fl oral whorl of a fl ower, Cultivar Cultivated variety; an assemblage of usually consisting of free petals or a petals cultivated individuals distinguished by any fused forming a corolla tube and corolla lobes. characters signifi cant for the purposes of adj . corolline. agriculture, forestry or horticulture, and which, Corona A crown-like section of the staminal when reproduced, retains its distinguishing column, usually with the inner and outer lobes features. as in the Stapelieae . Cuneate Wedge-shaped, obtriangular. Coroniform Crown-shaped, as in the pappus of Cupular Cup-shaped, having a cupule. Asteraceae. Cupule A small cup-shaped structure or organ, Cortex The outer of the stem or root of a plant, like the cup at the base of an acorn. bounded on the outside by the epidermis and Cusp An elongated, usually rigid, acute point. on the inside by the endodermis containing cf . mucro. undifferentiated cells. Cuspidate Terminating in or tipped with a sharp Corymb A fl at-topped, short, broad infl ores- fi rm point or cusp. cf . mucronate. cence, in which the fl owers, through unequal Cuspidulate Constricted into a minute cusp. cf . pedicels, are in one horizontal plane and cuspidate. the youngest in the centre. adj . corymbose Cyathiform In the form of a cup, a little wid- Costa A thickened, linear ridge or the midrib of ened at the top. the pinna in ferns. adj . costate. Cyathium A specialized type of infl orescence Costapalmate Having defi nite costa (midrib) of plants in the genus Euphorbia and unlike the typical palmate leaf, but the leafl ets Chamaesyce in which the unisexual fl owers are arranged radially like in a palmate leaf. are clustered together within a bract-like Cotyledon The primary seed leaf within the envelope. pl. cyathia. embryo of a seed. Cylindric Tubular- or rod-shaped. Cover Crop Crop grown in between trees or in Cylindric-Acuminate Elongated and tapering fi elds primarily to protect the soil from ero- to a point. sion, to improve soil fertility and to keep off Cymbiform Boat-shaped, elongated and having weeds. the upper surface decidedly concave. Scientifi c Glossary 959

Cyme An infl orescence in which the lateral axis Dicotyledon Angiosperm with two cotyledons. grows more strongly than the main axis with Didymous Arranged or occurring in pairs as of the oldest fl ower in the centre or at the ends. anthers, having two lobes. adj . cymose Digitate Having digits or fi ngerlike projections. Cymule A small cyme or one or a few fl owers. Dikaryophyses Or dendrophydia, irregularly, Cystidium A relatively large cell found on the strongly branched terminal hyphae in the hymenium of a Basidiomycete, for example, Hymenomycetes (class of Basidiomycetes) on the surface of a mushroom. fungi. Cystocarp Fruitlike structure (sporocarp) devel- Dimorphic Having or occurring in two forms, oped after fertilization in the red algae. as of stamens of two different lengths or a Deciduous Falling off or shedding at maturity plant having two kinds of leaves. or a specifi c season or stage of growth. Dioecious With male and female unisexual Decorticate To remove the bark, rind or husk from fl owers on separate plants. cf . monoecious. an organ; to strip of its bark; to come off as a skin. Diplobiontic Life Cycle Life cycle that exhibits Decompound As of a compound leaf; consisting alternation of generations, which features of of divisions that are themselves compound. spore-producing multicellular sporophytes Decumbent Prostrate, laying or growing on the and gamete-producing multicellular gameto- ground but with ascending tips. cf . ascending, phytes. Mitoses occur in both the diploid and procumbent. haploid phases. Decurrent Having the leaf base tapering down Diplochory Seed dispersal involving two or to a narrow wing that extends to the stem. more modes. Decussate Having paired organs with successive Diploid A condition in which the chromosomes pairs at right angles to give four rows as of leaves. in the nucleus of a cell exist as pairs, one set Defl exed Bent downwards. being derived from the female parent and the Degumming Removal of gum deposits (phospha- other from the male. tides, entrained oil and meal particles) from Diplontic Life Cycle Or gametic meiosis, wherein crude edible oils traditionally done with water. instead of immediately dividing meiotically to Water degumming process also removes hydro- produce haploid cells, the zygote divides mitoti- philic substances such as sugars from the oil. cally to produce a multicellular diploid individ- Dehisce To split open at maturity, as in a capsule. ual or a group of more diploid cells. Dehiscent Splitting open at maturity to release Dipterocarpus Trees of the family Diptero- the contents. cf . indehiscent. carpaceae, with two-winged fruit found Deltate Triangular shape. mainly in tropical lowland rainforest. Deltoid Shaped like an equilateral triangle. Disc (Botany) refers to the usually disc-shaped Dendritic Branching from a main stem or axis receptacle of the fl ower head in Asteraceae; like the branches of a tree. also the fl eshy nectariferous organ usually Dentate With sharp, rather coarse teeth perpen- between the stamens and ovary; also used for dicular to the margin. the enlarged style-end in Proteaceae. Denticulate Finely toothed. Disc Floret The central, tubular 4- or 5-toothed Diadelphous Having stamens in two bundles as or lobed fl oret on the disc of an infl orescence, in Papilionaceae fl owers. as of fl ower head of Asteraceae. Diageotropic The tendency of growing parts, Disciform Flat and rounded in shape. cf . such as roots, to grow at right angle to the line discoid, radiate. of gravity. Discoid Resembling a disc; having a fl at, circular Dichasium A cymose infl orescence in which form; disc-shaped cf . disciform, radiate. the branches are opposite and approximately Discolorous Having two colours, as of a leaf equal. pl . dichasia. adj . dichasial. which has different colours on the two sur- Dichotomous Divided into two parts. faces. cf . concolorous. 960 Scientifi c Glossary

Disomic Having one or more chromosomes Endosperm Tissue that surrounds and nourishes present twice but without the entire genome the embryo in the angiosperm seed. It contains doubled. starchy carbohydrates, proteins and small Dispersal Dissemination of seeds. amounts of vitamins and minerals. Distal Site of any structure farthest from the Endospermous Refers to seeds having an point of attachment. cf . proximal. endosperm. Distichous Referring to two rows of upright Endotrophic As of mycorrhiza obtaining leaves in the same plane. nutrients from inside. Dithecous Having two thecae. Ensiform Shaped like the blade of a sword, long Divaricate Diverging at a wide angle. and narrow with sharp edges and a pointed tip. Domatium A part of a plant (e.g. a leaf) that has Ensilage The process of preserving green food been modifi ed to provide protection for other for livestock in an undried condition in airtight organisms. pl . domatia. conditions, also called silaging. Dormancy A resting period in the life of a plant Entire Having a smooth, continuous margin during which growth slows or appears to stop. without any incisions or teeth as of a leaf. Dorsal Referring to the back surface. Entisols Soils that do not show any profi le Dorsifi xed Attached to the back as of anthers. development other than an A horizon. Drupaceous Resembling a drupe. Ephemeral Transitory, short-lived. Drupe A fl eshy fruit with a single seed enclosed Epicalyx A whorl of bracts, subtending and in a hard shell (endocarp) which is tissue embed- resembling a calyx. ded in succulent tissue (mesocarp) surrounded Epicarp Outermost layer of the pericarp of a by a thin outer skin (epicarp). adj . drupaceous. fruit. Drupelet A small drupe. Epicormic Attached to the corm. Ebracteate Without bracts. Epicotyl The upper portion of the embryonic Echinate Bearing stiff, stout, bristly, prickly hairs. axis, above the cotyledons and below the fi rst Edaphic Refers to plant communities that are true leaves. distinguished by soil conditions rather than by Epigeal Above grounds with cotyledons raised the climate. above ground. Eglandular Without glands. cf . glandular. Epiparasite An organism parasitic on another Elaioplasts A type of leucoplast that is specialized that parasitizes a third. for the storage of lipids in plants. Epipetalous Borne on the petals, as of stamens. Elaiosome Fleshy lipid-rich structures that are Epiphyte A plant growing on, but not parasitic attached to the seeds of many plant species. on, another plant, deriving its moisture and Ellipsoid A 3-dimensional shape; elliptic in nutrients from the air and rain, e.g. some outline. Orchidaceae. adj . epiphytic. Elliptic Having a 2-dimensional shape of an Epithet Name. ellipse or fl attened circle. Equitant In a loose fan pattern. Elongate Extended, stretched out. Erect Upright, vertical. Emarginate Refers to leaf with a broad, shal- Essential Oils Volatile products obtained from a low notch at the apex. cf . retuse. natural source; refers to volatile products obtained Embryo (Botany) a minute rudimentary plant by steam or water distillation in a strict sense. contained within a seed or an archegonium, Etiolation To cause (a plant) to develop without composed of the embryonic axis (shoot end chlorophyll by preventing exposure to sunlight. and root end). Eutrophic Having waters rich in mineral and Endemic Prevalent in or peculiar to a particular organic nutrients that promote a proliferation geographical locality or region. of plant life, especially algae, which reduces Endocarp The hard innermost layer of the the dissolved oxygen content and often causes pericarp of many fruits. the extinction of other organisms. Scientifi c Glossary 961

Excentric Off the true centre. Foliaceous Leafl ike. Excrescence Abnormal outgrowth. Foliage Leaves of the plant. Excurrent Projecting beyond the tip, as the Foliar Pertaining to a leaf. midrib of a leaf or bract. Foliolate Pertaining to leafl ets, used with a number Exserted Sticking out, protruding beyond some prefi x to denote the number of leafl ets. enclosing organ, as of stamens which project Foliose Leafl ike. beyond the corolla or perianth. Follicle (Botany) a dry fruit, derived from a single Exstipulate Without stipules. cf . stipulate. carpel and dehiscing along one suture. Extra-Floral Outside the fl ower. Forb Any herb that is not grass or grass-like. Extrose Turned outwards or away from the axis Foveolate Surface pitted with shallow depressions. as of anthers. cf . introrse, latrorse. Free Central Placentation The arrangement of Falcate Sickle-shaped, crescent-shaped. ovules on a central column that is not con- Fascicle A cluster or bundle of stems, fl owers, nected to the ovary wall by partitions, as in the stamens. adj . fasciculate. ovaries of the carnation and primrose. Fasciclode Staminode bundles. Frond The leaf of a fern or cycad. Fastigiate A tree in which the branches grow Fruit Ripened ovary with adnate parts. almost vertically. Frutescent Shrubby. Ferrosols Soils with an iron oxide content of Fugacious Shedding off early. greater than 5 %. Fulvous Yellow, tawny. Ferruginous Rust coloured, reddish-brown. Funiculus (Botany) short stalk which attaches Fertile Having functional sexual parts which are the ovule to the ovary wall. capable of fertilization and seed production. Fuscescent Dusky. cf . sterile. Fusiform A 3-dimensional shape; spindle- Filament The stalk of a stamen supporting and shaped, i.e. broad in the centre and tapering at subtending the anther. both ends thick, but tapering at both ends. Filiform Having the form of or resembling a Gall Flower Short-styled fl ower that does not thread or fi lament. develop into a fruit but is adapted for the Fimbriate Fringed. development of a specifi c wasp within the Fixed Oils Non-volatile oils, triglycerides of fruit, e.g. in the fi g. fatty acids. Gamete A reproductive cell that fuses with Flaccid Limp and weak. another gamete to form a zygote. Gametes are Flag Leaf The uppermost leaf on the stem. haploid (they contain half the normal (diploid) Flaky In the shape of fl akes or scales. number of chromosomes); thus when the two Flexuous Zig-zagging, sinuous, bending, as fuse, the diploid number is restored. of a stem. Gametophyte The gamete-producing phase in a Floccose Covered with tufts of soft woolly hairs. plant characterized by alternation of generations. Floral Tube A fl ower tube usually formed by Gamosepalous With sepals united or partially the basal fusion of the perianth and stamens. united. Floret One of the small individual fl owers of Geniculate Bent like a knee, refers to awns and sunfl ower family or the reduced fl ower of the fi laments. grasses, including the lemma and palea. Genome Complete set of genetic material of an Flower The sexual reproductive organ of fl owering organism. plants, typically consisting of gynoecium, Geocarpic Where the fruit is pushed into the androecium and perianth or calyx and/or soil by the gynophore and mature. corolla and the axis bearing these parts. Geophyte A plant that stores food in an under- Fluted As of a trunk with grooves and folds. ground storage organ, e.g. a tuber, bulb or rhi- Fodder Plant material, fresh or dried fed to zome and has subterranean buds which form animals. aerial growth. 962 Scientifi c Glossary

Geotextile Are permeable fabrics which, when Gynomonoecious Having female fl owers and used in association with soil, have the ability bisexual fl owers on the same plant. cf . to separate, fi lter, reinforce, protect or drain. andromonoecious. Germ Of cereal is the embryo of the seed or ker- Gynophore Stalk that bears the pistil/carpel. nel. It contains vitamins B, E, folic acid, some Habit The general growth form of a plant, com- protein, minerals and polyunsaturated fats. prising its size, shape, texture and stem orien- Glabrescent Becoming glabrous. tation, the locality in which the plant grows. Glabrous Smooth, hairless without pubescence. Halophyte A plant adapted to living in highly Gland A secretory organ, e.g. a nectary, extra- saline habitats. Also a plant that accumulates fl oral nectary or a gland tipped, hair-like or high concentrations of salt in its tissues. adj . wart-like organ. adj . glandular. cf . eglandular. halophytic. Glaucous Pale blue-green in colour, covered Hapaxanthic Refers to palms which fl ower with a whitish bloom that rubs off readily. only once and then dies. c.f. pleonanthic. Gley Soils A hydric soil which exhibits a Haploid Condition where nucleus or cell has a greenish blue-grey soil colour due to wetland single set of unpaired chromosomes; the hap- conditions. loid number is designated as n. Globose Spherical in shape. Haplontic Life Cycle Or zygotic meiosis Globular A three-dimensional shape, spherical wherein meiosis of a zygote immediately after or orbicular; circular in outline. karyogamy produces haploid cells which pro- Glochidiate Having glochids. duces more or larger haploid cells ending its Glochidote Plant having glochids. diploid phase. Glochids T i n y , fi nely barbed hair-like spines Hastate Having the shape of an arrowhead but found on the areoles of some cacti and other with the basal lobes pointing outwards at right plants. angles as of a leaf. Glume One of the two small, sterile bracts at the Hastula A piece of plant material at the junction base of the grass spikelet, called the lower and of the petiole and the leaf blade; the hastula upper glumes, due to their position on the can be found on the top of the leaf, adaxial or rachilla. Also used in Apiaceae, Cyperaceae the bottom, abaxial or both sides. for the very small bracts on the spikelet in Heartwood Wood from the inner portion of a which each fl ower is subtended by one fl oral tree. glume. adj . glumaceous. Heliophilous Sun-loving, tolerates high level of Grits Consist of coarsely ground corn, or some- sunlight. times alkali-treated corn. Heliotropic Growing towards sunlight. Groats Hulled, whole grains of various cereals, Herb A plant which is non-woody or woody at such as oats, wheat, barley or buckwheat; it the base only, the above ground stems usually includes the cereal germ, fi bre-rich bran por- being ephemeral. adj . herbaceous. tion and endosperm of the grain. Herbaceous Resembling a herb, having a habit Guttation The appearance of drops of xylem of a herb. sap on the tips or edges of leaves of some vas- Hermaphrodite Bisexual, bearing fl owers with cular plants, such as grasses and bamboos. both androecium and gynoecium in the same Guttule Small droplet. fl ower. adj . hermaphroditic. Gymnosperm A group of spermatophyte seed- Heterocyst A differentiated cyanobacterial cell bearing plants with ovules on scales, which that carries out nitrogen fi xation. are usually arranged in cone-like structures Heterogamous Bearing separate male and and not borne in an ovary. cf . angiosperm. female fl owers, or bisexual and female fl owers, Gynoecium The female organ of a fl ower; a col- or fl orets in an infl orescence or fl ower head, lective term for the pistil, carpel or carpels. e.g. some Asteraceae in which the ray fl orets Scientifi c Glossary 963

may be neuter or unisexual and the disc fl orets Hurd Fibre Long pith fi bre of the stem. may be bisexual. cf . homogamous. Hyaline Colourless, almost transparent. Heteromorphous Having two or more distinct Hybrid The fi rst-generation progeny of the sexual forms. cf . homomorphous. union of plants belonging to different taxa. Heterophyllous Having leaves of different form. Hybridization The crossing of individuals from Heterosporous Producing spores of 2 sizes, the different species or taxa. larger giving rise to megagametophytes Hydathode A type of secretory tissue in leaves, (female), the smaller giving rise to microga- usually of Angiosperms, that secretes water metophytes (male). Refers to the ferns and through pores in the epidermis or margin of fern allies. cf . homosporous. the leaf. Heterostylous Having styles of two different Hydrophilous Water loving; requiring water in lengths or forms. order to be fertilized, referring to many aquatic Heterostyly The condition in which fl owers on plants. polymorphous plants have styles of different Hygrochastic Applied to plants in which the lengths, thereby facilitating cross-pollination. opening of the fruits is caused by the absorp- Hilar Of or relating to a hilum. tion of water. Hilum The scar on a seed, indicating the point Hygrophilous Living in water or moist places. of attachment to the funiculus. Hymenial Cystidia The cells of the hymenium Hirsute Bearing long coarse hairs. develop into basidia or asci, while in others some Hispid Bearing stiff, short, rough hairs or bristles. cells develop into sterile cells called cystidia. Hispidulous Minutely hispid. Hymenium Sore-bearing layer of cells in Histosol Soil comprising primarily of organic certain fungi containing asci (Ascomycetes) materials, having 40 cm or more of organic or basidia (Basidiomycetes). soil material in the upper 80 cm. Hypanthium Cup-like receptacles of some Hoary Covered with a greyish layer of very dicotyledonous fl owers formed by the fusion short, closely interwoven hairs. of the calyx, corolla and androecium that Holdfast An organ or structure of attachment, surrounds the ovary which bears the sepals, especially the basal, root-like formation by petals and stamens. adj. relating to or of the which certain seaweeds or other algae are nature of a hypanthium. attached to a substrate. Hypha Is a long, branching fi lamentous cell of a Holocarpic Having the entire thallus developed fungus, and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. into a fruiting body or sporangium. pl. hyphae. Homochromous Having all the fl orets of the Hypocotyl The portion of the stem below the same colour in the same fl ower head cf . cotyledons. heterochromous. Hypodermis The cell layer beneath the epidermis Homogamous Bearing fl owers or fl orets that do of the pericarp. not differ sexually cf . heterogamous. Hypogeal Below ground as of germination of Homogenous Endosperm Endosperm with seed. even surface that lacks invaginations or Hysteresis Refers to systems that may exhibit infoldings of the surrounding tissue. path dependence. Homogonium A part of a fi lament of a cyano- Imbricate Closely packed and overlapping. cf . bacterium that detaches and grows by cell valvate. division into a new fi lament. pl . homogonia. Imparipinnate Pinnately compound with a Homomorphous Uniform, with only one form. single terminal leafl et and hence with an odd cf . heteromorphous. number of leafl ets. cf . paripinnate. Homosporous Producing one kind of spores. Inceptisols Old soils that have no accumulation Refers to the ferns and fern allies. cf . of clays, iron, aluminium or organic matter. heterosporous. Incised Cut jaggedly with very deep teeth. 964 Scientifi c Glossary

Included Referring to stamens which do not Introrse Turned inwards or towards the axis or project beyond the corolla or to valves which pistil as of anthers. cf . extrorse, latrorse. do not extend beyond the rim of a capsular Involucre A whorl of bracts or leaves that fruit. cf . exserted. surround one to many fl owers or an entire Incurved Curved inwards; curved towards the infl orescence. base or apex. Involute Having the margins rolled inwards, Indefi nite Numerous and variable in number. referring to a leaf or other fl at organ. Indehiscent Not opening or splitting to release the Jugate Of a pinnate leaf; having leafl ets in pairs. contents at maturity as of fruit. cf . dehiscent. Juvenile Young or immature, used here for Indumentum Covering of fi ne hairs or bristles leaves formed on a young plant which is commonly found on external parts of plants. different in morphology from those formed on Indurate To become hard, often the hardening an older plant. developed only at maturity. Keel A longitudinal ridge, at the back of the Indusium An enclosing membrane, covering leaf. Also the two lower fused petals of a ‘pea’ the sorus of a fern. Also used for the modifi ed fl ower in the Papilionaceae, which form a style end or pollen cup of some Goodeniaceae boat-like structure around the stamens and (including Brunoniaceae ). adj . indusiate. styles, also called carina. adj . keeled. cf . Inferior Said of an ovary or fruit that has sepals, standard, wing. petals and stamens above the ovary. cf . superior. Labellum The modifi ed lowest of the three Infl ated Enlarged and hollow except in the case of petals forming the corolla of an orchid, usu- a fruit which may contain a seed. cf . swollen. ally larger than the other two petals, and often Infl exed Bent or curved inwards or downwards, spurred. as petals or sepals. Lacerate Irregularly cleft. Infl orescence A fl ower cluster or the arrange- Laciniate Fringed; having a fringe of slender, ment of fl owers in relation to the axis and to narrow, pointed lobes cut into narrow lobes. each other on a plant. Lamella A gill-shaped structure: fi ne sheets of Infrafoliar Located below the leaves. material held adjacent to one another. Infraspecifi c Referring to any taxon below the Lamina The blade of the leaf or frond. species rank. Lanate Wooly, covered with long hairs which Infructescence The fruiting stage of an are loosely curled together like wool. infl orescence. Lanceolate Lance-shaped in outline, tapering Infundibulum Funnel-shaped cavity or structure. from a broad base to the apex. Inrolled Curved inwards. Landrace Plants adapted to the natural environ- Integuments Two distinct tissue layers that ment in which they grow, developing naturally surround the nucellus of the ovule, forming with minimal assistance or guidance from the testa or seed coat when mature. humans and usually possess more diverse Intercalary Of growth, between the apex and the phenotypes and genotypes. They have not base; of cells, spores, etc. between two cells. been improved by formal breeding programs. Interfoliar Inter leaf. Laterite Reddish-coloured soils rich in iron Internode Portion of the stem, culm, branch or oxide, formed by weathering of rocks under rhizome between two nodes or points of oxidizing and leaching conditions, commonly attachment of the leaves. found in tropical and subtropical regions. adj . Interpetiolar As of stipules positioned between lateritic. petioles of opposite leaves. Latex A milky, clear or sometimes coloured sap Intrastaminal Within the stamens. of diverse composition exuded by some plants. Intricate Entangled, complex. Latrorse Turned sideways, i.e. not towards or Introduced Not indigenous; not native to the away from the axis as of anthers dehiscing area in which it now occurs. longitudinally on the side. cf . extrorse, introse. Scientifi c Glossary 965

Lax Loose or limp, not densely arranged or crowded. Lobed Divided but not to the base. Leafl et One of the ultimate segments of a com- Loculicidal Opening into the cells, when a ripe pound leaf. capsule splits along the back. Lectotype A specimen chosen after the original Loculus Cavity or chamber of an ovary. pl . description to be the type. loculi. Lemma The lower of two bracts (scales) of a Lodicules Two small structures below the ovary grass fl oret, usually enclosing the palea, which, at fl owering, swell up and force open lodicules, stamens and ovary. the enclosing bracts, exposing the stamens Lenticel Is a lens-shaped opening that allows and carpel. gases to be exchanged between air and the Lorate Strap-shaped with obtuse tip. inner tissues of a plant, commonly found on Lyrate Pinnately lobed, with a large terminal young bark, or the surface of the fruit. lobe and smaller laterals ones which become Lenticellate Dotted with lenticels. progressively smaller towards the base. Lenticular Shaped like a biconvex lens. cf . Macronutrients Chemical elements which are lentiform. needed in large quantities for growth and Lentiform Shaped like a biconvex lens. cf . development by plants and include nitrogen, lenticular. phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. Leptomorphic Temperate, running bamboo Maculate Spotted. rhizome; usually thinner then the culms they Mallee A growth habit in which several to many support and the internodes are long and hollow. woody stems arise separately from a lignotuber; Liane A woody climbing or twining plant. usually applied to certain low-growing species Ligneous Woody. of Eucalyptus . Lignotuber A woody, usually underground, Mangrove A distinctive vegetation type of trees tuberous rootstock often giving rise to numer- and shrubs with modifi ed roots, often vivipa- ous aerial stems. rous, occupying the saline coastal habitats that Ligulate Small and tongue-shaped or with a are subject to periodic tidal inundation. little tongue-shaped appendage or ligule, Marcescent Withering or to decay without star-shaped as of fl orets of Asteraceae. falling off. Ligule A strap-shaped corolla in the fl owers of Margin The edge of the leaf blade. Asteraceae; also a thin membranous outgrowth Medulla The pith in the stems or roots of certain from the inner junction of the grass leaf sheath plants, or the central portion of a thallus in and blade. cf . ligulate. certain lichens. Limb The expanded portion of the calyx tube or Megasporangium The sporangium containing the corolla tube or the large branch of a tree. megaspores in fern and fern allies. cf . Linear A 2-dimensional shape, narrow with microsporangium. nearly parallel sides. Megaspore The large spore which may develop Linguiform Tongue-shaped. cf . ligulate. into the female gametophyte in heterosporous Lipotubuloids Are cytoplasmic domains con- ferns and fern allies. cf . microspore. taining aggregates of lipid bodies surrounded Megasporophyll A leafl ike structure that bears by a network of microtubules, which join one megasporangia. lipid body with the others. Megastrobilus Female cone, seed cone or ovu- Lithosol A kind of shallow soils lacking well- late cone, contains ovules within which, when defi ned horizons and composed of imperfectly fertilized by pollen, becomes seeds. The weathered fragments of rock. female cone structure varies more markedly Littoral Of or on a shore, especially seashore. between the different conifer families. Loam A type of soil made up of sand, silt and Meiosis The process of cell division that results clay in relative concentration of 40-40-20 %, in the formation of haploid cells from diploid respectively. cells to produce gametes. 966 Scientifi c Glossary

Mericarp A 1-seeded portion of an initially Monostichous Forming one row. syncarpous fruit (schizocarp) which splits Monotypic Of a genus with one species or a apart at maturity. cf . coccus. family with one genus; in general, applied to Meristem The region of active cell division in any taxon with only one immediately subordi- plants, from which permanent tissue is nate taxon. derived. adj . meristematic Montane Refers to highland areas located -merous Used with a number prefi x to denote below the subalpine zone. the basic number of the 3 outer fl oral whorls, Mucilage A soft, moist, viscous, sticky secretion. e.g. a 5-merous fl ower may have 5 sepals, 10 adj . mucilaginous. petals and 15 stamens. Mucous (Botany) slimy. Mesic Moderately wet. Mucro A sharp, pointed part or organ, especially Mesocarp The middle layer of the fruit wall a sharp terminal point, as of a leaf. derived from the middle layer of the carpel Mucronate Ending with a short, sharp tip or wall. cf . endocarp, exocarp, pericarp. mucro, resembling a spine. cf. cuspidate, Mesophytes Terrestrial plants which are adapted muticous. to neither a particularly dry nor particularly Mucronulate With a very small mucro; a wet environment. diminutive of mucronate. Micropyle The small opening in a plant ovule Mulch Protective cover of plant (organic) or through which the pollen tube passes in order non-plant material placed over the soil, pri- to effect fertilization. marily to modify and improve the effects of Microsporangium The sporangium containing the local microclimate and to control weeds. microspores in pteridophytes. cf. megas- Multiple Fruit A fruit that is formed from a porangium. cluster of fl owers. Midvein The main vascular supply of a simple Muricate Covered with numerous short hard leaf blade or lamina, also called midrib. outgrowths. cf . papillose. Mitosis Is a process of cell division which Muriculate With numerous minute hard out- results in the production of two daughter cells growths; a diminutive of muricate. from a single parent cell. Muticous Blunt, lacking a sharp point. cf . Mollisols Soils with deep, high organic matter, mucronate. nutrient-enriched surface soil (A horizon), MYB Proteins Are a superfamily of transcription typically between 60 and 80 cm thick. factors that play regulatory roles in developmen- Monadelphous Applied to stamens united by tal processes and defence responses in plants. their fi laments into a single bundle. Mycorrhiza The mutualistic symbiosis (non- Monocarpic Refers to plants that fl ower, set pathogenic association) between soil-borne seeds and then die. fungi with the roots of higher plants. Monochasial A cyme having a single fl ower on Mycorrhiza (Vesicular Arbuscular) Endo- each axis. mycorrhiza living in the roots of higher plants Monocotyledon Angiosperm having one producing inter- and intracellular fungal cotyledon. growth in root cortex and forming specifi c Monoecious Having both male and female fungal structures, referred to as vesicles and unisexual fl owers on the same individual arbuscles. abbrev . VAM. plant. cf . dioecious. Myrmecochory Seed dispersal by ants. Monoembryonic Seed The seed contains only Native A plant indigenous to the locality or one embryo, a true sexual (zygotic) embryo. region. polyembryonic seed. Naviculate Boat-shaped. Monolete A spore that has a simple linear scar. Necrotic Applied to dead tissue. Monopodial With a main terminal growing Nectariferous Having one or more nectaries. point producing many lateral branches Nectary A nectar secretory gland; commonly in progressively. cf . sympodial. a fl ower, sometimes on leaves, fronds or stems. Scientifi c Glossary 967

Nervation Venation, a pattern of veins or nerves Nucellus Central portion of an ovule in which as of leaf. the embryo sac develops. Nixtamalization Refers to a process for the Nut A dry indehiscent 1-celled fruit with a hard preparation of maize (corn), or other grain, in pericarp. which the grains are soaked and cooked in Nutlet A small, 1-seeded, indehiscent lobe of a an alkaline solution, usually limewater, and divided fruit. hulled. Ob- Prefi x meaning inversely or opposite to. Node The joint between segments of a culm, Obconic A 3-dimensional shape; inversely stem, branch or rhizome; the point of the stem conic; cone-shaped, conic with the vertex that gives rise to the leaf and bud. pointing downwards. Nodule A small knoblike outgrowth, as those Obcordate Inversely cordate, broad and notched found on the roots of many leguminous, that at the tip; heart-shaped but attached at the contains Rhizobium bacteria which fi x nitro- pointed end. gen in the soil. Obdeltate Inversely deltate; deltate with the Nom. ambig. Nomen ambiguum (Latin) ambig- broadest part at the apex. uous name used in different senses which has Oblanceolate Inversely lanceolate, lance-shaped become a long-persistent source of error. but broadest above the middle and tapering Nom. cons. Nomen nonservandum (Latin) name towards the base as of leaf. conserved in International Code of Botanical Oblate Having the shape of a spheroid with the Nomenclature. equatorial diameter greater than the polar Nom. dub. Nomen dubium (Latin) an invalid diameter, being fl attened at the poles. proposed taxonomic name because it is not Oblong Longer than broad with sides nearly accompanied by a defi nition or description of parallel to each other. the taxon to which it applies. Obovate Inversely ovate, broadest above the Nom. illeg. Nomen illegitimum (Latin) illegiti- middle. mate taxon deemed as superfl uous at its time Obpyramidal Resembling a 4-sided pyramid of publication either because the taxon to attached at the apex with the square base which it was applied already has a name or facing away from the attachment. because the name has already been applied to Obpyriform Inversely pyriform, resembling a another plant. pear which is attached at the narrower end. cf . Nom. invalid. Nomen invalidum (Latin) invalid pyriform. name according to International Code of Obspathulate Inversely spathulate; resembling Botanical Nomenclature. a spoon but attached at the broadest end. cf . Nom. nud. Nomen nudum (Latin) the name of a spathulate. taxon which has never been validated by a Obtriangular Inversely triangular; triangular description. but attached at the apex. cf . triangular. Nom. rej. Nomen rejiciendum (Latin) name Obtrullate Inversely trullate; resembling a rejected in International Code of Botanical trowel blade with the broadest axis above the Nomenclature. middle. cf . trullate. Notho- (Subsp. or var.) prefi x to the rank of a Obtuse With a blunt or rounded tip, the con- hybrid taxon below the rank of species. verging edges separated by an angle greater Nucellar Embryony A form of seed reproduction than 90°. in which the nucellar tissue which surrounds Ochraceous A dull yellow colour. the embryo sac can produce additional embryos Ocreate Having a tube-like covering around some (polyembryony) which are genetically identi- stems, formed of the united stipules; sheathed. cal to the parent plant. This is found in many -oid Suffi x denoting a 3-dimensional shape, e.g. citrus species and in mango. spheroid. 968 Scientifi c Glossary

Oleaginous Oily. Paleate Having glumes. Oligotrophic Lacking in plant nutrients and Palm Heart Refers to soft, tender inner core having a large amount of dissolved oxygen and growing bud of certain palm trees which throughout. are eaten as vegetables. Also called heart of Operculum A lid or cover that becomes detached palm, palmito, burglar’s thigh, chonta or at maturity by abscission, e.g. in Eucalyptus , swamp cabbage. also a cap or lid covering the bud and formed Palmate Describing a leaf which is divided into by fusion or cohesion of sepals and/or petals. several lobes or leafl ets which arise from the adj . operculate. same point. adj . palmately. Opposite Describing leaves or other organs which Palmito See palm heart. are borne at the same level but on opposite Palustrial Paludal, swampy, marshy. sides of the stem. cf . alternate. Palustrine Marshy, swampy. Orbicular Of circular outline, disc-like. Palustrine Herb Vegetation that is rooted below Order A taxonomic rank between class and water but grows above the surface in wetland family used in the classifi cation of organisms, system. i.e. a group of families believed to be closely Panduriform Fiddle-shaped, usually with related. reference to two dimensions. Orifi ce An opening or aperture. Panicle A compound, indeterminate, racemose Organosols Soils not regularly inundated by infl orescence in which the main axis bears marine waters and containing a specifi c lateral racemes or spikes. adj . paniculate. thickness of organic materials within the Pantropical Distributed throughout the tropics. upper part of the profi le. Papilionaceous Butterfl y-like, said of the pea Orth. Var . Orthographic variant, i.e. an incorrect fl ower or fl owers of Papilionaceae, fl owers alternate spelling of a name. which are zygomorphic with imbricate petals, Ovary The female part of the pistil of a fl ower one broad upper one, two narrower lateral which contains the ovules (immature seeds). ones and two narrower lower ones. Ovate Egg-shaped, usually with reference to Papilla A small, superfi cial protuberance on the two dimensions. surface of an organ being an outgrowth of one Ovoid Egg-shaped, usually with reference to epidermal cell. pl . papillae. adj . papillose. three dimensions. Papillate Having papillae. Ovule The young, immature seed in the ovary Papillose Covered with papillae. which becomes a seed after fertilization. adj . Pappus A tuft (or ring) of hairs, bristles or ovular. scales borne above the ovary and outside the Ovulode A sterile reduced ovule borne on the corolla as in Asteraceae often persisting as a placenta, commonly occurring in Myrtaceae. tuft of hairs on a fruit. adj . pappose. Oxisols Refer to ferralsols. Papyraceous Resembling parchment of paper. Pachymorphic Describes the short, thick, Parenchyma Undifferentiated plant tissue rhizomes of clumping bamboos with short, thick composed of more or less uniform cells. and solid internode (except the bud-bearing Parietal Describes the attachment of ovules to internodes, which are more elongated). cf . the outer walls of the ovaries. sympodial. Paripinnate Pinnate with an even number of Palate (Botany) a raised appendage on the lower leafl ets and without a terminal leafl et. cf . lip of a corolla which partially or completely imparipinnate. closes the throat. - partite Divided almost to the base into seg- Palea The upper of the two membranous bracts ments, the number of segments written as a of a grass floret, usually enclosing the prefi x. lodicules, stamens and ovary. pl . paleae. adj . Patelliform Shaped like a limpet shell; cap- paleal. cf . lemma. shaped and without whorls. Scientifi c Glossary 969

Patent Diverging from the axis almost at right Phenology The study of periodic plant life cycle angles. events as infl uenced by seasonal and interan- Peat Is an accumulation of partially decayed nual variations in climate. vegetation matter. Phyllary A bract of the involucre of a composite Pectin A group of water-soluble colloidal plant, term for one of the scale-like bracts carbohydrates of high molecular weight found beneath the fl ower head in Asteraceae. in certain ripe fruits. Phylloclade A fl attened, photosynthetic branch Pectinate Pinnatifi d with narrow segments or stem that resembles or performs the func- resembling the teeth of a comb. tion of a leaf, with the true leaves represented Pedicel The stalk of the fl ower or stalk of a by scales. spikelet in Poaceae. adj . pedicellate. Phyllode A petiole that function as a leaf. adj . Pedicellate Having pedicel. phyllodineous. cf . cladode. Peduncle A stalk supporting an infl orescence. Phyllopodia Refers to the reduced, scale-like adj . pedunculate leaves found on the outermost portion of the Pellucid Allowing the passage of light; trans- corm where they seem to persist longer than parent or translucent. typical sporophylls as in the fern Isoetes. Pellucid-Dotted Copiously dotted with Phytoremediation Describes the treatment of immersed, pellucid, resinous glands. environmental problems (bioremediation) Peltate With the petiole attached to the lower through the use of plants which mitigate the surface of the leaf blade. environmental problem without the need to Pendant Hanging down. excavate the contaminant material and dispose Pendulous Drooping, as of ovules. of it elsewhere. Penniveined or Penni-Nerved Pinnately veined. Pileus (Botany) cap of mushroom. Pentamerous I n fi ve parts. Piliferous (Botany) bearing or producing hairs, Perennial A plant that completes it life cycle or as of an organ with the apex having long, hair- lives for more than 2 years. cf . annual, biennial. like extensions. Perfoliate A leaf with the basal lobes united Pilose Covered with fi ne soft hairs. around—and apparently pierced by—the stem. Pinna A primary division of the blade of a Pergamentaceous Parchment-like. compound leaf or frond. pl . pinnae. Perianth The two outer fl oral whorls of the Pinnate Bearing leaflets on each side of a Angiosperm fl ower; commonly used when central axis of a compound leaf; divided the calyx and the corolla are not readily distin- into pinnae. guishable (as in monocotyledons). Pinnatifi d, Pinnatilobed A pinnate leaf parted Pericarp (Botany). The wall of a ripened ovary; approximately halfway to midrib; when fruit wall composed of the exocarp, mesocarp divided to almost to the midrib described as and endocarp. deeply pinnatifi d or pinnatisect. Persistent Remaining attached; not falling off. Pinnatisect Lobed or divided almost to the midrib. cf . caduceus. Pinnule A leafl et of a bipinnate compound leaf. Petal Free segment of the corolla. adj . petaline. Pistil Female part of the fl ower comprising the cf . lobe. ovary, style and stigma. Petiolar Relating to the petiole. Pistillate Having one or more pistils; having Petiolate Having petiole. pistils but no stamens. Petiole Leaf stalk. adj . petiolate. Placenta The region within the ovary to which Petiolulate Supported by its own petiolule. ovules are attached. pl . placentae. Petiolule The stalk of a leafl et in a compound Placentation The arrangement of the placentae leaf. adj . petiolulate. and ovules in the ovary. pH Is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a Plano- A prefi x meaning level or fl at. solution. It is defi ned as the cologarithm of the Pleonanthic Refers to palms in which the stem activity of dissolved hydrogen ions (H+). does not die after fl owering. 970 Scientifi c Glossary

Plicate Folded like a fan. Prophyll A plant structure that resembles a leaf. Plumose Feather-like, with fi ne hairs arising lat- Prostrate Lying fl at on the ground. erally from a central axis; feathery. Protandous Relating to a fl ower in which the Pneumatophore Modifi ed root which allows anthers release their pollen before the stigma gaseous exchange in mud-dwelling shrubs, of the same fl ower becomes receptive. e.g. mangroves. Proximal End of any structure closest to the Pod A dry 1 to many-seeded dehiscent fruit, as point of attachment. cf . distal. applied to the fruit of Fabaceae, i.e. Caesal- Pruinose Having a thick, waxy, powdery coating piniaceae, Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae. or bloom. Podzol, Podsolic Soil Any of a group of acidic, Pseudocarp A false fruit, largely made up of zonal soils having a leached, light-coloured, grey tissue that is not derived from the ovary but and ashy appearance, also called spodosol. from fl oral parts such as the receptacle and Pollen Cone Male cone or microstrobilus or calyx. pollen cone is structurally similar across all Pseudostem The false, herbaceous stem of a conifers, extending out from a central axis are banana plant composed of overlapping leaf microsporophylls (modifi ed leaves). Under bases. each microsporophyll is one or several micro- Pteridophyte A vascular plant which reproduces sporangia (pollen sacs). by spores; the ferns and fern allies. Pollinia The paired, waxy pollen masses of Puberulent Covered with minute hairs or very fl owers of orchids and milkweeds. fi ne down; fi nely pubescent. Polyandrous (Botany) having an indefi nite Puberulous Covered with a minute down. number of stamens. Pubescent Covered with short, soft hairs. Polyembryonic Seed Seeds contain many Pulvinate Having a swelling, pulvinus at the embryos, most of which are asexual (nucellar) base as a leaf stalk. in origin and genetically identical to the Pulviniform Swelling or bulging. maternal parent. Pulvinus Swelling at the base of leaf stalk. Polygamous With unisexual and bisexual Punctate Marked with translucent dots or fl owers on the same or on different individuals glands. of the same species. Punctiform Marked by or composed of points Polymorphic With different morphological or dots. variants. Punctulate Marked with minute dots; a diminu- Polypetalous (Botany) having a corolla com- tive of punctate. posed of distinct, separable petals. Purpurascent Purple or becoming purple. Pome A fl eshy fruit where the succulent tissues Pusticulate Characterized by small pustules. are developed from the receptacle. Pyrene The stone or pit of a drupe, consisting of P o r e A tiny opening. the hardened endocarp and seed. Premorse Abruptly truncated, as though bitten Pyriform Pear-shaped, a 3-dimensional shape; or broken off as of a leaf. attached at the broader end. cf . obpyriform. Procumbent Trailing or spreading along the Pyxidium Seed capsule having a circular lid ground but not rooting at the nodes, referring (operculum) which falls off to release the seed. to stems. cf . ascending, decumbent, erect. Raceme An indeterminate infl orescence with a Pro Hyb. (Latin) as a hybrid. simple, elongated axis and pedicellate fl owers, Pro Parte (Latin) in part youngest at the top. adj . racemose. Pro Parte Majore (Latin) for the greater part. Rachilla The main axis of a grass spikelet. Pro Parte Minore (Latin) for a small part. Rachis The main axis of the spike or other infl o- Pro Sp. (Latin) as a species. rescence of grasses or a compound leaf. Pro Subsp. (Latin) as a subspecies. Radiate Arranged around a common centre; Pro Syn. (Latin) as a synonym. as of an infl orescence of Asteraceae with Scientifi c Glossary 971

marginal, female or neuter, ligulate ray fl orets Rosette A tuft of leaves or other organs arranged and central, perfect or functionally male, tubu- spirally like petals in a rose, ranging in form lar, disc fl orets. cf . disciform, discoid. from a hemispherical tuft to a fl at whorl. adj . Radical Arising from the root or its crown, or the rosetted, rosulate. part of a plant embryo that develops into a root. Rostrate Beaked; the apex tapered into a Ray The marginal portion of the infl orescence slender, usually obtuse point. of Asteraceae and Apiaceae when distinct Rostrum A beak-like extension. from the disc. Also, the spreading branches of Rosulate Having a rosette. a compound umbel. Rotate Wheel-shaped; refers to a corolla with a Receptacle The region at the end of a pedicel or very short tube and a broad upper part which is on an axis which bears one or more fl owers. fl ared at right angles to the tube. cf . salverform. adj . receptacular. Rotundate Rounded; especially at the end or ends. Recurved Curved downwards or backwards. Rugae Refers to a series of ridges produced by Refl exed Bent or turned downwards. folding of the wall of an organ. Regosol Soil that is young and undeveloped, Rugose Deeply wrinkled. characterized by medium to fi ne-textured Rugulose Finely wrinkled. unconsolidated parent material that may be Ruminate (Animal) chew repeatedly over an alluvial in origin and lacks a signifi cant extended period. horizon layer formation. Ruminate Endosperm Uneven endosperm sur- Reniform Kidney-shaped in outline. face that is often highly enlarged by ingrowths Repand With slightly undulate margin. or infoldings of the surrounding tissue. cf . Replicate Folded back, as in some corolla lobes. homogenous endosperm. Resinous Producing sticky resin. Rz Value Is a numerical reference to the mesh/ Resupinate Twisted through 180°. emulsion equalization on the screen. Reticulate Having the appearance of a network. Saccate Pouched. Retrorse Bent or directed downwards or Sagittate Shaped like an arrow head. backwards. cf . antrorse. Saline Soils Soils that contain excessive levels Retuse With a very blunt and slightly notched of salts that reduce plant growth and vigour by apex. cf . emarginated. altering water uptake and causing ion-specifi c Revolute With the margins enrolled on the toxicities or imbalances. lower (abaxial) surface. Salinity Is characterized by high electrical con- Rhizine A root-like fi lament or hair growing ductivities and low sodium ion concentrations from the stems of mosses or on lichens. compared to calcium and magnesium Rhizoid Root-like fi laments in a moss, fern, Salverform Applies to a gamopetalous corolla fungus, etc. that attach the plant to the having a slender tube and an abruptly substratum. expanded limb. Rhizome A prostrate or underground stem con- Samara An indehiscent, winged, dry fruit. sisting of a series of nodes and internodes with Sand A naturally occurring granular material adventitious roots and which generally grows composed of fi nely divided rock and mineral horizontally. particles range in diameter from 0.0625 μm to Rhizophore A stilt-like outgrowth of the stem 2 mm. adj . sandy which branches into roots on contact with the Saponins Are plant glycosides with a distinc- substrate. tive foaming characteristic. They are found Rhombic Shaped like a rhombus. in many plants, but get their name from the Rhomboid Shaped like a rhombus. soapwort plant ( Saponaria ). Rib A distinct vein or linear marking, often Saprophytic Living on and deriving nourishment raised as a linear ridge. from dead organic matter. Riparian Along the river margins, interface Sapwood Outer woody layer of the tree just between land and a stream. adjacent to and below the bark. 972 Scientifi c Glossary

Sarcotesta Outermost fl eshy covering of Cycad Setaceous Bristle-like. seeds below which is the sclerotesta. Setate With bristles. Scabrid Scurfy, covered with surface abrasions, Setiform Bristle-shaped. irregular projections or delicate scales. Setulose With minute bristles. Scabrous Rough to the touch because of scattered Sheathing Clasping or enveloping the stem. rough hairs. Shrub A woody plant usually less than 5 m high Scale Dry bract or leaf. and many-branched without a distinct main Scandent Refers to plants, climbing. stem except at ground level. Scape Erect fl owering stem, usually leafl ess, Silicula A broad, dry, usually dehiscent fruit rising from the crown or roots of a plant. adj . derived from two or more carpels which usu- scapose. ally dehisce along two sutures. cf . siliqua. Scapigerous With a scape. Siliqua A silicula which is at least twice as long Scarious Dry, thin and membranous. as broad. Schizocarp A dry fruit which splits into longi- Silt Is soil or rock derived granular material of tudinally multiple parts called mericarps or a grain size between sand and clay, grain cocci. adj . schizocarpous. particles ranging from 0.004 to 0.06 mm in Sclerotesta The innermost fl eshy coating of diameter. adj . silty. cycad seeds, usually located directly below Simple Refers to a leaf or other structure that is the sarcotesta. not divided into parts. cf . compound. Scorpoid Refers to a cymose infl orescence in Sinuate With deep wavy margin. which the main axis appears to coil. Sinuous W a v y . Scutellum (Botany) any of various parts shaped Sinus An opening or groove, as occurs between like a shield. the bases of two petals. Secondary Venation Arrangement of the lateral Sodicity Is characterized by low electrical con- veins arising from the midrib in the leaf lamina. ductivities and high sodium ion concentra- Secund With the fl owers all turned in the same tions compared to calcium and magnesium. direction. Sodic Soils Contains high levels of sodium salts Sedge A plant of the family Apiaceae, Cyperaceae. that affects soil structure, inhibits water move- Segmented Constricted into divisions. ment and causes poor germination and crop Seminal Root Or seed root originate from the establishment and plant toxicity. scutellar node located within the seed embryo Soil pH Is a measure of the acidity or basicity of and are composed of the radicle and lateral the soil. See pH. seminal roots. Solitary Usually refers to fl owers which are Senescence Refers to the biological changes borne singly and not grouped into an infl ores- which take place in plants as they age. cence or clustered. Sepal Free segment of the calyx. adj . sepaline. Sorocarp Fruiting body formed by some cellular Septum A partition or cross wall. pl . septa. adj . slime moulds, has both stalk and spore mass. septate. Sorophore Stalk bearing the sorocarp. Seriate Arranged in rows. Sorosis Fleshy multiple fruit formed from fl owers Sericeous Silky; covered with close-pressed, that are crowded together on a fl eshy stem, fi ne, straight silky hairs. e.g. pineapple and mulberry. Serrate Toothed like a saw; with regular, asym- Sorus A discrete aggregate of sporangia in ferns. metric teeth pointing forwards. pl . sori Serrated Toothed margin. Spadix Fleshy spike-like infl orescence with an Serratures Serrated margin. unbranched, usually thickened axis and small Serrulate With minute teeth on the margin. embedded fl owers often surrounded by a Sessile Without a stalk. spathe. pl . spadices. Seta A bristle or stiff hair. pl . setae. adj . setose, Spathe A large bract ensheathing an infl ores- setaceous. cence or its peduncle. adj . spathaceous. Scientifi c Glossary 973

Spatheate Like or with a spathe. Staminate Unisexual fl ower bearing stamens Spathulate Spatula- or spoon-shaped; broad at but no functional pistils. the tip and narrowed towards the base. Staminode A sterile or abortive stamen, often Spicate Borne in or forming a spike. reduced in size and lacking anther. adj . Spiculate Spikelet-bearing. staminodial. Spike An unbranched, indeterminate infl ores- Standard Refers to the adaxial petal in the cence with sessile fl owers or spiklets. adj . fl ower of Papilionaceae. cf. keel, wing. spicate, spiciform. Starch A polysaccharide carbohydrate consist- Spikelet A small or secondary spike character- ing of a large number of glucose units joined istics of the grasses and sedges and generally together by glycosidic bonds α-1-4 linkages. composed of 2 glumes and one or more fl orets. Stellate Star-shaped, applies to hairs. Also applied to the small spike-like infl ores- Stem The main axis of a plant, developed from cence or infl orescence units commonly found the plumule of the embryo and typically in Apiaceae. bearing leaves. Spine A stiff, sharp, pointed structure, formed by Sterile Lacking any functional sexual parts which modifi cation of a plant organ. adj . spinose. are capable of fertilization and seed production. Spinescent Ending in a spine; modifi ed to form Stigma The sticky receptive tip of an ovary with a spine or without a style which is receptive to pollen. Spinulate Covered with small spines. Stilt Root A supporting root arising from the Spinulose With small spines over the surface. stem some distance above the ground as in Spodosol See podsol. some mangroves, sometimes also known as a Sporangium A spore-bearing structure found prop root. in ferns, fern allies and gymnosperms. pl . Stipe A stalk that support some other structure sporangia. adj . sporangial. like the frond, ovary or fruit. Sporidia Asexual spores of smut fungi. Stipel Secondary stipule at the base of a leafl et. Sporocarp A stalked specialized fruiting pl . stipellae. adj . stipellate. structure formed from modifi ed sporophylls, Stipitate Having a stalk or stipe, usually of an containing sporangia or spores as found in ovary or fruit. ferns and fern allies. Stipulated Having stipules. Sporophore A spore-bearing structure, especially Stipule Small leafl ike, scale-like or bristle-like in fungi. appendages at the base of the leaf or on the Sporophyll A leaf or bract which bears or petiole. adj . stipulate. subtends sporangia in the fern allies, ferns Stolon A horizontal, creeping stem rooting at and gymnosperms. the nodes and giving rise to another plant at Sporophyte The spore-producing phase in the its tip. life cycle of a plant that exhibits alternation of Stoloniferous Bearing stolon or stolons. generations. Stoma A pore in the epidermis of the leaf or Spreading Bending or spreading outwards and stem for gaseous exchange. pl . stomata. horizontally. Stone The hard endocarp of a drupe, containing Spur A tubular or saclike extension of the corolla the seed or seeds. or calyx of a fl ower. Stramineous Chaffy; straw-liked. Squama Structure-shaped like a fi sh scale. pl . Striae Parallel longitudinal lines or ridges. adj . squamae. striate. Squamous Covered in scales. Striate Marked with fi ne longitudinal parallel Squarrose Having rough or spreading scale- lines or ridges. like processes. Strigose Bearing stiff, straight, closely appressed Stamen The male part of a fl ower, consisting typi- hair; often the hairs have swollen bases. cally of a stalk (fi lament) and a pollen-bearing Strobilus A cone-like structure formed from portion (anther). adj . staminal, staminate. sporophylls or sporangiophores. pl . strobili 974 Scientifi c Glossary

Strophile An appendage at the hilum of certain Synangium An organ composed of united plant seeds. sporangia, divided internally into cells, each Strophiolate Furnished with a strophile or containing spores. pl . synangia. caruncle. Syncarp An aggregate or multiple fruit formed Style The part of the pistil between the stigma from two or more united carpels with a single and ovary. style. adj . syncarpous. Sub- A prefi x meaning nearly or almost, as in Syncarpous Carpels fused forming a compound subglobose or subequal. pistil. Subcarnose Nearly fl eshy. Synteny Presence of two or more genetic loci Subfamily Taxonomic rank between the family on the same chromosome. and tribe. Tannins Group of plant-derived phenolic Subglobose Nearly spherical in shape. compounds. Subretuse Faintly notched at the apex. Taxon The taxonomic group of plants of any Subsessile Nearly stalkless or sessile. rank, e.g. a family, genus, species or any infra- Subshrub Intermediate between a herb and shrub. specifi c category. pl . taxa. Subspecies A taxonomic rank subordinate to Tendril A slender, threadlike organ formed from species. a modifi ed stem, leaf or leafl et which, by coil- Substrate Surface on which a plant or organism ing around objects, supports a climbing plant. grows or attached to. Tepal A segment of the perianth in a fl ower in Subtend Attached below something. which all the perianth segments are similar in Subulate Narrow and tapering gradually to a appearance and are not differentiated into fi ne point, awl-shaped. calyx and corolla; a sepal or petal. Succulent Fleshy, juicy, soft in texture and Tetrasporangium A sporangium containing usually thickened. four haploid spores as found in some algae. Suckers Young plants sprouting from the under- Terete Having a circular shape when cross- ground roots of a parent plant and appearing sectioned or a cylindrical shape that tapers at around the base of the parent plant. each end. Suffrutescent Stem Stem woody at the base. Terminal At the apex or distal end. Sulcate Grooved longitudinally with deep furrows. Ternate In threes as of leaf with 3 leafl ets. Sulcus A groove or depression running along Testa A seed coat, outer integument of a seed. the internodes of culms or branches. Thallus Plant body of algae, fungi and other Superior Refers to the ovary is free and mostly lower organisms. above the level of insertion of the sepals and Thyrse A dense, panicle-like infl orescence, as petals. cf . inferior. of the lilac, in which the lateral branches Suture Line of dehiscence. terminate in cymes. Swidden Slash-and-burn or shifting cultivation. Tomentellose Mildly tomentose. Syconium A type of pseudocarp formed from a Tomentose Refers to plant hairs that are bent hollow receptacle with small fl owers attached and matted forming a wooly coating. to the inner wall. After fertilization the ovaries Torus Receptacle of a fl ower. of the female fl owers develop into one-seeded Transpiration Evaporation of water from the achenes, e.g. fi g. plant through leaf and stem pores. Symbiosis Describes close and often long- Tree That has many secondary branches term mutualistic and benefi cial interactions supported clear of the ground on a single main between different organisms. stem or trunk. Sympetalous Having petals united. Triangular Shaped like a triangle, 3-angled and Sympodial Refers to a specialized lateral 3-sided. growth pattern in which the apical meristem. Tribe A category intermediate in rank between cf monopodial. subfamily and genus. Scientifi c Glossary 975

Trichome A hair-like outgrowth of the epidermis. Umbel An infl orescence of pedicellate fl owers Trichotomous Divided almost equally into of almost equal length arising from one point three parts or elements. on top of the peduncle. adj . umbellate. Tridentate Three toothed or three pronged. Umbellet A secondary umbel of a compound Trifi d Divided or cleft into three parts or lobes. umbel. cf . umbellule. Trifoliate Having three leaves. Umbellule An, a secondary umbel of a compound Trifoliolate A leaf having three leafl ets. umbel. cf . umbellet. Trifurcate Having three forks or branches. Uncinate Bent at the end like a hook; unciform. Trigonous Obtusely three-angled; triangular in Undershrub Subshrub; a small, usually sparsely cross-section with plane faces. branched woody shrub less than 1 m high. cf . Tripartite Consisting of three parts. shrub. Tripinnate Relating to leaves, pinnately divided Undulate With an edge/margin or edges wavy three times with pinnate pinnules. in a vertical plane; may vary from weakly to Tripliveined Main laterals arising above base of strongly undulate or crisped. cf . crisped. lamina. Unifoliolate A compound leaf which has been Triploid Describing a nucleus or cell that has reduced to a single, usually terminal leafl et. three times (3n ) the haploid number (n ) of Uniform With one form, e.g. having stamens of chromosomes. a similar length or having one kind of leaf. cf . Triveined Main laterals arising at the base of dimorphic. lamina. Uniseriate Arranged in one row or at one level. Triquetrous Three-edged; acutely 3-angled. Unisexual With one sex only, either bearing the Trullate With the widest axis below the middle anthers with pollen, or an ovary with ovules, and with straight margins; ovate but margins referring to a fl ower, infl orescence or individual straight and angled below middle, trowel- plant. cf . bisexual. shaped, angular ovate. Urceolate Shaped like a jug, urn or pitcher. Truncate With an abruptly transverse end as if Utricle A small bladdery pericarp. cut off. Vaginate Forming or enclosed in a sheath. Tuber A stem, usually underground, enlarged as Valvate Meeting without overlapping, as of a storage organ and with minute scale-like sepals or petals in bud. cf . imbricate. leaves and buds. adj . tuberous. Valve One of the sections or portions into which Tubercle A wart-like protuberance. adj . tuberculate. a capsule separates when ripe. Tuberculate Bearing tubercles; covered with Variant Any defi nable individual or group of indi- warty lumps. viduals which may or may not be regarded as Tuberization Formation of tubers in the soil. representing a formal taxon after examination. Tuft A densely packed cluster arising from an Variegate, Variegated Diverse in colour or axis. adj . tufted. marked with irregular patches of different Turbinate Having the shape of a top; cone-shaped, colours, blotched. with the apex downwards, inversely conic. Variety A taxonomic rank below that of Turgid Distended by water or other liquid. subspecies. Turion The tender young, scaly shoot such as Vein (Botany) a strand of vascular bundle tissue. asparagus, developed from an underground Veinlets Small veins. bud without branches or leaves. Velum A fl ap of tissue covering the sporangium Turnery Articles made by the process of turning. in the fern, Isoetes. Twining Winding spirally. Velutinous Having the surface covered with a Ultisols Mineral soils with no calcareous mate- fi ne and dense silky pubescence of short fi ne rial, have less than 10 % weatherable minerals hairs; velvety. cf . sericeous in the extreme top layer of soil, and with less Venation Distribution or arrangement of veins the 35 % base saturation throughout the soil. in a leaf. 976 Scientifi c Glossary

Veneer Thin sheet of wood. Villous Covered with soft, shaggy unmatted hairs. Ventral (Botany) facing the central axis, Vine A climbing or trailing plant. opposed to dorsal. Violaxanthin Is a natural xanthophyll pigment Vernation The arrangement of young leaves or with an orange colour found in a variety of fronds in a bud or at a stem apex. cf . circinnate plants like pansies. Verrucose Warty Viscid Sticky, being of a consistency that resists Verticil A circular arrangement, as of fl owers, fl ow. leaves or hairs, growing about a central point; Viviparous Describes seeds or fruit which a whorl. sprout before they fall from the parent plant. Verticillaster False whorl composed of a pair of Whorl A ring-like arrangement of leaves, sepals, opposite cymes as in Lamiaceae. stamens or other organs around an axis. Verticillate Whorled, arranged in one or more Winged Having a fl at, often membranous whorls. expansion or fl ange, e.g. on a seed, stem or Vertisol A soil with a high content of expansive one of the two lateral petals of a Papilionaceous montmorillonite clay that forms deep cracks fl ower or one of the petal-like sepals of in drier seasons or years. Polygalaceae. cf . keel, standard. Vertosols Soils that both contain more than Xanthophylls Are yellow, carotenoid pigments 35 % clay and possess deep cracks wider than found in plants. They are oxidized derivatives 5 mm during most years. of carotenes. Vesicle A small bladdery sac or cavity fi lled Xeromorphic Plant with special modifi ed with air or fl uid. adj . vesicular. structure to help the plant to adapt to dry Vestigial The remaining trace or remnant of an conditions. organ which seemingly lost all or most of its Xerophyte A plant which naturally grows in dry original function in a species through evolution. regions and is often structurally modifi ed to Vestiture Covering; the type of hairiness, scali- withstand dry conditions. ness or other covering commonly found on the Zygomorphic Having only one plane of sym- external parts of plants. cf . indumentums. metry, usually the vertical plane, referring to a Vibratile Capable of to and fro motion. fl ower, calyx or corolla. cf . actinomorphic. Villose Covered with long, fi ne, soft hairs, fi ner Zygoten The fi st cell formed by the union of two than in pilose. gametes in sexual reproduction. adj . zygotic. Common Name Index

A Alucon , 23 A-204 (human rhabdomyosarcoma) , 96 Amaro , 11 A549 (human lung carcinoma cells) , 95, 257, 296, 378, Amber , 4 603, 604, 813, 852 American aspen , 51 Aaron’s rod , 53 American basswood , 54 Abaca , 25 American brooklime , 36 Abal , 37 American linden , 54 Abutilon , 16 American olive , 29 Acacia , 65 American speedwell , 36 ACHN (renal adenocarcinoma) , 800 American tulip tree , 15 Acid lime , 50 American Veronica , 36 Acuminate violet , 56 Amur daylily , 60 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) , 421, 743 Amur silver grass , 36 Adenoviruses , 535 Anar , 14 ADV-11 , 535 Ando cherry , 46 Afghan Columbine , 42 Anise-hyssop , 5, 151–154 African baobab , 16 Anise-mint , 151 African gladiolus , 4, 141 Anise seeds , 462 African peach , 49 Annual lion’s ear , 7 African rosemallow , 17 Annual teosinte , 37 Agiachita , 53 Anu , 54 Agrimony , 43 Apong-Apong , 19 Aihre don , 62 Apothecary rose , 46 Aithing , 64 Apple , 44, 461 Ajowan , 462 leaf , 795 Akalbih , 5 mint , 8 Akee , 52 Apricot , 43 Akee apple , 52 Apricot vine , 34 Aki-No-Tamura-Sou , 11 Arabian jasmine , 29, 529 Akkhi thawan , 5 Arabian lavender , 192 Akla brikhsa , 5 Arage-Sumire , 58 Alakon , 23 Aramina , 21 Alamo cottonwood , 51 Aramina plant , 21 Alang-Alang , 36 Archangel red dead nettle , 6 Alaska violet , 57 Arctic bramble , 48 Aleutian selfheal , 10 Ardisia , 39 Allard’s lavender , 7 Armenian plum , 43 Alligator fl ag , 21 Arrowleaf Allspice , 461 monochoria , 39 Almond , 173 pondweed , 39 Alokon , 23 sida , 21 Alpine grevillea , 40 Arrowroot , 21 Alpine spring beauty , 22 Artichoke , 493 Alpine strawberry , 44 Asama-Kisuge , 61 Alpine white marsh marigold , 42 Ascitic tumours , 739 Althaea , 374 Ashanti pepper , 36

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 8, Flowers, 977 DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-8748-2, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 978 Common Name Index

Asian armyworm , 441 Beach hibiscus , 19, 385 Asian bulrush , 788 Beach plum , 682 Asian butterfl y bush , 53 Beach rose , 682 Asian jasmine , 529 Beach tomato , 682 Asian saffron , 77 Bead tree , 22, 409 Asiatic jasmine , 529 Beans , 461 ASK cancer cell , 196 Beauty of the Night , 27, 497 AsPC-1 , 863 Beaver root , 28 Athia kol , 24 Bedstraw , 48 Australian raspberry , 48 Bee balm , 9 Australian sage , 11 Beefsteak plant , 10 Australian silver oak , 41 Bee tree linden , 54 Autumn clematis , 43 Beggarticks , 65 Autumn crocus , 4 BEL-7402 , 813 Azadirachta , 409 Belfruit tree , 50 Azores thyme , 12 Belinjo , 3 Bell pepper , 53 Bengal quince , 50 B Benin pepper , 36 Babylon willow , 52 Bent alligator fl ag , 21 Baby pink banana , 25 Bergamot , 9 BAE cells , 254 mint , 7 Bael , 50 orange , 50 Baeltree , 50 Bergtee , 2 Bagfl ower , 5 Bering Sea Spring Beauty , 22 Baimo , 13 Bermuda buttercup , 32 Bairnworth , 795 Betony , 11 Bai-Yu-Lan , 15 Bhat meteka , 39 Bakeapple , 48 Bhukua chepa , 27 Balakatoa , 64 Biara , 40 Bald head , 7 Biblical hyssop , 10 Baldhip rose , 46 Biblical mint , 8 Balik adap , 49 Bicknell’s cranesbill , 2 Balinese long pepper , 36 Bigarade orange , 50 Balkan sideritis , 207 Big laurel , 243 Balm , 7 Big leaf maple , 52 Balsam poplar , 51 Bilimbi , 31 Banana , 25, 509 Birch fl ower , 23 fl owers , 25 Birch leaf pear , 46 shrub , 15 Bird cherry , 45 Banewort , 808 Bird honey , 7 Banksias , 40 Bird’s eye , 808 Banwort , 808 Bird’s foot violet , 58 Banworth , 795 Bishop’s head , 49 Baobab , 16 Bitter ginger , 64 Barbasco , 52 Bitter orange , 50 Barnacles , 799 Blackboy , 61 Barringtonia , 13 Black Basil , 9 cardamom pods , 461 Basil lemon , 9 cottonwood , 51 Basil lime , 9 currant , 3 Basil thyme , 5 hills spruce , 35 Basswood tree , 21 jack pine , 35 Bastard vervain , 56 pepper , 461 Bawar , 31 peppercorn , 461 Bay laurel , 197 pine , 35 Bay leaves , 461 spruce , 35 Bay thyme , 469 tea tree , 26 B16-BL6 cells , 254, 255 Blackthorn , 45 B16 cancer cell lines , 421 Bladder ketmia , 385 Common Name Index 979

Bladdernut , 53 Brazilian tea , 56 Blady grass , 36 Bread & butter tree , 43 Blanket weed , 53 Breadfruit , 23 Bl-13 (bladder cancer) cells , 485, 647 Breast cancer , 304 Bleeding-heart , 5 Breast cancer cell lines , 254 Blind lavender , 7 Breast cancer (T47D) cell lines , 693 Blinjau , 3 Breast cancer cells MDA-MB-435S , 390 Blood Breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines , 97, 800, 864 banana , 25 Breckland thyme , 12 fl ag , 4 Brewer’s spruce , 35 lily , 4 Briar rose , 47 Blood-red gladiolus , 4 Bride’s tears , 643 Blowfl y , 434 Bridewort , 44 Blue columbine , 41 Brier hip , 46 Blue crown passionfl ower , 34 Brier rose , 46 Blue giant hyssop , 5, 151 Brine shrimp nauplii , 853 Blue gum , 477 Bristly rose , 47 Blue lily of the Nile , 28 Broadleaf cattail , 55 Blue limestone columbine , 42 Broadleaf sage , 11 Blue lotus Broad-leaved bristlegrass , 37 of Egypt , 28 Broad-leaved cattail , 55 of India , 28 Broad-leaved cumbungi , 55, 788, 790 Blue mallow , 20, 395 Broad-leaved ginger , 857 Blue malva , 395 Broad-leaved lime , 21 Blue passion fl ower , 34 Broad-leaved paperbark , 26 Blue porterweed , 56 Broad-leaved thyme , 12 Blue rat’s tail , 56 Brown boronia , 50, 748 Blue snakeweed , 56 Browne’ savoury , 6 Blue spruce , 35 143B.TK osteosarcoma (human) , 420 Blue star water lily , 519 Bua Kin Saai , 28 Blue tongue , 22 Bua Luang , 27 Blue violet , 58, 795 Buckbrush , 43 Blue water lily , 28, 519 Buckbrush ceanothus , 43 Blume , 13 Buckles , 39 Blunt violet , 57 Buckwheat , 38 Blush honey myrtle , 26 Bulbous buttercup , 43 B16 melanoma cell line , 421, 579 Bulgarian saffron , 77 Boca De Dragón , 63 Bulgarian sideritis , 11 Bog Bulgarian viagra , 207 myrtle , 25 Bull Banksia , 40, 655 spruce , 35 Bull bay , 243 Bohot , 23 Bullweed , 808 Bombax , 17 Bulrush/Bullrush , 54, 55, 788 Bonchini , 53 Bunga combrang , 63 Bông Súng Lam , 28 Bunga kantan , 63 Bonina , 27 Bunga raya , 18 Bonita , 27 Burgundy rose , 47 Boomerang passionvine , 34 Bur mallow , 21 Bootblack fl owers , 405 Burmese neem tree , 22, 409 Borage , 65 Burnet , 45, 48 Border forsythia , 526 Burning love , 734 Bordi , 43 Burr , 21 Bottlebrush , 25 Bush basil , 9 Bottle tree , 16 Bush hollyhock , 374 Bougainvillea , 27, 483, 489, 494 Bush lavender , 192 Bouncing bet , 808 Bush nasturtium , 54 Bovine herpesvirus type 1 , 427 Buttercup , 43 Bpulai , 64 Butterfl y ginger , 63 Bracelet honey myrtle , 26 Butterfl y ginger lily , 63, 848 Brazilian bell fl ower , 290 Butterfl y lavender , 192 980 Common Name Index

C Cattail , 54, 55, 788 Cabbage rose , 47 Caucasian spruce , 35 Caesar weed , 21 C6 (mouse glioma) cancer cell , 566 Caesar weed cadillo , 21 C26 colon carcinoma , 99 Cajeput , 26 CCRF-CEM/VM-1(T-cell leukaemia) , 800 Calamint , 5 Cekur , 63 Calathea , 21 CEM-SS (human T lymphoblastoid) , 841, 865 Calendula , 65 Cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) , 693, 863 California golden poppy , 623 Cervical carcinoma MDA-MB231 , 852 California golden violet , 58 CGTH W-2 thyroid carcinoma cells , 254 Californian poppy , 625 Chaba , 20 Californian yellow poppy , 628 Chabei , 36 California poplar , 51 Chain of Love , 37, 643 California poppy , 34, 623, 628 Chamomile , 65, 330 California sunlight , 34, 623 Changeable rose , 18 Call-me-to-you , 808 Chang Guan Xuan Cao , 60 Cambridge cherry , 45 Chaparral , 64 Camellia , 53, 764, 770, 772, 774 Charak Pa , 5 Camphor , 179 Chase devil , 4 Canada columbine , 42 Cheeses , 20, 395 Canada rice , 37 cake , 20, 395 Canada violet , 56 fl ower , 395 Canadian poplar , 51 rennet , 48 Canadian spruce , 35 Cherokee plum , 45 Cancer cell line COL-2 , 196 Chewing louse , 179 Cancer cell line P-388 , 196 Chickasaw plum , 45 Candillo , 21 Chiknma Chik Nom Yam , 13 Candle Banksia , 40 Chile-samtpappel , 16 Candlestick Banksia , 40 Chillies , 461 Candlestick lily , 14 Chinaberry , 22, 409 Candy corn plant , 290 China rose , 18, 46, 306 Candy fl ower , 23 China shoe fl ower , 18 Cane infl orescence , 640 China violet , 58 Canton ginger , 64 Chinese basil , 10 Cape bulrush , 55 Chinese bell fl ower , 16, 276, 290 Cape hibiscus , 18 Chinese bush cherry , 46 Cape honey fl ower , 22 Chinese daylily , 832 Cape jasmine , 49, 705, 723 Chinese dwarf cherry , 46 Cape jessamine , 705 Chinese fever vine , 49 Cape lilac , 22 Chinese hibiscus , 18, 306 Cape mallow , 20 Chinese Ixora West Indian Jasmine , 49 Cape saffron , 53 Chinese knotweed , 38 Cape sorrel , 32 Chinese lantern , 16, 19, 290, 371 Carambola , 31 Chinese love vine , 643 Caraway thyme , 12 Chinese magnolia , 15 Cardamom , 461, 472 Chinese malunggay , 34 Cardinal royal , 48 Chinese moutan cortex , 602 Cardinal’s hat , 405 Chinese peony , 33, 559, 560 Carnations , 65 Chinese perfume plant , 22 Carolina rose , 46 Chinese plum , 43, 45 Carpenter bees , 648 Chinese spruce , 34 Carpet geranium , 2 Chinese tea rose , 46 Cassumunar ginger , 64 Chinese violet , 59 Catchweed bedstraw , 700 Chinese weeping spruce , 35 Catmint , 9 Chives , 65 Catnip , 9, 153 Chlorambucil-resistant B-cell chronic lymphocytic Cat’s face , 808 leukaemia (B-CLL) cells, 254 Cat spruce , 35 Chokeberry , 685 Cat’s whiskers , 6 Cholangiocarcinoma , 852 Catswort , 9 Cholangiocarcinoma cell line (KKU-100) , 864 Common Name Index 981

Christmas candlestick , 7 Common hollyhock , 292 Christmas tree , 14 Common lavender , 156 Chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) , 743 Common leucas , 7 Chrysanthemum , 65 Common lilac , 30, 541 Churchsteeples , 43 Common lime , 21 Cinnamon , 208, 461, 469, 472 Common linden , 21 Cinnamon rose , 47 Common mallow , 20, 395 Citronella , 476 Common marshmallow , 16 Clary , 11, 173 Common meadow violet , 58 Clary sage , 11 Common mignonette , 43 Clear eye , 11 Common monkey fl ower , 53 Cleavers , 48 Common motherwort , 7 Climbing knotweed , 38 Common mullein , 53 Climbing nasturtium , 777 Common myrtle , 27 Clivers , 48 Common nasturtium , 777 Cloudberry , 48 Common passionfruit , 34 Clove(s) , 27, 460, 461, 463–470, 472–474, 476, 477 Common peony , 33, 559 bud , 179 Common petunia , 755 tree , 460 Common primrose , 40, 653 Cluster-fl owered fuchsia , 30 Common purslane , 39 Coastal Banksia , 40, 658 Common rose mallow , 18 Coastal cottonwood , 19, 385 Common sage , 11 Coastal daylily , 60, 822 Common sorrel , 38 Coastal hibiscus , 385 Common spruce , 34 Coastal pitpit , 37, 640 Common sugarbush , 41 Coastal screwpine , 33 Common thyme , 13 Coast Banksia , 40, 658 Common violet , 795 Coast cottonwood , 385 Common wild rose , 47 Coast hibiscus , 385 Common wood sorrel, 32 Coba , 37 Common yellow day lily , 822 Cockleburr , 43 Conehead thyme , 12 Coffee , 462 Confederate rose , 18 Cogongrass , 36 Confederate vine , 643 Colchis bladdernut , 53 Congo jute , 21 Colon cancer cells , 390 Congo pump , 55 COLO320DM (human colonic adenocarcinoma cell Cooking ginger , 64 lines) , 862 Cooktown orchid , 31, 555, 556 COLO205 (human colonic adenocarcinoma cell lines) , 862 Copra mite , 615 Colonic adenocarcinomas , 865 Coral bells , 643 Colorado blue columbine , 41 Coral creeper , 643 Colorado blue spruce , 35 Coral hibiscus , 18, 371 Colorado pinon , 35 Coralita , 643 Colorado spruce , 35 Coral Ixora , 745 Columbine , 41 Coral jasmine , 29 Come-and-Cuddle-Me , 58 Coral peony , 559 Comfort root , 17 Coral vine , 37, 643 Common balm , 7 Coriander , 461 Common blue violet , 58, 795 Coriander seeds , 461 Common bulrush , 55 Corkwood , 41 Common burnet , 48 Corkwood oak , 41 Common calamint , 5 Cornemint , 5 Common camellia , 764 Cornfl ower , 65 Common cattail , 55 Corn , 37 Common columbine , 42 mint , 7 Common four O’clock , 497 poppy , 34 Common garden hollyhock , 292 rose , 34 Common gardenia , 49, 705 tortillas , 462 Common garden peony , 33, 559 Cornucopia , 409 Common ginger , 64 Cossack asparagus , 55 Common hibiscus , 374 Cotton rose , 18 982 Common Name Index

Cottonseed , 770 Dandelion , 65 Cotton tree , 19 Dauricum lily , 14 Cotton tree kapok tree , 17 Daylily , 59, 60, 65, 826, 827, 832 Cottonwood , 19 Dead-rat tree , 16 Cottonwood hibiscus , 385 Dendrobium , 556 Country mallow , 15, 20, 276, 395 Dendrobium orchid , 31 Coville’s columbine , 42 Dengue virus type 2 , 427 Cow lily , 28 Den-Phal , 555 Cowslip , 39, 653 Dense knotweed , 38 Cowslip primrose , 39 Derangong , 62 Coyote mint , 9 Derives , 292 Crab apple , 44 Desert columbine , 42 Crabapple mangrove , 14 Desert grevillea , 40 Cranberry shield , 17 Desert paintbrush , 31 Cranesbill , 2 Devil lily , 215 Cream of tartar tree , 16 Devilwood , 29 Creeping charlie , 6 Devon violet , 795 Creeping geranium , 2 Dewa chali , 23 Creeping jenny , 39 Dewberry , 48 Creeping mallow , 20 Dhoby bush , 49 Creeping raspberry , 48 Diamondleaf willow , 52 Creeping rockfoil , 52 Didier’s tulip , 222 Creeping saxifrage , 52 Dieng jowat , 49 Creeping thyme , 12 Dieng-Piu , 3 Creeping wood sorrel , 32 Dieng pylieng , 39 Creosote bush , 64 Digger pine , 35 Cretan dittany , 9 Ditch daylily , 822 Cretan thyme , 12 Ditch lily , 59 Crewel , 39 Dittany of crete , 9 Crimson bee balm , 9 DLA tumour cells , 98 Crimson columbine , 42 Dobi tree , 49 Crimson turkey bush , 53 Dog rose , 46 Crisped leaf pelargonium , 2, 72 Dog’s head lotus , 381 Crokbark , 41 Dog tail , 53 Crowfoot , 43 Dogtooth violet , 13 Crowfoot violet , 58 Dog violet , 56 Cubeb , 35 Dong Fang Xiang Pu , 55 Cucumber tree , 31 Doron , 7 Cuddle Me , 808 Dotted smartweed , 38 Culinary sage , 11 Double cinnamon rose , 47 Cull Me , 808 Downy cherry , 46 Cumbungi , 54, 788 Dragon’s-Eye Japanese Red Pine , 35 Cumin , 461 Dragon’s head lily , 141 Cup of gold , 34, 623 Dragon spruce , 34 Curdwort , 48 Dried oregano , 462 Curled leaved cranesbill , 2, 72 Drummond’s false pennyroyal , 6 Curry leaf , 51 Drummond’s wax-mallow , 405 Curry tree , 51 Drumstick primula , 39 Curtis violet , 57, 792 Drumstick tree , 24 Cydonian apple , 44 Duck plague virus (DPV) , 427 Cytria , 7 DU-145 human prostate carcinoma cells , 467, 567, 813 Ðuôi Vảy , 31 Durian , 17 D Duruka , 37, 640 Dai Dai Hua , 50 Dutch lavender , 7 Dalmatian sage , 11 Dwarf , 25 Dalton’s lymphoma ascites (DLA) , 98, 390, 746 banana , 24 Dalton’s lymphoma cells , 739 honey fl ower , 22 Damask rose , 47 marsh violet , 57 Damson , 45 nasturtium , 54 Common Name Index 983

prairie rose , 46 Evening star , 30 rose , 46 Evergreen magnolia , 15, 243 serbian spruce , 35 Ezo-Kisuge , 61 Dyer’s saffron , 4 Ezo-No-Tachitsubo-Sumire , 56 Ezo-Ryukin-Ka , 42

E EAC tumour cells , 98 F Earth ginger , 63 Fairy cups , 39 Earthworm , 487, 648 Falling stars , 4 East-African hibiscus , 371 Fall phlox , 37 East Asian balsam poplar , 51 False cubeb pepper , 36 East Asian cherry , 45 False jalap , 497 Easter lily , 14, 215 False mallow , 20 Eastern jack pine , 35 False oxlip , 648 Eastern white pine , 35 False rhubarb , 38 Eau de cologne mint , 7, 8 False roselle , 17 Egoma , 10 False shamrock , 32 Egyptian blue water lily , 28 False turmeric , 62 Egyptian lavender , 7 Fan columbine , 42 Egyptian lotus , 28, 514, 517 Feijoa , 26 Egyptian sugarcane , 37 Feng Dan Bai , 33 Egyptian white water lily , 28, 514 Fennel , 197, 461 Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) , 98, 739, 746 Fennel giant hyssop , 151 Elatior hybrid primroses , 648 Fennel seeds , 461 Elegant cymbidium , 31 Fenugreek seeds , 461 Elephant apple , 44, 50 Fernleaf grevillea , 41 Elephant arass , 55 Fernleaf lavender , 7 Elephant nettle , 55 Fernleaf woodland oak , 41 Emperor’s mint , 8 Ferny leaved silky oak , 41 Empress of India , 777 Fever nettle , 55 Empress tree , 34 Fiddle tree , 15 Emu bush , 53 Field mint , 7 Engelmann spruce , 35 Field pansy , 808 English hawthorn , 44 Field poppy , 34 English lavender , 6, 156 Fig buttercup , 43 English pennyroyal , 8 Fiji asparagus , 37, 640 English primrose , 40 Finger bowl geranium , 2, 72 English violet , 795 Finger leaved violet , 58 Entire marshwort , 22 Firecracker , 405 Epidermoid carcinoma , 852 Firecracker hibiscus , 20, 405 Epstein-Barr virus , 257, 770, 862 Fire fl ag , 21 Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) , 422 Fire-fl ame bush , 14 Erva cidrera , 7 Fireweed , 30 Ethiopian sour tree , 16 Five corner , 31 Eucalyptus , 179 Five-fi ngered mallow , 18 European bladdernut , 53 Five-leaved bramble , 48 European columbine , 42 Five-ripped thyme , 12 European dewberry , 48 Flag bush , 49 European lime , 21 Flag fl ower , 144 European linden , 21 Flame of the woods, 49, 734 European mallow , 20 Flame spider fl ower , 41 European meadowsweet , 44 Flanders poppy , 34 European mountain ash , 48 Flax-leaved paperbark , 26 European pennyroyal , 8 Floating hearts , 22 European peony , 33 Floating marsh marigold , 42 European plum , 45 Floating water hyacinth , 39 European white water lily , 28 Flor de Cacao , 20 European wild pansy , 808 Florida cranberry , 19, 324 Evening primrose , 30 Florida sand plum , 45 984 Common Name Index

Florist primrose polyanthus , 648 nasturtium , 54, 777, 785 Florist’s violet , 795 pansy , 808, 818–820 Flowering maple , 16, 290 petunia , 755 Flowering raspberry , 48 phlox , 37 Flower-o-luce , 808 rhubarb , 38 Flowery knotweed , 38 sage , 11 Forest blackbutt , 458 thyme , 13 Forest mallow , 395 tree mallow , 19 Formosan hibiscus , 381 tulip , 222 Forrest’s daylily , 59 violet , 57, 795 Forsythia , 28, 526 Gardenia , 538, 705 Four-leaved pink sorrel , 32 Garland fl ower , 63, 847 Four O’clock , 497 Garlic , 461, 462 fl ower , 27, 497 Gastric adenocarcinoma plant , 497 (AGS) cells , 485, 647 Foxglove tree , 34 Geed hindi , 22 Fragrant evening primrose , 30 Genji-sumire , 58 Fragrant giant hyssop , 151 German wachsmalve , 20 Fragrant olive , 29 Ghoraneem , 22 Fragrant peony , 559 Giant Banksia , 40, 655 Fragrant water lily , 28 Giant Chinese silver grass , 36 Fraser’s hakea , 41 Giant curcuma , 62 Freesia , 4, 137–139 Giant eulalia grass , 36 Fremont cottonwood , 51 Giant hibiscus , 18 French lavender , 6, 7, 186, 192, 198 Giant honey fl ower , 22 French lilac , 30, 541 Giant hyssop , 5, 151 Frgrant screwpine , 33 Giant lion’s ear, 7 Fringed hibiscus , 371 Giant miscanthus , 36 Fringed lavender , 6, 186 Giant rose mallow , 18 Fringed rosemallow , 19, 371 Giant tea rose , 46 Fringed water lily , 22 Giant water canna , 21 Fritillaria , 13 Gibraltar range waratah , 41 Fritillary , 13 Ginger , 64, 461, 462 Frogbit , 3 bud , 834 Frosted mint , 10 fl ower , 63, 834 Fruit sage , 10 fl ower buds , 834 Fruit-scented sage , 10 lily , 847 Fuchsia , 30, 548, 551 mint , 8 Fuengfa , 27 Ginko-Boku , 15 Fulvous daylily , 822 Ginseng , 107 Gladiola , 144 Gladioli , 145, 148 G Gladiolus , 4, 141, 144–146, 148 Galanga , 62 Glads , 4, 144 Galangal , 62 Glaucus cattail , 55 Galanga major, 62 Glioblastoma cells , 257 Gall midge , 179 Glorybower , 5 Gameri , 6 Glory of the Garden , 483 Garden Glossy Ixora Javanese Ixora , 745 burnet , 45, 48 Gnetum , 3 cress , 205 Goat weed , 4, 53 gardenia , 705 Godfathers and Godmothers , 808 gladiolus , 4, 144 Golden apple , 50 hollyhock , 292 Golden apple snails , 803 jalap , 497 Golden bells , 28, 526 lavender , 156 Golden bow dendrobium , 31 lily , 215 Golden cup , 623 mallow , 292 Golden currant , 3 mignonette , 43 Golden currant buffalo currant , 3 mint , 8 Golden deadnettle , 6 Common Name Index 985

Golden gardenia , 49 H Golden grevillea , 41 H209 (squamous cell carcinoma) , 378 Golden mariposa lily , 13 H661 (large cell carcinoma) , 378 Golden needles , 830 Hackberry , 45 Golden poppy , 34, 623 Hageir , 49 Golden sage , 11 Haggebutt , 46 Golden tree , 41 Hailans pitpit , 37 Gollins , 42 Hair lice , 439 Gomari , 6 Hairpin Banksia , 40 Goodding’s willow , 52 Hairy banana , 25 Good luck leaf , 32 Hairy capraria , 53 Good luck plant , 32 Hairy portia tree , 21 Goosegrass , 48 Hairy water lily , 28 Gooseneck loosestrife , 39 Hajing , 64 Graceful cattail , 55 Hakuun-Kisuge , 60 Grains of paradise , 462 Hala , 33 Gram pod borer , 441 Halberd-leaved rose mallow , 18 Granada , 14 Halia jacus , 62 Granny’s Bonnet , 42 Halia landak , 62 Granny’s Nightcap , 42 Hamabo , 18 Grapes , 59 Hamster buccal pouch carcinomas , 424 Grassleaf daylily , 60 Hana-Ikada , 3 Grass pansy , 58 Hansen’s bush cherry , 46 Grass tree , 61 Hardy fuchsia , 30 Gray French lavender , 186 Hardy water canna , 21 Gray pine , 35 Harendog , 22 Great basin spring beauty , 23 Hastate-leaf pondweed , 39 Great bougainvillea , 27, 489 Hawaiian hibiscus , 306 Great burnet , 48 Hawaiian tree hibiscus , 385 Greater burnet , 48 Hawthorn , 43 Greater cardamom , 465 Hay plant , 700 Greater galanga, 62 HC-29 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) cells , 485, 647 Greater henbit , 6 HCT-15 (colon adenocarcinoma) , 257, 296 Greater thalia , 21 HCT 116 human colon cancer cell , 167, 239, 254, 693 Great laurel magnolia , 243 Headed savoury , 12 Great mullein , 53 Head lice , 177 Great purple monkey fl ower , 53 Heal-All , 10 Great red hibiscus , 17 Heartleaf hibiscus , 18 Great reedmace , 55 Heartleaf rose mallow , 18 Great-spurred violet , 58 Heart’s delight , 59 Great willowherb , 30 Heartsease , 58, 808, 809, 812, 815 Greek basil , 9 Hearts on a Chain , 643 Greek mountain tea , 207 Heath Banksia , 40 Greek oregano , 10 Heath-leaved Banksia , 40 Greek saffron , 77 HEI 193 human cells schwannoma, 256 Green cardamom , 461 HeLa (cervical cancer) cell lines , 95, 96, 257, 421, 467, Green cottonwood , 385 566, 852 Green tea , 772 Helani tulip ginger , 844 Ground blackboy , 61 Henbit deadnettle , 6 Guavasteen , 26 Hens-and-roosters , 808 Guest tree , 19 Hep-2 , 534 Guiana chestnut , 20 Hepatitis B virus (HBV) , 567 Gui-Hua , 29 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) , 258, 472 Guinea arrowroot , 21 Hepatoblastoma , 852 Guinea cubeb , 36 Hepatocellular carcinoma , 852, 864 Guinea sorrel , 324 Hepatoma , 304 Gumbo , 15 Hep3B hepatoma cell lines , 566 Gunnison’s mariposa lily , 13 HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma) , 96, 239, 257, Guti Kol , 24 304, 566, 852 986 Common Name Index

Herba sancti petri , 39 Horseradish tree , 24 Herb constancy , 808 Hortulan plum , 45 Herb peter , 39 House dust mites , 614 Herb robert , 2 Housefl y , 177, 433, 434 Herb walter , 700 Howell’s marsh marigold , 42 Hermit’s waterlily , 232 Hsin-I , 15, 236 Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) , 258, 427, HSV type 2 , 472 472, 535, 703 HT-29 (colon) human cancer cell lines , 421, 566, 693 Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) , 304, 535 HT 1080 (human fi brosarcoma) , 254, 567 Herpes simplex virus (HSV) , 604 HuCCA-1 , 852 He Shou Wu , 38 Human and animal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29 Hibiscus , 18, 65, 306, 324, 339 and DHD/K12-PROb) , 99 Hibiscus fl ower , 306 Human brain glioblastoma-astrocytoma cancer Hibiscus-piment , 405 (U-87 MG) cells, 283 Hidden ginger lilies , 62 Human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) , 255, 770 Higan cherry , 46 Human cervical cancer (HeLa) , 864 Highland pitpit , 37 Human cervical epithelioid carcinoma cells , 96 High mallow , 20, 395 Human choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells , 422 Hill cherry , 45 Human colon cancer HCT116 cell line , 752 Hillock bush , 26 Human colorectal cancer cells (HCT-116, SW-480 and Himalayan spruce , 35 HT-29) , 97 Himbabao , 23 Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) , 472 Hime kozo , 23 Human epidermoid nasopharynx Hip tree , 46 carcinoma KB9 cells, 253 Hite violet , 58 Human fi brosarcoma HT-1080 cell , 254 Hkhinkang , 49 Human gastric adenocarcinoma cancer (SGC-7901) , 752 HL-60 cancer cell lines , 255, 421, 422, Human gastric carcinoma (AGS) cells, 340 693, 852, 862, 865 Human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM8401) cells , 863 Hoary basil , 9 Human hepatocarcinoma SK-Hep-1 cells , 753 Hoary plantain , 36 Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line , 603 Holland rose , 47 Human hepatocellular liver carcinoma HepG2 , 862 Hollyhock , 16, 65, 292, 297, 298 Human immunodefeciency virus (HIV) , Hollyhock mallow , 20 74, 440, 517, 693, 800 Holy herb , 56 Human immunodefi ciency virus type 1 (HIV-1) , Honey ball myrtle , 26 304, 507, 604, 694, 770 Honey bees , 648 Human leukaemia cell line , 865 Honey bush , 22 Human leukaemia cells (HL-60) , 211, 340 Honey fl ower , 22, 41 Human leukaemic (CEMss) cell lines , 770, 864 Honey grevillea , 40 Human lung carcinoma , 254 Honey melon sage , 202 Human lymphoma cell line U-937 GTB , 800 Honeysuckle , 658 Human malignant melanoma A375-S2 cells , 255 grevillea , 41 Human osteosarcoma U2os cells , 753 oak , 658 Human papillomavirus , 166 Honey tree , 52 Human promonocytic leukaemia U937 cells , 257 Hong Kong lily , 14 Human promyelocytic leukaemia cell , 852 Honje , 63 Human promyelocytic leukaemia HL-60 Honje Hutan , 63 cancer cell, 339, 566 Honolulu creeper , 643 Human prostate cancer cell line , 693 Hooded violet , 57 Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) , 567 Hooked needlewood , 41 Human transitional cell carcinoma TCC 5637 , 97 Hookedspur violet , 56 Hurch steeples , 43 Hooker’s Cymbidium , 31 Hybrid cattail , 55 Hop majoram , 9 Hybrid fuchsia , 548 Horlosies , 2 Hybrid rose , 47 Hormone-dependent breast cancer , 852 Hyssop , 6 Hormone-independent breast cancer , 852 Horned pansy , 56 Horned violet , 56 I Horn fl y , 434 Indian abutilon , 15, 276 Horse mint , 8 Indian azadirach , 409 Common Name Index 987

Indian bael fruit , 50 Japanese fi eld mint , 8 Indian blue water lily , 519 Japanese fl owering crab apple , 44 Indian butter tree , 52 Japanese ginger , 64 Indian cedar , 22, 409 Japanese glorybower , 5 Indian cress , 54, 777 Japanese hibiscus , 371 Indian jasmine , 529 Japanese lantern , 19, 371 Indian lantern plant , 276 Japanese lime , 21 Indian lettuce , 23 Japanese mint , 8 Indian lilac , 22, 409 Japanese mountain cherry , 45 Indian long pepper , 36 Japanese peony , 33 Indian mallow , 15, 16 Japanese pepper , 51 Indian mallow abutilon , 276 Japanese pepper tree , 51 Indian oak , 13 Japanese pricklyash , 51 Indian paint brush , 31 Japanese pussy willow , 52 Indian pavetta , 49 Japanese red pine , 35 Indian pellet shrub , 50 Japanese rose , 47, 682 Indian primrose , 39 Japanese show lily , 215 Indian quince , 50 Japanese silver grass , 36 Indian rhododendron , 22 Japanese spicebush , 13 Indian rice , 37 Japanese thyme , 12 Indian saffron , 62, 77 Japanese wonder fl ower , 497 Indian snake tree , 55 Japanese woodland sage , 11 Indian sorrel , 19, 324 Jarrah , 458 Indian tulip tree , 21 Jasmine , 29, 530, 531, 535, 538, 705 Indian water lily , 28 Jasmine orange , 51 Indonesian tall ginger , 63, 834 Java cardamom , 62 I n fl uenza virus strain A/FM/1/47-MA , 712 Java feroniella , 51 Iron cross plant , 32 Java jute , 324 Ironwort , 11, 207, 208 Javanese aromatic ginger , 834 Italian burnet , 48 Javanese Ixora , 49 Italian grape hyacinth , 3 Javanese long pepper , 36 Italian lavender , 192 Javanese pepper , 36 Italian pimperne , 48 Javanese turmeric , 62 Italian saffron , 77 Javanese wild banana , 25 Ivy-leaf violet , 57, 792 Java tea , 6 Ivy-leaved , 792 Jebikkot , 57 Ixora , 734, 747 Jelly leaf , 21 Jelly okra , 324 Jerry pine , 35 J Jersey tea , 43 Jackfruit , 23 Jiao-Bai , 37 Jack-jump-up-and-kiss-me , 58, 808 Jin-Zhen-Cai , 59 Jack pine , 35 Johnny-jump-up , 58, 808 Jade lily , 236 Johnson’s grass tree , 61 Jade orchid , 236 John’s wort , 4 Jalap , 27 Jointed glasswort , 400 Jalap plant , 497 Joint fi r , 3 Jamaica fl ower , 306 Joy perfume tree , 15 Jamaican/Jamaica sorrel , 19, 324 Judas fruit , 16 Jamaica tea fl ower , 324 Jujube , 43 Jamaica vervain , 56 Jump-up , 808 Janki phul , 39 Jungle fl ame , 49, 734, 745 Japanese apricot , 43, 45 Jungle geranium , 49, 734, 745 Japanese bird cherry , 45 Jurkat T leukaemia cells , 254 Japanese bitter orange , 50 Japanese camellia , 53, 764 Japanese cattail lesser reed mace , 788 K Japanese cherry , 45 K562 , 421 Japanese clematis , 43 Kadok , 36 Japanese crab apple , 44 Kaempfer’s Glorybower , 5 988 Common Name Index

Kaffi r bread , 61 Ko-Tachi-Tsubo-Sumire , 57 Kalkoentjie , 4 Kotukutuku , 30 Kammetjie , 4 Kozo , 23 Kampong tree , 3 Kra Don , 13 Kankara , 49 Kradonbok , 13 Kansisa , 7 Kradonkhon , 13 Kantan liar (Malay) , 63 Kua-Kabig , 64 Kaphul kebeb , 64 Kumquats , 50 Kapok , 17 Kunai , 36 Kapok tree , 17, 20 Kunyit , 62 Karabil , 22 Kunyit putih , 62 Karasu , 21 Kurrajong , 385 Karkadé , 324 Kuw-Sun , 37 Karri , 34, 458 Kwei Hua , 29 Kawakawa , 35, 36 Kwo-Bai , 37 KB (Human tumour cell lines ) , 421, 852 Keepit hakea , 41 Kelalang , 24 L Kelor , 24 Labrador rose , 46 Kentan , 215 Labrador violet , 57 Ketaki , 33 Labung garai , 27 Keteki , 33 Ladies delight , 58, 818 Keya , 33 Ladies teardrop , 405 K e y fl ower , 39 Lady of the Meadow , 44 Key lime , 50 Lady’s bedstraw , 48 Key of heaven , 39 Lady’s fi nger , 15 Khaa , 62 Lady’s thumb , 38 Kha-Daeng , 62 Lagoon hibiscus , 385 Kham Noi , 64 Lakuchi , 23 Kha Taa Daeng , 62 Lalang , 36 Khui , 13 Lamb mint , 8 Kidneyleaf violet , 58 Lanceleaf plantain , 36 Kidney tea plant , 6 Lance-leaf tiger lily , 215 Kimberley christmas tree , 41 Lance selfheal , 10 King cup , 42 Langtu , 6 King’s spear , 59 Languas , 62 Kisses , 48 Lantern fl ower , 19, 290 Kiss-her-in-the buttery , 808 Lân Vĩ Vẩy Rông, 31 Kiss-me-quick , 700 Laos root , 62 Kitchen sage , 11 Laphu tharo , 24 Kit-run-about , 808 Large-fl ower magnolia , 243 Kit-run-in-the-fi elds , 808 Large-leaved lime , 21 Kkaennip Namul , 10 Lasiandra , 22 Klamath weed , 4 Late crocus , 4 Kluai , 25 Late yellow daylily , 61 Kluai-Pa , 24 Lá Tía Tô , 10 Knotted majoram , 9 Laurel-leaved magnolia , 243 Kobushi , 15 Lavandin , 160 Kobushi magnolia , 15 Lavandula dentata , 187 Kobus magnolia , 15 Lavatera , 19 Ko Gama , 55 Lavender , 6, 7, 65, 156–165, 168–180, Koldil , 24 186, 187, 190, 193, 199, 471 Koma-Yuri , 14 giant , 151 Koneng gede , 62 hyssop , 5 Korean cherry , 45, 46 Le , 33 Korean hyssop , 5 Least yellow sorrel , 32 Korean lily , 14 Lebanese oregano , 10 Korean mint , 5, 154 Leibak Kundo , 39 Korean poplar , 51 Le’ie , 33 Ko-Sumire , 57 Lemon , 50, 462 Common Name Index 989

Lemon balm , 7, 107 Long yellow daylily , 59 Lemon bee balm , 8 Lotus lily , 519, 520 Lemon beebrush , 56 Louse , 177 Lemon clover , 32 Love chain , 643 Lemon daylily , 60, 830 Love-in-idleness , 58, 808 Lemon geranium , 2, 72, 73 Love-liesbleeding , 808 Lemongrass , 177 Love plant , 32 Lemon lily , 60, 830, 831 Love-vine , 643 Lemon mint , 7, 8 Loving idol , 808 Lemon-scented geranium , 2, 72 Lowland pitpit , 37 Lemon-scented thyme , 13 Low prairie rose , 46 Lemon thyme , 12, 13 Low red shrub , 497 Lemon verbena , 56 LS174T (human colonic adenocarcinoma Lemon-yellow rosemallow , 17 cell lines), 862 Lengkuas , 62 LS180 (human colonic adenocarcinoma Lengmaser , 6 cell lines), 862 Lesser bougainvillea , 483 L-929 tumour cells , 74 Lesser bulrush , 54 Luc Binh , 39 Lesser calamint , 5 Luchol , 62 Lesser celandine , 43 Lucky clover , 32 Lesser grain borer , 154 Lucky shamrock , 32 Lesser honey bush , 22 Lung adenocarcinoma , 852 Lesser reedmace , 54 Lung adenomas , 865 Lettuce , 22 Lung cancer (A549) cell lines , 97, 693 Lewis’ monkey fl ower , 53 Lung cancer cells , 378 Lice , 814 Licorice mint , 5 Li-Ji , 63 M Lilac , 30, 541, 544–546 Mace , 461, 462, 465 Lilac Oxalis Pink Shamrock , 32 Maculatum lily , 14 Lilies , 65 Madeira jasmine , 29 Lily of a Day , 61 Madre de Cacao , 20 Lily tree , 236 Mahoe , 385 Lime , 21 Mahua , 52 Lime basil , 9 Mahuat , 385 Lime geranium , 3 Mahwa , 52 Lime mint , 7, 8 Maid of Orleans , 529 Lime thyme , 12 Maid’s hair , 48 Limnocharis , 232 Mai-Yan-Kat , 49 Linaria-leaved Indian paintbrush , 31 Maize , 37 Linden , 21, 54 Makaen , 476 Linden hibiscus , 385 Makino-Sumire , 59 Lion’s ear , 7 Makomo Dake , 37 Lion’s tail , 7 Malabar chestnut , 20 Lipstick fl ower , 18 Malabar melastome , 22 Lipstick hibiscus , 20 Malabar plum , 27 Liquorice , 465 Malaria vector , 434 Little hogweed , 39 Malayan Ixora , 49 Little leaf lilac , 30 Malay apple , 27 Little leaf linden , 21 Malay rose , 63 Live-in-idleness , 808 Malaysian tree gardenia , 49 Llomba , 6 Malignant carcinomic human alveolar LNCaP , 196, 693 basal epithelial cells (A549), 97 Loblolly magnolia , 15, 243 Malignant HSG1 cells , 339 Locusts , 442 Mallow , 374, 395 Long-bracted cattail , 54 Mallow night fl owering maple , 16 Long Chuan Hua , 49 Malvastrum , 20 Long-horned dendrobium , 31 Mammary carcinomas , 167, 168 Long-leaved mat rush , 61 Manchu cherry , 46 Long pepper , 36 Manchurian violet , 57 990 Common Name Index

Manchurian wild rice , 37 Mejorana , 12 Mandarin , 51 Melaleuca , 26 Mangite , 40, 655 Melanoma , 257 Mango ginger , 62 Melinjo , 3 Mangrove apple , 14 Meninjau , 3 Manila hemp , 25 Metastatic colorectal cancer , 168 Manipur wild , 46 Mexican coral vine , 643 Manzanilla , 20 Mexican creeper , 643 Maple-leaved bayur tree , 20 Mexican evening primrose , 552 Maple twist , 20 Mexican gold , 623 Margosa , 22, 409 Mexican gold poppy , 623 Margosa tree , 22, 409 Mexican hyssop , 5 Marigolds , 65 Mexican lime , 50 Mariposa lily , 13 Mexican love vine , 643 Marjoram , 10 Mexican teosinte , 37 Marmalade orange , 50 Mexican turks cap , 20, 405 Maroom , 24 Mexican wood sorrel , 32 Marri , 25, 456, 457 Mgunghwa , 19 Marsh blue violet , 57, 58 MiaPaCa , 256 Marsh mallow , 16, 395 Mignonette , 43 Marsh marigold , 42 Miles honey myrtle , 26 Marsh pestle , 55 Milk-weeds , 65 Marshwort , 22 Mill mountain , 5 Martagon , 215 Milo , 21 Martinique ginger , 857 Miner’s lettuce , 23 Maruba-Ke-Sumire , 56 Miniature pansy , 808 Maruba sumire , 57 Mint , 8, 461 Marvel of Peru , 27, 497 Mint charlie , 6 Marvel of the World , 497 Mint leaves , 461 Mashua , 54 Mioga ginger , 64 Master of the forest , 700 Missouri evening primrose , 30 Master of the woods , 700 Miyama cherry , 45 Mastic thyme , 12 Miyama-Ki-Sumire , 56 Ma Sung , 51 Mi Zai Lan , 22 Maté tea , 702 Mizu obako , 3 Matoom , 50 Mock lime , 22 Mat rush , 61 Mock olive , 26 Mauve butterfl y orchid , 555 Mock orange , 51 May , 43 Mogheli , 33 Mayanba , 9 Mo Li Hua , 29 May blobs , 42 MOLT-3 , 852 May blossom , 44 MOLT-4 cell lines , 421 May bush , 44 Money tree , 20 Mayfl ower , 39, 42 Moneywort , 39 Mayfl ower maythorn , 43 Monkey bread tree , 16 Maypop , 34 Monkey bush , 15, 276 May tree , 44 Monkey jack , 23 MCF-7 , 422, 534, 864 Monks cress , 777 MCF-7 (breast cancer) , 255, 566, 852 Monochoria , 39 MCF-7 (ER-positive) , 467 Montbretia , 4 MCF7 (human tumour cell lines) , 421 Moon fl ower , 276 MCF-7 cancer cell line , 96, 189 Morinda spruce , 35 MCF-7 cells , 304 Moringa , 24 MDA-MB-231 cells , 422, 467, 813, 864 Morning star lily , 14 Meadow Queen , 44 Moroccan wild thyme , 13 Meadowsweet , 44 Mosquito(es) , 177, 205, 433, 648, 803, 853 Meadow wort , 44 Mosquito plant , 5 Meadsweet , 44 Moss rose , 39 Meet-me-in-the-entry , 808 Mother of thyme , 12 Mei fl ower , 43, 45 Motherwort , 7 Common Name Index 991

Mountain apple , 27 Natal sorrel , 324 Mountain balm , 5 Native cottonwood , 18 Mountain Banksia , 40 Native hibiscus , 385 Mountain calamint , 5 Native lasiandra , 22 Mountain cherry , 46 Native rosella , 18, 385 Mountain cotton rose , 381 Native tulip , 661 Mountain devil , 41 Native violet , 56, 57, 792, 794 Mountain magnolia , 15 Navel orange , 51 Mountain mahoe , 385 NCI/ADR-RES cells , 257 Mountain mint , 5 NCI-H69 (small cell lung cancer) , 800 Mountain Monarda , 9 NCL-H460 cancer cells , 240 Mountain mustard blue , 31 Nectarine , 45 Mountain pansy , 815 Needle fl ower , 49 Mountain pennyroyal , 9 Neem , 22, 409, 411–413, 415, 418, Mountain peony , 597 420–424, 427–429, 431–442 Mountain rose , 47, 643 Neem tree , 22, 409 Mountain-rose coralvine , 643 Negro peach , 49 Mountain spruce , 35 Nematode , 268, 442 Mountain tea , 11, 207 N1E-115 neuroblastoma (mouse) , 420 Mountain thyme , 12 Nenuphar , 28 Mouse lymphoid neoplasm , 852 Neroli , 50 Moutan , 33, 597 Nettai suiren , 28 Cortex , 597, 601, 603–609, 611, 613–616 Nettle leaf giant hyssop , 5 peony , 33, 597, 598 Nettleleaf velvetberry , 56 Mui , 51 Neuroblastoma cells , 257 Multidrug-resistant (MDR) human New jersey tea , 43 breast cancer cells, 864 New Mexico Giant Hyssop , 5 Mume , 43, 45 New South Wales Waratah , 41, 661 Mu Mian , 17 New Zealand fl ax , 61 Murasalski tea , 207 New Zealand fuchsia , 30 Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) , 472 New Zealand hemp , 61 Murine Ehrlich’s carcinoma , 421 New Zealand pepper tree , 35, 36 Murine forestomach tumours , 424 New Zealand Yam , 32 Murine mammary cancer cells (4T1) , 255 Ngieo-Daeng , 17 Murine melanoma B16 cells , 211, 613 Ngót Rúg , 30 Mursalitza tea , 213 Night fl owering jasmine , 29 Mushrooms , 223 Night jasmine , 29 Musk hyacinth , 3 Nim , 409 Musk mallow , 15 Nimba , 409 Musk okra , 15 Nimtree , 22, 409 Musk rose , 47 Nioi-Tachi-Tsubo-Sumire , 57 Musk willow , 51 Noble dendrobium , 31 Mustard aphid , 441 Nootka rose , 47 Myoga , 64 Norfolk hibiscus , 385 Myrtle , 27 Northern cranesbill , 2 Northern Japanese magnolia , 15 Northern marsh violet , 57 N Northern violet , 58 Nagoon berry , 48 Norway spruce , 34 Nanking cherry , 46 Nubia tea , 324 Narrow-leaved cattail , 54 Nutmeg , 461, 469 Narrow-leaved cumbungi , 54 Nutmeg hyacinth , 3 Narrow-leaved dock , 38 Narrow-leaved Indian paintbrush , 31 Narrow-leaved lavender , 156 O Narrow-leaved paperbark , 26 Oca , 32 Narrow-leaved tea tree , 26 Oka , 32 Narrow-leaved ti tree , 26 Okra , 15 Nasturtium , 54, 777–779, 781–783, 785 Ola’a , 48 Natal lily , 141 Old English lavender , 156 992 Common Name Index

Old fashion rose geranium , 2 Pancreatic tumour cells , 862 Old man Banksia , 40 Pandan laut , 33 Old man’s apple , 405 Pandanus , 33 Olive , 462, 770 Pansy , 59, 808, 818, 820 Olive fruit fl y , 179 Pansy violet , 58 Ondje , 63 Pan-Ya , 20 Onions , 461, 462 Papegaai-gladiolus , 4 Orange , 166 Paperbark , 26 Orange bergamot mint , 8 Paperbark tea tree , 26 Orange daylily , 59, 822, 823 Paper fl ower , 27, 483, 489 Orange-fulvous daylily , 59 Paper mulberry , 23 Orange jessamine , 51 Paprika , 461 Orange mint , 8 Paradise apple , 44 Orange thymes , 12 Parainfl uenza virus type 1 (PIV-1) , 712 Orange tritonia , 4 Paras pipal , 21 Ordinary violet , 57, 795 Parlour maple , 16 Oregano , 10 Parma violet , 795 maple , 52 Parrot-beaked gladiolus , 4, 141 wood sorrel , 32 Parrot gladiolus , 141 Oriental bulrush , 788 Parrot lily , 141 Oriental cattail , 788 Passionate love , 734 Oriental cherry , 45 Passion fl ower , 34 Oriental spruce , 35 Passion fruit , 34 Ornamental crocus , 4 Passion vine , 34 Oshima cherry , 45 Password , 39 Osti’s moutan peony , 33 Pasture rose , 46 Osti’s tree , 33 Paulownia , 34 Oswego tea , 9 P-388D1 cells , 189, 865 Our Lady’s Keys , 39 Pea , 223, 461 Oval-leaf monochoria , 39 Peach , 43, 45 Ovarian (TOV-112D) , 693 Peach sage , 10 Ovarian cancer , 168 Peanut , 462 OVCAR-3 , 257 Pearl of Egypt , 497 OVCAR-4 , 421 Peggle , 39 OVCAR-8 , 421 Pennyroyal , 8 O-Zumi , 45 Pennyroyal pelargonium , 3 Peony , 33, 564, 566–569, 571, 572, 577, 579–582, 584, 585, 588 P Peppercorn , 461 P388 (promyelocytic leukaemia cells) , 852 Pepper hibiscus , 405 Paapidi , 49 Peppermint , 7, 177, 179 Pacifi c Island Silver Grass , 36 Peppermint-scented pelargonium , 3 Pacifi c rosewood , 21 Perennial phlox , 37 Paddy’s lucerne , 21 Perilla , 10 Pagoda fl ower , 371 Persian lilac , 22 Paigle , 39 Persian saffron , 77 Paillotte , 36 Peruvian berry bush , 30 Paintbrush , 31 Petty mulleins , 39 Pak-Lan , 15 Petunia , 53, 755, 756, 758, 761 Pak Wan , 30 Phak Kadron , 13 Pale bloodwood , 26 Phak top , 39 Pale rose , 47 Phak Waan Paa , 30 Palmate violet , 58 P h ắc Van , 30 Palm grass , 37 Philippine waxfl ower , 63, 834 Palm-leaved setaria , 37 Phlai , 64 Palm oil , 509 Phog , 38 Palsywort , 39 Phuk Kui , 13 Panc , 256 Phut nam but , 49 Pancreatic cancer cell lines , 256 Pick-cheese , 20, 395 Pancreatic carcinoma cell lines SW1990 , 863 Pickerelweed , 39 Pancreatic carcinoma PANC-1 , 863 Pickle plant , 32 Common Name Index 993

Pigweed , 39 Pomerac , 27 Pilewort , 43 Pommel , 51 Pin-cushion fruit , 49 Poolgarla , 40 Pineapple guava , 26 Pop-a-Gun , 55 Pineapple mint , 8 Porcelain ginger , 834 Pineapple quince , 44 Porcelain rose , 63 Pineapple sage , 11, 202, 203, 205 Port gregory gum , 25, 456 Pineapple scented sage , 202 Portia tree , 21 Pine cone ginger , 857 Posutia, 53 Pinecone ginger , 64 Pot marjoram , 10 Pinecone lily , 857 Powderbark , 458 Pinelands mallow , 17 Prairie four O’clock , 497 Pine scented thyme , 12 Prairie rose , 46, 47 Pink banana , 25 Prairie wild rose , 46 Pink bloodwood , 26 Pretty-by-Night , 497 Pink burr , 21 Prickly leaved paperbark , 26 Pink evening primrose , 30, 552 Prickly leaved tea tree , 26 Pink-eyed-John , 808 Prickly paperbark , 26 Pink fl owered Chinese , 21 Pride of China , 409 Pink fl owered Chinese burr , 21 Pride of the Meadow , 44 Pink ginger bud , 834 Prik Kra Taai , 36 Pink honey myrtle , 26 Primavera , 39 Pink ladies , 30, 552 Prince’s pine , 35 Pink lemonade , 324 Princess tree , 34 Pink marsh mallow , 19 Procumbent yellow sorrel , 32 Pink mempat , 4 Promyelocytic leukaemia HL-60 cell , 95 Pink-othe-eye , 808 Prostate cancer (PC-3) cells , 255, 256, 420 Pink pavonia , 20 Provence rose , 47 Pink primrose , 30 Provision tree , 20 Pink purslane , 23 Puangchompoo , 37 Pink satinash , 27 Puawananga , 43 Pink sorrel , 32 Pudina , 7 Pink tree mallow , 19 Pui-Khao , 13 Pink vine , 643 Puikradon , 13 Pink wampee , 51 Pulse beetle , 441 Pink water lLily , 28 Pummelo , 51 Pink wood sorrel , 32 Pumpkin seeds , 462 Pioneer violet , 57 Pumpwood , 55 Pipal , 36 Punk tree , 26 Pippali , 36 Punti , 25 Pirin mountain tea , 213 Purple Betony Bishops Wort , 11 Pirin tea , 207 Purple Bougainvillea , 489 Pisang Hutan , 24, 25 Purple chokeberry , 44 Pisang Klutuk , 24 Purple-coned spruce , 35 Pisang Pidak , 24 Purple-fl owered Indian , 16 Pisang Utan , 24 Purple granadilla , 34 Pitpit , 37, 640 Purple mint , 10 Pixie bush , 53 Purple Nepal cowslip , 39 Plai , 477 Purple passionfl ower , 34 Plantain banana , 24 Purple passionfruit , 34 Plantain lily , 13 Purple shamrock , 32 P388 leukaemia cells , 239 Purple violet , 795 Plum , 45 Pusley , 39 Plumrocks , 39 Pyramid spirae , 48 Poet’s jasmine , 29 Poliovirus type 1 (PV-1) , 427 Polyanthus primrose , 40, 648 Q Polyanthus primula , 648 Qiu Hua Mao She Xiang , 36 Pomarossa , 27 Qiu Kui , 15 Pomegranate , 14 Quaking aspen , 51 Pomelo , 51 Quasti lavender , 192 994 Common Name Index

Queen of the Meadow , 44 Rio Grande cottonwood, 51 Queen’s jewels , 643 River beauty , 30 Queensland jelly plant , 324 River tea tree , 26 Queen’s wreath , 37, 643 Rocky mountain columbine , 41 Quickset , 44 Rocky mountain nut pine , 35 Quickthorn , 43 Rose , 47, 65, 170 Quince , 44 Rose althea , 374 Quince-Apple of India , 50 Rose apple , 27 Rosebay willowherb , 30 Rosebud cherry , 46 R Rose De Mai , 47 Rabbit ears , 192 Rose De Porcelaine , 63 Radish , 205 Rose geranium , 2 Ragantulu , 23 Rosegold pussy willow , 52 Ramanas rose , 47, 682 Roseleaf bramble , 48 Rau Ngót Núi , 30 Roseleaf raspberry , 48 Raupo , 788 Roselle/Rosella , 19, 324–330, 332, 334, 335, Raupo bulrush , 788 337, 338, 340–349, 351–360 Rau Sắng , 30 Rose mallow , 306, 374 Rau Tía Tô , 10 Rosemary , 10, 65, 349, 471 Red and blue water lily , 28 Rose of China , 306 Red bloodwood , 26 Rose of Sharon , 19, 374, 379 Red bud malee , 26 Rose-scented geranium , 2 Red cotton silk tree , 20 Rosin rose , 4 Red fl our beetle , 154 Rosita de Cacao , 20 Red-fl owered apple mangrove , 14 Rosy paperbark , 26 Red-fl owered lambertia , 41 Round dock , 20, 395 Red-fl owered paperbark , 26 Rowan , 48 Red-fl owered silk cotton tree , 16 Rowan tree , 48 Red ginger lily , 63, 834 Royal Roselle , 324 Red gum , 25, 456 Rozelle , 324 Red haw , 43 Rozelle hemp , 324 Red honey myrtle , 26 RPMI-8226/Dox40 (myeloma) , 800 Red honeysuckle , 40 RPMI-8226/LR-5 (myeloma) , 800 Red Ixora , 745 RPMI-8226/s (myeloma) , 800, 813 Red jackfruit , 23 Rubbed thyme , 13 Red leaf hibiscus , 17 Rue , 801 Red leaf maple , 17 Rue berries , 462 Red leg , 38 Rugosa rose , 47, 682 Red or tawny daylily , 833 Ruikpypie , 4 Red poppy , 34 Russian sage , 10 Red roselle , 19 Russian violet , 795 Red silk cotton tree , 17 Rutabaga , 38 Red sorrel , 324 Red spruce , 35 Red tea , 324 S Red water lily , 28, 519 S102 cancer cell lines , 852 Red weed , 34 Saba nut , 20 Redwood sorrel , 32 Sacred Ixora , 734 Redwood violet , 58 Sacred jasmine , 529 Reedmace , 54 Sacred lotus sacred water lotus, 27 Rengma Ser , 6 Sadao , 22 Reniform nematode , 442 Saffron , 4, 77, 79–85, 87–110, 112, 113, 115–119, Resak , 62 121–124 Resectable pancreatic cancer , 168 Saffron cress , 77 Respiratory syncytial virus , 712 Saffron crocus , 77 Rhodendron , 22 Sage , 11, 107, 187, 349 Rhubarb , 38 Sagebrush mariposa lily , 13 Rice leaffolder , 442 Sage-leaved germander , 11 Ring-Hkat-Ping , 49 Sajin , 24 Common Name Index 995

Sakhalin spruce , 35 Sesame seeds , 462 Salad burnet , 45, 48 Seville orange , 50 Sa Lae , 23 Sewali , 29 Salmonberry , 48 Sewali Phul , 29 Salt marsh mallow , 19 Shaddock , 51 Saltspray rose , 682 Shady wood sorrel , 32 Sambac jasmine , 529 Shampoo ginger , 64, 857 Samui , 51 Shamrock , 32 Sand fl y , 487 Shanghai cherry , 46 Sandhill plum , 45 Shanghai pink mallow , 18 Sand violet , 56 Shan-Jie-Lan , 31 Sandwich island creeper , 643 Shea butter tree , 52 San Miguelito vine , 643 Sheathed gladiolus , 4 Sansho , 51 Sheathed violet , 58 Santawa , 3 Shekta , 24 Santintail , 36 Sheperd tea , 11 Sarcoma-180 (S-180) tumour , 98, 739, 770 Shepherd’s tea , 207 Sargent’s lily , 14 Shihai-Sumire , 59 Sargent spruce , 35 Shinajitea , 14 Satsuma , 51 Shiso , 10 Sauce thyme , 13 Shisonoha (Japanese) , 10 Savoury , 461 Shiva’s fl ame , 734 Sawah-fl ower rush , 232 Shoeback plant , 18 Sawah lettuce , 232 Shoeblack plant hibiscus , 306 Saw Banksia , 40 Shoebutton ardisia , 39 Sawtooth Banksia , 40 Shoefl ower , 306 Scamman’s claytonia , 23 Shona-No-Ki , 21 Scamman’s springbeauty , 23 Short pitpit , 37 Scarlet bee balm , 9 Showy crab apple , 44 Scarlet hibiscus , 17 Showy evening primrose , 30, 552 Scarlet Ixora , 734 Showy forsythia , 28, 526 Scarlet jungle fl ame , 734 Shrub althea , 19, 374 Scarlet monarda , 9 Shrubby althaea , 374 Scarlet rose mallow , 17 Shrubby baeckea , 25 Scented boronia , 748 Shrubby blue sage , 10 Scented evening primrose , 30 Shrubby honeysuckle , 40 Scented geranium , 3 Shu Wei Cao , 11 Scented pelargonium , 2 Siamese ginger , 62 Schizopetalus , 371 Siberian crab apple , 44 Scotchman’s purse , 405 Siberian miners lettuce , 23 Scotch mint , 8 Siberian purslane , 23 Scrub typhus , 477 Sierra columbine , 42 Scurvy grass , 32 Sieu Hing Hwa , 29 Scurvy grass sorrel , 32 Silk cotton tree , 17, 20 Sea hibiscus , 19, 385 Silky eremophila , 53 Sea lemon , 28 Silky grevillea , 41 Sea rose mallow , 385 Silky oak , 41 Seashore mallow , 19 Silver Banksia, 40 Seaside mahoe , 21 Simpler’s joy , 56 Sea tomato , 682 Sirih tanah , 36 Seeded sweet banana , 24 Sitka spruce , 35 Seep monkey fl ower , 53 Skeleton hibiscus , 19, 371 Sego lily , 13 SK-HEP-1 cells , 603 Selfheal , 10 SK-MEL-2 (melanoma) , 257, 296 Selkirk’s violet , 58 SK-N-SH (human neuroblastoma) , 852 Semal , 20 SK-OV-3 (ovary) , 257, 296, 421 Sémul , 17 Skunkvine , 49 Senegal calabash , 16 Sleeping beauty , 32 Sennin-So , 43 Sleeping hibiscus , 20 Serbian spruce , 35 Sleepy hibiscus , 20, 405 996 Common Name Index

Sleepy mallow , 405 Star lotus , 519 Slender Banksia , 40 Starry wild jasmine , 29 Sloe , 45 Stepmother , 808 Sloe berry , 45 Sterretjies-jasmyn , 29 Sloe fl ower , 45 Sticklewort , 43 Small bulrush , 54 Stickybud , 48 Small burnet , 45, 48 Sticky geranium , 2 Smaller red root , 43 Sticky purple geranium , 2 Smallfl ower columbine , 41 Stickyweed , 48 Small-fl owered sage , 11 Sticky willy , 48 Small leaved lime , 21 Stinkvine , 49 Small reedmace , 54 St. John’s wort , 4 Smartweed , 38 St Joseph’s rod , 374 Smooth bedstraw , 700 Stone apple , 50 Smooth rose mallow , 18 Storkbill , 2 Snail , 477 Stow weed , 53 Snakewood , 55 Straits rhododendron , 22 Snapdragon , 36 Strawberry , 44 Snowdrop wood sorrel , 32 Strawberry geranium , 52 Snow in summer , 26 Strawberryleaf raspberry , 48 Snow in summer Budjur , 26 Strawberry saxifrage , 52 Snowy evening primrose , 552 Stream barringtonia , 13 Solid tumours , 739 Stream violet , 57 Sorot Gosh , 55 Striped hibiscus , 19 Sorrel , 19, 324 Sugarbush , 41 Sour cotton rose , 381 Sukashiyuri , 14 Sour gourd , 16 Sumire saishin , 58 Sour grass , 32 Summer phlox , 37 Sour orange , 50 Summer savoury , 11 Soursob , 32 Summer squash , 761 Sour-Sour , 324 Sundrop ozark , 30 Southern cattail , 54 Sung Lo Cha , 30 Southern grevillea , 40 Sun hibiscus , 17 Southern magnolia , 15, 243 Sunset hibiscus , 15 Southern silky oak , 41 Sunset muskmallow , 15 Soybean , 334 Suo Cao Lan , 31 Spanish joint fi r , 3 Suring , 32 Spanish lavender , 7, 192, 197 Swamp hibiscus , 18 Spanish marjoram , 12 Swamp rose mallow , 18 Spanish saffron , 4 Swamp smartweed , 38 Spanish thyme , 10 Swamp spruce , 35 Spanish wood , 12 Sweet autumn clematis , 43 Spatterdock , 28 Sweet basil , 9 Spearleaf swamp mallow , 20 Sweet blue violet , 795 Spearmint , 8 Sweet boronia , 748 Speedwell , 36 Sweet briar , 47 Spice ginger , 62 Sweet corn root , 21 Spiked willowherb , 30 Sweet dog-violet , 795 Spike lavender , 7, 156 Sweet gale , 25 Spinach dock , 38 Sweet grass , 700 Spotted fuchsia , 53 Sweet hibiscus , 15 Spring beauty , 23 Sweet leaf bush , 34 Squamous cell carcinoma , 98 Sweet majoram , 9 Squash , 65 Sweet olive , 29 Stable fl y , 434 Sweet orange , 51 St. Anthony’s Turnip , 43 Sweet osmanthus , 29 Star anise , 461 Sweet pepper , 53 Star Fruit , 31 Sweet-scented bedstraw , 700 Star gooseberry , 34 Sweet-scented violet , 795 Star grass , 700 Sweet violet , 57, 795, 796, 804 Common Name Index 997

Sweet white woodruff , 48 Thalay , 33 Sweet woodruff , 48, 700, 703 Thambul , 27 Sword lily , 141, 144 Thariktha , 28 Syrian bean caper , 64 Thariktha macha , 22 Syrian hibiscus , 374 Tharo , 28 Syrian ketmia , 374 Thatch screwpine , 33 Syrian oregano , 10 Theing , 64 Syrian rose , 374 Thick-leaved mallee , 26 Syringa , 541 Thimbleberry , 48 Szechuan peppercorns , 461 Thin red willow , 52 Thit-Gan , 49 Thnk pui , 51 T Thornapple tree , 44 Taapia , 14 Thousand faces beauty , 381 Table grapes , 59 Thousand pretty women , 381 Tahitian lime , 50 THP1 cancer cell lines , 254, 421 Tailed pepper , 35 Three-coloured violet , 808 Taiwan cotton rose , 381 Three faces in a Hood, 58 Taiwan hibiscus , 381 Three-faces-under-a-hood , 808 Talirusan , 63 Throw wort , 7 Tall daylily , 59 Thunberg’s daylily , 61 Tall garden tulip , 222 Thyme , 13 Tall mallow , 20, 395 Thyme honey myrtle , 27 Tallow wood , 28 Thyme-leaved bottlebrush , 27 Tall phlox , 37 Tian Shi Zi , 6 Tamarind , 462 Tía Tô , 10 Tampang , 23 Tick , 177, 435, 436 Tangerine , 51 Tickle-My-Fancy , 58 Tangerine sage , 202 Tiew , 4 Tangutui , 24 Tiger daylily , 59, 822 Tapioca , 223 Tiger lily , 14, 215, 216, 219 Tarrakirra , 41 Tiger lotus white Egyptian lotus , 514 Tartarian rhubarb , 38 Timanga tree , 19 Tasmanian violet , 56 Timbo , 52 Tasmanian waratah , 41 Tiny thyme , 12 Tawny daylily , 59, 822 Tipton weed , 4 4T1 breast cancer , 424 T-lymphoblast (acute lymphoblastic T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia), 852 leukaemia, 865 Tobacco armyworm , 441 T-47D , 852 Tobacco budworm , 441 Tea , 53, 330, 461 Tobishima-Kanzo , 59 Tealeaf willow , 52 Tochi-Kagami , 3 Tea olive , 29 Togor , 48 Tea rose , 46 Toilet paper bush , 18 Tea tree , 26, 177–179, 477 Tolol , 64 Temu blobo , 62 Tomatoes , 462 Temu labak , 62 Tongkak , 64 Temu lawak , 62 Toothed lavender , 186 Temu mangga , 62 Tooth-leaved primula , 39 Temu purut , 62 Topped lavender , 7, 192 Temu putih , 62 Torash , 55 TE-13 oesophageal cancer Torch ginger , 63, 834–838 cell lines, 467 Torch lily , 63, 834 Teosinte , 37 Torch nicola fl ower buds , 834 Tepu , 62, 63 Tou-Kanzo , 59 Texas hummingbird mint , 5 Trailing Abutilon , 16, 290, 291 Texas mallow , 20, 405 Trailing wild raspberry , 48 Texas swamp mallow , 20 Tree cotton , 17 Texas umbrella , 22 Tree fuchsia , 30 Thai tulip , 62 Tree hakea , 41 998 Common Name Index

Tree hibiscus , 385 V Tree peony , 33, 597, 598 VA13 (SV-40 transformed foetal Tree sorrel , 31 lung fi broblast) , 95 Trematode , 827 Valencia orange , 51 Trinitaria , 808 Valentine fl ower , 4 Trinity violet , 808 Variegated basil , 9 Trout lily , 13 Vegetable cane , 37, 640 True jasmine , 29 Velvel pink banana , 25 True lavender , 6, 156 Velvet banana , 25 True myrtle , 26 Velvet leaf , 232 True saffron, 77 Velvet mallow , 18 True sage , 11 Verdolaga , 39 Trumpet lily , 14 Vervain , 56 Trumpet tree , 55 Vervain mallow , 20 Tsubo-Sumire , 59 Vervain sage , 11 Tsukushi-Sumire , 57 V ối , 25 Tsukushi violet , 57 Victorian tree peony , 33 Tuberous spring beauty , 23 Viola , 57, 818 Tuhau , 63 Violet , 792, 795, 801, 811 Tulip , 14, 65, 222, 223, 228, 229 Violet willow , 52 Tulipan del Monte , 18 Violet wood sorrel , 32 Tulip cedar , 22 Viper , 119 Tulip ginger , 844 Virginia fen-rose , 19 Tulip poplar , 15 Virginia mountain mint , 6, 10 Tulip tree , 15 Virginia rose , 47 Tummy wood , 13 Virginia saltmarsh mallow , 19 Tupia , 14 Virginia spring beauty , 23 Turkcap , 405 Virginia strawberry , 44 Turkestan rose , 682 Vrouetee , 2 Turkish oregano , 10, 197 Turk’s cap , 20, 405 Turk’s cap hibiscus , 20 W Turk’s Turban , 405 Wadanggari , 40 Turmeric , 62, 462, 472 Waltzing ladies , 371 Turmeric root , 62 Wan-Fai , 64 Tuscan jasmine , 29, 529 Waratah , 41, 661 Tussock grass tree , 61 Warrock , 40 Tutubuh , 63 Wasabinoki , 24 Twelve O’clock fl ower , 276 Waster bubbles , 42 Twist leaf paperbark , 27 Water bamboo , 37 T w o - fl owered marsh marigold , 42 Water banyan , 25 T w o fl ower passionfl ower , 34 Water canna , 21 T w o fl ower violet , 56 Water hyacinth , 39 Two-humped dendrobium , 31, 555 Water lily , 28 Two-lobed passionfl ower , 34 Water lily tiger lotus , 28 Water mint , 7, 8 Water oats , 37 U Water pepper , 38 U251 (brain tumour cell line) , 257, 813 Water snowfl ake , 22 U-373 cancer cell line , 189 Water snowfl ake water fringe , 22 U-937 GTB (lymphoma) , 74, 421, Wax currant , 3 800, 813 Wax mallow , 20, 405 Ukon-Zakura , 45 Wedgeleaf ceanothus , 43 Ume , 43, 45 Weeping Higan cherry spring cherry , 46 Upright yellow sorrel , 32 Weeping spruce , 35 Upside tree , 16 Weeping willow , 52 Urena , 21 Weissdorn , 44 Urena burr , 21 West-African black pepper , 36 Urena weed , 21 Western balsam , 51 U-937VCR(histiocytic lymphoma) , 800 Western balsam poplar , 51 Common Name Index 999

Western columbine , 42 Wild olive , 28, 29 Western dog violet , 56 Wild pansy , 808, 815 Western marsh marigold , 42 Wild pawpaw , 55 Western poppy , 623 Wild pear , 17 Western thimbleberry , 48 Wild plum fl ower , 45 Western white spruce , 35 Wild pomegranate , 48 Western wild rose , 47 Wild rose , 46, 47 West Indian jasmine , 734 Wild rosella , 18 West Indian lime , 50 Wild sage , 11 West Indian raspberry , 48 Wild sesame , 10 West Virginia spruce , 35 Wild strawberry , 44 White Banksia , 658 Wild sugarcane , 37 White basswood , 54 Wild thyme , 12 White bottlebrush , 658 Wild violet , 56 White cattail , 55 Wild water lily , 516 White cedar , 22 Willow , 51 White champak , 15 Wine grapes , 59 White clematis , 43 Winged java cardamom , 62 White dogtooth violet , 13 Winter fl owering cherry , 46 White evening primrose , 552, 553 Winter purslane , 23 White fawn lily , 13 Winter savoury , 11 White garland lily , 63, 847 Winter wandoo , 458 White ginger , 63, 847 Witches brier , 46 White ginger-lily , 847 Wittrock’s violet , 818 White honeysuckle , 658 Wonder honey plant , 5 White Jade Orchid Tree , 15 Wonder violet , 57 White jasmine , 29 Wood apple , 50, 51 White lotus , 28, 514 Woodfordia , 14 White magnolia , 236 Wood germander , 11 White marsh marigold , 42 Woodland calamint , 5 White mistletoe , 14 Woodland strawberry , 44 White moho , 405 Wood mallow , 395 White mountain Banksia , 660 Wood rose , 46, 47 White mussaenda , 49 Wood rove , 700 White peony , 559 Woodruff , 700, 702 White pine , 35 Wood sorrel , 31 White spruce , 35 Wood violet , 58 Whitethorn , 43 Wooly blue violet , 58 White trout lily , 13 Wooly geranium , 2 White trumpet lily , 14 Wooly lousewort , 31 White water lily , 514 Wright pavonia , 20 Whitewood , 15, 54 Wrinkled rose , 682 White Yulan , 236 Wuderove , 700 WiDr colon cancer cells , 422 Wyoming desert paintbrush , 31 Wild apple , 405 Wyoming Indian , 31 Wild baby’s breath , 48, 700 Wild banana , 24 Wild bergamot , 9 X Wild betel , 36 XF498 (central nerve system) , 257 Wild breadnut , 20 Xia-Ku-Kao , 10 Wild brier , 46 Xiang Bao Jiaing , 63 Wild chestnut , 20 Xiao Jin , 21 Wild clary , 11 Xiao Jin Ying , 46 Wild columbine , 42 Wild ceranium , 2 Wild ginger , 63, 834, 847, 857 Y Wild hyssop , 5 Yakuwa , 21 Wild majoram , 10 Yama Odamaki , 41 Wild mallow , 20, 395 Yama-Shakuyaku , 33 Wild mint , 8 Yamazakura , 45 1000 Common Name Index

Ya Nuat Suea , 6 Yellow violet , 58 Ya Tod Ma , 49 Yellow water lily , 28 Yeh-Ye-Hua , 15 Yellow wood sorrel , 32 Yellow Adder’s tongue , 13 Yellow wood violet , 57 Yellow archangel , 6 Yen-Kuei , 29 Yellow asphodel , 59 Yezo Spruce , 35 Yellow bedstraw , 48 Yin-Gat-Gyi , 49 Yellow bells , 526 Yucca , 65 Yellow burrhead , 232 Yue Ji Hua , 46 Yellow butterfl y , 774 Yuki-No-Shita , 52 Yellow cleavers , 48 Yulan , 236 Yellow columbine , 42 Yulan magnolia , 236 Yellow daylily , 60, 830 Yulan magnolia White magnolia , 15 Yellow fl ame grevillea , 40 Yulan tree , 236 Yellow fl oating heart , 22 Yunnan gemlina , 6 Yellow jasmine , 29 Yusuge , 61 Yellow mallow tree , 385 Yellow marsh marigold , 42 Yellow monkey fl ower , 53 Z Yellow oxalis , 32 Zanzibar redheads , 460 Yellow pansy , 58 Zebrine mallow , 395 Yellow plum , 28 Zabel border forsythia , 28 Yellow pond lily , 28 Zerumbet ginger , 857 Yellow poplar , 15 Zhong Hua Qing Jia Ye , 3 Yellow sorrel , 32 Zinc violets , 815 Yellow spruce , 35 Zucchini , 65 Yellow star of Bethlehem , 39 Zumi crab apple , 45 Scientifi c Name Index

A A. vexillarium , 290 Abelmoschus A. vitifolium , 16 A. cruentus , 324 Abutilon × hybridum , 16 A. esculentus , 15, 388 Abutilon × milleri , 16 A. manihot , 15 Abutilon × suntense , 16 A. moschatus , 15 Acacia spp. , 65 A. mutabilis , 300 A. arabica , 426 Abroma A. myriophylla , 538, 723 A. augusta , 430 A. nilotica , 471, 516 A. indica , 430–432, 435 Acca sellowiana , 26 Abutilon Achania A. albidum , 276 A. coccinea , 405 A. album , 276 A. malvaviscus , 405 A. arborescens , 276 A. mollis , 405 A. asiaticum , 276 Achasma A. asiaticum var. subasperum , 276 A. megalocheilos , 62 A. asiaticum var. supraviride , 276 A. sphaerocephalum , 62 A. australe var. malvifolium , 276 Acinetobacter baumannii , 338, 694 A. cavaleriei , 276 Acinos arvensis , 5 A. croizatianum , 276 Aconitum carmichaelii , 606 A. cunninghamii , 276 Acrocinus longimanus , 502 A. cysticarpum , 276 Actinidia polygama , 693 A. elongatum , 276 Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , 258, 259 A. esculentum , 15 Actinomyces viscosus , 470 A. frutescens , 276 Adansonia digitata , 16 A. grandifl orum , 276 Adenosma A. hirsutissimum , 276 A. caeruleum , 286 A. indicum , 15, 276, 278–286 A. glutinosum , 723 A. indicum var. albidum , 276 A. indianum , 36 A. indicum var. asiaticum , 276 Aedes A. indicum var. guineense , 15 A. aegypti , 267, 285, 433, 441, 476, 477, 803, 870 A. indicum var. microphyllum , 276 A. albopictus , 205 A. indicum var. populifolium , 276 Aegle marmelos , 50, 317 A. indicum var. welwitschii , 276 Aeollanthus pubescens , 5 A. infl atum , 290 Aeromonas spp. , 471 A. leiospermum , 276 A. hydrophila , 471 A. malvifolium , 276 Aframomum danielli , 469 A. megapotamicum , 16, 290 Agastache A. ochsenii , 16 A. anethiodora , 5, 151, 153 A. oxycarpum var. malvifolium , 276 A. cana , 5 A. populifolium , 276 A. foeniculum , 5, 151–154 A. pubescens , 276 A. foeniculum f. bernardii , 151 A. purpurascens , 16 A. foeniculum f. candicans , 151 A. subpapyraceum , 276 A. mexicana , 5 A. vesicarium , 276 A. neomexicana , 5

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 8, Flowers, 1001 DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-8748-2, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 1002 Scientifi c Name Index

Agastache ( cont.) A. maximum , 62 A. pallidifl ora subsp. neomexicana , 5 A. silvestre , 857 A. rugosa , 5, 153, 154 A. subulatum , 465 A. urticifolia , 5 A. sylvestre , 857 Aglaia odorata , 22 A. tridentatum , 834 Agrimonia A. xanthophlebium , 62 A. eupatoria , 43 A. zerumbet , 857 A. pilosa , 607 Amygdalus persica , 43 Alcea Anethum graveolens , 801 A. biennis , 292 Angelica sinensis , 560 A. fi cifolia , 292 Anisopetala crispa , 72 A. rosea , 16, 292–295, 297 Anopheles Aleurites moluccana , 871 A. dirus , 476 Alisma A. gambiae , 434 A. fl ava , 232 A. nuneztovari , 870 A. plantago-aquatica var. orientale , 607 A. stephensi , 285, 433–435, 803 Allium , 740 A. vagus , 476 A. cepa , 199, 319 Antigonon Aloysia triphylla , 56 A. cordatum , 643 Alpinia A. leptopus , 37, 485, 486, 643–648 A. acrostachya , 834 A. platypus , 643 A. diracodes , 834 Antirrhinum A. elatior , 834 A. grandifl orum , 633 A. galanga , 62 A. hispanorum , 633 A. hemisphaerica , 844 A. latifolium var. pseudomajus , 633 A. javanica , 834 A. latifolium var. purpurascens , 633 A. magnifi ca , 834 A. majus , 36, 633, 635–638 A. nigra , 62 A. majus pseudomajus , 638 A. regia , 62 A. majus striatum , 638 A. speciosa , 62, 834 A. majus var. longipedunculatum , 633 A. zerumbet , 841 A. majus var. peloria , 633 Alternaria A. majus var. pseudomajus , 633 A. alternata , 268 A. murale , 633 A. brassicae , 630 A. vulgare , 633 A. brassicicola , 630 Apis A. longipes , 502 A. cerana , 648 A. solani , 318 A. dorsata , 648 Althaea A. fl orea , 648 A. caribaea , 292 A. mellifera , 648 A. chinensis , 292 Aquilegia A. coromandeliana , 292 A. advena , 664 A. fl exuosa , 292 A. brevistyla , 41 A. frutex , 374 A. buergeriana , 41 A. godronii , 395 A. caerulea , 41, 664–667 A. mauritiana , 395 A. caerulea f. glandulosa , 664 A. meonantha , 292 A. caerulea f. pallidifl ora , 664 A. mexicana , 292 A. caerulea subsp. albifl ora , 664 A. offi cinalis , 16 A. caerulea subsp. alpina , 664 A. rosea , 16, 292, 296, 298 A. caerulea subsp. daileyae , 664 A. rosea var. nigra , 294 A. caerulea subsp. pinetorum , 664 A. rosea var. sinensis , 292 A. caerulea var. albifl ora , 664 A. sinensis , 292 A. caerulea var. alpina , 664 Ambrosia confertifl ora , 250 A. caerulea var. caerule a , 665 Amomum A. caerulea var. daileyae , 664 A. anthoidioides , 844 A. caerulea var. fl avescens , 42 A. eriocarpum , 844 A. caerulea var. leptocera , 664 A. fi liforme , 847 A. caerulea var. macrantha , 664 A. hemisphaericum , 844 A. caerulea var. ochroleuca , 664 A. magnifi cum , 834 A. caerulea var. pinetorum , 664, 665 Scientifi c Name Index 1003

A. canadensis , 42 Astragalus membranaceus , 217, 573, 580 A. canadensis subsp. caerulea , 664 Averrhoa A. fl abellata , 42 A. bilimbi , 31 A. fl avescens , 42 A. carambola , 31 A. formosa , 42 Azadirachta A. formosa var. macrantha , 664 A. indica , 22, 409, 413, 415, 416, 418, 420, A. formosa var. truncata , 42 421, 425–429, 436, 437, 439, 441 A. jonesii , 42 A. indica subsp. vartakii , 409 A. karelinii , 42 A. indica var. minor , 409 A. macrantha , 664 A. indica var. siamensis , 409 A. oreophila , 664 Azospirillum lipoferum , 426 A. piersoniana , 664 A. pinetorum , 664 A. pubescens , 42 B A. shockleyi , 42 Bacillus sp. , 426 A. vulgaris , 42 B. anthracis , 296, 318 Ardisia B. cereus , 75, 281, 296, 318, 339, 391, 426, A. boissieri , 39 506, 694, 813, 840, 869 A. elliptica , 39 B. licheniformis , 281 A. griffi thii , 39 B. megaterium , 281, 426, 523, 853 A. purpurea , 39 B. pertolis , 647 A. squamulosa , 39 B. pumilus , 281, 339, 739 Argemone , 625 B. subtilis , 166, 197, 259, 281, 304, 339, 426, Aristolochia indica , 313 469, 486, 493, 506, 523, 536, 584, 647, Armeniaca 694, 720, 739, 761, 784, 827, 853 A. mume , 43 Bacteroides A. mume var. mume , 45 B. fragilis , 165, 585 A. vulgaris , 43 B. vulgatus , 694 Armigeres subalbatus , 477 Bactrocera oleae , 179 Aronia melanocarpa , 685 Baeckea frutescens , 25 Artabotrys odoratissimus , 313 Bakeridesia esculenta , 16 Artemia salina , 535, 853 Balanus improvisus , 799 Artemisia Bambusa arundinacea , 313 A. absinthium , 205 Banksia spp. , 40 A. scoparia , 313 B. asplenifolia , 658 Artocarpus B. attenuata , 40 A. altilis , 23 B. cunninghamii , 40 A. heterophyllus , 23 B. ericifolia , 40 A. lakoocha , 23 B. glauca , 658 Ascaris , 439 B. grandis , 40, 655, 656 A. lumbricoides , 870 B. integrifolia , 658 Aspergillus , 470 B. integrifolia subsp. compar , 660 A. fl avus , 197, 281, 352, 469, 506 B. integrifolia subsp. integrifolia , 660 A. fumigatus , 400, 470, 536 B. integrifolia subsp. monicolia , 660 A. niger , 142, 148, 165, 259, 281, 400, 426, B. integrifolia var. dentata , 658 469, 506, 536, 720, 739 B. integrifolia var. major , 658 A. ochraceus , 281 B. integrifolia var. minor , 658 A. oryzae , 281 B. intergrifolia , 40 A. parasiticus , 352 B. marginata , 40 A. terreus , 281 B. occidentalis , 656 Asperula B. oleifolia , 658 A. eugeniae , 700 B. prionotes , 656 A. matrisylva , 700 B. reticulata , 658 A. odora , 700 B. serrata , 40 A. odorata , 700, 702, 703 B. spicata , 658 Asphodeline lutea , 59 B. spinulosa , 40 Asterophyllum Barringtonia A. asperula , 700 B. acutangula subsp. acutangula , 13 A. sylvaticum , 700 B. edaphocarpa , 13 1004 Scientifi c Name Index

Bauhinia divaricata , 491 C. ascendens , 5 Beloere cistifl ora , 276 C. nepeta , 5, 166 Bemsetia paniculata , 730 C. offi cinalis , 5 Bergera koenigii , 51 C. sylvatica , 5 Bifi dobacterium Calathea B. bifi dum , 165 C. allouia , 21 B. breve , 694 C. micans , 21 B. longum , 166 Calendula offi cinalis , 298 Bipolaris sorokiniana , 720 Calligonum Boesenbergia pandurata , 869 C. comosum , 37 Bojeria magnifi ca , 834 C. polygonoides , 38 Bombax Callista B. buonopozense , 16 C. bigibba , 555 B. ceiba , 17, 20 C. phalaenopsis , 555 B. ceiba var. leiocarpum , 17 C. sumneri , 555 B. malabaricum , 17 Callistemon spp. , 25 Boronia Callosobruchus analis , 441 B. megastigma , 50, 748–753 Calochortus B. megastigma var. aurea , 748 C. aureus , 13 B. tristis , 748 C. gunnisonii , 13 Botrytis C. macrocarpus , 13 B. cinerea , 165, 318, 407, 502, 801 C. nuttallii , 13 B. tulipae , 227 Calophyllum inophyllum , 389 Bougainvillea × buttiana , 487 Caltha Bougainvillea sp. , 27, 484, 490 C. bifl ora , 42 B. brachycarpa , 483 C. leptosepala , 42 B. bracteata , 489 C. leptosepala var. howellii , 43 B. brasiliensis , 489 C. natans , 42 B. glabra , 27, 483–487, 645, 647, 648 C. palustris , 42 B. glabra var. acutibracteata , 483 C. palustris var. barthei , 42 B. glabra var. alba , 483 Camellia B. glabra var. brachycarpa , 483 C. bonnardii , 764 B. glabra var. gracilifl ora , 483 C. fl orida , 764 B. glabra var. sanderiana , 483 C. hayaoi , 764 B. hybrida , 27 C. hozanensis , 764 B. peruviana , 487, 489 C. japonica , 53, 764–774 B. rubicunda , 483 C. japonica f. ilicifolia , 764 B. speciosa , 489 C. japonica f. lancifolia , 764 B. spectabilis , 27, 487, 489–494 C. japonica f. leucantha , 764 B. spectabilis var. glabra , 483 C. japonica f. lilifolia , 764 B. spectabilis var. hirsutissima , 489 C. japonica f. macrocarpa , 764 B. spectabilis var. parvifl ora , 489 C. japonica f. otome , 764 B. spectabilis var. virescens , 489 C. japonica f. parvifl ora , 764 B. spectoperuviana , 487 C. japonica f. polypetala , 764 B. spectro-glabra , 487 C. japonica f. trifi da , 764 B. virescens , 489 C. japonica subsp. hortensis , 764 Bovicola (Werneckiella) ocellatus , 179 C. japonica var. concava , 764 Broussonetia C. japonica var. hexapetala , 764 B. kazinoki , 23 C. japonica var. hortensis , 764 B. kurzii , 23 C. japonica var. hozanensis , 764 B. luzonica , 23 C. japonica var. longifolia , 764 B. papyrifera , 23 C. japonica var. macrocarpa , 764 Brucella melitensis , 114 C. japonica var. nakaii , 764 Buddleja asiatica , 53 C. kaempferia , 764 Burchellia bubalina , 48 C. mutabilis , 764 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , 268 C. nakaii , 764 C. oleifera , 770, 773 C. planipetala , 764 C C. sasanqua , 767 Caenorhabditis elegans , 442 C. sinensis , 53, 211, 330, 468, 770 Calamintha C. tenuifolia , 770 Scientifi c Name Index 1005

C. thea , 53 C. subhirtella var. subhirtella , 46 C. tsubaki , 764 C. tomentosa , 46 C. tuckiana , 764 Chlorostemma odoratum , 700 C. wabiske , 764 Chromobacterium violaceum , 471 Cameraria lilioasphodelus , 830 Chryseomonas luteola , 197 Camptomyia corticalis , 179 Chrysomya megacephala , 434 Campylobacter jejuni , 469 Cichorium intybus , 402 Candida sp. , 506 Cinnamomum C. albicans , 148, 165, 197, 259, 281, 296, 400, 426, C. cassia , 607, 616 470–472, 506, 536, 694, 720, 739, 784, 813, 827, 853 C. pubescens , 840 C. glabrata , 536, 853 C. verum , 470 C. parapsilosis , 694 C. zeylanicum , 468, 470, 471 Capnocytophaga gingivalis , 258 Citrobacter freundii , 471 Capraria bifl ora , 53 Citrus Capsicum annuum , 53 C. aurantiifolia , 50 Cardamindum majus , 777 C. aurantium , 50, 166 Cardamomum C. aurantium var. amara , 50 C. anthodiodes , 844 C. japonica , 50 C. eriocarpum , 844 C. limon , 166 C. hemisphaericum , 844 C. maxima , 51 C. magnifi cum , 834 C. reticulata , 51 C. speciosum , 834 C. sinensis , 51, 165 C. tridentatum , 834 Citrus × bergamia , 50 Careya Citrus × limon , 50 C. arborea , 13 Citrus × microcarpa , 51 C. sphaerica , 13 Clausena excavata , 51 Carica papaya , 313 Claytonia Carum carvi , 165, 477 C. acutifolia , 22 Caryophyllus C. megarhiza , 22 C. aromaticus , 460 C. perfoliata , 23 C. hortensis , 460 C. scammaniana , 23 C. silvestris , 460 C. sibirica , 23 Cassia tora , 723 C. tuberosa , 23 Castalia C. umbellata , 23 C. caerulea , 519 C. virginica , 23 C. edulis , 514 Cleistocalyx operculatus , 25 C. lotus , 514 Clematis C. mystica , 514 C. maximowicziana , 43 C. pubescens , 514 C. paniculata , 43 C. sacra , 514 C. ternifl ora , 43 C. scutifolia , 519 Clerodendrum C. stellaris , 519 C. japonicum , 5 C. stellata , 519 C. serratum , 5 Castilleja linariifolia , 31 C. serratum var. wallichii , 5 Cattleya , 723 C. spicatum , 6 Ceanothus Clinopodium C. cuneatus , 43 C. acinos , 5 C. herbaceus , 43 C. brownie , 6 C. ovatus , 43 C. menthifolium subsp. ascendens , 5 Cecropia C. menthifolium subsp. menthifolium , 5 C. palmata , 55 C. nepeta , 5 C. peltata , 55 C. nepeta subsp. glandulosum , 5 Cedrela sinensis , 691 Clostridium Ceiba pentandra , 17 C. botulinum , 506 Centella asiatica , 814 C. butyricum , 585 Cerasus C. diffi cile , 165 C. jamasakura , 45 C. perfringens , 165, 470 C. maximowiczii , 45 Cnaphalocrocis medinalis , 442 C. pseudocerasus , 45 Colletotrichum C. serrulata var. lannesiana , 45 C. lagenarium , 720 C. serrulata var. serrulata , 45 C. lindemuthianum , 625 1006 Scientifi c Name Index

Colubrina asiatica , 389 C. parvifolia , 62 Conocephalus , 538 C. sessilis , 21 Coptis japonica , 626, 627 C. xanthorrhiza , 871 Corculum C. zanthorrhiza , 62 C. leptopum , 643 C. zedoaria , 841 C. leptopus , 643 Curvularia maculans , 630 Cordyceps sinensis , 217 Cydonia oblonga , 44 Cornus offi cinalis , 607 Cymbidium Cortus sativum , 739 C. elegans , 31 Corydalis cava , 628 C. hookerianum , 31 Corylopsis himalayana , 3 Cymbopogon Corymbia C. citratus , 177, 471, 472 C. calophylla , 25, 456, 458 C. martini , 471 C. gummifera , 26 C. nardus , 476 C. intermedia , 26 Cyperus conglomeratus , 330 Corynabutilon C. ochsenii , 16 C. vitifolium , 16 D Corynabutilon × suntense , 16 Damasonium fl avum , 232 Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis , 212 Datura quercifolia , 313 Corynespora cassiicola , 720 Daucus carota , 313 Cosmos sulphureus , 485, 486, 645, 647, 648 Dendrobium cv. ‘Pompadour,’ 557 Crataegus Dendrobium Jaquelyn Thomas , 557 C. curvisepala , 44 Dendrobium × Mme. ‘ Pompadour ’ , 557 C. monogyna , 43 Dendrobium phalaenopsis ‘Schroederianum,’ 557 C. oxyacantha , 44, 629 Dendrobium spp. , 31 Cratoxylum formosum , 4 D. affi ne , 557 Crocosmia aurea , 4 D. bigibbum , 31, 555–557 Crocus D. bigibbum f. phalaenopsis , 555 C. almehensis , 79 D. bigibbum f. superbium , 555 C. autumnalis , 77 D. bigibbum f. venosum , 555 C. cartwrightianus , 79 D. bigibbum var. albomarginatum , 555 C. hadriaticus , 79 D. bigibbum var. albopurpuratum , 555 C. mathewii , 79 D. bigibbum var. album , 555 C. michelosnii , 79 D. bigibbum var. candidum , 555 C. offi cinalis , 77 D. bigibbum var. compactum , 555 C. orsinii , 77 D. bigibbum var. macranthum , 555 C. pallasii ssp. haussknechtii , 79 D. bigibbum var. phalaenopsis , 555, 557 C. pendulus , 77 D. bigibbum var. sumneri , 555 C. sativus , 4, 77, 79, 81–95, 97–101, 103, D. bigibbum var. superbum , 555 105–110, 112–117, 119, 121–124 D. chrysotoxum , 31 C. sativus subsp. orsinii , 77 D. compactum , 557 C. sativus var. cartwrightianus , 120 D. dicuphum , 557 C. serotinus , 4 D. gouldii , 557 C. setifolius , 77 D. kultana , 557 C. thomasii , 79 D. lithocola , 555 Cryptococcus neoformans , 259 D. longicornu , 31 Cucurbita pepo , 761 D. nobile , 31 Culex D. phalaenopsis , 31, 555, 557 C. pipiens molestus , 199 D. phalaenopsis var. albopurpureum , 555 C. quinquefasciatus , 285, 319, 433, 434, D. phalaenopsis var. album , 555 476, 648, 803 D. phalaenopsis var. chamberlainianum , 555 C. tarsalis , 433 D. phalaenopsis var. compactum , 555 C. vishnui , 476 D. phalaenopsis var. dellense , 555 Cuminum cyminum , 470 D. phalaenopsis var. highburyense , 555 Curcuma , 62 D. phalaenopsis var. hololeuca , 555 C. alismatifolia , 62 D. phalaenopsis var. lindeniae , 555 C. aurantiaca , 62 D. phalaenopsis var. rothschildianum , 555 C. longa , 62, 426, 606 D. phalaenopsis var. rubescens , 555 C. mangga , 62 D. phalaenopsis var. schroderianum , 555 Scientifi c Name Index 1007

D. phalaenopsis var. splendens , 555 Escherichia coli , 148, 165, 166, 190, 197, 212, D. phalaenopsis var. statterianum , 555 259, 281, 296, 304, 318, 339, 400, 407, D. phalaenopsis var. thundersleyense , 555 426, 433, 469–471, 486, 493, 506, 507, D. sumneri , 555 523, 536, 694, 720, 739, 761, 771, 784, D. superbiens , 557 801, 827, 853 D. williamsianum , 557 Eschscholzia Dendrobium × superbiens , 557 E. californica , 34, 622, 624–629 Dendrocnide sinuata , 55 E. californica var. douglasii , 622 Dermatophagoides E. californica var. luxurians , 622 D. farinae , 614, 615 E. californica var. maritima , 622 D. pteronyssinus , 614, 615 E. californica var. peninsularis , 622 Dioscorea japonica , 607 E. californica var. stricta , 622 Diracodes javanica , 834 E. calosperma , 622 Dombeya rotundifolia , 17 E. chartacea , 622 Dracocephalum moldavica , 814 E. clevelandi , 622 Drosophila E. cognata , 622 D. auraria , 198 E. columbiana , 622 D. melanogaster , 441, 615 E. compacta , 622 Durio zibethinus , 17 E. confi nis , 622 E. crocea , 622 E. crocea var. apiifolia , 622 E E. crocea var. longissima , 622 Edwardsiella spp. , 471 E. crocea var. sanctarum , 622 E. tarda , 471 E. cucullata , 622 Eichornia crassipes , 38 E. cyathifera , 622 Elettaria E. debilis , 622 E. anthodioides , 844 E. diversiloba , 622 E. atropurpurea , 844 E. douglasii , 622 E. cardamomum , 801 E. eastwoodiae , 622 E. hemisphaerica , 844 E. fl oribunda , 622 E. speciosa , 834 E. fl oribunda var. gorgonica , 622 Elsholtzia E. fl oribunda var. gracillima , 622 E. blanda , 6 E. glauca , 622 E. strobilifera , 6 E. granulata , 622 Embelia ribes , 313 E. granulata var. minuscula , 622 Embothrium E. helleriana , 622 E. spathulatum , 661 E. helleriana var. tilingii , 622 E. speciosissimum , 661 E. infl ata , 622 Encephalartos caffer , 61 E. isostigma , 622 Ensete glaucum , 24 E. juncea , 622 Entamoeba histolytica , 870 E. lacera , 622 Enterobacter E. leptandra , 622 E. aerogenes , 259 E. leptomitra , 622 E. cloacae , 166, 189, 435 E. leucosticta , 622 Enterococcus faecalis , 212, 296, 304, 400, 426, E. marcida , 622 506, 604, 739, 813 E. marcida var. monticola , 622 Epidermophyton fl occosum , 259, 470 E. maritima , 622 Epilachna varivestis , 441 E. menziesiana , 622 Epilobium E. menziesiana var. anemophila , 622 E. angustifolium , 30 E. menziesiana var. coarctata , 622 E. latifolium , 30 E. menziesiana var. nesiaca , 622 Eremophila E. menziesiana var. recedens , 622 E. latrobei , 53 E. microloba , 622 E. oldfi eldii , 53 E. nitrophila , 622 Erpetion hederaceum , 792 E. oregana , 622 Erwinia carotovora , 400 E. peninsularis , 622 Eryngium creticum , 402 E. physodes , 622 Erythronium E. picta , 622 E. albidum , 13 E. pseudoinfl ata , 622 E. americanum , 13 E. recta , 622 1008 Scientifi c Name Index

Eschscholzia (cont.) Eurotium E. revoluta , 622 E. amstelodami , 469 E. revoluta var. caudatocalyx , 622 E. herbariorum , 469 E. rigida , 622 E. repens , 469 E. robusta , 622 E. rubrum , 469 E. rosea , 622 E. sanctarum , 622 E. scariosa , 622 F E. scariosa var. dichasiophora , 622 Fagopyrum esculentum , 38 E. setchellii , 622 Fallopia multifl ora , 38 E. shastensis , 622 Feijoa sellowiana , 26 E. straminea , 622 Feroniella lucida , 51 E. stricta , 622 Ferula E. tenuisecta , 622 F. asafoetida , 477 E. thermophila , 622 F. narthex , 313 E. tristis , 622 Festuca juhata , 784 E. vernalis , 622 Ficaria verna , 43 E. xylorrhiza , 622 Filipendula ulmaria , 44, 811 E. yainacensis , 622 Flavobacterium spp. , 471 E. yainacensis var. modocensis , 623 Foeniculum vulgare , 197, 402, 801 Etlingera Foetida , 672 E. elatior , 62, 63, 834–836, Forsythia × densifl ora , 526 838–842, 846 Forsythia × intermedia , 28, 526 E. elatior var. alba , 834 Forsythia × intermedia var. densifl ora , 526 E. elatior var. pileng , 834 Forsythia × intermedia var. divaricata , 526 E. fulgens , 839–841 Forsythia × intermedia var. primulina , 526 E. hemisphaerica , 63, 64, 844, 846 Forsythia × intermedia var. spectabilis , 526 E. littoralis , 63, 840, 841 Forsythia × intermedia var. vitellina , 526 E. maingayi , 63, 840, 841 Forsythia sp. , 28 E. megalocheilos , 62, 63 F. intermedia , 527, 528 E. metriocheilos , 62 F. suspensa , 528 E. punicea , 63 F. suspensa var. fortune , 526 E. rubrolutea , 63 F. viridissima , 526 E. rubrostriata , 839–841 Forsythia × spectabilis , 526 Eubacterium sp. , 719 Forsythia × vitellina , 526 Eucalyptus Fragaria E. accedens , 458 F. vesca , 44 E. calophylla , 456, 458 F. virginiana , 44 E. calophylla var. maideniana , 456 Fragaria × ananassa , 44 E. calophylla var. multifl ora , 456 Freesia spp. , 4 E. calophylla var. parvifl ora , 456 F. alba , 4, 137, 138 E. calophylla var. rosea , 456 F. corymbosa , 138 E. calophylla var. rubra , 456 F. gentilis , 137 E. calophylla var. typica , 456 F. herbertii , 137 E. diversicolor , 458 F. hybrida , 139 E. fi cifolia var. alba , 456 F. leichtlinii subsp. alba , 4, 137 E. glaucophylla , 456 F. refracta , 137 E. globulus , 179, 199, 471, 477 Freycinetia E. gummifera , 26 F. demissa , 33 E. intermedia , 26 F. marquisensis , 33 E. marginata , 458 F. monticola , 33 E. pachyphylla , 26 Fritillaria verticillata , 13 E. patens , 458 Fuchsia × hybrida , 30, 548, 549 E. wandoo , 458 Fuchsia spp. , 30, 550 Eugenia F. arborescens , 550 E. aromatica , 460 F. boliviana , 550 E. caryophyllata , 179, 460, 466 F. boliviana var. luxurians , 550 E. caryophyllus , 460 F. corymbifl ora , 30 Eurema hecabe mandarina , 774 F. excorticata , 30, 550 Scientifi c Name Index 1009

F. fulgens , 550 G. jasminoides var. grandifl ora , 705 F. magellanica , 30, 550 G. jasminoides var. longisepala , 705 F. procumbens , 550 G. jasminoides var. maruba , 705 F. splendens , 549 G. jasminoides var. ovalifolia , 705 F. triphylla , 550 G. jasminoides var. plena , 705 Fusarium G. jasminoides var. radicans , 705, 710 F. culmorum , 268 G. jasminoides var. variegata , 705 F. granularium , 506 G. longisepala , 705 F. lini , 630 G. maruba , 705 F. oxysporum , 197, 227, 506, 720 G. pictorum , 705 F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum , 318, 407 G. radicans , 705 F. oxysporum f. sp. tulipae , 227 G. radicans var. simplicifl ora , 705 F. proliferatum , 470 Geanthus F. solani , 506 G. autumnalis , 77 F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae , 318, 407 G. speciosus , 834 Geissorhiza grandis , 144 Genipa G G. fl orida , 705 Gaertnera hongkongensis , 730 G. grandifl ora , 705 Galium G. radicans , 705 G. aparine , 48 Geotrichum candidum , 197 G. matrisylva , 700 Geraniospermum crispum , 72 G. odoratum , 48, 700–703 Geranium G. verum , 48 G. bicknellii , 2 Gandasulium G. crispum , 72 G. coronarium , 847 G. erianthum , 2 G. lingulatum , 847 G. graveolens , 2 Gardenia G. incanum , 2 G. angusta , 705 G. quercifolium , 2 G. angustifolia , 705 G. robertianum , 2, 171 G. angustifolia var. kosyunensis , 705 G. tomentosum , 2 G. augusta , 48, 705 G. viscosissimum , 2 G. augusta var. grandifl ora , 705 Geranium × fragrans , 2 G. augusta var. kosyunensis , 705 Geum japonicum , 472 G. augusta var. longisepala , 705 Giardia G. augusta var. ovalifolia , 705 G. duodenalis , 177 G. coronaria , 49 G. intestinalis , 870 G. fl orida , 705 G. lamblia , 476 G. fl orida f. oblanceolata , 705 Gibberella zeae , 227 G. fl orida var. fortuniana , 705 Ginkgo biloba , 107 G. fl orida var. grandifl ora , 705 Gladiolus G. fl orida var. maruba , 705 G. cardinalis , 145, 149 G. fl orida var. ovalifolia , 705 G. cruentus , 4 G. fl orida var. plena , 705 G. dalenii , 4, 141–143, 145, 148 G. fl orida var. radicans , 705 G. dracocephalus , 141 G. grandifl ora , 705 G. ecklonii , 4 G. jasminoides , 48, 84, 603, 705, 707, 708, 710–723 G. fasciatus , 144 G. jasminoides f. albomarginata , 705 G. fl oribundus subsp. fasciatus , 144 G. jasminoides f. albovariegata , 705 G. fl oribundus subsp. milleri , 144 G. jasminoides f. aureovariegata , 705 G. gandavensis , 147 G. jasminoides f. grandifl ora , 705, 711 G. grandifl orus , 144, 147, 148 G. jasminoides f. longicarpa , 705 G. hortulanus , 4, 145 G. jasminoides f. maruba , 705 G. milleri , 144 G. jasminoides f. oblanceolata , 705 G. natalensis var. cooperi , 141 G. jasminoides forma grandifl ora , 709 G. oppositifl orus , 145 G. jasminoides f. ovalifolia , 705 G. papilio , 145 G. jasminoides f. simplicifl ora , 705 G. psittacinus , 141 G. jasminoides f. variegata , 705 G. saundersii , 145 G. jasminoides var. fortuniana , 705 G. scaphochlamys , 144 1010 Scientifi c Name Index

Gladiolus (cont .) Helwingia G. socium , 144 H. chinensis , 3 G. tristis , 149 H. japonica , 3 G. venustus , 149 Hemerocallis spp. , 61, 823 G. vittatus , 144 H. altissima , 59 Gladiolus × grandifl orus , 145, 147 H. aurantiaca , 59 Glycyrrhiza H. bulbiferum , 59 G. glabra , 465 H. citrina , 59 G. uralensis , 603, 723 H. coreana , 59 Gmelina arborea , 6 H. darrowiana , 59 Gnetum gnemon , 3 H. dumortieri , 59 Grevillea H. esculenta , 60 G. australis , 40 H. exaltata , 59 G. eriostachya , 40 H. fl ava , 830, 832 G. juncifolia , 41 H. fl ava var. aurantiaca , 830 G. kennedyana , 41 H. forrestii , 59 G. pteridifolia , 41 H. fulva , 59, 822, 824–828, 833 G. robusta , 41 H. fulva var. angustifolia , 60, 828 Gundelia tournefortii , 402 H. fulva var. aurantiaca , 59, 828 Gunnera tinctoria , 784 H. fulva var. fulva , 828 Gwillimia yulan , 236 H. fulva var. kwanso , 825, 828 Gyrocarpus americanus , 143 H. fulva var. littorea , 60 H. fulva var. longituba , 60 H. fulva var. sempervirens , 825, 827 H H. graminea , 60 Haematobia irritans , 434 H. hakuunensis , 60 Haemonchus contortus , 803 H. lilioasphodelus , 60, 830 Haemophilus sp. , 212 H. lilioasphodelus f. aurantiaca , 830 H. infl uenzae , 189, 190 H. lilioasphodelus var. fl ava , 830 Hakea H. lilioasphodelus var. fulva , 822 H. eriantha , 41 H. lilioasphodelus var. fulvus , 822 H. fraseri , 41 H. lilioasphodelus var. major , 830 H. prostrata , 656 H. lilioasphodelus var. nana , 830 H. pubescens , 658 H. littorea , 60 H. pulvinifera , 41 H. lutea , 934 H. suberea , 41 H. micrantha , 60 H. tephrosperma , 41 H. middendorffi i , 60 Hamamelis virginiana , 468 H. middendorffi i var. esculenta , 60 Hansenula anomala , 771 H. minor , 60 Hartmannia speciosa , 552 H. multifl ora , 61 Hedeoma drummondii , 6 H. pedicellata , 61 Hedera helix , 784 H. plicata , 61 Hedychium H. thunbergii , 59, 61 H. chrysoleucum , 847 H. yezoensis , 61 H. coronarium , 63, 847, 849–854 Hexamita infl ata , 177 H. coronarium var. baimao , 847 Hibiscus H. coronarium var. chrysoleucum , 847 H. acerifolius , 374 H. coronarium var. maximum , 847 H. acetosella , 17 H. gandasulium , 847 H. acetosus , 324 H. gardnerianum , 784 H. aculeatus , 17 H. lingulatum , 847 H. arnottii , 306 H. maximum , 847 H. boninensis , 385 H. prophetae , 847 H. calyphyllus , 17 H. spicatum , 847 H. cannabinus , 324 H. sulphureum , 847 H. coccineus , 17, 405 Helicobacter pylori , 165, 259, 474, 584, 721 H. cooperi , 306 Helicoverpa armigera , 441, 442, 804 H. digitatus , 324 Heliothis virescens , 441 H. divaricatus , 18 Heliotropium indicum , 313 H. diversifolius , 18 Helminthosporium spp. , 268, 720 H. festalis , 306 H. pennisetti , 630 H. fl oridus , 374 Scientifi c Name Index 1011

H. fragilis , 306 Hypericum perforatum , 4, 199, 430 H. fraternus , 324 Hyptis H. fulgens , 306 H. marathrosma , 151 H. gossypiifolius , 324 H. suaveolens , 179, 180 H. grandifl orus , 18 Hyssopus H. hamabo , 18 H. anethiodorus , 151 H. heterophyllus , 18 H. anisatus , 151 H. javanicus , 306 H. foeniculum , 151 H. laevis , 18 H. offi cinalis , 6 H. malvaviscus , 405 H. martianus , 18 H. moscheutos , 18 I H. mutabilis , 18, 300–302, 304, 311, 338, 352, 372, Imperata cylindrica , 36 382, 383, 389 Ipomoea batatas , 839 H. nutans , 405 Iris × hollandica , 673 H. palmatilobus , 324 Isostylis integrifolia , 658 H. paramutabilis , 18 Ixodes ricinus , 177 H. pentaphyllus , 18 Ixora H. pilosus , 405 I. amara , 745 H. rhombifolius , 374 I. amoena , 745 H. rosa-sinensis , 18, 303, 306, 308–320, 338, 352, I. blanda , 730 372, 382, 383, 389 I. chinensis , 49, 730–732 H. rosa-sinensis var. schizopetalus , 371 I. coccinea , 49, 732, 734, 736–742 H. rosella , 324 I. colei , 730 H. rosifl orus , 306 I. congesta , 49 H. sabdariffa , 19, 303, 310, 311, 324, I. crocata , 730 326, 327, 329–331, 333, 335–349, I. cyathosperma , 745 351, 352, 354–360, 372, 382, 383, I. dixiana , 730 388, 389 I. incarnata , 730 H. sabdariffa var. albus , 360 I. javanica , 49, 745, 746 H. sabdariffa var. altissima , 360 I. javanica var. multinervia , 745 H. sabdariffa var. bhagalpuriensis , 360 I. javanica var. paucinervia , 745 H. sabdariffa var. intermedius , 360 I. javanica var. retinervia , 745 H. sabdariffa var. ruber , 360 I. kroneana , 730 H. sabdariffa var. sabdariffa , 360 I. mutabilis , 745 H. sanguineus , 324 I. pallida , 730 H. schizopetalus , 19, 310, 338, 371–373, 382, I. rosea , 730 383, 389 I. speciosa , 730 H. sinosyriacus , 19 I. stricta , 730 H. striatus , 19 I. stricta var. amoena , 745 H. syriacus , 19, 374–379 I. stricta var. blumean a , 745 H. syriacus var. micranthus , 374 I. stricta var. incarnata , 730 H. taiwanensis , 310, 338, 372, 381–383, 389 I. stricta var. javanica , 745 H. tiliaceus , 19, 303, 310, 311, 338, 352, 372, 382, I. stricta var. mekongensis , 730 383, 385, 386, 388–392, 841 I. stricta var. pubistyla , 745 H. tiliaceus var. abutiloides , 385 I. subsessilis , 49 H. tiliaceus var. heterophyllus , 385 H. tiliaceus var. tortuosus , 385 H. tiliifolius , 385 J H. tortuosus , 385 Jacea tricolor , 808 Hominis placenta , 607 Jalapa Hornstedtia sp., 63 J. congesta , 497 H. imperialis , 834 J. offi cinalis , 497 Hosta plantaginea , 13 Jambosa caryophyllus , 460 Houttuynia cordata , 691 Jasminum Hyalomma J. bicorollatum , 529 H. anatolicum excavatum , 435 J. blancoi , 529 H. marginatum rufi pes , 177 J. capense , 705 Hydrocharis dubia , 3 J. fragrans , 529 Hylogyna speciosa , 661 J. grandifl orum , 533, 536 Hymenaea courbaril , 853 J. heyneanum , 529 1012 Scientifi c Name Index

Jasminum (cont .) Lamium J. lanceolaria subsp. lanceolaria , 29 L. amplexicaule , 6 J. multipartitum , 29 L. galeobdolon , 6 J. odoratissimum , 29 L. purpureum , 6 J. odoratum , 529 Larrea tridentata , 64 J. offi cinale , 29 Lasioderma serricorne , 199 J. paniculatum , 29 Lassonia heptapeta , 236 J. pubescens , 529 Laurus J. quadrifolium , 529 L. azorica , 784 J. quinquefl orum , 529 L. nobilis , 197, 468 J. quinquefl orum var. pubescens , 529 Lavandula × allardii , 7 J. sambac , 29, 529, 531–537 Lavandula × heterophylla , 7 J. sambac var. duplex , 529 Lavandula × intermedia , 160, 163, 164, 177, 179 J. sambac var. gimea , 529 Lavandula latifolia × Lavandula angustifolia , 165 J. sambac var. goaense , 529 Lavandula spp. , 7 J. sambac var. heyneanum , 529 L. angustifolia , 6, 156–161, 163–166, 169–172, J. sambac var. kerianum , 529 174–179, 187, 198, 471 J. sambac var. nemocalyx , 529 L. angustifolia spp. pyrenaica , 162 J. sambac var. plenum , 529 L. angustifolia ssp. angustifolia , 162, 165 J. sambac var. syringifolium , 529 L. dentata , 6, 186, 188–190, 196 J. sambac var. trifoliatum , 529 L. dentata var. candicans , 188 J. sambac var. undulatum , 529 L. dentata var. dentata , 188 J. sambac var. verum , 529 L. dentata var. vulgaris , 186 J. sanjurium , 529 L. hybrida , 162 J. undulatum , 529 L. intermedia , 197 Jatropha tanjorensis , 517 L. latifolia , 7, 166, 190, 196 Juncus effusus , 614 L. luisieri , 166, 197 L. multifi da , 7 L. pyrenaica , 197 K L. stoechas , 7, 166, 192, 194–199 Kaempferia , 538 L. stoechas ssp. atlantica , 194 K. galanga , 63 L. stoechas ssp. stoechas , 194–197 K. hedychium , 847 L. vera , 197 Ketmia Lavatera thuringiaca , 19 K. arborea , 374 Leishmania K. mutabilis , 300 L. amazonensis , 436, 854 K. syriaca , 374 L. major , 487 K. syrorum , 374 Lemna , 494 Klebsiella sp. , 425 Leonotis nepetifolias , 7 K. pneumoniae , 189, 197, 212, 281, 296, 304, Leonurus cardiaca , 7 318, 338, 426, 470, 471, 486, 493, 506, Lepidium sativum , 205, 470 536, 604, 694, 720, 739, 801 Leptospermum corsiacum , 26 Kleinhovia hospita , 19 Leptotrombidium imphalum , 477 Koellia virginiana , 6 Leucas Kosteletzkya L. aspera , 7 K. pentacarpos , 19 L. plukenetii , 7 K. virginica , 19 Leuconymphaea L. lotus , 514 L. stellata , 519 L Ligusticum wallichii , 560 Laccardia lacca , 313 Lilac Lactobacillus sp. , 426 L. caerulea , 541 L. acidophilus , 165, 471 L. cordatifolia , 541 L. brevis , 585 L. suaveolens , 541 L. casei , 337 L. vulgaris , 541 L. fermentum , 585 L. vulgaris var. alba , 541 L. plantarum , 165, 585 L. vulgaris var. purpurea , 541 L. salivarius , 694 L. vulgaris var. violacea , 541 Lambertia Liliacum L. formosa , 41 L. album , 541 L. proxima , 41 L. vulgare , 541 Scientifi c Name Index 1013

Lilium M. biondii , 238, 240 L. amabile , 14 M. citriodora , 236 L. brownii , 14 M. coco , 15 L. concolor , 14, 218 M. conspicua , 236 L. dauricum , 14 M. conspicua var. rosea , 236 L. davidii var. unicolor , 218 M. cyathiformis , 236 L. lancifolium , 14, 215–219 M. denudata , 15, 236–240 L. lancifolium var. fl avifl orum , 215 M. denudata var. angustitepala , 236 L. lancifolium var. fortunei , 215 M. denudata var. purpurascens , 238–240 L. lancifolium var. splendens , 215 M. denudata var. pyriformis , 236 L. leichtlinii var. maximowiczii , 219 M. elliptica , 243 L. leopoldii , 215 M. exoniensis , 243 L. leucanthum , 218 M. ferruginea , 243 L. lishmannii , 215 M. foetida , 243 L. longifl orum , 14 M. foetida f. margaretta , 243 L. maculatum , 14 M. foetida f. parvifolia , 243 L. pensylvanicum , 14 M. galissoniensis , 243 L. pumilum , 218 M. glabra , 243 L. regale , 218 M. gloriosa , 243 L. sargentiae , 14 M. grandifl ora , 15, 243–248, 250, 254, L. tigrinum , 215 258–260, 266–268, 376 L. tigrinum var. fortunei , 215 M. grandifl ora f. galissoniensis , 243 L. tigrinum var. plenescens , 215 M. grandifl ora f. lanceolata , 243 L. tigrinum var. splendens , 215 M. grandifl ora var. angustifolia , 243 Limnocharis , 65 M. grandifl ora var. elliptica , 243 L. emarginata , 232 M. grandifl ora var. lanceolata , 243 L. fl ava , 232–234 M. grandifl ora var. obovata , 243 L. laforesti , 232 M. grandifl ora var. praecox , 243 L. plumieri , 232 M. grandifl ora var. rotundifolia , 243 Lindera obtusiloba , 13 M. hartwegii , 243 Lipaphis erysimi , 441 M. hartwicus , 243 Lippia graveolens , 56 M. heptapeta , 236 Liriodendron tulipifera , 15 M. kobus , 15, 240 Listeria M. lacunosa , 243 L. innocua , 471 M. lanceolata , 243 L. monocytogenes , M. lilifl ora , 240 148, 165, 166, 189, 197, 296, M. longifolia , 243 318, 469, 470, 771, 784 M. maxima , 243 Locusta M. microphylla , 243 L. migratoria , 442 M. obovata , 243, 253, 265 L. migratoria migratorioides , 441 M. obtusifolia , 243 Lomandra longifolia , 61 M. offi cinalis , 268 Lonicera japonica , 839 M. praecox , 243 Lophanthus M. pravertiana , 243 L. anisatus , 151 M. precia , 236 L. foeniculum , 151 M. purpurea var. denudata , 236 Lymnaea acuminata , 477 M. rotundifolia , 243 Lysimachia M. sargentiana , 240 L. clethroides , 39 M. spectabilis , 236 L. nummularia , 39 M. sprengeri , 238, 240 M. stricta , 243 M. superba , 236 M M. tardifl ora , 243 Macropiper excelsum , 35 M. tomentosa , 243 Madhuca M. triumphans , 236 M. indica , 52 M. umbrella var. maxima , 243 M. longifolia , 52 M. virginiana var. foetida , 243 M. longifolia var. latifolia , 52 M. virginiana var. grisea , 243 Magnolia M. yulan , 236 M. alexandrina , 236 Mahonia aquifolium , 814 M. angustifolia , 243 Malus × robusta , 44 1014 Scientifi c Name Index

Malus spp. , 44 Melianthus M. domestica , 44 M. major , 22 M. fl oribunda , 44 M. minor , 22 M. pumila , 44 Melientha suavis , 30 M. zumi , 45 Melissa offi cinalis , 7, 107, 164, 175, 205 Malva Meloidogyne incognita , 442 M. alcea , 20 Mentha × citrata , 8 M. ambigua , 395 Mentha × gentilis , 8 M. erecta , 395 Mentha × gracilis , 8 M. excisa , 20 Mentha × piperita , 7, 8 M. fl orida , 292 Mentha spp. , 8, 65 M. grossheimii , 395 M. aquatica , 7 M. hortensis , 292 M. aquatica var. citrata , 7 M. mauritiana , 395 M. arvensis , 7 M. neglecta , 400 M. arvensis L. forma piperascens , 8 M. rosea , 292 M. canadensis , 8 M. sylvestris , 20, 294, 395–402 M. haplocalyx , 603, 613 M. sylvestris subsp. mauritiana , 395 M. longifolia , 8 M. sylvestris var. mauritiana , 395, 397, 398 M. microcorphylla , 199 M. thuringiaca , 19 M. piperita , 165, 166, 171, 177, 179 Malvastrum lateritium , 20 M. pulegium , 8 Malvaviscus M. spicata , 8, 166 M. acapulcensis , 405 M. suaveolens , 8 M. arboreus , 20, 405–407 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum , 502 M. arboreus drummondii , 407 Michelia M. arboreus mexicana , 407 M. alba , 15 M. arboreus pendulifl orus , 407 M. yulan , 236 M. arboreus var. drummondii , 20 Micrococcus M. arboreus var. lobatus , 405 M. albus , 647 M. arboreus var. mexicanus , 20 M. ascoformans , 166 M. arboreus var. sagraeanus , 405 M. fl avus , 166 M. arboreus var. sepium , 405 M. luteus , 197, 259, 281, 339, 391, 493, M. balbisii , 405 506, 694, 840 M. ciliatus , 405 Microcystis aeruginosa , 268 M. cocineus , 405 Micromelum pubescens , 51 M. lanceolatus , 405 Micromeria sp. , 8 M. mollis , 405 Microsporum Manduca sexta , 441 M. canis , 470 Mangifera indica , 466 M. gypseum , 259, 426, 470 Matricaria chamomilla , 166, 330 M. nanum , 426 Megapterium missouriensis , 30 Mimosa pudica , 313 Melaleuca spp. , 26 Mimulus M. alternifolia , 26, 179, 477 M. guttatus , 53 M. armillaris , 26 M. lewisii , 53 M. bracteata , 26 Mirabilis M. densispicata , 26 M. ambigua , 497 M. erubescens , 26 M. jalapa , 27, 497, 499–505, 507–510 M. hypericifolia , 26 M. pedunculata , 497 M. linariifolia , 26 M. planifl ora , 497 M. nodosa , 26 M. pubescens , 497 M. quinquenervia , 26 M. suaveolens , 497 M. styphelioides , 26 M. xalapa , 497 M. thymifolia , 27 Miscanthus fl oridulus , 36, 642 M. tortifolia , 27 Mnemion Melastoma M. agreste , 808 M. malabatrichum , 22 M. alpestre , 808 M. polyanthum , 22 M. contemptum , 808 Melia M. elegans , 808 M. azadirachta , 409 M. gracilescens , 808 M. indica , 409 M. nemausense , 808 Scientifi c Name Index 1015

M. sagotii , 808 Myrica gale , 25 M. segetale , 808 Myristica fragrans , 465, 468, 470 M. sudeticum , 808 Myrtus M. tenellum , 808 M. caryophyllus , 460 M. tricolor , 808 M. communis , 27, 179, 199 M. variatum , 808 Mogorium M. gimea , 529 N M. goaense , 529 Nauclea latifolia , 49 M. sambac , 529 Navicularia scardica , 207 M. undulatum , 529 Neisseria meningitidis , 189, 190 Monarda Nelumbo nucifera , 27 M. citriodora , 8 Nepeta cataria , 9 M. citriodora subsp. austromontana , 8 Nicolaia M. citriodora var. austromontana , 8 N. anthodioides , 844 M. didyma , 9 N. atropurpurea , 844 M. fi stulos , 9 N. elatior , 63, 834 Monardella N. hemisphaerica , 844 M. odoratissima , 9 N. imperialis , 834 M. villosa , 9 N. intermedia , 834 Monochoria N. magnifi ca , 834 M. hastata , 39 N. rostrata , 844 M. vaginalis , 39 N. rostrata var. talangensis , 844 Montia N. sanguinea , 844 M. perfoliata , 23 N. speciosa , 834 M. sibirica , 23 Nicotiana Moraxella catarrhalis , 212 N. alata , 760 Morganella morganii , 472 N. benthamiana , 493 Morinda citrifolia , 871 N. tabacum , 760 Moringa , 477 Nigella sativa , 98, 115, 466 M. oleifera , 24 Nigrospora spp. , 268 M. pterygosperma , 24 Nocardia sp. , 420 Murraya N. asteroides , 281 M. koenigii , 51 Noronhia linocerioides , 517 M. paniculata , 51 Nuphar luteum , 28 Musa spp. , 25 Nuytsia fl oribund , 14 M. acuminata , 24 Nyctago M. acuminata ssp. zebrina , 25 N. hortensis , 497 M. balbisiana , 24 N. jalapae , 497 M. balbisiana var. brachycarpa , 24 N. versicolor , 497 M. brachycarpa , 24 Nyctanthes M. campestris , 24 N. arbor-tristis , 29 M. glauca , 24 N. goa , 529 M. hirta , 24 N. sambac , 529 M. laterita , 24 N. undulata , 529 M. paradisiaca , 24 Nymphaea spp. , 516 M. salaccensis , 25 N. alba , 28 M. textilis , 25 N. bernierana , 519 M. velutina , 25 N. caerulea , 28 M. violascens , 25 N. cyanea , 519 M. zebrina , 25 N. dentata , 514 Musca domestica , 177, 433, 434 N. emirnensis , 519 Muscari N. liberiensis , 514 M. atlanticum , 3 N. lotus , 28, 514–517 M. botryoides , 3 N. madagascariensis , 519 M. neglectum , 3 N. nouchali , 28, 519, 521–524 Mussaenda N. nouchali var. caerulea , 28 M. frondosa , 49 N. odorata , 28 M. roxburghii , 49 N. pubescens , 28 Mycobacterium tuberculosis , 853, 868 N. stellata , 28, 519, 521–524 1016 Scientifi c Name Index

Nymphaea spp ( cont .) P N. stellata var. cyanea , 519 Pachira N. stellata var. parvifl ora , 519 P. aquatica , 20 Nymphoides P. insignis , 20 N. indica , 22 Padus N. peltata , 22 P. avium var. avium , 45 P. grayana , 45 Paederia foetida , 49 O Paeonia Ocimum P. albifl ora , 559, 561, 570, 586, 587 O. americanum , 9 P. albifl ora f. nuda , 559 O. basilicum , 9, 166 P. albifl ora f. pilifera , 559 O. canum , 9 P. albifl ora f. pilosella , 559 O. gratissimum , 355 P. albifl ora var. edulis , 559 O. minimum , 9 P. albifl ora var. fragrans , 559 O. sanctum , 425 P. albifl ora var. humei , 559 Ocimum × africanum , 9 P. albifl ora var. purpurea , 559 Ocimum × citriodorum , 9 P. albifl ora var. spontanea , 559 Oenothera P. albifl ora var. trichocarpa , 559 O. biennis , 30 P. albifl ora var. whitleyi , 559 O. macrocarpa , 30 P. chinensis , 559 O. missouriensis , 30 P. decomposita , 33, 601 O. odorata , 30 P. delavayi , 33, 601 O. speciosa , 30, 552, 553 P. edulis , 559 O. versicolor , 30 P. edulis var. reevesiana , 559 Oldenlandia affi nis , 800, 803 P. edulis var. sinensis , 559 Omonoia californica , 623 P. fragrans , 559 Oreochromis niloticus , 803 P. humei , 559 Origanum spp. , 10 P. japonica , 33, 565 O. dictamnus , 9 P. lactea , 559 O. majorana , 9 P. lactifl ora , 33, 559–571, 573, 575–582, 584–587, O. minutifl orum , 197 602, 606–608, 616 O. onites , 10, 199 P. lactifl ora f. nuda , 559 O. syriacum , 10, 199 P. lactifl ora f. pilosella , 559 O. vulgare , 10, 164, 166, 171, 199 P. lactifl ora f. trichocarpa , 559 Ornithogalum umbellatum , 295 P. lactifl ora f. villosa , 559 Orontium majus , 633 P. lobata , 559 Orthosiphon aristatus var. aristatus , 6 P. lutea , 33 Osbeckia nepalensis , 313 P. makoya , 559 Osmanthus P. obovata , 33, 586, 587 O. americana , 29 P. offi cinalis , 33, 559 O. americanus , 29 P. ostii , 33 O. fragrans , 29 P. potaninii , 33 Ottelia alismoides , 3 P. reevesiana , 559 Oxalis spp. , 32 P. sinensis , 559 O. acetosella , 32 P. suffruticosa , 565, 586, 599–604, 606–616 O. articulata , 32 P. suffruticosa subsp. suffruticosa , 616 O. corniculata , 32 P. suffruticosa subsp. yinpingmudan , 616 O. corymbosa , 32 P. suffruticosa var. papaveracea , 614 O. debilis var. corymbosa , 32 P. szechuanica , 33 O. deppei , 32 P. whitleyi , 559 O. enneaphylla , 32 P. yui , 559 O. exilis , 32 Paeonia × arborea , 597 O. magellanica , 32 Paeonia × chinensis , 597 O. oregana , 32 Paeonia × fruticosa , 597 O. pes-caprae , 32 Paeonia × moutan , 597 O. stricta , 32 Paeonia × moutan var. anneslei , 597 O. tetraphylla , 32 Paeonia × moutan var. papaveracea , 597 O. triangularis , 32 Paeonia × papaveracea , 597 O. tuberosa , 32 Paeonia × suffruticosa , 33, 588, 597 O. violacea , 32 Paeonia × suffruticosa f. anneslei , 597 Scientifi c Name Index 1017

Paeonia × suffruticosa f. maculata , 597 Perovskia atriplicifolia , 10 Paeonia × suffruticosa f. rubida , 597 Persicaria Paeonia × suffruticosa var. papaveracea , 597 P. glabra , 38 Paeonia × suffruticosa var. purpurea , 597 P. hydropiperoides , 38 Paeonia × yunnanensis , 597 P. maculosa , 38 Panagrellus redivivus , 268 P. punctata , 38 Panax species , 107 Petunia Pandanus P. axillaris , 755 P. fascicularis , 33 P. axillaris subsp. parodii , 755 P. odoratus , 33 P. grandifl ora , 53 P. odorifer , 33 P. hybrida , 757–761 P. tectorius , 33 P. infl ata , 755 Pantoea sp. , 189, 190 P. integrifolia , 755 Papaver rhoeas , 34 P. nyctaginifl ora , 755 Pariti P. violacea , 755 P. boninense , 385 P. violacea var. hybrid a , 755 P. tiliaceum , 385 Petunia × hybrida , 53, 757 P. tiliaceum var. heterophyllum , 385 Phaeomeria Paritium P. anthodioides , 844 P. abutiloides , 385 P. atropurpurea , 64, 844 P. elatum var. abutiloides , 385 P. hemisphaerica , 844 P. tiliaceum , 385 P. imperialis , 834 Passifl ora spp. , 34 P. magnifi ca , 834 P. bifl ora , 34 P. rostrata , 844 P. caerule , 34 P. sanguinea , 844 P. edulis , 34 P. speciosa , 64, 834 P. incarnata , 34 Phellodendron amurense , 723 P. lunata , 34 Pheretima posthuma , 285, 487, 508, 648, 742, 870 Pasteurella multocida , 212 Phlebotomus papatasi , 487 Paulownia tomentosa , 34 Phlox paniculata , 37 Pavetta Phormium tenax , 61 P. arborea , 730 Photobacterium phosphoreum , 471 P. chinensis , 730 Phyllanthus P. coccinea , 734 P. amarus , 340 P. indica , 49 P. emblica , 466 P. javanica , 745 Phyllosticta mali , 616 P. kroneana , 730 Physalis angulata , 677 P. stricta , 730 Phytolacca americana , 502, 506 Pavonia Phytophthora cinnamomi , 458 P. hastata , 20 Picea P. lasiopetala , 20 P. abies , 34 Peddia involucrata , 517 P. asperata , 34 Pedicularis P. brachytyla , 35 P. kanei , 31 P. breweriana , 35 P. lanata , 31 P. engelmannii , 35 Pediculus P. glauca , 35 P. humanus , 814 P. glehnii , 35 P. humanus capitis , 476 P. jezoensis , 35 Pelargonium × nervosum , 3 P. mariana , 35 Pelargonium spp. , 2 P. omorika , 35 P. crispum , 2, 72–75 P. orientalis , 35 P. graveolens , 2 P. pungens , 35 P. ovale , 2 P. purpurea , 35 P. quercifolium , 2 P. rubens , 35 P. tomentosum , 3 P. sitchensis , 35 Penicillium corylophilum , 469 P. smithiana , 35 Peptostreptococcus anaerobius , 585 Pimenta dioica , 468 Perilla Pinus P. frutescens , 10 P. banksiana , 35 P. marathrosma , 151 P. densifl ora , 35 Periptera megapotamica , 290 P. edulis , 35 1018 Scientifi c Name Index

Pinus ( cont .) Proteus P. sabiniana , 35 P. mirabilis , 166, 189, 190, 197, P. strobus , 35 281, 507, 536, 694 Piper P. vulgaris , 75, 166, 259, 304, 400, P. cubeba , 35, 677 486, 493, 647, 853 P. excelsum , 35, 36 Prunella vulgaris , 10 P. guineense , 36, 509 Prunus spp. , 45 P. longum , 36 P. angustifolia , 45 P. nigrum , 313 P. armeniaca , 43 P. retrofractum , 36 P. domestica , 45 P. sarmentosum , 36 P. grayana , 45 Pistacia lentiscus , 199 P. hortulana , 45 Plantago P. lannesiana , 45 P. major , 296, 297 P. maximowiczii , 45 P. media , 36 P. mume , 45, 217 Plasmodium P. padus , 45 P. berghei , 435 P. persiba var. davidiana , 616 P. falciparum , 190, 428, 435, 476 P. persica , 43, 45, 607, 616 P. yoelii , 428 P. persica var. nucipersica , 45 Pleurotus ostreatus , 720 P. pseudocerasus , 45 Plumbago zeylanica , 313 P. serrulata , 45 Plumeria P. spinosa , 45 P. acutifolia , 723 P. subhirtella , 46 P. rubra , 313 P. tomentosa , 46 Pogostemon cablin , 476 Pseudomonas spp. , 471, 507 Poliomintha incana , 10 P. aeruginosa , 148, 166, 189, 197, 212, 259, Polygonum 281, 296, 304, 318, 338, 339, 400, 427, 470, P. densifl orum , 38 471, 493, 506, 523, 536, 584, 604, 647, 694, P. hydropiperoides , 38 720, 739, 761, 784, 801, 853 P. multifl orum , 38 P. fl uorescens , 197, 471 P. persicaria , 38 P. solanacearum , 616 P. punctatum , 38 P. stutzeri , 197 Polyporus umbellatus , 579 Psoroptes cuniculi , 177 Pomacea canaliculata , 803 Pterospermum acerifolium , 20 Pongamia pinnata , 426 Puccinia species , 720 Populus balsamifera , 51 Pueraria Poria cocos , 607, 616 P. thomsonii , 723 Porphyromonas gingivalis , 258, 259, 469 P. tuberosa , 313 Portulaca oleracea , 39 Punica granatum , 14, 401, 466 Poterium sanguisorba , 45 Pycnanthemum virginianum , 6, 10 Premna integrifolia , 286 Pyricularia , 720 Prevotella Pyrus betulifolia , 46 P. gingivalis , 258 Pythium ultimum , 318, 407 P. intermedia , 259, 469 Primula P. denticulata , 39 Q P. helodoxa , 653 Quararibea funebris , 20 P. polyantha , 40, 653, 654 P. veris , 39, 653 P. veris × vulgaris , 650 R P. vulgaris , 40, 653 Ranunculus Primula × polyantha , 650, 653 R. bulbosus , 43 Primula × variabilis , 650 R. fi caria , 43 Propionibacterium R. kochii , 43 P. acnes , 250, 259 Raphanus sativus , 205 P. granulosum , 259 Rauvolfi a serpentina , 426 Protea Rehmannia glutinosa , 560, 607 P. cynaroides , 41 Reseda odorata , 43 P. repens , 41 Reticulitermes speratus , 441 Scientifi c Name Index 1019

Rheum R. pedatus , 48 R. rhabarbarum , 38 R. rosifolius , 48 R. rhaponticum , 38 R. spectabilis , 48 R. tataricum , 38 Rumex acetosa , 38 Rheum × cultorum , 38 Ruta graveolens , 801 Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus , 177 Rhipicephalus microplus , 436 Rhizoctonia solani , 197, 268, 318, 407, 442, 616 S Rhizopus stolonifer , 165 Sabdariffa Rhodnius prolixus , 435 S. digitata , 324 Rhus S. rubra , 324 R. javanica , 472 Saccharomyces , 228 R. vernicifl ua , 607 S. cerevisiae , 217, 281, 389, 469, 523, 627, 693, 827 Rhyzopertha dominica , 154, 442 Saccharum Ribes S. edule , 37, 642 R. aureum , 3 S. robustum , 642 R. aureum var. villosum , 3 S. spontaneum , 37, 642 R. cereum , 3 S. spontaneum L. var . edulis , 640 R. nigrum , 3 S. spontaneum var. edulis , 640 R. odoratum , 3 Saccharum × edule , 640 Ricinus communis , 487 Safran offi cinarum , 77 Rosa × centifolia , 47 Salicornia europaea , 400 Rosa × damascena , 47 Salmalia malabarica , 20, 313 Rosa × hybrida , 668, 669, 673, 676 Salmonella spp. , 189, 471, 694, 761, 784 Rosa × odorata nothovar. gigantea , 46 S. choleraesuis , 339, 868 Rosa × rugosa , 47, 682 S. enterica , 114, 469 Rosa spp. , 47 S. enterica serovar Typhi , 471 R. arkansana , 46 S. enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 , 801 R. blanda , 46 S. enteritidis , 165, 166, 197, 426, 469 R. canina , 46, 685, 686 S. epidermidis , 166 R. carolina , 46 S. paratyphi , 281 R. chinensis , 46, 669 S. typhi , 281, 296, 304, 318, 426, 486, 493, 506, 536, R. chinensis gigantean , 669 647, 739, 801, 853, 868 R. damascena , 669, 677 S. typhimurium , 96, 165, 166, 176, 197, 249, 281, R. ferox , 682 296, 316, 318, 356, 389, 425, 468, 471, 506, 536, R. gallica , 46 567, 648, 732, 738, 771, 801, 870 R. gigantea , 46 Salvadora persica , 426 R. gymnocarpa , 46 Salvia spp. , 107 R. hybrida , 47, 672–678 S. ballotaefl ora , 10 R. inodora , 685 S. ballotifl ora , 10 R. majalis , 47 S. camertonii , 202 R. moschata , 47, 669 S. dorisiana , 10 R. multifl ora , 669 S. elegans , 11, 202, 204, 205 R. nutkana , 47 S. elegans var. sonorensis , 202 R. odorata , 47, 671 S. fruticosa , 197 R. pubescens , 682 S. greggii , 205 R. rubiginosa , 47 S. incarnata , 202 R. rugosa , 683–697 S. japonica , 11 R. rugosa var. plena , 688 S. longifl ora , 202 R. virginiana , 47 S. microcalyx , 202 R. woodsii , 47 S. microculis , 202 Rosmarinus offi cinalis , 10, 179, 471 S. miltiorrhiza , 717 Rotheca serrata , 5 S. munzii , 205 Rotylenchulus reniformis , 442 S. offi cinalis , 11, 166 Rubus S. plebeia , 11 R. arcticus , 48 S. punicea , 202 R. caesius , 48 S. rutilans , 202 R. chamaemorus , 48 S. sclarea , 11, 172, 173 R. parvifl orus , 48 S. splendens , 205 1020 Scientifi c Name Index

Salvia spp ( cont .) S. syriaca , 11 S. syriaca , 209 S. taurica , 11, 209 S. tomentosa , 197, 199 Sinomenium acutum , 585, 606 S. verbenaca , 11 Sirmuellera Sanguisorba S. grandis , 655 S. minor , 45, 48 S. integrifolia , 658 S. offi cinalis , 48 Sitophilus Sarcina lutea , 281, 523, 853 S. oryzae , 442 Sarcocephalus latifolius , 49 S. zeamais , 179, 476 Satureja Smilax S. hortensis , 11 S. china , 579 S. macrostema , 504 S. glabra , 607 S. montana , 11 Solanum jasminoides , 487 Sauropus androgynus , 34 Solidago canadensis , 811 Saussurea lappa , 250 Sonneratia caseolaris , 14 Saxifraga stolonifera , 52 Sophora japonica , 607, 723 Scaphochlamys sp. , 64 Sorbus Schistocerca gregaria , 442 S. aucuparia , 48 Schistosoma mansoni , 356, 827, 854 S. sambucifolia , 693 Schizostachyum glaucifolium , 871 Spiraea menziesii var. pyramidata , 48 Sclerotium rolfsii , 442 Spiraea × pyramidata , 48 Serratia sp. , 425 Spodoptera S. marcescens , 493 S. frugiperda , 442 Setaria S. littoralis , 179, 442 S. cervi , 303, 435 S. litura , 441 S. palmifolia , 37 Stachys Shewanella putrefaciens , 471 S. foeniculum , 151 Shigella S. offi cinalis , 11 S. boydii , 281, 426, 523 Stachytarpheta S. dysenteriae , 281, 523 S. jamaicensis , 56 S. fl exneri , 165, 259, 493, 801 S. urticifolia , 56 S. shiga , 523, 853 Staphylea S. sonnei , 523, 853 S. colchica , 53 Sida S. pinnata , 53 S. albida , 276 Staphylococcus sp. , 425, 694 S. asiatica , 276 S. albus , 536 S. beloere , 276 S. aureus , 75, 148, 165, 166, 189, 197, 212, 259, S. coronata , 276 281, 296, 304, 318, 338, 339, 391, 400, 407, S. doniana , 276 426, 469, 470, 486, 493, 506, 507, 516, 523, S. eteromischos , 276 536, 584, 647, 694, 720, 739, 761, 771, 784, S. guilleminiana , 276 801, 813, 827, 840, 853, 868, 869 S. hookeri , 276 Staphylococcus epidermidis , 75, 190, 197, 259, S. indica , 276 296, 318, 471, 506, 584, 694, 813 S. leopoldii , 290 S. pyogenes , 212 S. megapotamicum , 290 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia , 197 S. meridionalis , 276 Stoechas S. polycarpa , 276 S. dentata , 186 S. populifolia , 276 S. offi cinarum , 192 S. pubescens , 276 Stomoxys calcitrans , 434 S. spinosa , 21 Streptococcus spp. , 190, 471, 761 S. vesicaria , 276 S. agalactiae , 400, 471 Sideritis S. canis , 212 S. fl orida , 207 S. faecalis , 493 S. perfoliata , 11, 209 S. mutans , 197, 339, 426, 469–470, 868 S. raeseri , 11, 207, 209, 211, 212 S. pneumoniae , 189–190 S. raeseri subsp. fl orida , 207 S. pyogenes , 212, 259, 296, 318, 471 S. scardica , 11, 207, 209–213 S. sanguis , 425 S. scardica subsp. longibracteata , 207 S. sobrinus , 426 S. scardica subsp. scardic a , 210 Sutera atropurpurea , 53 Scientifi c Name Index 1021

Swietenia , 441 Thalia geniculata , 21 Sykesia hongkongensis , 730 Thespesia Syringa T. lampas , 21 S. alba , 541 T. populnea , 21 S. albifl ora , 541 Thymbra capitata , 12 S. amoena , 541 Thymus × citriodorus , 13 S. bicolor , 541 Thymus spp. , 12 S. caerulea , 541 T. caespititius , 12 S. carlsruhensis , 541 T. capitatus , 12 S. cordifolia , 541 T. citriodorus , 12 S. cordifolia var. alba , 541 T. herba-barona , 12 S. cordifolia var. caerulescens , 541 T. mastichina , 12 S. cordifolia var. purpurascens , 541 T. praecox , 12 S. latifolia , 541 T. praecox subsp. arcticus , 12 S. lilac , 541 T. praecox subsp britannicus , 12 S. marliensis , 541 T. pulegioides , 12 S. microphylla , 30 T. quinquecostatus , 12 S. nigricans , 541 T. serphyllum , 12 S. notgeri , 541 T. serphyllum sub sp. serphyllum , 12 S. philemon , 541 T. syriacus , 402 S. pubescens subsp. microphylla , 30 T. vulgaris , 13, 166 S. rhodopea , 541 T. zygis , 13 S. versaliensis , 541 Tilia × europaea , 21 S. virginalis , 541 Tilia spp. , 21 S. vulgaris , 30, 541–543, 545, 546 T. americana , 54 S. vulgaris f. albiplenifl ora , 541 T. cordata , 21 S. vulgaris var. alba , 541 T. japonica , 21 S. vulgaris var. caerulea , 541 T. platyphyllos , 21 S. vulgaris var. lilacina , 541 Trachyspermum S. vulgaris var. macrantha , 541 T. ammi , 801 S. vulgaris var. pulchella , 541 T. copticum , 165 S. vulgaris var. purpurea , 541 Tribolium S. vulgaris var. rubra , 541 T. castaneum , 154, 476 S. vulgaris var. transsilvanica , 541 T. confusum , 442 S. vulgaris var. violacea , 541 Trichoderma sp. , 853 Syzygium T. viride , 281 S. aromaticum , 27, 171, 460, 464–477 Trichomonas vaginalis , 177, 801 S. corymbosa , 389 Trichophyton S. formosum , 27 T. mentagrophytes , 148, 259, 378, 425, 426, S. jambos , 27 470, 536, 720 S. malaccense , 27 T. rubrum , 165, 281, 425, 426, 470 S. nervosum , 25 T. tonsurans , 426 Trichostrongylus colubriformis , 803 Tripleurospermum disciforme , 798 T Tritonia crocata , 4 Tabernaemontana heyneana , 313 Tropaeolum Tagetes erecta , 485, 486, 645, 647, 648 T. elatum , 777 Tanacetum parthenium , 798 T. hybridum , 777 Telopea T. majus , 54, 777, 779–785 T. aspera , 41 T. minus , 54 T. speciosissima , 41, 661 T. quinquelobium , 777 T. truncata , 41 T. repandifolium , 777 Terminalia T. schillingii , 777 T. arjuna , 471 T. tuberosum , 54 T. bellirica , 516 Trypanosoma T. chebula , 472, 516 T. brucei , 190 Termontis racemosa , 633 T. brucei rhodesiense , 435 Teucrium T. congolense , 355, 356 T. polium , 199 T. cruzi , 190, 435, 476 T. scorodonia , 11 Tsiangia hongkongensis , 730 1022 Scientifi c Name Index

Tulipa spp. , 14 T. scabriscapa var. primulina , 221 T. acuminata , 221 T. scabriscapa var. rebouliana , 221 T. acutifl ora , 221 T. scabriscapa var. sommieri , 221 T. armena f. galatica , 221 T. scabriscapa var. strangulata , 221 T. aurea , 221 T. scardica , 221 T. aximensis , 221 T. segusiana , 221 T. baldaccii , 221 T. serotina , 221 T. bicolor , 221 T. serotina var. etrusca , 221 T. billietiana , 221 T. sommieri , 221 T. bonarotiana , 221 T. spathulata , 221 T. campsopetala , 221 T. stenopetala , 221 T. connivens , 221 T. strangulata , 221 T. connivens subsp. luteoguttata , 221 T. strangulata subsp. bonarotiana , 221 T. connivens subsp. obtusata , 221 T. strangulata subsp. obtusa , 221 T. connivens var. luteoguttata , 221 T. strangulata subsp. variopicta , 221 T. connivens var. obtusata , 221 T. strangulata var. bonarotiana , 221 T. cornuta , 221 T. strangulata var. obtusata , 221 T. coronaria , 221 T. strangulata var. variopicta , 221 T. didieri , 221 T. stricta , 221 T. didieri subsp. billietiana , 221 T. suaveolens var. passeriniana , 221–222 T. didieri subsp. fl avicans , 221 T. turcica var. media , 222 T. didieri subsp. platystigma , 221 T. unguiculata , 222 T. didieri var. billietiana , 221 T. variopicta , 222 T. didieri var. fl avicans , 221 T. viridifl ora , 222 T. didieri var. mauriana , 221 T. vitellina , 222 T. didieri var. planifolia , 221 Tupeia antarctica , 14 T. elegans , 221 Typha × glauca , 55 T. etrusca , 221 Typha spp. , 55 T. fransoniana , 221 T. angustata , 54 T. fransoniana subsp. mauriana , 221 T. angustifolia , 54, 790 T. fulgens , 221 T. angustifolia subsp. muelleri , 788 T. galatica , 221 T. australis , 54 T. gesneriana , 221, 222, 225–228 T. bungeana , 55 T. gesneriana var. spathulata , 221 T. capensis , 55 T. grengiolensis , 221 T. davidiana , 55 T. hortensis , 221 T. domingensis , 54, 790 T. laciniata , 221 T. elephantina , 55 T. lurida , 221 T. japonica , 788 T. lutea , 221 T. latifolia , 55, 790 T. marjolletii , 221 T. latifolia var. orientalis , 788 T. mauriana , 221 T. laxmannii , 55 T. mauriannensis , 221 T. muelleri , 788 T. mauritiana , 221 T. orientalis , 55, 788–790 T. media , 221 T. orientalis var. brunnea , 788 T. montisandrei , 221 T. shuttleworthii , 788 T. neglecta , 221 T. shuttleworthii subsp. orientalis , 788 T. neglecta subsp. atroguttata , 221 Tyrophagus putrescentiae , 615 T. neglecta var. atroguttata , 221 T. passeriniana , 221 T. perrieri , 221 U T. planifolia , 221 Urena lobata , 21 T. platystigma , 221 Urobotrya latisquama , 31 T. pubescens , 221 T. repens , 221 T. retrofl exa , 221 V T. saracenica , 221 Vaccinium smallii , 693 T. scabriscapa , 221 Vappodes T. scabriscapa var. bonarotiana , 221 V. bigibba , 555 T. scabriscapa var. hawardeniana , 221 V. lithocola , 555 T. scabriscapa var. mixta , 221 V. phalaenopsis , 555 T. scabriscapa var. neglecta , 221 Varneria augusta , 705 Scientifi c Name Index 1023

Veillonella dispar , 258 V. pedata , 58 Vepris ampody , 517 V. pedunculata , 58 Verbascum thapsus , 53 V. pinnata , 58 Verbena offi cinalis , 56 V. prionantha , 58 Vernicia fordii , 774 V. renifolia , 58 Vernonia cinerea , 319 V. riviniana , 58, 811 Veronica americana , 36 V. selkirkii , 58 Verticillium dahliae , 318, 397, 407, 625 V. sempervirens , 58 Vibrio spp. , 471 V. sororia , 58 V. cholerae , 432, 486, 493 V. sororia var. sororia , 58 V. mimicus , 281, 426 V. tokubuchiana , 58 V. parahaemolyticus , 281, 523, 868 V. tricolor , 58, 808–815, 820 Viola V. tricolor var. hortensis , 808 V. acuminata , 56 V. vaginata , 58 V. adunca , 56 V. variegata , 58 V. altaica , 820 V. verecunda , 59 V. arvensis , 811 V. violacea , 59 V. banksii , 56 V. wiedemannii , 795 V. bifl ora , 56, 811 V. yezoensis , 59 V. blanda var. renifolia , 58 Viola × hortensis , 818 V. brevistipulata , 56 Viola × wittrockiana , 59, 818, 820 V. canadensis , 56 Vipera russelli , 120 V. canina , 56 Vitis vinifera , 59 V. cerasifolia , 57 Vleckia V. collina , 56 V. albescens , 151 V. cornuta , 56 V. anethiodora , 151 V. cotyledon , 811 V. anisata , 151 V. cucullata , 57 V. bracteata , 151 V. diffusa , 57 V. bracteosa , 151 V. epipsila , 57 V. discolor , 151 V. glabella , 57 V. foeniculum , 151 V. grypoceras , 57 V. incarnata , 151 V. hederacea , 57, 792 V. hederacea forma A , 792 V. hederacea forma B , 792 W V. hederacea forma C , 792 Warneria augusta , 705 V. hederacea forma D , 792 Woodfordia fruticosa , 14 V. hederacea forma E , 792 V. hederacea forma F , 792 V. hederacea forma G , 792 X V. hybrida , 57 Xanthomonas V. japonica , 57 X. campestris , 523 V. keiskei , 57 X. oryzae pv. oryzicola , 616 V. labradorica , 57 Xanthorrhoea spp. , 61 V. langsdorffi i , 57 X. acaulis , 61 V. lutea , 815, 820 X. glauca subsp. angustifolia , 61 V. lutea ssp. calaminaria , 815 X. glauca subsp. glauca , 61 V. lutea ssp. westfalica , 815 X. johnsonii , 61 V. mandschurica , 57 Ximenia americana , 28 V. mirabilis , 57 Xylocopa fenestrata , 648 V. obtusa , 57 Xylopia V. odora , 795 X. aethiopica , 469 V. odorata , 57, 795, 797–804, 811 X. frutescens , 853 V. odorata f. odorata , 795 Xylopleurum V. palmata , 58 X. drummondi , 552 V. palustris , 57 X. nuttallii , 552 V. papilionacea , 58 X. obtusifolium , 552 V. patrinii , 58 X. speciosum , 552 1024 Scientifi c Name Index

Y Zerumbet zingiber , 857 Yersinia enterocolitica , 165, 471, 869 Zingiber sp. , 64 Yulania Z. amaricans , 64 Y. conspicua , 236 Z. cassumunar , 64, 477 Y. denudata , 236 Z. mioga , 64 Y. denudata subsp. pubescens , 236 Z. montanum , 64 Y. pyriformis , 236 Z. odoriferum , 64 Z. offi cinale , 64, 357 Z. sylvestre , 857 Z Z. zerumbet , Zanthoxylum 64, 857, 859–871 Z. piperitum , 51, 691 Z. zerumbet subsp. Z. tsihanimposa , 517 zerumbet , 64 Zea Zizania latifolia , 37 Z. mays , 37 Ziziphus nummularia , 43 Z. mexicana , 37 Zygophyllum fabago , 6 4