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The Georgia-Tennessee Boundary Line Author(S): E Georgia Historical Society The Georgia-Tennessee Boundary Line Author(s): E. Merton Coulter Source: The Georgia Historical Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 4 (December, 1951), pp. 269-306 Published by: Georgia Historical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40577307 . Accessed: 27/02/2014 06:57 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Georgia Historical Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Georgia Historical Quarterly. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 130.253.4.14 on Thu, 27 Feb 2014 06:57:39 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Georgia-Tennessee Boundary Line By E. Merton Coulter* The historyof the Georgia-Tennesseeboundary line properly beginswith the surveymade in 1818; but in order to make clear the line which the commissionersat that time were attempting to mark,it is necessaryto trace the officialstatements and agree- mentsrelating to this line, fromthe foundingof the colony of Georgia. The NorthernBoundary of the Colony of Georgia As Carolina had been divided into North and South Carolina in 1729, when Georgia, in 1732, received her charterher terri- tory was taken entirelyfrom South Carolina. Her limitsaccord- ing to this charter extended "from the most Northern Stream of a River there comonly called the Savannah all along the Sea Coast to the Southward unto the most Southern Stream of a certainother great water or River called the Alatamahaand West- ward from the heads of the said Rivers respectivelyin Direct Lines to the South Seas . ,"1 Thus, the northernboundary of Georgia was a line drawn westward from the head of that branch of the Savannah which rose fartherestnorth. This desig- nation was adhered to throughoutcolonial times in all official documentshaving occasion to mentionthe northernboundary, as for distancein the royal commissionto Governor John Rey- nolds issued August 6, 17542 and in a like commissionto Gov- ernor James Wright, January 20, 1764.3 The wording in Rey- nolds' commissionwas an exact repetitionof the Charter,while the statementin Wright's commission(though not changingthe meaning), varied in this way: "bounded on the north by the most northernstream of a riverthere commonlycalled Savannah as far as the head of the said river; and from thence westward as far as our territoriesextend . ." •Mr. Coulter is a professorof historyin the Universityof Georgia. 1. The Georgia Chartercan De foundm manyplaces, Dut tne most recentana authoritativetext may be found in A. B. Saye, ed., Georgia's Charter of 17S2 (Athens, 1942). The descriptionof the boundaryis on page 39 of this work. Other easily available texts of the Chartermay be foundin A. D. Chandler,ed., The Colonial Records of the State of Georgia (Atlanta, 1904), I, 11-26 and P. N. Thorpe, ed., The Federal and State Constitutions,Colonial Charters,and Other Organic Laws of the States, Territoriesand Colonies, now or heretoforeForm- ing the united States of America (Washington,1909), II, 765-77. 2. Robert and George Watfcins,eds., A Digest oj tne JUatosoj me ατατβoj Georgia . (Philadelphia, 1800), 737. 3. nid., 745. This content downloaded from 130.253.4.14 on Thu, 27 Feb 2014 06:57:39 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 270 Ε. Merton Coulter The Northern Boundary of the State of Georgia to ιη8η This same boundary, of course, Georgia continued after the Revolution,when she became a memberof the American nation under the Articles of Confederation.In February, 1783, before the Treaty of American Independence had been negotiated,the Georgia legislaturepassed an act describingthe northernboundary M n-n,K^y1"^ TENNESSEE|n NORTHCAROLINA Y I? Ip^ FANNIN 3 ' H'°A0E(2 L Jxib I - S { f RABUNJ* ' ' / ^ y $ ( ξ ν v.N (_union ' _L dr k NORTHERNBOUNDARY OF GEORGIA Β Head springof themost northern stream of the Savannah{Seneca- Keowee hranch) Y Commissioners1Island and Ellicott'sRock Ζ Cornerof Georgia,Tennessee, and Alabama Ε Nickajack AB Northernboundary according to the Charterof 1Ί32 XY 35thparallel YZ Presentboundary MNY NorthCarolina boundary of the state as extending"from the mouth of the river Savan- nah, along the north side thereof and up the most northern streamor forkof the said river,to its head or source; fromthence in a due west course to the riverMississippi . ."4 Georgia Agrees to the 35th Parallel A dispute having arisen with South Carolina over which stream should be considered the Savannah northward beyond the point where the Tugaloo-Chattooga and Keowee-Seneca came together,and, indeed, whether the Savannah should not be considered as ending there (a most illogical and wholly 4. Ibid., 264. This content downloaded from 130.253.4.14 on Thu, 27 Feb 2014 06:57:39 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions The Georgia-Tennessee Boundary Line 271 gratuitouscontention of South Carolina), a meeting of com- missionersappointed by each state was held in Beaufort,South Carolina,in 1787 to settlethe dispute.The so-called Convention of Beaufort,signed April 28, 1787, fixed the line thus: "The most northernbranch or stream of the river Savannah from the sea or mouth of such streamto the fork or confluence of the rivers now called Tugoloo [sic] and Keowee, and from thence the most northernbranch or stream of the said river Tugoloo till it intersectsthe northernboundary line of South Carolina if the said branch or streamof Tugoloo extendsso far north reservingall the islands in the said rivers Savannah and Tugoloo to Georgia; but if the head spring or source of any branch [thatis, all branches] or streamof the said riverTugoloo does not extend to the north boundary line of South Carolina, then a west line to the Mississippito be drawn from the head springor source of the said branch or streamof Tugoloo river which extendsto the highestnorthern latitude . ." This line should "foreverhereafter form the separationlimit and boundary between the States of South Carolina and Georgia."5 In acceding to this agreementGeorgia lost territorywhich hithertohad uni- formlybeen included in her limits,for the most northernbranch of the Tugaloo-Chattooga does not take its rise as far north as the most northernstream of the Keowee-Seneca.6 And, further- more, Georgia by accepting the westernprong of the Savannah (that is, the Tugaloo-Chattooga) instead of securing the east- ern prong (that is, the Keowee-Seneca), gave up a large triangle of land between these stream comprisingthe northwestcorner of present-daySouth Carolina. On August 9th of this same year (1787) the United States Congressaccepted this treatybetween South Carolina and Geor- gia, declaring that it "be ratifiedand confirmedand that the lines and limits therein specified shall be hereaftertaken and received as the boundaries between the said states of South Carolina and Georgia for ever."7 South Carolina, thinkingthat she still had some territoryleft northof the Georgia boundary, on the same day executed her deed of cession of it to the United States with this descriptionof its boundaries: "all the territory or tract of country included within the river Mississippiand a 5. Ibid.. 754; R. R. Hill, ed., Journale of the ContinentalCongress, 1774- 1789 (Washington,1936), XXXIII, 471. 6. See Walhalla and Cowee sheets of the TopographicalMaps or the United States. 7. Hill, ed., Journalsoj tue vontxnentaiuongress, λαλιιι, 474. This content downloaded from 130.253.4.14 on Thu, 27 Feb 2014 06:57:39 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 272 Ε. Merton Coulter line beginningat that part of the said River which is intersected by the southernboundary line of the State of North Carolina, and continuingalong the said boundary line, until it intersects the ridge or chain of Mountainswhich divides the easternfrom the westernwaters, then to be continued along the top of the said ridge of mountainsuntil it intersectsa line to be drawn due west from the head of the southernbranch of Tugaloo river to the said Mountains,and thence to run a due west course to the River Mississippl."8To add some substanceto this imaginary territory,South Carolina, it will be noted in this cession to the United States, without any right drew the westward line from the "southern branch of Tugaloo river," instead of from the "most northernbranch or streamof the said river Tugoloo," as she stated in the Convention of Beaufort. The only possible way South Carolina could have had additionalterritory, accord- ing to the Beaufortdefinition, would be on account of the most northernstream of the Tugaloo taking its rise south of her northernboundary, which is not the fact. The Treaty of Beaufort having been ratifiedby both South Carolina and Georgia and having been accepted by Congress, Georgia considered the boundaries set up therein irrevocable; and to furtherguarantee them she insertedin her Constitution of 1798 almost the identical words of the Beaufort Convention to describe her limitson the north.9 South Carolina had long considered the 35th parallel of lati- tude to be her northernboundary west of the firstridge of mountains forming the height of land between the Atlantic seaboard and the streamsrunning into the Gulf of Mexico. This agreementhad been reached with North Carolina, as the divid- ing line between the two colonies, in 1735, when commissioners from each state assembledto mark the line.10So it came about that South Carolina's reasoning all along in her dealings with Georgia was conditionedon the 35th parallelbeing her northern boundary though she had not named it in the Beaufort treaty.
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