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Home , Armiger, Cadency, Cadet branch, Compartment (heraldry), Coronet, Crown (heraldry)

: Where Art and Family History Meet Part II: Marshalling and by Richard A. McFarlane, J.D., Ph.D.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 1 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) Marshalling is — 1

Marshalling is the combining of multiple coats of arms into one to show decent from multiple armigerous families, marriage between two armigerous families, holding an office. Marshalling is accomplished in one of three ways: , , and

1 Image: The arms of Edward William Fitzalan-Howard, 18th of Norfolk. : Quarterly: 1st, a between six Crosslets fitchée , on the bend (as an Honourable Augmentation) an Or charged with a Demi- rampant pierced through the mouth by an Arrow within a Double Tressure flory counter-flory of the first (Howard); 2nd, Gules three Lions passant guardant in Or in a of three points Argent (Plantagenet of Norfolk); 3rd, Checky Or and (Warren); 4th, Gules a Lion rampant Or (Fitzalan); behind the shield two gold batons in , enamelled at the ends (as Marshal). Crests: 1st, issuant from a Ducal Or a Pair of Wings Gules each charged with a Bend between six Cross Crosslets fitchée Argent (Howard); 2nd, on a Gules turned up a Lion statant guardant with tail extended Or ducally gorged Argent (Plantagenet of Norfolk); 3rd, on a Mount a passant Argent holding in his mouth a Slip of Oak Vert fructed proper (Fitzalan) : Dexter: a Lion Argent; Sinister: a Horse Argent holding in his mouth a Slip of Oak Vert fructed proper. : Sola Virtus Invicta (Virtue alone is unconquerable). Wikipedia. “Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th .” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fitzalan-Howard,_18th _Duke_of_Norfolk#Titles_and_styles. Accessed: October 17, 2015.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 2 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) .1

1 Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry (New York: Dodge Publishing Co., 1909, reprint. New York: Bonanza Books, 1978) 523.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 3 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) Two Coats of Arms, One Shield — 1

Dimindiation placed the dexter side of the husband’s arms on the dexter side of the new combined shield, and the sinister side of the wife’s arms on the sinister side. It can lead to confusion, as in the lower example, and is no longer used.2

1 Upper Image: Wikipedia. Created to demonstrate heraldic dimidiation. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File :Dimidiation_demo.svg. Accessed: October 14, 2015. Lower Image: Wikipedia. Created to demonstrate heraldic dimidiation. Joining together of two heraldic shields creates bogus "".https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dimidiation,_worse _case_ demo.svg. Accessed: October 14, 2015.

2 Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry (New York: Dodge Publishing Co., 1909, reprint. New York: Bonanza Books, 1978) 523-524.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 4 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) Two Coats of Arms, One Shield — 1

Impaling places one entire on one side of the shield, and another entire coat of arms on the other. It is preferred over dimindiation, for obvious reasons.

In the case of a married couple, if the wife is not an “heiress,” meaning her father is armigerious and she has brothers who will inherit the arms, the husband places his arms on the dexter side of the new, combined shield, and his wife’s father’s arms on the sinister side. This

1 Upper Image: Wikipedia. Created to demonstrate heraldic impalement. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki /File:Impalement_demo.svg. Accessed: October 26, 2015. Lower Image: Sophie, Countess of . Blazon: Quarterly, 1st and 4th, Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or armed and langed Azure, 2nd Or a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory counterflory of the second, 3rd Azure a harp Or stringed Argent, the whole differenced with a label of three points Argent with the central point charged with a Tudor ; impaled with a shield quarterly Gules and Azure a lion rampant regardant within an Or (for Rhys-Jones). Supporters: Dexter, a lion rampant gardant Or crowned with the coronet of the rank of a child of the Sovereign proper; Sinister a Azure, gorged with a coronet Or composed of pattées and fleurs de lis a chain affixed also Or. Motto: CAS GêR NI CHÂR Y WLAD A'I MACO (Welsh: Hateful the man who loves not the country that nurtured him).

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 5 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) new coat of arms indicates the union of the two families through marriage, however, it does not pass on to the next generation.

The College Arms in has decided:

(1) A man who contracts a same-sex marriage may impale the arms of his husband with his own on a shield or but should his own rather than the crests of both parties. The coat of arms of each party to the marriage will be distinguishable (1) by the arms of the individual concerned being placed on the dexter side of the shield or banner and (2) by the crest (when included). When one of the parties to the marriage dies, the survivor may continue to bear the combined arms on a shield or banner. (2) A woman who contracts a same-sex marriage may bear arms on a shield or banner, impaling the arms of her wife with her own or (in cases where the other party is an heraldic heiress) placing the arms of her wife in pretence. The coat of arms of each party to the marriage will be distinguishable by the arms of the individual concerned being placed on the dexter side of the shield or banner (or displayed as the principal arms in cases where the other party is an heraldic heiress whose arms are borne in pretence). When one of the parties to the marriage dies, the survivor may bear the combined arms on a or banner. (3) A married man will continue to have the option of bearing his own arms alone. A ruling of the of Arms made on 6 November 1997 allows a married woman to bear her own arms alone differenced by a small escutcheon. That will continue to be the case but the addition of the mark of difference will forthwith be optional.1

The example shows the arms of Sophie, Countess of Wessex, the wife of Edward,

Earl of Wessex, Queen Elizabeth’s youngest son. The arms show, on the dexter half, those of the

Queen differenced with a label of three points Argent with the central point charged with a ; impaled with the arms of her father, Christopher Rhys-Jones, “a shield quarterly Gules and

Azure a lion rampant regardant within an orle Or.”

1 . . “The Arms of Individuals in Same-Sex Marriages.” March 29,, 2014. Online. http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47:kings-ruling- 2014&catid=12:resources&Itemid=216. Accessed: September 20, 2015.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 6 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) More Examples — 1

Other than a married couple, impairment is also used to combine the arms of an office with the arms of the officeholder. In the examples above, the one on the left shows the arms of

Cardinal Sean Patrick O’Malley, Catholic of Boston. The image on the right shows the arms of Sir James Monteith Grant, Lord Lyon of Arms from 1969 to 1981. In both

1 Left image: arms of Cardinal Sean Patrick O’Malley. Blazon: Arms impaled. Dexter: Azure, a cross fleurettee Or; issuant from a base bary wavy of five, of the first and Argent, a mount of three coteaux of the second. Sinister: Gules, a ship of three masts, at sail, Or, between three stars Argent; on a chief of the third the arms of the Franciscan ; upon a Latin cross Sable two arms in saltak, the one to dexter uncovered and the one to sinister habited of the Order of St. Francis, both hands displaying the Stigmata, all Proper. Wikimedia Commons. Coat of arms of Sean Patrick O'Malley.svg. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sean_Patrick_O%27Malley.svg. Accessed: October 31, 2015. Right image: Arms of Right image: Arms of Sir James Monteith Grant, Lord Lyon (1969-1981). Blazoned: Parted per pale; dexter, Argent, a lion sejant full faced Gules, holding in his dexter paw a slipped Vert, flowered proper, and in the sinister a shield (or inescutcheon) of the Second, on a chief Azure a St. Andrew's Cross of the First (the ); sinister, Argent, a quill pen Or, feathered Gules between two manches Sable, on a chief of the Third three antique of the Second (his personal arms). The whole ensigned with a King of Arms gold, the Gules tasselled Or. Crest: A dexter hand issuant proper, grasping a chevron couped Gules. Motto: ADSUM Supporters: On a two black faced rams proper. http://heraldry.ca/arms/g/grant.jpg. Accessed: October 31, 2015.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 7 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) examples, the dexter half shows the arms of the office, the sinister half the arms of the individual.

Obviously, the arms of the office do not descend to the ’s children, while the personal arms may.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 8 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) Escutcheon of Pretence — 1

Another system is escutcheon of pretence. If the wife is a heraldic heiress, that is, she has no brothers to inherit her father’s arms or was granted arms in her own right, her husband places her arms on a small shield, or escutcheon, in the middle of his arms. This escutcheon is “of pretence” because the husband is “pretending to,” or claiming without a legal right to, the arms of his wife. Their son, as the heir of both his mother and father, quarters the arms of both his parents in a new shield.2

1 Image: Wikipedia. Created to demonstrate escutcheon of pretence. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki /File:Escutcheon_of_pretence_demo.svg. Accessed: October 14, 2015.

2 J.P. Brooke-Little, rev., Boutell’s Heraldry (London: Frederick Ware, 1978) 140; Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry (New York: Dodge Publishing Co., 1909, reprint. New York: Bonanza Books, 1978) 539-540.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 9 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) Quarterings — 1

Quartering combines the arms of several families into one shield to show descent. In the hypothetical example above, the man holding the arms Vert, a engrailed, has two children, a

1 Upper Image: Rampant Lion Collections. FAQ. http://www.rampantlioncollections.com/?page=coat&sub =coatfaq#hop. Accessed: October 17, 2015. Lower: Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox, 10th . Blazon: Quarterly: 1st and 4th grand quarters, the Royal Arms of Charles II (viz. quarterly: 1st and 4th, and quarterly; 2nd, ; 3rd, Ireland); the whole within a company Argent charged with Roses Gules barbed and seeded proper and the last; overall an Escutcheon Gules charged with three Buckles Or (the Dukedom of Aubigny); 2nd grand quarter, Argent a Saltire engrailed Gules between four Roses of the second barbed and seeded proper (Lennox); 3rd grand quarter, quarterly, 1st, Azure three Boars' Heads couped Or (Gordon); 2nd, Or three Lions' Heads erased Gules (Badenoch); 3rd, Or three within a Double Tressure flory counter-flory Gules (Seton); 4th, Azure three Cinquefoils Argent (Fraser) Crests: 1st, a 's Head erased Sable horned Or; 2nd, on a Chapeau Gules turned up Ermine a Lion statant guardant Or crowned with a Ducal Coronet Gules and gorged with a company of four pieces Argent charged with eight Roses Gules and the last; 3rd, out of a Ducal Coronet a Stag's Head affrontée proper attired with ten Tynes Or. Supporters: Dexter: an Argent armed, crined and unguled Or; Sinister: an Argent, also armed, crined and unguled Or, each gorged with a Collar company as the crest. Mottoes: Over the 1st crest, Avant Darnlie; over the 2nd crest, En La Rose Je Fleuris; and over the 3rd crest, Bydand. Cracroft’s . Richmond, Duke of. http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/richmond1675.htm. Accessed: October 31, 2015.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 10 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) daughter and a son. The daughter, who is not an heraldic heiress because she has a brother, her father’s arms on a lozenge. When she marries her husband, who bears the arms Argent, a cross azure, the two coats of arms are impaled. Their son does not inherit his mother’s arms, only those of his father. On the other hand, her brother marries an heraldic heiress, either his wife has no brothers or was granted arms in her own right. He places her arms on the escutcheon of pretense because he pretends to represent her family as well has his own. Their son combines the two coats of arms into a new achievement. English custom is to disassemble any existing quarterings, and reassemble the coat of arms in the simplest possible composition, as shown in the example. The Scottish practice is to include the husband’s and wife’s coats of arms as received with their quarterings intact.1

The quarters of a shield are numbered: the dexter chief is first, the sinister chief is second, the dexter base is third, and the sinister base is fourth. The quarters may be divided into quarters themselves, as in the Scottish practice, in which the quarters within quarters are termed “grand- quarters,” “great-grand-quarters” and so forth. One’s father’s arms are always placed in the first quarter, and one’s mother’s father’s arms are placed in the second. If necessary, quarters may be repeated in reverse order to achieve an artistic balance.2

Quartering is something of a misnomer in that, in English and continental practice, quarters are sometimes more than four. Hence, a coat of arms may be “quarterly of six,” or

1 J.P. Brooke-Little, rev., Boutell’s Heraldry (London: Frederick Ware, 1978) 140-145; Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry (New York: Dodge Publishing Co., 1909, reprint. New York: Bonanza Books, 1978) 547-555.

2 J.P. Brooke-Little, rev., Boutell’s Heraldry (London: Frederick Ware, 1978) 140-145; Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry (New York: Dodge Publishing Co., 1909, reprint. New York: Bonanza Books, 1978) 547-555.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 11 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) “quarterly of eight,” or whatever is necessary, but always an even number. The first quartering being repeated in the final quarter, if necessary. One extreme example is George Nugent-Temple-

Grenville, 1st of Buckingham, who had a coat of arms with 719 quarterings.1

The arms of Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox, 10th Duke of Richmond, are blazoned:

Quarterly: 1st and 4th grand quarters, the Royal Arms of Charles II (viz. quarterly: 1st and 4th,

France and England quarterly; 2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland); the whole within a Bordure company Argent charged with Roses Gules barbed and seeded proper and the last; (the

Dukedom of Richmond) overall an Escutcheon Gules charged with three Buckles Or (the

Dukedom of Aubigny); 2nd grand quarter, Argent a Saltire engrailed Gules between four Roses of the second barbed and seeded proper (Dukedom of Lennox); 3rd grand quarter, quarterly,

1st, Azure three Boars' Heads couped Or (Gordon); 2nd, Or three Lions' Heads erased Gules

(Badenoch); 3rd, Or three Crescents within a Double Tressure flory counter-flory Gules (Seton);

4th, Azure three Cinquefoils Argent (Fraser) .2

The King Charles II granted the “Duke of Richmond” to Charles Lennox, his illegitimate son by his mistress, Louise de Keroualle, Duchess of Aubigny and Duchess of

Portsmouth, in August 1675. Charles Lennox was further created in the “” a month later. Charles’ son, also Charles, succeeded to the Dukedom of Aubigny on the death of his grandmother in 1734. The 6th Duke of Richmond and Lennox was created in

1s and , Simple Heraldry, 1 t American ed. (New York:: Mayflower Books, 1979) 23- 25.

2 Cracroft’s Peerage. Richmond, Duke of. http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/richmond1675.htm. Accessed: October 31, 2015.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 12 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) 1876. Thus, the current Duke holds three dukedoms (four, if the French Aubigny claim is accepted), more than any other person in the .

His arms represent all of this history and these . The first and fourth quarters represent the ’ illegitimate descent from King Charles II and the Duchess of Aubigny, The second quarter represents the Dukedom of Lennox. The third quarter is itself quartered showing descent from four distinguished Scottish families, including Gordon, and was brought to the

Gordon-Lennox coat of arms, along with the Gordon surname, when Lady Charlotte Gordon married Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond & Lennox, and her brother, George Duncan

Gordon, died without male issue. Their grandson became Duke of Gordon in 1876.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 13 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) Examples — 1

Left: The arms of Edward William Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk are blazoned:

Quarterly: 1st, Gules a Bend between six Cross Crosslets fitchée Argent, on the bend (as an

Honourable Augmentation) an Escutcheon Or charged with a Demi-Lion rampant pierced

1 Left: Edward William Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk. Blazon: Blazon: Wikipedia. “Edward Fitzalan- Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fitzalan-Howard,_18th _Duke_of_Norfolk#Titles_and_styles. Accessed: October 17, 2015. Right: HH Alexander Albert Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke, Blazon: Quarterly, 1st and 4th grand quarters, the Royal Arms as borne by differenced by a Label of three points Argent the centre point charged with a Heart Gules and each of the other points with a Rose of the last barbed and seeded proper; 2nd and 3rd grand quarters, quarterly, 1st and 4th, Azure Lion rampant double queued barry of ten Argent and Gules armed and langued of the last crowned Or within a Bordure company and the second and third; 2nd and 3rd, Argent two Pallets Sable. Crests: 1st: Out of a Coronet Or two Horns barry of ten Argent and Gules issuing from each three Linden Leaves Vert and from the outer side of each four Branches barwise having three like Leaves pendant therefrom of the last; 2nd: Out of a Coronet Or a Plume of four Ostrich Feathers alternatively Argent and Sable. Supporters: On either side a Lion guardant double queued Or. Motto: In Te Domine Spero (I trust in you, o Lord). Wikimedia Commons. File: Coat of Arms of Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke.svg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Mountbatten, _1st_Marquess_of_Carisbrooke#/media/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Alexander_Mountbatten,_1st_Marquess_of_Carisbrooke.svg. Accessed: October 31, 2015.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 14 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) through the mouth by an Arrow within a Double Tressure flory counter-flory of the first

(Howard); 2nd, Gules three Lions passant guardant in pale Or in chief a Label of three points

Argent (Plantagenet of Norfolk); 3rd, Checky Or and Azure (Warren); 4th, Gules a Lion rampant

Or (Fitzalan). The current Duke of Norfolk is descended from several noble families, and has a complex . The Howards have held the Dukedom of Norfolk for over five hundred years. The Plantagenets of Norfolk were a cadet branch of the English Royal Family descended from the fifth son of King Edward I. The Warrens were descended from William de Warenne, a close companion of . The FitzAlans were also in league with William the

Conqueror, and received the title Earl of Arundel.

Right: The arms of His Alexander Albert Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of

Carisbrooke, are blazoned: Quarterly, 1st and 4th grand quarters, the Royal Arms as borne by

Queen Victoria differenced by a Label of three points Argent the centre point charged with a

Heart Gules and each of the other points with a Rose of the last barbed and seeded proper; 2nd and 3rd grand quarters, quarterly, 1st and 4th, Azure, a Lion rampant double queued barry of ten Argent and Gules armed and langued of the last crowned Or within a Bordure company of the second and third; 2nd and 3rd, Argent two Pallets Sable.

Alexander Albert Mountbatten was a decedent of the German princely House of

Battenberg and of the . He was a grandson of Queen Victoria through her fifth daughter and youngest child, Beatrice. married Prince Henry of

Battenburg. Alexander Albert was a Prince of Battenberg from his birth until 1917, when he and other members of the British Royal Family relinquished their German titles during the First World

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 15 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) War. He was created Marquess of Carisbrooke by his cousin, King . He was a cousin of both Prince Phillip, the , and of Queen Elizabeth II. His arms depict his dissent from the British Royal Family in the first and fourth quarters by displaying the arms of his mother, Princess Beatrice. The second and third quarters show his father’s arms, which, are themselves a quartering of the arms of the Grand of Hesse in the first and fourth grand- quarters and the arms of Battenburg, a in Hesse, and the family seat, in the second and third grand-quarters.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 16 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) Cadency — 1

Cadency is the method of distinguishing or differencing a coat of arms to show the armiger is a younger son, or cadet. According to Fox-Davis, “The obligation of cadet lines to difference their arms was recognized practically universally by the fourteenth century; and when, later, the systematic use of differencing seemed in danger of being ignored, it was made the subject of specific legislation.”2

1 Upper Image: International Heraldry and . http://www.internationalheraldry.com/#marshalling. Accessed: October 17, 2015. Lower Image: Philip D. Blanton, An American Heraldic Primer. American Heraldry Society. http://www. americanheraldry.org/pages/index.php?n=Primer.Page5. Accessed: October 17, 2015.

2 Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry (New York: Dodge Publishing Co., 1909, reprint. New York: Bonanza Books, 1978) 477-507, quotation at page 477; J.P. Brooke-Little, rev., Boutell’s Heraldry (London: Frederick Ware, 1978) 103-124; Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk & Don Pottinger, Simple Heraldry, (New York: Mayflower Books, 1979) 16- 26.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 17 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) Under the English system, certain marks, called “brisures,” are added to the shield as a to difference the arms of younger sons from their father and eldest brother. The most well-known brisure is the label. The label is a horizontal stripe, or , with three vertical stripes, or pallets retrait issuant therefrom, and is reserved for the eldest son, and heir, during the life of his father. On the father’s death, the heir removes the label, and assumes the undifferenced arms.

The eldest son of the eldest son typically bears a label of five points. The label may be of any .

Although not a good example of the rules generally, the most common example of labels being used to difference arms is the British Royal Family. The Prince of , as heir to the throne, bears the royal arms differenced by plain label argent. His brothers, the and the Earl of Wessex, and his sister, the Princess Royal, also bear the royal arms differenced by a label of three points argent, but each point is charged with some mark or combination of marks.

The Queen’s male grandchildren also bear the royal arms differenced with labels of five points, charged with various marks. Other than the , who removes the label when he becomes king, these labels become part of the individual’s arms, and there are many examples of individuals descended from cadet branches of the Royal House still bearing the various versions of the royal arms differenced with various labels.

Generally, under the English system, each younger son adds a mark to the shield showing his place in the family: the second son, a ; the third son, a mullet [a five-pointed ]; the fourth son a [a ]; and so forth. This system was invented in about 1500 by John

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 18 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) Writhe, Garter King of Arms.1 According to Fox-Davies, “The second son of the second son places a crescent upon a crescent, the third son a mullet on a crescent, the fourth son a martlet on a crescent, and so on.”2 Obviously, this system would soon become unworkable. Ian de

Minvielle-Devaux wrote,

Notwithstanding all this, the actual practice of differencing fell away sharply in England in the sixteenth century, and by the seventeenth century there were few examples of the practice, apart from some use of the minor cadency marks. Even this use, which was never a general one, soon died out almost completely, although it continued to be described and recommended by writers on heraldry until the twentieth century. ... Indeed the English system of differencing according to seniority has recently been described by an English as being ‘permissive rather than mandatory.’ The usual English practice is now (as it has been for a long time) for all legitimate male line descendants of a grantee of arms to use the arms without any difference, although some authors suggest that it is ‘discourteous’ of younger branches not to use some mark of difference from the head of the family.3

The College of Arms’ official web site states, “The arms of a man pass equally to all his legitimate children, irrespective of their order of birth.”4 In the December 2007 issue of the Heraldry

Society's newsletter, Heraldry Gazette, Garter King of Arms Peter Gwynn-Jones wrote, “I have never favored the system of cadency unless there is a need to mark out distinct branches of a particular family. To use cadency marks for each and every generation is something of a nonsense

1 College of Arms. Resources. Law of Arms. Online. http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/resources/the-law-of-arms. Accessed: November 8, 2015. Italics added for emphasis.

2 Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry (New York: Dodge Publishing Co., 1909, reprint. New York: Bonanza Books, 1978) 489.

3 Ian de Minvielle-Devaux, “Differencing in England, France and Scotland,” Coat of Arms, no.147, Autumn 1989. Available online. . Artiles. http://www.theheraldrysociety.com/articles/marshalling_and_cadency /differencing_in_england_scotland_and_france.htm. Accessed: November 8, 2015. Footnotes omitted.

4 College of Arms. Resources. Law of Arms. Online. http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/resources/the-law-of-arms. Accessed: November 8, 2015. Italics added for emphasis.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 19 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) as it results in a of indecipherable marks set one above the other. I therefore adhere to the view that they should be used sparingly. ... I believe it right in England and Wales for a branch to use cadency marks sparingly and only if they wish to do so.”1

Under the English practice, arms descend only through the male line, so a woman uses the arms of her father undifferenced, regardless of whether she has brothers or sisters. If she has no brothers, and is thus an heraldic heiress, she passes her father’s coat of arms to her son quartered with the arms of her husband. Her sisters do likewise. has a system of cadency marks for daughters, but the system is not rigorously enforced.

In Scotland, the practice of differencing arms is still enforced. The basic assumption of

Scottish heraldry is “one man, one coat of arms.” Only the head of the family, usually the clan chief, has the right to the undifferenced arms. This assumption has led to a complex system of cadency illustrated above. Usually, arms are differenced by bourders of different tinctures, each tincture representing a different brother. The colour-on-colour/metal-on-metal rule is not applied to bourders, but if the and the bordure are coincidently the same, “the practice is to employ a bordure chequy or counter-compony for that cadet.”2 In subsequent generations, may be parted, or the line of the bourder may be changed, or the bourder charged, or, finally, new charges, including English marks of cadency, may be added to the shield.3

1 Peter Gwynn-Jones, The Heraldry Gazette, n.s. 106 (December 2007): 8–9.

2 , Scots Heraldry, 2d ed. (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1956) 104.

3 Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry (New York: Dodge Publishing Co., 1909, reprint. New York: Bonanza Books, 1978) 500-503; Thomas Innes of Learney, Scots Heraldry, 2d ed. (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1956) 101-111.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 20 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) Example — 1

The arms of the Dukes of Bedford and the arms of the Russell show the English system in use.

The arms of the , seen on the left, are blazoned: Argent, a Lion rampant

Gules on a Chief sable three Escallops of the first. The arms of the are blazoned:

1 Left Image: Arms of Andrew Ian Henry Russell, 15th Duke of Bedford blazoned: Argent a Lion rampant Gules on a Chief sable three Escallops of the first. Crest: A Goat statant Argent armed and unguled Or. Supporters: Dexter: a Lion rampant Gules gorged with a Collar Argent charged with three Escallops Sable; Sinister: a Goat Argent armed unguled and bearded Or. Motto: Che Sera Sera (What will be, will be). Cracroft's Peerage: The Complete Guide to the British Peerage & Baronetage. Bedford, Duke of (E, 1694). http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content /bedford1694.htm. Accessed: October 17, 2015. Right Image: Arms of John Francis Russell, 7th Earl Russell, blazoned: Argent, a Lion rampant Gules on a Chief Sable three Escallops of the field, over the centre Escallop a Mullet for difference. Crest: A Goat statant Argent armed and unguled Or. Supporters: On the dexter side a Lion Gules, and on the sinister side an Heraldic Antelope also Gules armed unguled tufted ducally gorged and chained, the Chain reflexed over the back Or, each supporter charged on the shoulder with a Mullet Argent. Motto: Che Sera Sera (What will be, will be). Wikipedia. Earl Russell. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_ Russell. Accessed: October 17, 2015. Cracroft's Peerage: The Complete Guide to the British Peerage & Baronetage. Russell, Earl (UK, 1861). http://www .cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content/russell1861.htm. Accessed: October 17, 2015.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 21 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) Argent, a Lion rampant Gules on a Chief Sable three Escallops of the field, over the centre

Escallop a Mullet for difference. John Russell was a prominent politician during the reign of

Queen Victoria. He held several important cabinet posts, including twice being prime minister. In

1861, Queen Victoria created him Earl Russell. He was also the third son of John Russell, the sixth Duke of Bedford, himself a prominent politician during the reign of King George III. Thus,

Earl Russell bears the arms of the Duke with a mullet on the second escallop as a mark of cadency.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 22 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) The Arms of the Randall Family — 1

The Randall Family differences their arms according to the Scottish system.

The arms of John Richard Cary Randall are in the upper left corner. They are blazoned:

Gules, on a cross engraild Argent four horseshoes open ends uppermost Sable, at the centre point a rose of the First barbed and seeded Vert. Crest: a pine martin standant guardant Proper.

Motto: CUM FIDE ET HONORE (Latin: With Faith and Honor).2

According to John Richard Cary Randall’s statement on the Heraldry Society of

Scotland’s web site:

1 All four images: Heraldry Society of Scotland, HSS Members-Scots Arms. http://heraldry-scotland.com/copgal /thumbnails.php?album=7&page=1. Accessed: October 16, 2015.

2 Matriculated: The 22nd August 1980. Lyon Register, volume 64, folio 72.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 23 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) The Lord Lyon granted my father, the late Cary Francis Martin Randall, (L/R 57/118) the basic arms (Gules a cross Argent) of Sir John Randolf, son of Sir Thomas Randolf of Strathnith and the elder brother of Thomas, Earl of Moray (flourished circa 1298). This associates our lineage with the Dunegal of Strathnith and Maud, daughter of Ranulph of Meschenes and Rohaise de Clare of Tonbridge. On the cross are four horseshoes of Richard Randaolph of Berkshire (an extreme Protestant ancestor and cousin to Queen Elizabeth’s Thomas Randolph) adopted by him in place of five mullets to commemorated his association with Lord Ferrers in the plan to rescue Mary, Queen of Scots, from Chartley Castle. The red rose is substituted for the central horseshoe as a difference, to show we are a junior branch of that family. The red rose is to represent the ‘English’ connection. The rose should have been white, but you can’t have a white rose on a white background, so it had to be red. The Lyon would not agree to the ancient Randall buck’s head crest as there were too many with stag’s head crests, hence the pine martin which fitted in well with my fathers middle name which was Martin. As I am my father’s second son I had to difference my arms and rather than have a bordure, my cross has been engrailed..1

His son’s, James Francis Cary Randall, coat of arms, shown in the upper corner, are blazoned: Gules, on a cross engraild Argent four horseshoes open ends uppermost Sable, at the centre point a rose of the First barbed and seeded Vert debruised with a label of three points during the lifetime of his father. Crest: a pine martin standant guardant Proper. Motto: CUM

FIDE ET HONORE.2

James Francis Cary Randall’s statement is “The arms were matriculate in favor of my father, John Richard Cary Randall off a made to my grandfather, Cary Francis

Martin Randall on 16th March 1976. The cross in my grandfather's arms was plain, but as my

1 John Richard Cary Randal. Heraldry Society of Scotland, HSS Members-Scots Arms. http://heraldry-scotland.com /copgal/displayimage.php?album=7&pos=30. Accessed: October 17, 2015.

2 Matriculated: the Court of the Lord Lyon 22nd August 1980. Lyon Register, volume 64, folio 72.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 24 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) father was the second son, he had to difference his arms, hence the engrailed cross.”1

Caroline Joanna Cary Randall’s arms are in the lower left corner. Her arms are blazoned:

Gules, on a cross engrailed Argent four horseshoes open ends uppermost Sable, at the centre point a rose of the First barbed and seeded Vert and at the middle chief point a creasent Gules.

Crest: a pine martin standant guardant Proper. Motto: CUM FIDE ET HONORE.2 Caroline’s place in the family is unclear. Under both the Scottish and English systems, daughters do not normally inherit arms, and Ms. Cary Randall received hers by a matriculation from the Lord Lyon.

Under the English system, the crescent is the mark of a second son. In this case, it may indicate that she is the second child of her father. Nevertheless, the inclusion of the crescent on the arms of her father follow the Scottish rule of one coat of arms per person.

The arms of Craig Martin Cary Randall are in the lower right corner. The are blazoned:

Gules, on a cross engrailed Argent four horseshoes open ends uppermost Sable, at the centre point a rose of the First barbed and seeded Vert all within a bordure Or. Crest: a pine martin standant guardant Proper, gorged of a collar Azure charged of three mullets Argent. Motto:

CUM FIDE ET HONORE.3 The use of a gold bordure indicates the second son under the

Scottish system. Thus, the use of the gold bordure and the engrailed cross indicate that Craig

Martin Cary Randall is the second son John Richard Cary Randall, who was the second son of

Cary Francis Martin Randall.

1 James Francis Cary Randal. Heraldry Society of Scotland, HSS Members-Scots Arms. http://heraldry-scotland.com /copgal/displayimage.php?album=7&pos=32. Accessed: October 17, 2015.

2 Matriculated: The Court of the Lord Lyon 20th August 1991. Lyon Register, volume 70, folio 109.

3 Matriculated: The Court of the Lord Lyon 6th July 1987. Lyon Register, volume 68, folio 107.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 25 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) Bastardy — 1

Marks of cadency are used to distinguish one family member from another. Marks of bastardy are the same, except where any legitimate descendant could theoretically inherit the undifferenced arms and the patrimony, an illegitimate descendant cannot. Marks of bastardy are not intended as a punishment or disgrace, but to show that the bearer of these arms is a member

1 Image: Arms of Henry Oliver Charles FitzRoy, 12th Duke of Grafton, blazoned The Royal Arms of Charles II, viz Quarterly: 1st and 4th, France and England quarterly; 2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland; the whole debruised by a Baton sinister compony of six pieces Argent and Azure. Crest: On a Chapeau Gules turned up Ermine a Lion statant guardant Or ducally crowned Azure and gorged with a Collar counter-compony Argent and of the fourth. Supporters: Dexter: a Lion guardant Or ducally crowned Azure; Sinister: a Greyhound Argent, each gorged with a Collar counter-compony Argent and Azure. Motto: Et Decus Et Pretium Recti (The ornament and recompense of virtue). Cracroft's Peerage: The Complete Guide to the British Peerage & Baronetage. Grafton, Duke of (E, 1675). http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk/online/content /grafton1675.htm. Accessed: October 17, 2015.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 26 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) of the family, but not part of the line of succession.1 Under Scottish law, all natural children are entitled to the arms of their father as a matter of right with a suitable difference. In the case of illegitimate children, this is typically a bordure compony.2 Under English law, bastards must seek a new grant of arms. He or she may request the coat of arms of his father, with a suitable difference, typically a bordure wavy, or an entirely new coat of arms that may or may not allude to his or her father’s.3 These differences are permanent. The fact that a coat of arms indicates illegitimate descent from someone does not necessarily mean that the current armiger is illegitimate.

In the example above, the arms of Henry Oliver Charles FitzRoy, twelfth Duke of Grafton, are blazoned as The Royal Arms of Charles II, viz Quarterly: 1st and 4th, France and England quarterly; 2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland; the whole debruised by a Baton sinister compony of six pieces Argent and Azure. King Charles II had six illegitimate sons by several mistresses whom he ennobled. Henry Oliver Charles FitzRoy was his second illegitimate son. He was created first

Duke of Grafton by his father in 1675. As an illegitimate son, Henry FitzRoy, the surname means

“King’s son,” was not eligible to inherit the throne, nor were his brothers. The baton sinister on the Grafton arms shows this, and nothing more. Charles had no legitimate offspring, so when he died in 1685, the throne passed to his brother, the Duke of York, as King James II and VII. The

1 Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry (New York: Dodge Publishing Co., 1909, reprint. New York: Bonanza Books, 1978) 510.

2 Thomas Innes of Learney, Scots Heraldry, 2d ed. (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1956) 108-109; J.P. Brooke-Little, rev., Boutell’s Heraldry (London: Frederick Ware, 1978) 123.

3s Iain Moncreiffe and Don Pottinger, Simple Heraldry, 1 t American ed. (New York:: Mayflower Books, 1979) 19.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 27 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) Dukedom of Grafton has descended though the legitimate male line of Henry Oliver Charles

FitzRoy for nearly 350 years, yet the Duke’s coat of arms still show illegitimate descent from

King Charles.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 28 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) Selected Annotated Bibliography

Books:

Allcock, Hubert. Heraldic Design: Its Origins, Ancient Forms and Modern Usage. New York: Tudor Publishing Co., 1962. Available at the County Family Search Library, 929.8 A.

Bedingfeld, Henry Paston, and Peter Gwynn-Jones. Heraldry. London, Bison Books Ltd., 1993.

Brooke-Little, J.P., rev., Boutell’s Heraldry. London: Frederick Ware, 1978.

Brooke-Little, John. An Heraldic Alphabet. Rev. ed. London: Robson Books, 1996.

Burke, Bernard. The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. London: Harrison. 1884. Available at the Orange County Family Search Library, 942.D24b.

Burke, Bernard. Burke’s Genealogical and Heraldric History of the Landed Gentry. 17th ed. London: Burke’s Peerage, 1952. Available at the Orange County Family Search Library, Spec. Coll. 942.D22jb.

Burke, J. Bernard. Heraldic Register. London: E. Churton, 1850. Available at the Orange County Family Search Library, 942.D24bj.

Child, Heather. Heraldic Design. London: Bell & Hyman, 1965.

Dennis, M. D. : An Invitation. Edinburgh: Heraldry Society of Scotland, 1999.

Dennys, Rodney. The Heraldic Imagination. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1975.

Dennys, Rodney. Heraldry and . London: Jonathan Cape, 1982.

Elvins, Mark Turnham. Illus. by Anselm Baker, foreword by Maurice Noël Léon Couve de Murville, preface by John Brooke-Little. Cardinals and Heraldry. London: Buckland Publications, 1988.

Fairbairn, James, comp. Fairbairn’s Book of Crests of the Families of Great Britain and Ireland. 2 vols. 4th ed. London: n.p.: 1905, reprint 2 vols. in 1. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co. 1993. Available at the Orange County Family Search Library, 942.D24fc.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 29 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles. Armorial Families. 2d ed. Available at the Orange County Family Search Library, 942.D24fa.

Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles. The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopedia of Armory. London: Bloomsbury Books, 1986.

Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles. A Complete Guide to Heraldry. New York: Dodge Publishing Co., 1909, reprint. New York: Bonanza Books, 1978. Available at the Orange County Family Search Library, 929.6 F.

Franklin, Charles A.H. The Bearing of Coat-Armour by Ladies. London: n.p. 1923 reprint. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co. 1973. Available at the Orange County Family Search Library, 942.D24fr.

Franklyn, Julian. Heraldry. 1st American ed. South Brunswick, N.Y.: A.S. Barnes & Co., 1968. Available at the Orange County Family Search Library, call no. 929.6 Fr.

Franklyn, Julian. Shield and Crest. n.p.: London, 1960.

Franklyn, Julian, and Tanner, John. An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Heraldry. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1970.

Friar, Stephen. A Dictionary of Heraldry. New York: Harmony Books, 1987.

Friar, Stephen, and John Ferguson. Basic Heraldry. New York: W. W. Norton, 1993.

Gwynn-Jones, Peter. The Art of Heraldry: Origins, Symbols, Designs. London, Parkgate Books, 1998.

Heim, Bruno Bernard. Or and Argent. Gerrards Cross, Eng.: Van Duren, 1994.

Heim, Bruno Bernard. Heraldry in the : Its Origins, Customs and Laws. Gerrards Cross, Eng.: Van Duren, 1978.

Innes of Learney, Thomas. Scot’s Heraldry: A Practical Handbook on the Historical Principle and Modern Applications of the Art and Science. 2d ed. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1956.

Innes of Learney, Thomas and Malcolm R. Innes. Scots Heraldry. rev. ed. London: Johnston & Bacon, 1978. Updated edition of the preceding.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 30 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) Le Févre, Jean. A European Armorial: An Armorial of of the Golden Fleece and 15th Century . Ed. by Rosemary Pinches & Anthony Wood. London: Heraldry Today, 1971.

Louda, Jiøí and . Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe. New York: Clarkson Potter, 1981. Reprinted as Lines of Succession (London: Orbis, 1984).

Mackinnon of Dunakin, Charles. The Observer's Book of Heraldry. London: Frederick Warne, 1966.

Neubecker, Ottfried. Heraldry: Sources Symbols and Meaning. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976.

Parker, James. A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry. Rutland, VT: Tuttle and Co., 1970.

Pastoureau, Michel. Heraldry: An Introduction to a Noble Tradition. New York, Harry N. Abrams Inc., 1997.

Pine, L. G. International Heraldry. Rutland, VT: C. E. Tuttle Co, 1970.

Pine, L.G. The of Heraldry. London: Country Life Ltd, 1952.

Puttock, A.G. Heraldry in Australia. French Forests, NSW, Aus.: Child and Associates, 1988.

Slater, Stephen. The Complete Book of Heraldry. London: Lorenz Books, 2002.

Slater, Stephen. The History and Meaning of Heraldry. London: Southwater, 2004.

Spurrier, Peter. The Heraldic Art Source Book. Bath: Bath Press, 1997.

Volborth, Carl-Alexander von. Heraldry of the World. Poole, Dorset: Blandford Press, 1973.

Volborth, Carl-Alexander von. The Art of Heraldry. Poole, Dorset: Blandford Press, 1984.

Wagner, Antony. Heraldry in England. New York: Penguin Books, 1946. Available at the Orange County Family Search Library, Spec. Coll. 942.D6Wag.

Wagner, Anthony R. Heralds of England: A History of the Office and College of Arms. London: HMSO, 1967.

Williamson, David. Debrett's Guide to Heraldry and . London: Headline Book Publishing, 1992.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 31 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015) Woodcock, Thomas, and . The Oxford Guide to Heraldry. Oxford: , 1988.

Woodward, John, and George A. Burnett. A Treatise on Heraldry, British and Foreign. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1969.

Zieber, Eugene. Heraldry in America. New York: Crown Publishers, 1984.

Web sites:

The American College of Heraldry. http://www.americancollegeofheraldry.org.

The American Heraldry Society. http://www.americanheraldry.org.

The Armorial Register. International Register of Arms. http://www.armorial-register.com.

The College of Arms, London, England. http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk.

The Court of the Lord Lyon, Edinburgh, Scotland. http://www.lyon-court.com.

Cracroft’s Peerage. http://www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk.

Governor General of Canada. Heraldry. http://gg.ca/document.aspx?id=2&lan=eng.

Heraldry of the World. http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Heraldry_of_the_world.

The Heraldry Society. http://www.theheraldrysociety.com/home.htm.

The Heraldry Society of Scotland. http://www.heraldry-scotland.co.uk.

The Institute of Heraldry. U.S. Department of the Army. http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil.

International Heraldry and Heralds. http://www.internationalheraldry.com

Royal Heraldry Society of Canada. http://heraldry.ca.

The Society of Scottish Armigers. http://www.scotarmigers.net/index.htm.

Society for Creative Anachronism College of Arms. http://heraldry.sca.org.

Heraldry: Where Art and Family History Meet 32 Part II: Marshalling and Cadency © Richard A. McFarlane (2015)