THE STRUGGLE OF THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN FEMALE CHARACTER IN MARGOT LEE SHATTERLY’S NOVEL HIDDEN FIGURES

Tiara Febrianti Agnes Setyowati H. Ni Made Widisanti S.

Abstract

The main topic of this research is the struggle of an African-American woman in facing discriminatory treatment. It is a study on the main character in Margot Lee Shetterly's novel: Hidden Figures. The process of this research involves the overall story, intrinsic elements: character and characterization, conflict, setting and plot and also extrinsic elements: liberal feminisme, multicultural feminism and racism. This qualitative research is conducted by applying descriptive analysis method along with library research technique, leading to the identification that racism and feminism turns out to cause discrimination. The main character, Katherine, undergoes dicrimination on education and employment for African-American people. These experiences eventually prompts the main character to fight against discrimination by proving that she is capable of becoming the first black woman who works for NASA. Keywords : discrimination, female main chracter, feminism, racism, struggle

BACKGROUND Men are indeed constructed as people who are stronger and have more power than Women play a very important role in life, women. This makes some men look down a figure who is strong in carrying out on women who consider women to be various roles, knows no fatigue, weak and unreliable creatures. This kind of hardworking, and is able to play a dual thinking is internalized as truth by society. role is considered able to balance and even Gender injustice often occurs in the lives able to defeat the role of men. This has of women in America in the 1960s, caused social jealousy among the people, stereotyping the role of women especially men who feel their position is complicates understanding of women "threatened". Therefore it can be said that themselves. The community expects that this phenomenon raises norms in relation women's duties are to take care of the to gender forced in society. As quoted in household, meaning that women cannot the book Gender and Women's Inferiority work like men or women should not get a (Sugihastuti, 2007: 4), gender is something higher education. Understanding the issue that is obtained at birth and not something of gender differences is expected to lead to that we have, but something that we do a more humane and fairer view of women and display. Gender is a cultural and even though in the old context women practical assumption that governs the were discriminated in both education and social construction of men, women and employment. Women have the right to their social relations. participate and be respected as well as men in the fields of education, social and work.

In the old context, the work positions in Feminism is considered as a form of America are disaggregated into groups politics aimed at intervening and changing based on sex, ethnicity and racialism. In unequal power relations between men and the book United States the First New women, and revealing the existence of Nation in a Historical and Comparative injustice against women while Perspective (Lipset, 1963: xviii) which simultaneously demanding equal rights states that African-American descent are with men. hampered at every opportunity to achieve economic success, so that opportunities for The second wave of feminism with the big African-Americans have not been able to theme "women 's liberation", emerged as a run properly . This is because the black reaction to women's dissatisfaction with race is considered a low race by whites, on the various discrimination they the contrary the whites assume they are a experienced despite the legal and political superior race. The assumption of "White emancipation achieved by the first wave of Supremacy" results in the ideology and feminism. One of the efforts that they actions of whites who feel superior to strive for in the novel Hidden Figures is to blacks. White people consider themselves be accepted to work for NASA. "normal," "better," "smarter," "holy," NASA is a body formed by the United different from blacks in the journal White States in 1958 with the aim of creating a Supremacy Culture future in space exploration and aeronautics (www.dismantlingracism.org). As a result, that would benefit the economy of the blacks were treated in the form of United States and all of humanity. NASA discrimination. researchers, engineers and contractors Even decent education cannot be obtained work together to make this extraordinary by blacks, not only because of their low technology possible. (SPINOFF National social status, but also because their races Aeronautics and Space Administration: are considered inferior. Black people are 2013). discriminated against in education, as indicated by their prohibition from going The emergence of NASA began at the end to school in the same place as whites. of World War II (WW II) which triggered a cold war between the central bloc and Another example is the difference in allies. World War II, which lasted for six employment status, blacks have few career years, leaving two superpowers as opportunities compared to whites despite winners. The two countries were the having the same education. American United States of America (US) and the society believes that all people must have Soviet Union who were both incorporated the opportunity to get and achieve in the Allied Bloc during World War II. something they want (Lipset, 1963: xx), The ideological differences adopted by the until the late 1960s there was a change in two countries ended in the Cold War. The the situation that was much better for political and military tensions between the blacks. This is evident in the position of United States and the Soviet Union make the black labor market which has increased these two countries compete to be the most to almost the same as white women. superior in many ways. The impact of the Cold War was demonstrated through a The increase in black race female workers space race between America and Russia, in America in the 1960s occurred because the fear of the United States of Russia's women wanted to get a better life, the way superiority that first sent its Sputnik they wanted. This resulted in the satellite into space. (Ramadhanti: 2017) emergence of the second wave of feminism in the 1960s and 1970s. All of the above are conditions described problem obtained in this study is how the in Margot Lee Shetterly's novelHidden main female character faces the Figures. In addition, this novel also takes discriminatory treatment she experienced the theme of hard work, unyielding and as an African-American descent to be persistence. Hidden Figures discusses accepted to work at NASA. issues related to gender and racial inequality that are still problems in daily Research purposes life. In this case, the present researchers This study aims to show the efforts of the will conduct a study on the novel by using main character as a black race woman in the theory of feminism and racism. The her struggle to face the discriminatory main character, Katherine Johnson, was treatment she experienced. In addition this the first female black race who could work research also aims to show that the desire at NASA and help John Glenn become the to get a better life in all aspects of life is first American astronaut to orbit the Earth. the right of every human being regardless But at that time, white people in America of one's gender or racial issues. were very discriminating against blacks. In Western countries, blacks are used as Research Methodology objects rather than history, blacks are Based on these objectives, this study uses considered to cause problems for whites. descriptive analytical methods using (Barker, 2004: 219). This is what makes intrinsic and extrinsic elements. The Katherine receive double the pressure as intrinsic element discusses character and African-American descent. Katherine had characterizations, conflicts, settings and to prove that they too were worthy of plot, while the extrinsic element discusses being able to work at NASA even though liberal and multicultural feminism and many people were sneering and treating racism. Wheareas, the research technique them inappropriately. used to conduct this research is library research. In analyzing research data, the Problem Identification and Limitation author uses the Literature Research The identification of the problem lies in Methodology reference book by Jabrohim, the treatment of whites who discriminated 2003. There are three parts in research against Katherine as an African-American activities, namely planning, implementing woman. Therefore, the problem is limited and reporting. to the struggle of the main female character in obtaining equality in her life Literature review both in terms of work and education in the In analyzing research, a literary work can midst of conditions that still impose white be divided into two parts, namely intrinsic supremacy. The views of the white race and extrinsic elements. Intrinsic elements against the black race is going to be are the elements that construct the literary analyzed through the study of characters work itself and participate in building the that are supported by the elements of story. In analyzing this novel, the writer conflict and settings that occur between the only discusses characters, settings, characters through feminism and racism conflicts and plot. (Nurgiyantoro, 1995: approaches. Resistance to various forms of 30) discrimination experienced by the picture of American background life still looks Character and Characterization down on black race. A character is an actor who carries events in a fictional story so that the event can Research problem intertwine a story. (Aminuddin in Based on the background and problem Nurgiyantoro, 1995; 79). While identification, the formulation of the "characterization" is broader in understanding than "character". • Socio-cultural background refers to Characterization covers the problem of matters relating to the behavior of the who the character is, how characterization social life of the community somewhere and how the placement and depiction in a story so as to be able to provide a clear Plot picture to the reader. Plot is a series of events in a story There are four categories of characters arranged chronologically. Quoted from according to Burhan Nurgiyantoro Stanton (1965: 14) argues that the plot is a (Nurgiyantoro, 2013: 258-274), namely: story that contains a sequence of events, • Leaders and Additional Leaders but each event is only connected causally, • Protagonist and Antagonist one event caused or caused another event. • FlatCharacter and Round Character There are three types of plots in literature, •Static Character and developing Character namely: • Progressive or progressive flow; that is, Conflict the story begins with the introduction of Conflict is something dramatic, referring characters and their character, introduction to the battle between two forces that is to the setting of places, times and events. balanced and implies the existence of After that, problems began to arise and the actions and countermeasures (Wellek & problem became more complicated. Warren, 1989: 285) In novels, conflict is • Reverse flow or regression; in this flow, very important to attract readers because the story begins with the stages of conflicts through various events will completion then the anticlimax, climax, determine the story that is produced. the appearance of conflict and ends at the Forms of conflict can be divided into two stage of introduction of the character of the categories: External conflict and internal story. conflict. External conflict is a conflict that • The mixed flow or To and Fro of this occurs between a character with something story starts from the climax stage, the outside of himself, it can be with the climax is presented earlier then backed up natural environment, the human to the problem recognition stage. environment or other figures. Internal conflict or (psychiatric conflict, inner Extrinsic Element conflict) is a conflict that occurs in the heart and mind of a character's soul like a The present researchers uses extrinsic conflict experienced between humans and theory to analyze the main female themselves. characters in the novel Hidden Figures. The main purpose of analyzing the Settings extrinsic element is to find out the The setting or background of the story is background using feminism and racism also called the foundation of the story, approaches. The extrinsic element is the referring to the understanding of the place, subjectivity of individual authors who the relationship of time and history and the have attitudes, beliefs and outlook on life. social environment in which the events are (Nurgiyantoro, 1995: 30). told. The setting can be divided into three elements, namely: Feminism • The setting of the place shows the location of the event being told. The theory of feminism is used to analyze • The time setting relates to the problem of problems about the position of women in "when" events occur that are told in a work all aspects of life. Feminism is a women's of fiction. movement that demands emancipation or equality and fairness of rights with men. Emancipation occurs as a result of women the 19th century fought for equal political from a low economic position who receive rights and economic opportunities. (Tong, legal restraint wanting to develop and 1998: 18). advance. In general, feminism is considered as a form of politics that aims At that time in the 18th century feminists to intervene and change the unequal power wanted equal education. One of the relations between men and women. feminist figures was Mary Wollstonecraft, (Hollows, 2000: 4). As quoted in Barker, she encouraged women to become feminism is a field of theory and politics autonomous decision makers and the path that contains various perspectives and to autonomy was pursued through perceptions that compete with one another education, she decided that highly in order to take action (Barker Chris, 2004: educated women did not need to be 26). independent independently economically, Feminism in its history is divided into or politically active. For Wollstonecraft, several waves starting from the first wave wanting a woman to be a person- a woman feminism, the second wave feminism and as a whole, women are not "just tools" or the third wave feminism or known as post- instruments, for the happiness or feminism. The first wave of feminism perfection of others. Instead, women are (1792-1960), produced several streams "goals" to determine their own destiny such as liberal feminism, radical feminism, (Tong, 1998: 21-22). The struggle for anarchist feminism, marxist feminism and Wollstonecraft was continued by John socialist feminism. In the second wave of Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor, in the 19th feminism produced several streams like century liberal feminists wanted equal feminismgynosentrys existentialism and political rights and economic feminism. The third wave of feminism opportunities. Mill and Taylor believe if produced several streams such as society wants to achieve sexual equality, postmodern feminism, multicultural or gender justice, for that society must give feminism, global feminism, and women the same political rights and ecofeminism which focused on diversity opportunities, and education that men and change. enjoy. (Tong, 1998: 23)

Liberal Feminism Multicultural Feminism This feminism developed in the West in Multicultural feminism was born in the 18th century, along with the America as a response of black feminists development of new thoughts of the to white feminists. In other words, black enlightenment. The philosophical basis of feminists view the world of women this school is Joh Lock's teachings on differently from what white feminists natural rights (human rights) that every understand. Because they come from human being has the right to life, the right different races, different cultural and to freedom and the right to seek happiness. historical backgrounds. These differences The basis of understanding liberal have led to different understandings in the feminism are the principles of liberalism framework of the struggle to defend which believe that the main purpose of women (Mustika, 2016) quoted in Tong social life is for individual freedom and (1998: 310-312). In general, multicultural prosperity. The aim of liberal feminism is is defined as an intellectual social to create a "just and caring society where movement that promotes the values of freedom develops". Thus, in such a society diversity as a most basic principle, both women and men can develop multiculturalism demands that all cultural themselves. Liberal feminism in the 18th groups must be treated with respect and as century fought for equal education and in equals. Philosophical multiculturalism is an attempt to critique the majority culture racism into individual racism and which oppresses minority cultural groups, institutional racism. Individual racism namely when these minority cultural mainly refers to prejudice beliefs and groups must follow the rules of the discriminatory behavior by whites majority culture in order to be accepted in personally to minority groups. Institutional the public system. Differences in race, racism refers to policies taken by the class, age, religion, and work opportunities community, schools, work and business among women can be the main triggers of environment and other fields that prohibit a prolonged conflict (Mustika, 34-35). opportunities for ethnic minorities. (Jusuf Oppression against black women was and Srivanto, 2001: 17) systemized, and structured in line with Some researchers use the term racism, three interconnected dimensions in the including: United States namely "economic", • Refers to preferences for certain ethnic "ghettoization", "ideological" dimensions. groups (ethnocentrism). • Fear of strangers (xenophobia) Racism •Rejection of relations between races Race itself, when viewed from a biological (miscegenation) point of view, has the understanding that • Generalization of a certain group of human populations are divided into social people (stereotypes), classes according to hereditary • Hostility or prejudice toward a people. characteristics that distinguish between one group or group of people with another Literature Review group,as quoted in the journal In this study, the authors used scientific Representation of Black & White Race in journals relating to feminism and racism. Film Avangers. Berril: 3). Some of the previous studies were used as references to help understand feminism Racism in a scientific perspective is an and racism more deeply. Previous research attempt to identify both ethnologically and used in this study are: anthropologically about human origins and • Mustika's scientific journal entitled to clarify humans based on their physical Discrimination Against Some Women in characteristics. The physical characteristics the Perspective of Multicultural Feminism: of each human being are different from Study of Scappa Per Amore Novels by each other both because of genetic and Dini Fitria. geographic, climate, and natural conditions • The scientific journal Fita Yuniawati in which they live. In this case, racism is a with the title "Resistance of Main belief that humans can be differentiated Characters Against Gender Construction into various races and members of a race in Putri Novel by Putu Wijaya: Study of will be inferior to other races. People who Feminism" believe in racism like this are called From the two scientific works, the racists. They claim that they are mentally, researchers sees Mustika's journal entitled physically, morally and culturally superior Discrimination Against Some Women in to other races. For this reason, racists feel the Perspective of Multicultural Feminism: that they are entitled to all the features and Dini Fitria's SCAPPA PER AMORE is the conveniences in their lives over others. most relevant research conducted by the (Jusuf and Srivanto, 2001: 15) present researchers because it discusses multiculturalism feminism and elevates Racism in general is the majority against women's struggles, racial struggles and minorities, in America it is presented with discrimination of minorities. a white majority against minority groups. In America itself, sociologists distinguish Analysis Hidden Figures tells the story of the and scientists to help its mission in struggle of a woman of African-American defeating the Soviet Union. descent named Katherine Johnson, a 24- Katherine experienced problems between year-old woman. Katherine has curly hair herself and others. This can be seen by the and black skin like most other African- disappointment of Dr. Davis and American descent, this is what triggers the Dr.Clayton, they are the ones who have discrimination that she gets from the fully supported Katherine's career as a environment because of the skin color she mathematician. However, after Katherine has. Katherine was born into an educated became a mathematician, Katherine family whose father was a mathematician decided to quit working and chose to and this too became Katherine's aspiration become a housewife for many years before to become a mathematician as her father, finally returning to work, so her she was a very smart, independent, hard- relationship with Dr.Davis and Dr.Clayton working woman, this is evidenced by the became tenuous by the decision she had amount of work done and she was very chosen. unwavering, no one can stop her decision. Katherine always made sure that she came In addition, the problem that Katherine from West Virginia. This was because faced was with the environment. there was a difference between West Katherine's presence as a descendant of the Virginia and South Virginia in which black race was considered unpleasant. This people in parts of South Virginia resisted refers to individual racism, discriminatory the abolition of slavery, because slavery beliefs and behaviors committed by whites was an economic supporting factor for personally to minority groups, they are them. So that most black people will live extremely anti-black. White Supremacy in the south because the area is more assumes that white people are superior in progressive, in terms of schools, public every field compared to blacks, but spaces, and restaurants. Even though West evidently, blacks can compete and fight Virginia is a small town and lacks harder to get or achieve what they desire. progressiveness, Katherine prefers to live there because the city is free from slavery The act of racism that Katherine and Katherine strongly opposes the underwent in the presence of racial existence of slavery that she wants differences affected the wages received. equality. Katherine got a different salary because of the fact that Katherine was not just black, The setting of the place in this novel is not but also a woman. These facts made only the place where the characters live Katherine receive twice the pressure in but also where they work. After leaving life. This happens because of institutional the job to become a teacher Katherine got racism in which the policy is made by the an offer to work at NASA. Working as a community, schools, work and business mathematician at NASA was not easy and environment and other fields that prohibit it was an achievement in the life of opportunities for ethnic minorities. Katherine who was a black descendant, because to be in that section for black Often people will assume that women women were still rare. Most blacks won't should not get equality and women should get that job. This also became an not work and have high positions because opportunity for Katherine to prove the ultimately the task of women is to be a quality of blacks. In addition to the cold housewife. Unlike Katherine, as a woman war, Langley Memorial Aeronautical who has an open mind, in this case, Laboratory needed many mathematicians Katherine wants to be able to participate in the meeting. However, someone forbade it because Katherine was a woman and that when the blacks were not allowed to sit in too made her fight for the injustices that the front of the car, they were placed in a she received. The phenomenon of liberal special section in the back so that their feminism is reflected when the main presence as blacks did not disturb the character fights for her right as a human whites. This phenomenon raises being to get a better life. According to institutional racism which refers to policies Katherine, women also have the right to taken by the community that prohibit choose the kind of life they want to live, opportunities for ethnic minorities. and no one should forbid them. However, men who disagree will take an active role Another racist form that blacks had to face in women. They do not want the presence is that there are differences in education of women workers to replace their position and there are only a few schools that can as workers. accept black female students. In the past In the past, black people would have found white people would continue to assume it difficult to be accepted in social that blacks are old-fashioned race, unable environments or workplaces. This also to join the modern world as an efficient happened to Katherine, when Katherine and productive nation. Black women worked at Langley and became an would be refused to be accepted in the important part in it. Still, the white people social environment and this complicates were disturbed by Katherine's presence so the lives of those who want to change and that she was discriminated against at work, develop as a person. The social status of this resulted in a rejection of racial black people who are considered low relations (miscegenation) as well as Jim resulted in their education which is very Craw's law governing separation, resulting rarely experienced by blacks. One of the in their separate living between whites and schools for blacks is Howard University, blacks. Blacks were not allowed to use the where Katherine studied to become a same bathroom as white people, so mathematician. Katherine had to look for another toilet outside the building that had a special Realizing that education is an important toilet for blacks. In addition, the aspect that will be useful for her life in the distinction between places of education future, Katherine determines to fight for complicates Katherine's life, because there equality in education. She wants all black are only a few schools that can accept women to get a high education, so that them as blacks, and blacks are rejected in both women and men, those who are black public places. or white can compete and those who are white will no longer denigrate black Another form of discrimination that people for their backwardness. Katherine Katherine received was the use of public believes that education can change facilities that should not be used by blacks. mindsets. Someone who has a high Public facilities are a form of facilities education is more valued in social status. intended for all people without any difference and without exception. This African-American women fight racial does not apply to blacks, in this case, injustice that they underwent by creating Katherine, who is black, still, is treated women's associations. This movement differently. This act of discrimination demands no difference in treatment made Katherine, an American citizen, between blacks and whites. This happened demand to be treated the same as the because blacks protested against the others, not considering herself as an object injustice of blacks' refusal in public places, that could be treated at will. This resulted an initial problem when there was a law in discrimination against them, that is, separating blacks and whites. The unfavorable relationship between blacks discrimination that had happened until her and whites was due in the past to the presence could be accepted at work. enslavement of blacks by whites. As a Katherine has an important role at NASA, result of these problems is the existence of thanks to her success that brought changes a law that enforces separation so that the to the lives of black women who were whites really do not want to mingle and originally black people unseen and separate themselves with blacks. Black unnoticed, now they can show others that people continue to receive racial they exist and capable of making discrimination and that was also what achievements. This phenomenon of Katherine experienced, she was not multicultural feminism occurs when allowed to sit in the front and only to use Katherine, as a black woman, fights for her the bathroom with colored writing. This dream to become a mathematician and made Katherine want the same treatment work for NASA in the midst of pressure as fellow human beings. This phenomenon from the majority. Gradually this allowed of multicultural feminism occurs when the blacks and whites to live together as Katherine as a black person wants fellow American citizens. equality, the goal of multiculturalism demands that all cultural groups must be The effort of liberal feminism that black treated with respect as equal people. women do in this novel is to fight for equality, in terms of work in accordance To be at this point, many obstacles had to with the goals of liberal feminism, namely be overcome, coupled with differences in for individual freedom and welfare. It was race and sex, causing Katherine to proven in the 1960s that the increase in experience twice the pressure. For black female workers in Langley had Kathrine to be a black female equaled men, this was because at that time mathematician was not only an ideal that men were at war with World War II so that came true or wages that increased for for the time being it was women who Katherine, but became an engineer more replaced their work positions. than that. She loved the job and her life All her hard work paid off and her service became more meaningful. Thanks to her in helping NASA was recognized by the work she was able to be accepted and government, so Katherine won several valued by the environment where she awards. As well as Katherine's presence works, and with all her hard work brought changes, especially for black Katherine had been bearing fruit. Her women who at the time were considered struggle as a black woman to be able to get negative so that it made limited scope not her freedom in life and to be able to work much to be done other than just being a properly really paid off.This is proven housewife without having a job or higher from the entry of Katherine working at education. Katherine fought for her right to NASA. Besides that, for Katherine, a better life and now more and more working is a positive thing, by working, people are brave enough to fight injustice women are able to earn their own salary, making them acceptable at work and in the able to play an active role outside their social environment and prove their quality home and get recognition from the that they too are worthy of competing with community. This is what causes men to whites. Katherine became an inspiring dislike women because they are worried female figure for other black women so that their position can be defeated by the they could rise up and fight for their rights presence of women workers. as free human beings.

The struggle that Katherine had carried out Conclusion so far bore fruit, Katherine fought off all Based on the discussion conducted through differences in wages earned, differences in the study of the main character in the novel residence, etc. This occurs because white Hidden Figures , the present researchers people assume that they are superior and obtained the finding that Katherine that black people are socially labeled as Johnson is as the main character who negative. In their efforts to fight for their experienced discrimination. The rights from discrimination, the main discrimination experienced by Katherine character is supported by internal and Johnson has a relationship with her race external factors. and gender. This makes the main character fight for and want a change in her life, The Internal factor that influenced especially for those black race women both Katherine’s success was her strong in terms of education and employment. determination to change in order to get a Katherine suffered discrimination because better life. Discrimination caused by racial of her racial and gender differences as a and gender differences resulted in black woman. Katherine experienced Katherine not being able to get both the discrimination in education because she, education and employment she needed. who was black, was not allowed to go to This drove herto rise and fight for the school in the same place as white people, freedom of black women to live their lives as well as discrimination at work, when accordingly. Whereas, the external factors there were only a few jobs that could be were Katherine’s family background. done for blacks. Coming from a highly educated family background, thus triggered Katherine to As a result of these acts of discrimination, persistently continue to achieve her dream Katherine has become an independent of becoming a mathematician. woman, not dependent on others and can play a dual role as a single parent and a Bibliography career woman. The character, Katherine, was a hard worker. This is proven by the Amir, Mohammad and Ali Ahmad. 2015. various kinds of work that she has done. Developing The Students’ Literary In this case, Katherine fought off all the Appreciation on Novels Via Facebook. acts of discrimination she experienced by Vol. 6,Issue, 9,pp.6011-6015, proving the quality of herself who was September, 2015. International Journal considered a minority, but able to compete of Recent Scienttific Research with whites. Being an educated woman (IJRSR) increased Katherine's desire to fight for women's rights to become free human Barker, Chris. 2004. Cultural Studies beings, as well as to fight all Teori&Praktik. Yogyakarta: Kreasi discrimination experienced by black Wacana women who happened to undergo twice the pressure in life. Hollows, Joanne. 2000. Feminism, Feminity, and Popular Culture The results of the analysis show the (diterjemahkan oleh Bethari Anisa struggle of the main female character in Ismayasari). Yogyakarta: Jalansutra fighting for their rights as fellow human beings, especially women who desire the Emzir, Rohman dkk. 2018. Tentang Sastra freedom to get a better life, not limited by (Orkestrasi Teori dan the race they have. The act of racial Pembelajarannya). Yogyakarta: discrimination they receive as blacks are Garudhawacana seen from, namely: differences in education, the use of public facilities, Jabrohim. 2003. Metodelogi Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta: Hanindita Graha Rustiyani. 2018. Pengaruh Relasi Kuasa Widya yang Memunculkan Ketidakadilan Gender Terhadap Tokoh Utama Kutha, Nyoman 2010. Metodelogi Perempuan Dalam Novel The Red Penelitian Kajian Budaya dan Ilmu- Queen Karya Philippa Gregory, Ilmu Sosial Humaniora Pada Skripsi FISIB. Sastra Inggris. Umumnya.Yogyakarta:Pustaka Pelajar Universitas Pakuan Bogor.

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