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Lesbian Trouble: Feminism, Heterosexuality and the French Nation (1970–1981)

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Lesbian Trouble: Feminism, Heterosexuality and the French Nation (1970–1981) The London School of Economics and Political Science Lesbian Trouble: Feminism, Heterosexuality and the French Nation (1970–1981) Ilana Eloit A thesis submitted to the Department of Gender Studies of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, August 2018. 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 106, 705 words. Statement of use of third party for editorial help: I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Merl Storr. 2 Abstract This thesis examines the repression of lesbian difference in the 1970s French women’s liberation movement (MLF) as a way of investigating the heterosexual complicity between French feminism and the French nation. Combining discourse analysis of archival materials and oral interviews, it seeks to explore how lesbian difference troubled the heterosexual order of 1970s French feminist discourses through an archaeology of the MLF’s (buried) controversies on lesbianism and a particular focus on Monique Wittig’s biographical and political traJectory. In conversation with queer theory, postcolonial studies, critical history and affect studies, this research argues that the political and affective transmutation of lesbians into (heterosexual) women, which is at the root of the MLF’s female universalism, was constituted through lesbian losses that melancholically haunted the 1970s as constant reminders of feminism’s exclusions. Conceiving of abstract universalism as a technology of power, the thesis first explains that feminists sought to absorb the nation’s sexual contract through the production of a feminist heterosexual contract, therefore hinging (heterosexual) women’s inclusion in the nation on lesbians’ illegibility. This “lie” or crisis in representation – claiming to represent all women while foundationally positing lesbians as non-women – was the paradoxical condition of the birth of a lesbian political subjectivity in 1970s France. Exploring lesbians’ affective, political and theoretical disidentification with feminism, the thesis then tracks lesbians’ melancholic traces in the archive as evidence of feminism’s failed lesbian history. Finally, it examines the return of the lesbian repressed, à contretemps, at the end of the decade, when a spectacular conflict broke out regarding lesbianism in the wake of Monique Wittig’s famous assertion, which was also a deferred exposure of the MLF’s founding lie: “lesbians are not women”. Revealing how the lesbian was made “un-French” in the 1970s (like queer theory today), this research seeks to understand her as a figure that troubles the heterosexual and colonial norms governing French abstract universalism and feminism’s attempts to reiterate it in a female form. 3 Acknowledgments Although signed by a single author, this thesis would not have been possible without the support and care of so many people along the way. I would first like to thank my supervisor, Professor Clare Hemmings, whose intellectual generosity and incisive comments on my work throughout the four years of this research have pushed me to go further than I could ever have imagined. Clare has been a wonderful and unparalleled source of inspiration, and I can never thank her enough for her level of commitment to my research. She has brought immense knowledge to the thesis, and more than anyone else she has shaped the ways my intellectual curiosity and interests have evolved over the years. I am also enormously grateful to my advisor, Dr Sumi Madhok, who has been a thought-provoking reader of this thesis, bringing invaluable insights to it and guiding me towards fascinating paths. I embarked upon this research Journey with the enduring support of Professor Éric Fassin, who has backed this project since its earliest formulations when I was a master’s student, and later a visiting research fellow, at Paris 8 University. I don’t know where I would be now had I not met Éric Fassin, but what I do know is that I owe him more than acknowledgments can account for. I have received exceptional intellectual stimulation and companionship from the Department of Gender Studies at the LSE. The department has felt like a home during these four years, and the thesis is forever indebted to the care I have found there and the intellectual community I have been so lucky to be part of. I thank in particular Sonia Corrêa, Professor Mary Evans, Dr Marsha Henry, Professor Wendy Sigle and Dr Sadie Wearing, for commenting on my thesis at various stages of the PhD and for being such inspiring scholars. Special thanks go to Dr Leticia Sabsay for her attentive feedback and for providing guidance on my way to becoming a teacher. I have felt incredibly fortunate to pursue this PhD alongside Jacqui Gibbs, Billy Holzberg and Aura Lehtonen, whose intellectual brilliance has deeply influenced my own thinking, and whose friendship has made me feel safe and loved. I have found in Jacqui a friend with an enormous heart and an unparalleled capacity for listening. Billy, your natural cheerfulness and wit have been a constant source of admiration and pleasure. Aura, thanks for so many moments of pure laughter, for your patience while listening to my rants about French politics, and for exhilarating discussions which continue to inspire me. These four years in London would not have been the same without the superb 4 friendship and constant support of Annette Behrens: your departure from London left an unfillable void. Doing this PhD at the LSE Department of Gender Studies also provided me with the good fortune of encountering Dr Maria Alexopoulos, who has become one of my dearest friends, and whose sense of humour has illuminated this Journey. Special mentions go to all my other PhD friends and colleagues, who have been a continuous source of motivation and Joy: Louisa Acciari, Leonie Blacknell-Taylor, Jacob Breslow, Alessandro Castellini, Melissa Chacón, Jenny Chanfreau, Marina Franchi, Julia Hartviksen, Aiko Holvikivi, Magdalena Mikulak, Tomás OJeda Güemes, Priya Raghavan, Amanda Shaw, Emma Spruce and Hannah Wright. Thanks are also due to Hazel Johnstone and Dr Kate Steward for sustaining me over the years and for making the department the welcoming space it is. I am highly grateful to Dr Merl Storr, who has done a brilliant Job of proofreading the thesis and checking the translations. The final version of the thesis owes a huge deal to her. My life in London has been filled with wonderful encounters. I would like to pay tribute in particular to Mary Partington for bringing so much brightness to my life and for being such an inspiring feminist, to Niklas Albin Svensson for being a trustworthy friend, and to Clara Bradbury-Rance for her precious kindness and rock-solid optimism. Mary, Niklas and Clara, you have been a solace I could not have done without. I am also incredibly grateful to Beth O’Sullivan, whose patient listening and emotional support in the last year of the PhD crucially helped me to stay the distance. Many loved ones from France have provided me with great warmth and vital moments of respite. First, I want to thank the formidable Deborah Benzimra, whose love and vibrant encouragement were invaluable to the pursuit and completion of this thesis. I also want to thank Dora Cattuti, my lifelong friend, for uncountable moments of solidarity and roaring laughter: my life would simply not be the same without you. Thanks to Benoît Charvet, Alice Jacquelin, François-Thibaut Pencenat and Léon-Paul Schwab, who have taught me the meaning, pleasures and beauty of friendship. I also devote special thanks to my Parisian “heart family”, Arlette Vireton and Margaux Plessy, for their affection and belief in me. An enormous thank you goes to my parents, Muriel Seroussi and Jacques Eloit, to my two wonderful sisters Johanna Eloit and Yaëlle Eloit-Dahan, and to my brother-in-law Philippe Dahan, for their love and support throughout this long ride. Yaëlle, your continued and heart- warming presence in the last stages of the PhD meant the world to me. 5 I am immeasurably grateful to the twenty-four feminist and lesbian activists whom I met between March 2016 and April 2017 for this research, and who had the generosity to share their time, memories and personal archives with me. Thanks to Martine Laroche for allowing me to use many of her fantastic photographs to illustrate the thesis. My deepest gratitude goes to the staff of the lesbian archive in Paris, who trusted me enough to let me have access to the collections beyond opening hours. I am especially grateful to Catherine Gonnard, Suzette Robichon and Louise Turcotte, who were the forces behind my fieldwork in France, helping me to identify relevant resources and get in touch with interviewees, and who were always available for last-minute questions by email. When I interviewed Suzette Robichon and Catherine Gonnard, I was struck that each of them ended our interview with a story about a failed lesbian encounter. In the late 1980s, Suzette learned that Léo Lack, born in 1898 – the French (female) translator of Radclyffe Hall’s emblematic lesbian novel The Well of Loneliness (1928) – had a younger sister who lived ten minutes away from Suzette’s home and who was in possession of Lack’s archive.
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