DOCSLIB.ORG

Platform Feminism: Celebrity Culture and Activism in the Digital Age By

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Platform Feminism: Celebrity Culture and Activism in the Digital Age By Platform Feminism: Celebrity Culture and Activism in the Digital Age by Caitlin E. Lawson A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Communication) in the University of Michigan 2018 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Aswin Punathambekar, Chair Associate Professor Megan Ankerson Professor Susan Douglas Professor Lisa Nakamura Professor Katherine Sender Caitlin E. Lawson [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8327-2172 © Caitlin E. Lawson 2018 ii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my committee chair, Aswin Punathambekar, for his positive and challenging feedback throughout this project. My dissertation would not be what it is without his help, and I am more grateful than I can say. I would also like to thank the members of my committee – Susan, Katherine, Lisa, and Megan – for their comments on various iterations of this project over the years. I would also like to thank Annemarie Navar-Gill, Amelia Couture, Nicky Hentrich, and Kayti Lausch, for their feedback and companionship, especially over the last year as I have written up this dissertation. Our writing meetings have given me the motivation to keep on with this project, and I am so glad to have had you around on this journey. And Annemarie, I never would have made it through these five years without you. My gratitude also goes out to Steve and Marquita Lawson, who have read every word of this dissertation and supported my every endeavor. You are the best parents anyone could hope for, and I could never have done this – or become the person I am today – without you. I love you both so much. And finally, thank you to Ben for always challenging me to be a better and smarter researcher, and a better and kinder person. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... ii List of Images ................................................................................................................................ iv Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One .................................................................................................................................. 47 Hacking Celebrity: Sexuality and Victimization in the Celebrity Nude Photo Hack ............................. 47 Chapter Two .................................................................................................................................. 77 Staging Feminism: Award Show Activism and Celebrity Intervention at the 2015 Academy Awards . 77 Chapter Three .............................................................................................................................. 129 Nasty Women, Silly Girls: Fame, Feminism, and Hillary Clinton’s 2016 Presidential Campaign ..... 129 Chapter Four ............................................................................................................................... 164 Platform Vulnerabilities: Harassment and Misogynoir in the Digital Attack on Leslie Jones ............. 164 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 194 References ................................................................................................................................... 205 iii List of Images Image 1: Alyssa Milano’s #MeToo tweet, 15 October 2017 ..............................................3 Image 2: The official Time’s Up Instagram account posted this image .............................4 of actresses and activists at the Golden Globes on 7 January 2018. Image 3: In this image posted on PerezHilton.com, text over images ..............................60 of Jennifer Lawrence and Kate Upton tells readers these women are “just like you.” Image 4: This screenshot shows the landing page of Anonib in October .........................61 2014. The text shows different categories for different boards, including each state in the US. Image 5: This screenshot shows an example post from the board labeled .......................61 “Michigan” on 12 October 2015. On these boards, users post images of and information about women and ask fellow users to hack their photo accounts and send them images in exchange for cryptocurrency, and/or they share images of “wins,” i.e. illicit images of women. In the post excerpted here, the original poster asks for “Any wins of this sexy stripper” and posts her image along with her first name and the initial of her last, which I have blurred. Responders then agree that they would like to see the images, and one claims they “fucked her and it was bomb as hell.” In response, another poster asks if he “pa[id] for it.” Posts like this are typical. Image 6: Jennifer Lawrence appears on the cover of Vanity Fair for her ........................65 first interview about the hack, November 2014 Image 7: This set of screenshots and text, depicting some of the .....................................68 “investigative” work that Reddit users engaged in to (erroneously) discover that Hamade was the hacker, was anonymously posted on imgur.com on September 1, 2014 and embedded in Warzel’s article. Image 8: Amy Poehler’s organization, Smart Girls, tweeted for ......................................87 followers to #AskHerMore on 22 February, the night of the 2015 Academy Awards. Image 9: Reese Witherspoon’s highly circulated Instagram post .....................................89 in support of #AskHerMore on 22 February 2015 iv Image 10: Meryl Streep and Jennifer Lopez cheer during Arquette’s ............................106 speech Image 11: Brittney Cooper tweets about Patricia Arquette’s acceptance .......................112 speech on 23 February 2015 Image 12: Patricia Arquette took to Twitter on 6 October 2015 to ................................123 thank California State Sen. Hannah-Beth Jackson and Gov. Jerry Brown for their work on SB 358. Image 13: Gloria Steinem appears on Bill Maher’s HBO show on ................................137 5 February 2016 Image 14: Steinem posted an apology to Facebook on 7 February ................................139 2016, which provoked mixed responses from commenters Image 15: This Twitter user asserts reasons she is voting for Sanders ...........................145 using the hashtag, #NotHereForBoys Image 16: People for Bernie, a Sanders support account, asserts ...................................150 Sanders’ feminist credentials in response to Steinem’s comments Image 17: Daily Show correspondent Jessica Williams pretends to ...............................153 be swiping for potential partners on Tinder during a Sanders campaign rally to satirize Steinem and Albright’s comments Image 18: This header image appeared at the beginning of Yiannopoulos’....................169 review Image 19: Jones worked to rally support on Twitter by posting images ........................170 of the harassment she received Image 20: Many Black men rallied to support Jones on Twitter using ..........................175 the hashtag #BlackMenSupportLeslie Image 21: Jones appears alongside fellow SNL castmember Pete Davidson .................180 in a parody of Mr. Robot that poked fun at the harassment she faced Image 22: Katy Perry’s tweet was the most recirculated media object ..........................183 related the harassment against Jones Image 23: Milo Yiannopoulos and InfoWars host Alex Jones .......................................188 Image 24: This picture was posted to the official Time’s Up .........................................196 Instagram on 9 February 2018 and shows members Jill Soloway, v Rashida Jones, Tina Tchen, Melina Matsoukas, Nina Shaw, Ava DuVernay, Maha Dakhil Jackson, and Natalie Portman at the Makers Women Conference. vi Abstract Platform Feminism: Celebrity Culture and Activism in the Digital Age tells the story of digital platforms' role in the feminist movement during the early 21st century. Taking celebrity culture as a potent site at which to analyze the new visibilities of feminism and its responses to a new wave of conservative and deeply reactionary politics, I explore the ways in which networked publics coalesce around celebrity events and, in discussing, analyzing, and critiquing various actors within these events, engage in boundary work around what it means to “be a feminist.” From responses to celebrity harassment to hashtag campaigns supporting celebrity feminism to critiques of imperfect feminist celebrities, this dissertation explores the contentious debates about feminism that arise around celebrity culture within digital spaces. To analyze these discourses, this project draws together literature from three often-disparate academic subfields: platform studies, feminist media studies, and celebrity studies. Using a case study approach, each chapter draws on intersectional feminist theory to examine a celebrity event from 2014-2016 that incited controversy across a variety of media platforms around issues of gender, sexuality, race, and class. I track each event across online and legacy media outlets and engage in multiplatform critical technocultural discourse analysis to analyze how discussions amongst issue
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Identity and Representation on the Neoliberal Platform of Youtube
    Identity and Representation on the Neoliberal Platform of YouTube Andra Teodora Pacuraru Student Number: 11693436 30/08/2018 Supervisor: Alberto Cossu Second Reader: Bernhard Rieder MA New Media and Digital Culture University of Amsterdam Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Chapter 1: Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................ 4 Neoliberalism & Personal Branding ............................................................................................ 4 Mass Self-Communication & Identity ......................................................................................... 8 YouTube & Micro-Celebrities .................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: Case Studies ........................................................................................................................ 21 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 21 Who They Are ........................................................................................................................... 21 Video Evolution ......................................................................................................................... 22 Audience Statistics ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Non-Disclosing Endorser Status in Social Media Marketing Content Toward Consumer Buying Behavior Salma Prihandani1*, Henny Marlyna1
    Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, volume 130 3rd International Conference on Law and Governance (ICLAVE 2019) Effect of Non-Disclosing Endorser Status in Social Media Marketing Content Toward Consumer Buying Behavior Salma Prihandani1*, Henny Marlyna1 1Faculty of Law, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Jawa Barat, Indonesia *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Businesses have resorted to social media promotions, especially those endorsed or promoted by celebrities or influencers to gain more exposure for their product or service. It is common to find social media promotions in Indonesia, where the popular terms are “influencer”, “endorsement”, and “paid promote”. Despite the large number of social media endorsements, there seems to be no specialized guideline for both the influencers and business actors to look up to in creating their content in Indonesia yet. Many of these promotions even intentionally not disclose the influencer’s status as a paid endorser, leading the audience to believe that the content is indeed their personal recommendation. When this type of promotion doesn’t disclose the influencer’s stance as an endorser, both the business and the influencer may not notice that they have indeed violated the consumer’s rights. Having the right to be informed about the honest potency of a product is one of the essential rights that lays within every consumer. With the false impression projected to the audience, this is detrimental to the audience. Due to the fact that celebrity branding plays a significant role in determining a buyer’s purchasing intention. Keywords: social media endorsement, endorsement disclosure, celebrity branding 1. INTRODUCTION commercials to promote a product, they haven’t gone out of jobs with the rise of social media.
    [Show full text]
  • Striving for Anti-Racism: a Beginner's Journal!
    Striving For Anti-Racism: A Beginner’s Journal BY BEYOND THINKING Special Thanks Anti-racism work does not happen in a vacuum. This journal would not be possible without the brilliance of Jennifer Wong, Karimah Edwards, Kyana Wheeler, Lauren Kite, and Cat Cuevas. Jennifer Wong, Creative Designer Attorney, and also the love of my life (!) Karimah Edwards, Editor Hummingbird Cooperative Kyana Wheeler, Anti-Racist Consultant and Advisor Kyana Wheeler Consulting Lauren Kite, Anti-Racist Consultant and Advisor Cat Cuevas, Anti-Racist Consultant and Advisor Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................4 How to Use This Journal........................................................ 7 I. WORKSHEETS & RESOURCES ................................. 9 Values ........................................................................................10 Emotions ................................................................................. 12 Racial Anxiety Self-Assessment (Round 1) .......14 Biases ........................................................................................ 16 Cultural Lenses ................................................................... 17 Privileges .................................................................................18 Privilege Bingo.................................................................... 19 Microaggressions .............................................................20 Common Forms of Resistance ..............................
    [Show full text]
  • Constructing, Programming, and Branding Celebrity on Reality Television
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Producing Reality Stardom: Constructing, Programming, and Branding Celebrity on Reality Television A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Film and Television by Lindsay Nicole Giggey 2017 © Copyright by Lindsay Nicole Giggey 2017 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Producing Reality Stardom: Constructing, Programming, and Branding Celebrity on Reality Television by Lindsay Nicole Giggey Doctor of Philosophy in Film and Television University of California, Los Angeles, 2017 Professor John T. Caldwell, Chair The popular preoccupation with celebrity in American culture in the past decade has been bolstered by a corresponding increase in the amount of reality programming across cable and broadcast networks that centers either on established celebrities or on celebrities in the making. This dissertation examines the questions: How is celebrity constructed, scheduled, and branded by networks, production companies, and individual participants, and how do the constructions and mechanisms of celebrity in reality programming change over time and because of time? I focus on the vocational and cultural work entailed in celebrity, the temporality of its production, and the notion of branding celebrity in reality television. Dissertation chapters will each focus on the kinds of work that characterize reality television production cultures at the network, production company, and individual level, with specific attention paid to programming focused ii on celebrity making and/or remaking. Celebrity is a cultural construct that tends to hide the complex labor processes that make it possible. This dissertation unpacks how celebrity status is the product of a great deal of seldom recognized work and calls attention to the hidden infrastructures that support the production, maintenance, and promotion of celebrity on reality television.
    [Show full text]
  • A Philosophy of Communication of Social Media Influencer Marketing
    Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 8-8-2020 The Banality of the Social: A Philosophy of Communication of Social Media Influencer Marketing Kati Sudnick Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Part of the Digital Humanities Commons, and the Rhetoric Commons Recommended Citation Sudnick, K. (2020). The Banality of the Social: A Philosophy of Communication of Social Media Influencer Marketing (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/1921 This One-year Embargo is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. THE BANALITY OF THE SOCIAL: A PHILOSOPHY OF COMMUNICATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA INFLUENCER MARKETING A Dissertation Submitted to the McAnulty Graduate School of Liberal Arts Duquesne University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Kati Elizabeth Sudnick August 2020 Copyright by Kati Elizabeth Sudnick 2020 THE BANALITY OF THE SOCIAL: A PHILOSOPHY OF COMMUNICATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA INFLUENCER MARKETING By Kati Elizabeth Sudnick Approved May 1st, 2020 ________________________________ ________________________________ Ronald C. Arnett, Ph.D. Erik Garrett, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Communication & Associate Professor, Department of Rhetorical Studies Communication & Rhetorical Studies (Committee Chair) (Committee
    [Show full text]
  • Accepted Manuscript Version
    Research Archive Citation for published version: Tony Shaw, and Tricia Jenkins, ‘An Act of War? The Interview Affair, the Sony Hack, and the Hollywood– Washington Power Nexus Today’, Journal of American Studies, April 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021875817000512 Document Version: This is the Accepted Manuscript version. The version in the University of Hertfordshire Research Archive may differ from the final published version. Copyright and Reuse: © 2017 Cambridge University Press and British Association for American Studies. This version is free to view and download for private research and study only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. Enquiries If you believe this document infringes copyright, please contact the Research & Scholarly Communications Team at [email protected] An Act of War? The Interview Affair, the Sony Hack, and the Hollywood/Washington Power Nexus Today An early quasi-police procedural showing J. Edgar Hoover’s Federal Bureau of Investigation “smashing” a communist sleeper cell in Boston, Alfred L. Werker’s 1952 docudrama Walk East on Beacon looks at first much like any other Red-baiting Hollywood production of the McCarthy era. On closer inspection, the movie offers us a keen insight into the Hollywood/Washington power nexus during the Cold War. Recently declassified documents reveal that the FBI’s top brass not only helped to inspire Walk East on Beacon but also to cast and market the film. More intriguingly, America’s most powerful military Cold War think tank, the RAND Corporation, was at the heart of the movie’s screenplay. Hollywood scriptwriter Leo Rosten worked as a part-time adviser on social sciences for RAND and based key elements of his plot for Walk East on Beacon on top-secret RAND projects, principally the military uses of satellites and computers.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Time of the Microcelebrity: Celebrification and the Youtuber Zoella
    In The Time of the Microcelebrity Celebrification and the YouTuber Zoella Jerslev, Anne Published in: International Journal of Communication Publication date: 2016 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY-ND Citation for published version (APA): Jerslev, A. (2016). In The Time of the Microcelebrity: Celebrification and the YouTuber Zoella. International Journal of Communication, 10, 5233-5251. http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/5078/1822 Download date: 24. Sep. 2021 International Journal of Communication 10(2016), 5233–5251 1932–8036/20160005 In the Time of the Microcelebrity: Celebrification and the YouTuber Zoella ANNE JERSLEV University of Copenhagen, Denmark This article discusses the temporal changes in celebrity culture occasioned by the dissemination of digital media, social network sites, and video-sharing platforms, arguing that, in contemporary celebrity culture, different temporalities are connected to the performance of celebrity in different media: a temporality of plenty, of permanent updating related to digital media celebrity; and a temporality of scarcity distinctive of large-scale international film and television celebrities. The article takes issue with the term celebrification and suggests that celebrification on social media platforms works along a temporality of permanent updating, of immediacy and authenticity. Taking UK YouTube vlogger and microcelebrity Zoella as the analytical case, the article points out that microcelebrity strategies are especially connected with the display of accessibility, presence, and intimacy online; moreover, the broadening of processes of celebrification beyond YouTube may put pressure on microcelebrities’ claim to authenticity. Keywords: celebrification, microcelebrity, YouTubers, vlogging, social media, celebrity culture YouTubers are a huge phenomenon online.
    [Show full text]
  • NARAL Ep5 V04 20200623.Mp3
    NARAL_Ep5_v04_20200623.mp3 Jess McIntosh [00:00:00] This limited series podcast is based on the book, "The Lie that Binds" by NARAL Pro-Choice America president Ilyse Hogue with Ellie Langford. Each episode builds on the history terminology and figureheads established in the last. So we strongly recommend that you start from episode one before jumping ahead. Brianna Wu [00:00:18] The truth is, GamerGate is less of an event and more of a playbook to use against someone you don't like. Jess McIntosh [00:00:26] This is Brianna Wu, co-founder of independent videogame studio Giant SpaceKat. Brianna Wu [00:00:32] This is the GamerGate playbook. Find someone you want to shut up. Go to their entire life. Go through all their social media posts. Investigate them and find something to attack them with. And then get an army of people online to scream from the hills about this fact which may or may not be true and destroyed their reputation. The idea is to make the cost of speaking out so high that it's easier to just remain silent. Jess McIntosh [00:00:59] The GamerGate controversy started in August 2014. Brianna Wu [00:01:01] All through 2014 my women colleagues were being basically bullied out of the industry. Jess McIntosh [00:01:09] It was set off after game developer Zoe Quinn was falsely accused by their ex-boyfriend of sleeping with a videogame journalist to garner positive reviews for their company's new game. This led to an avalanche of rape threats, doxing and death threats against Quinn, as well as women who criticized sexism in the game industry in general.
    [Show full text]
  • PAUL RANFORD Is a Producer with Over 30 Years Production Experience Across Film and Television. Recent Feature Film Credits
    PAUL RANFORD is a producer with over 30 years production experience across film and television. Recent feature film credits include True History of The Kelly Gang from director Justin Kurzel; Ambience Entertainment’s Storm Boy, directed by Shawn Seet; and Sony Pictures’ Will Gluck helmed Peter Rabbit. Recent television credits include the ABC-TV/Netflix six-part series Stateless, starring Cate Blanchett, Dominic West and Yvonne Strahovski and the award-winning series Secret City and Deadline Gallipoli, all in association with Matchbox Pictures and NBCUniversal. Production credits also include the international titles Mad Max: Fury Road, Matrix Revolutions and Matrix Reloaded. Selected Work History: Producer Stateless (TV series) Matchbox Pictures / NBCUniversal / Dirty Films Directors: Emma Freeman, Jocelyn Moorhouse Executive Producers: Cate Blanchett, Tony Ayres, Elise McCredie Producer True History of the Kelly Gang (Feature) Porchlight Films / Daybreak Films/ Film 4/ Memento Films Director: Justin Kurzel Producers: Liz Watts, Hal Vogel, Justin Kurzel Co-Producer Storm Boy (Feature) Ambience Entertainment/ Piccadilly Pictures Director: Shawn Seet Producers: Michael Boughen, Matthew Street Unit Production Manager Peter RaBBit (Feature) Sony Pictures / Animal Logic Director: Will Gluck Producers: Will Gluck, Zareh Nalbandian Line Producer Secret City (TV series) Matchbox Pictures/ NBCUniversal / Foxtel Director: Emma Freeman Producer: Joanna Werner Executive Producers: Penny Chapman, Penny Win Line Producer Deadline Gallipoli (TV series)
    [Show full text]
  • SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE PRESENTS a Festival Celebrating the Art Of
    SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE PRESENTS A festival celebrating the art of graphic storytelling, illustration, comics, animation and music MONDAY 28 SEPTEMBER, SATURDAY 10 & SUNDAY 11 OCTOBER SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE A festival of graphic storytelling, animation and music featuring: Mad Max: Fury Road - Creating the Apocalypse - George Miller, Brendan McCarthy and Nico Lathouris in conversation; Kevin Smith's Superhero Multiverse with special guest Jason Mewes; Sarah Blasko - Eternal Return Album Preview with Commissioned Visuals by Mike Daly; Ólafur Arnalds + visuals by Máni Sigfússon with 13-piece chamber orchestra and new arrangements by Viktor Orri Árnason; The Walking Dead: Season 6 Premiere – FREE SCREENING FREE TALKS from Brendan McCarthy, Nicola Scott, Animal Logic, Brendan Fletcher, Simon Rippingale and Erica Harrison; FREE SCREENINGS of Warren Ellis’ Captured Ghosts, The Mindscape of Alan Moore, She Makes Comics and Future Shock! 2000 AD; A Cautionary Tail and Oscar Wilde’s The Nightingale & The Rose “The smartest, wisest, most cutting edge festival and celebration of narrative literature and its intersection with culture in the world.” NEIL GAIMAN The Sydney Opera House today announced the program for the fifth GRAPHIC festival, taking place on Monday 28 September and Saturday 10 – Sunday 11 October. Featuring the exclusive commissions, world and Australian premieres that the festival has become synonymous with, this year GRAPHIC will also host ten free film screenings and talks from the most exciting storytellers in print, pixel and pop, on the stages and foyers of the Sydney Opera House. GRAPHIC co-curator and Sydney Opera House Head of Contemporary Music Ben Marshall said, “Sydney Opera House presents Graphic in order to celebrate the high artistic beats in forms of modern storytelling that are often ignored in traditional arts conversations and yet are capable of greatness.
    [Show full text]
  • Fighting for Women Existence in Popular Espionage Movies Salt (2010) and Zero Dark Thirty (2012)
    Benita Amalina — Fighting For Women Existence in Popular Espionage Movies Salt (2010) and Zero Dark Thirty (2012) FIGHTING FOR WOMEN EXISTENCE IN POPULAR ESPIONAGE MOVIES SALT (2010) AND ZERO DARK THIRTY (2012) Benita Amalina [email protected] Abstract American spy movies have been considered one of the most profitable genre in Hollywood. These spy movies frequently create an assumption that this genre is exclusively masculine, as women have been made oblivious and restricted to either supporting roles or non-spy roles. In 2010 and 2012, portrayal of women in spy movies was finally changed after the release of Salt and Zero Dark Thirty, in which women became the leading spy protagonists. Through the post-nationalist American Studies perspective, this study discusses the importance of both movies in reinventing women’s identity representation in a masculine genre in response to the evolving American society. Keywords: American women, hegemony, representation, Hollywood, movies, popular culture Introduction The financial success and continuous power of this industry implies that there has been The American movie industry, often called good relations between the producers and and widely known as Hollywood, is one of the main target audience. The producers the most powerful cinematic industries in have been able to feed the audience with the world. In the more recent data, from all products that are suitable to their taste. Seen the movies released in 2012 Hollywood from the movies’ financial revenues as achieved $ 10 billion revenue in North previously mentioned, action movies are America alone, while grossing more than $ proven to yield more revenue thus become 34,7 billion worldwide (Kay, 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • The Myth of Enforcing Border Security Versus the Reality of Enforcing Dominant Masculinities
    California Western Law Review Volume 56 Number 1 Article 4 2-15-2020 The Myth of Enforcing Border Security Versus the Reality of Enforcing Dominant Masculinities Jamie R. Abrams Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.cwsl.edu/cwlr Recommended Citation Abrams, Jamie R. (2020) "The Myth of Enforcing Border Security Versus the Reality of Enforcing Dominant Masculinities," California Western Law Review: Vol. 56 : No. 1 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.cwsl.edu/cwlr/vol56/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CWSL Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in California Western Law Review by an authorized editor of CWSL Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abrams: The Myth of Enforcing Border Security Versus the Reality of Enfor Abrams camera ready FINAL (Do Not Delete) 1/22/2020 11:43 AM THE MYTH OF ENFORCING BORDER SECURITY VERSUS THE REALITY OF ENFORCING DOMINANT MASCULINITIES JAMIE R. ABRAMS∗ I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 70 II. ENFORCING MASCULINITIES AT THE BORDER ................................. 73 III. HOW TRUMP DEPLOYED “RAPISTS,” “BAD HOMBRES,” AND“ANIMALS” IN A TOXIC MIXTURE OF RACE, XENOPHOBIA, AND MASCULINITIES............................................................................. 74 A. Trump’s Rise to Power .......................................................... 75 B. Masculinities Manipulation .................................................
    [Show full text]