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SOUTH ASIAN STUDIES a Biannual Journal of South Asian Studies ISSN 0974 – 2514 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOUTH ASIAN STUDIES A Biannual Journal of South Asian Studies Sixth Year of Publication Vol. 6 January – June 2013 No. 1 Editor Prof. Mohanan B Pillai SOCIETY FOR SOUTH ASIAN STUDIES PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY PUDUCHERRY, INDIA GUIDELINES FOR SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTS Original papers that fall within the scope of the Journal shall be submitted by e- mail. An Abstract of the article in about 150 words must accompany the papers. The length of research papers shall be between 5000 and 7000 words. However, short notes, perspectives and lengthy papers will be published if the contents could justify. 1. The paper may be composed in MS-Words format, Times New Roman font with heading in Font Size 14 and the remaining text in the font size 12 with 1.5 spacing. 2. Notes should be numbered consecutively, superscripted in the text and attached to the end of the article. References should be cited within the text in parenthesis. e.g. (Sen 2003:150). 3. Spelling should follow the British pattern: e.g. ‘colour’, NOT ‘color’. 4. Quotations should be placed in double quotation marks. Long quotes of above 4 (four) lines should be indented in single space. 5. Use italics for title of the books, newspaper, journals and magazines in text, end notes and bibliography. 6. In the text, number below 100 should be mentioned in words (e.g. twenty eight). Use “per cent”, but in tables the symbol % should be typed. 7. Bibliography should be arranged alphabetically at the end of the text and must be complete in all respect. Examples: 1) Hoffmann, Steven (1990): India and the China Crisis, Oxford University Press, Delhi. 2) Bhalla and Hazell (2003): “Rural Employment and Poverty: Strategies to Eliminate Rural Poverty within a Generation”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.33, No.33, August 16, pp.3473-84. All articles are, as a rule, referred to experts in the subjects concerned. Those recommended by the referees alone will be published in the Journal after appropriate editing. No article shall be sent for publication in the Journal if it is currently being reviewed by any other Journal or press or if it has already been published or will be published elsewhere. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] CONTENTS Perspectives Greater Connectivity and Regional Integration in South Asia Ambassador T P Srinivasan … 1 Greater Connectivity and Regional Integration in South Asia Ambassador Amitava Tripathi … 4 Articles India and Regional Economic Integration in South Asia: A Critical Analysis Sailaja Gullapalli … 8 India’s Merchandise Trade with SAARC Countries: Problems and Prospects Surinder Kumar Singla … 20 Track-I and Regional Co-Operation: A SAARC Perspective Neelam Choudhary … 39 e-Governance in South Asia: An Assessment of G2C and G2B Aspects of Key Ministry Websites of SAARC countries S Victor Anandkumar, Rakesh Bojjagani & J Saravanan … 51 Local Democracy in Sri Lanka: An Overview V Suresh & K Ramesh … 64 The Indian Origin Tamils in Sri Lanka: A Study of their Socio-Economic-Political Plight Navaneeta Deori … 77 Reproductive Health Scenario of Rural Women in Bangladesh: An Overview Muhammad Mahmudur Rahman & Salma Mobarek … 94 Bangladesh Democracy and EU’s Reflection Gayatri Dhal and S Venkata Krishnan … 104 Engaging Myanmar: Using the North-East India as a Crucible Munmun Majumdar … 118 IAEA Safeguards: Evolution and Current Status Arun Vishwanathan … 129 Conceits of Arab Spring: Democratization in the Arab World V Bijukumar … 147 The “Asian Values” Debate and Human Rights: Amartya Sen’s Justification of Indian Particularity as the Universal Social Value in Relativity Santosh C Saha … 164 The Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Violation of Human Rights A S Pillarson … 188 India’s Diaspora Policy Vinod Khobragade … 204 Corruption as a Way of Life: The Evidence from India Pradeep Kumar Parida … 219 Manipur Merger and Ruptures in the Movement for Composite Manipur K Shukhdeba Sharma Hanjabam & Aheibam Koireng Singh … 233 Book Review India’s National Security: Concerns and Strategies Swati Bhattacharya … 248 Greater Connectivity and Regional Integration in South Asia* Ambassador T P Srinivasan Distinguished Vice-Chancellor, Ambassador Veena Sikri, Ambassador Amitava Tripathi. Prof. Mohanan Pillai, Ambassador I.P.Khosla (in the audience), Distinguished Professors and Scholars, Ladies and Gentlemen, Allow me to pay a tribute to Ambassador Madanjeet Singh, whose vision and magnanimity have led to the establishment of the UNESCO Madanjeet Singh Institute of South Asia Regional Cooperation. This Institute is the best memorial for a noble soul who saw himself as a South Asian and worked tirelessly to achieve regional integration in South Asia. I am grateful to the Pondicherry University and Prof. Mohanan Pillai for inviting me again, this time in my capacity as the Executive Head of the Kerala State Higher Education Council. It was to the Vice-Chancellor of this University, Prof.Tareen, that I turned when I needed an eminent person to head a committee on a new higher education policy. I hope to work with this University in the future also in our quest for excellence in education. I have very little hands on experience of South Asia, although in pursuit of India’s diplomatic interests in the United Nations and elsewhere, our neighbourhood, both South Asia and South East Asia have been uppermost in my mind. The only SAARC country I served in is Bhutan. That was long time ago, in 1971, when the Himalayan Kingdom was making the first tentative steps in the international community. Though India itself promoted Bhutan’s membership of the United Nations, it was obvious even then that Bhutan’s aspirations went beyond a close relationship with India and it was keen to be integrated with the international community. The countries in the region were not even thinking of a regional organization at that time. All of them sought international linkages not only to assert their sovereignty, but also to seek international assistance for development. None of them wanted to put all their eggs in the Indian basket. India loomed large in South Asia and its neighbours, much smaller and weaker, could not but look at the map of the region without awe and suspicion. Whenever I ponder over our neighbourhood, I remember an old Polish joke of cold war vintage, the days of the Soviet Union. Some Polish students in a primary school asked their teacher who the best friends of Poland were. The teacher promptly said that the US, the UK, *Text of the Inaugural Address by Ambassador T P Srinivasan at the three-day International Conference on Greater Connectivity and Regional Integration in South Asia during 14-16 February 2013 organised by the UNESCO Madanjeet Singh Institute of South Asia Regional Cooperation at Pondicherry University. IJSAS 6(1) 2013, pp.1-3. ISSN 0974-2514 Copyright © by Society for South Asian Studies, Pondicherry University Ambassador T P Srinivasan 2 India and Canada were the friends of Poland. The students were surprised and they asked: “How about the Soviet Union?” “Ah the Soviet Union! It is a brother, not a friend”, she said confidently. “But what is the difference between a friend and a brother?” they asked. “Friends, we can choose, brothers we cannot!”, she said vehemently. Neighbours are the same. We cannot choose our neighbours. They are a reality we have to contend with for good or for bad. Sadly, though, neighbours, like brothers, close their eyes to the reality and seek comfort and security outside their closest circles. South Asia is a region in which the imperatives of cooperation have been evident for a long time. Apart from geography, the countries have historic, cultural and linguistic links. But the idea of regional cooperation came to South Asia, much after many other regions had benefitted from regional arrangements. We did not have to go as far as Europe to find a model. It was right there in South East Asia, which had forged an arrangement successfully even though Indo-China was out of it at that time. India itself was hesitant initially because it realized that there was the danger of its neighbours engaging in collective bargaining to extract concessions for their bigger neighbor. India had also guessed, rightly, that Pakistan would use any regional organization to raise bilateral issues. In the last 25 years, India’s worst fears have been proved right and at a time when the world is adopting a multilateral regional approach to development, SAARC is still groping in the dark for an effective formula for regional cooperation. More often than not, SAARC is plagued by tensions of various kinds. The primary reason for lack of progress is that SAARC is not multilateral in the real sense of the term. Bilateralism is disguised as multilateralism in SAARC. It often reflects the sum total of India’s bilateral relations with the members of SAARC. India is more comfortable with bilateral give and take rather than demands disguised as resolutions for the good of the organization and the world. The other members too find bilateral approaches more effective in meeting their development needs, including transit and trade. The unique geographical position of India and its rapid economic growth makes India a crucial actor in SAARC. As a result, the fortunes of SAARC keep shifting and turning in keeping with ups and downs in bilateral relations. There have been occasions when even convening of meetings became difficult on account of complications in bilateral relations, a phenomenon that rarely happens in other multilateral organisations. India’s differences with Pakistan and some of the other neighbours precede the creation of SAARC and these have not been alleviated, as they should have, in the atmosphere generated by the regional organization.
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