Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand i

Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand

An Iconography and Key

Eleventh Revised Edition

Introduction Preface This book is intended as one small step towards bridging an obvious gap in the literature on New Zealand fungi, viz. colour illustrations and descriptions of dark-spored agaricoid and gastroid species that grow in native forests. During many study visits to the country I have repeatedly experienced the need for such a publication, a need that stems from the following observations: • The target group of fungi is well represented in New Zealand. During parts of the season it dominates the mycoflora in vast areas of the native forests. • At the same time these species are poorly known. Only a modest number have been named, described, and published, and even fewer have been illustrated in colour. In Europe and other parts of the world many cortinarioid fungi have proven critical as indicators of valuable biotopes and areas worthy of conservation. There is evidence that this also applies to New Zealand, which adds to the incentive to explore the target group and its role within the ecology of the region. It is my hope that the book will inspire resident mycologists to continue studies of this important and fascinating subject. It is evident that much remains to be done and that many new species will be discovered. This book must therefore be seen as provisional in the sense that it will be subject to periodical updates as new data become available. Inevitably, also some names will be provisional, used as working names or as tentative identification, until they are later confirmed or perhaps amended. This edition describes a number of new taxa based on new findings and on ongoing molecular analysis. The repertory of taxa has been substantially expanded to 160 colour photos and descriptions, all of Cortinarius species and varieties. As a consequence of recent phylogenetic research there is a continued emphasis on sections as the taxonomical rank for structuring the genus.

Karl Soop Mora, Sweden in December 2017 ii Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Scope Up until Edition 6, this book included various dark-spored genera encountered in New Zealand1. Due to space limitations, and to the emergence of literature covering a wide range of genera [e.g. Johnston & al. 2007, McMulan-Fisher et al. 2014], subsequent editions have been dedicated exclusively to the genus Cortinarius. The Cortinarii studied in this book are circumscribed in several ways: • The species are all native to New Zealand, many are presumed endemic. They grow in forests, predominantly with Nothofagus ss lato, many with Leptospermum or Kunzea. All form ectomycorrhiza with either of the mentioned arboreal genera2. They are all terrestrial, growing in the leaf litter of the forest floor. • The group is naturally limited by the extent of the author's findings, and it is evident that many more Cortinarii exist in the country. Still, it is my contention that most common species within the stated taxonomical and ecological range are covered. In some cases well-documented species that I have not encountered are keyed out without a picture (these are marked with a star). Apart from Cortinarius (Pers.) Gray the studied species belong to the former genera: Rapacea E. Horak Cuphocybe R. Heim Rozites P. Karst. Thaxterogaster Singer which are now synonymised with Cortinarius [Peintner & al. 2001b, 2002b]. These are used to provide tentative group names in the following, pending a revision of the complete infrageneric taxonomy from ongoing phylogenetic research (see below). The taxon Dermocybe Fr. is handled as a subgenus of Cortinarius. The cortinarioid genus Stephanopus M.M. Moser & E. Horak, described from Patagonia, has not been recorded from New Zealand so far. Neither has the white-spored genus Leucocortinarius (Lge) Sing., growing in the Northern Hemisphere (it has, moreover, been shown not to be closely related to Cortinarius). Taxonomical Notes The genus Cortinarius has been extensively studied during the recent decades, where analyses of relevant DNA sequences have played a major part [e.g. Garnica & al. 2003, 2005, 2016, Peintner & al. 2001b, 2002b; see also Frøslev & al. 2005, 2006, Niskanen et al. 2009, 2011a,b, 2013a,b, Liimatainen et al. 2015]. From these genetic studies emerges a picture of early evolution that originated before the break-up of Pangæa, but continued afterwards with frequent genomic exchange, as evidenced by the number of Cortinarius clades that are shared between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres today [Soop & Gasparini 2011]. Their fruit-bodies carry all the principal hallmarks of Cortinarius (see the next chapter), but due to steadily diverging genetic material over eons of time, there are many differences in their detailed anatomy. Indeed, no species has with certainty been shown to grow naturally in the temperate regions of both hemispheres, a fact attributable to a large extent to the corresponding endemicity of host-tree taxa. On the other hand, repeated studies have demonstrated that the genus, taken globally, is without any doubt monophyletic. Independent evolution in the two hemispheres has led to a number of more recent Cortinarius clades. In the South, many species evolved in the Antarctic region during the cretaceous period. During the subsequent break-up of Gondwana, primitive species migrated with their host trees, mainly Nothofagus precursors, and their descendants are now encountered principally in New Zealand, New Caledonia, Tasmania, and Patagonia (South America). The vast majority of these appear to be endemic to either of the regions mentioned with relatively few certain cases of overlap.

1 Cortinarius, Hebeloma, Psathyloma, Pholiota, Descolea, Descomyces, Weraroa, Tympanella, Octaviania, 2 For simplicity, Leptospermum and Kunzea are here and in the following collectively designated “myrtaceous trees”. Also Nothofagus is to be taken ss lato including the new genera Lophozonia and Fuscospora. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand iii

From a taxonomical point of view it follows that infrageneric taxa, described from Europe and North America in the last few centuries, are in many cases ill-fitted to accommodate the species that abound in the former Gondwanan region. Traditional subgeneric and section names, all published in the North, must therefore be used with some care. This is all the more important as genetic studies performed on boreal taxa reveal many cases of polyphyly. A Cortinarius taxonomy aimed at the South Pacific has not yet been proposed, let alone one that embraces the world. The traditional taxonomy defines a number of subgenera, mainly these: Cortinarius Myxacium Dermocybe Telamonia Phlegmacium Their circumscription is based on morphology, such as viscidity and hygrophanity, or on the presence of certain metabolites (notably anthraquinonic pigments [cf. Gruber 1975, Gasparini 2004]). The genetic analyses have demonstrated that these characters are often, if not consistently, convergent. They are nevertheless practical for a quick classification, such as the one required by this book. In summary, the key and descriptions that follow use subgenera in the traditional (morphological) sense with the implicit understanding that they do not usually reflect natural affinities. The same is true for some of the other infrageneric groups, to which I have sometimes given names (within quotes) that neither correspond to a natural group, nor carry any nomenclatural status. Where known, detailed taxonomical and phylogenetic information is given in the descriptions, and is then enclosed in square brackets. What to Look for Cortinarioid fungi generally have a cap and a stipe, although the stipe may be rudimentary in the sequestrate taxa (truffles, see Ch. 30). The latter often look like typical Cortinarii when viewed from above in their habitat, but differ by the lack of well-developed gills. Instead, the hymenium consists of a closed structure (gleba) that may be lamellate, looking like poorly developed gills, or be more loculate (chambered). The spores produced by the hymenium are brownish, causing gills or gleba to darken with maturity in all species considered. A microscopic examination reveals that the spores are verrucose, i.e., provided with warts that may be more or less prominent. Most cortinarioid species possess a (universal) veil, i.e., an exterior sheath of hyphæ that protects the young fruitbody during early development. As the mushroom grows, the veil breaks up, forming telltale patterns on the surface of the fruitbody. The abundance, shape, colour, and viscidity of these patterns are often highly significant for species determination. The veil remnants may form scales, squamules, or tufts on the cap, and girdles, bands, ring, or volva on the stipe, or again merely a thin coating. In comparison with European cortinarioid species, members of the corresponding New Zealand mycota exhibit, on average, more glutinous and sometimes more colourful veils. In addition, the fruit-bodies possess an inner, cobwebby veil (cortina) that covers the young gills during development. It later collapses on the upper part of the stipe, where it may stain brown from discharged spores. It is important not to confuse this cortinal zone with velar girdles that may appear further down on the stipe. In some species, notably in the former genus Cuphocybe, the cortina is rudimentary or absent. In the former genus Rozites the cortina is replaced by a membranous inner veil that persists as a collar on the stipe. A macroscopic examination of a cortinarioid collection may include the following characters, used in subsequent descriptions in this book: • Cap: size, hygrophanity, viscidity, colour, surface (cutis) structure, aspect of the margin. Most cortinarioid fungi in New Zealand (less so in Europe) are more or less hygrophanous, i.e., the colour changes as the cap dries, forming streaks or concentric rings in the cutis. A viscid to glutinous cap surface is very common, and the degree of viscidity is an important character. It is therefore desirable to collect the specimens in moist weather, or at least not in a period of draught. The veil often leaves remnants (fibres, tufts, squamules) on the cutis and in particular at the margin, which must be noted. In iv Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

some cases the veil is very thin, leaving the cutis glabrous, in other cases the cutis is matt, fibrillose, or felty. The cap shape usually varies too much to provide a reliable character. • Gills (lamellæ) or gleba: colour (plus edge colour, if different), and density (crowded or distant). The colour always pertains to immature individuals; it is therefore important to include these in a collection. A collection consisting solely of mature specimens is seldom useful for determination. The gills are usually adnate to notched at the stipe, and the attachment is of diagnostic value only if decurrent. In some cases the gill edges are typically serrated (finely saw-tooth shaped). The presence and colour of a cortina on young specimens should also be noted. • Stipe: shape, colour, and veil remnants (see also next item). The shape is here an important character, pertaining to mature individuals. It may be cylindrical, clavate (tapering upwards), bulbous, tapering (downwards), or fusoid (i.e., thickest in the middle). Some species have a distinct bulb, which may be marginate (i.e., the bulb exhibits a sharp edge; such cases are less frequent than in Europe). Often the apex, i.e. the part nearest the gills, shows a variation in colour. • Veil: abundance, colour, and viscidity. These extremely important characters involve observing the veil remnants on the stipe of young specimens (those on the cap being more prone to discolouring). If the fungus has a bulbous stipe, the veil often remains at or near the bulb margin and may be visible only on undeveloped individuals. Be very careful when handling the fruit-bodies; dig out the entire specimen from its substrate and avoid touching the stipe surface. • Flesh (context): colour, taste and odour. It is sometimes marbled, that is, the flesh in the upper part of the stipe displays veins of a more saturated hue. To best appreciate the smell, it may be convenient to cut the fruitbody axially and sample the central portion of the stipital context. Some species emit a strong, sweetish odour, resembling that of honey (melleous), fruit, or perfume. What is termed phlegmacioid in the descriptions refers to a characteristic odour of "hot peanuts" or "boiled beets", by many authors called "terreous" or "earthy", a parallel I have difficulty accepting. A smell, characteristic of some fungi in the area, is here termed "paint", which means reminiscent of house paint or wall-paper (similar to that of the boreal species Russula pseudointegra). Other cortinarioid fungi emit a faint "hospital" smell (of iodine or iodoform), or a "raphanoid" smell (of radish or turnip), usually a mixture of both. • Ecology: biotope, host plant, and mode of growth: solitary, gregarious, fasciculate (i.e., in a cluster), on the ground or on wood, should be noted. Most of the species described form mycorrhiza with Nothofagus spp., and are therefore encountered on the ground in southern beech forest. It is important to note the nearby presence of any Leptospermum or Kunzea sp., as they also form obligate mycorrhiza with many cortinarioid species. • Spore print: The colour may be used to separate out a few neighbouring genera. Cortinarius generally produces a rusty-brown print, whereas that of Hebeloma and Inocybe is usually grey-brown to snuff brown. • Reactions. Some macro-chemical reactions are important characters: • NaOH refers in the descriptions to a general alkaline reaction (c. 20% solution). KOH may be used instead; the ammonia reaction is usually identical or weaker. Among New Zealand species the alkaline reaction is significant mainly to distinguish certain Cortinarius sections, in particular Pauperæ and related groups. A few drops of the reagent is applied on the veil remnants of cutis and stipe, as well as on the gills. Often the reaction in the context is important, where the upper part of the stipe, or the cap, if fleshy, is selected. Observe the colour change within 30 seconds. The trivial reaction is grey to dirty brown or black; it holds for most species in subgen. Myxacium and Telamonia. A positive reaction is usually some shade of red (including orange, reddish lilac and blackish red), indicating the presence of anthraquinonic pigments or its derivatives. • Lugol is a solution of iodine and potassium iodide in diluted alcohol. The reaction is of interest for species in Cortinarius sect. Scauri and Purpurascentes, where the context quickly stains red or lilac. The trivial reaction yields the colour of the reagent itself, i.e., rusty brown. So far I have collected only a handful species in New Zealand with a positive reaction. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand v

• Guayac is a kind of resin, dissolved in alcohol. Most Cortinarii exhibit a bluish green to yellow- green reaction, which needs a few minutes to emerge. The trivial reaction is no colour change. • Formalin (30%) has a slow reaction; as a rule one must wait at least 5, sometimes up to 20 minutes. The reagent stains the context strongly lilac to reddish lilac. The trivial reaction is none or faintly rosy. • Phenol is typically used in a 3% water solution. It commonly gives rise to a red, red-brown, or brown-violaceous reaction after a couple of minutes. The trivial reaction is no colour change. • Fluorescence is important for many species, especially in section Persplendidi and related groups. The test consists of irradiating the context with UV light in a dark room; a positive reaction yields a yellow to yellow-green reflection. The reaction often works also on dried material, where it may be more concentrated. Microscopic characters have a high diagnostic value in Cortinarius: • Spores: size, shape, and verrucosity. Whenever possible, discharged, and therefore mature, spores should be sought on the cortinal zone (see above) on the stipe of a mature specimen. Most spores discussed in this work are elliptic to amygdaloid (almond-shaped), but some deviating shapes occur, and spores may be finely, moderately or grossly verrucose (warty). All spores in the studied group tend to look more or less yellow-brown under the lens (in a c. 5% NH3 preparation), and the hue is of diagnostic value only if exceptionally dark or pale. — Some species have dextrinoid spores; i.e., they exhibit a strong orange or reddish colour when mounted in Meltzer’s reagent. • Marginal elements: Most Cortinarii exhibit a more or less fertile gill margin with trivial sterile cells that may be clavate in shape, hyaline, not or slightly encrusted, and poorly differentiated in size and shape from the basidia. Their presence is therefore rarely of diagnostic value and not reported in the descriptions in this book. On the other hand, some species possess well differentiated cystidia that may be used for determination. • Cutis: Many species possess gelatinised hyphæ in the epicutis, indicating a viscid cap surface. Other hyphæ may be encrusted with coloured ornaments that have a diagnostic value. • Veil hyphæ: They are preferably picked from the stipe, and their width is noted. Acknowledgments My deep-felt thanks to Eric McKenzie (Auckland) for reviewing the original manuscript, to Egon Horak (Zurich) for many fruitful taxonomical discussions, and to Howard, Elizabeth and Caroline Lintott (Christchurch) my genial hosts during my visits to the country. I also wish to extend my gratitude to Klaus Høiland (Oslo) and to Alain Gérault (Paris) for chromatographic examinations of some of my material, to Stig Jacobsson (Gothenburg) for SEM evaluations, and to Peter Johnston (Auckland), Sigisfredo Garnica (Tübingen), and Bálint Dima (Budapest) for DNA analyses of most of my collections. vi Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Schematic Key This key includes all species described further along in the book, as well as a number of species from various keys referenced in the text. Dark-spored taxa in other genera are sometimes keyed out when confusion with Cortinarius is a likely possibility. Species that I have not encountered myself, or of which I had insufficient material, are marked with an asterisk. In these cases, please see the referenced literature for descriptions. Notes • Please note that the key is not binary. There are, in other words, often more than two alternatives, all of which should be checked before making a choice. • The key contains many cross-references between sections. For example, a species that leads to Phlegmacium in the main key, may later be referred to Cuphocybe. • Gill colour always pertains to immature specimens. • Viscidity should be evaluated in moist conditions. If the weather is dry, one can touch the surface of the fruitbody with lips — a less precise mode of evaluation. • Cap measurement pertains to the diameter of mature specimens, or given for sequestrate taxa as diameter × height. • Stipe measurement is sometimes used to distinguish between slender and robust species. It is then a question of the diameter of the upper part of the stipe on most mature specimens in a collection. • Veil-hyphæ measurements pertain to their width. Abbreviations

frb fruitbody sect. section sp. spores sp., spp. species → see ± more or less

Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand vii

Main Key 1 Hymenium lamellate, cap open on maturity...... 2 1* Hymenium a gleba, cap more or less closed ...... Thaxterogaster & allies (Key L) 2 Stipe provided with a membranous collar ...... 20 2* Stipe with at most velar girdles, possibly with a woolly or glutinous collar...... 3 3 Cap showing distinct patches, squamules, or tufts of a non-white veil ...... Key A 3* Cap glabrous, matt, or fibrillose, possibly with white veil remnants...... 4 4 Gills exhibiting a distinct red, orange, yellow, or olive-yellow shade (see Notes above)...... 5 4* Gills white, grey, pale yellow, green, brown, or violet...... 6 5 Alkaline reaction distinct on cutis and gills...... Dermocybe (Key C) 5* Alkaline reaction trivial or nil, except possibly on stipital veil...... Telamonia (Key J) 6 Cap and stipe viscid to glutinous...... Myxacium (Key I) 6* Cap but not stipe viscid...... Phlegmacium (Key G) 6** Cap and stipe dry...... 7 7 Frb distinctly hygrophanous ...... Telamonia (Key J) 7* Frb not or weakly hygrophanous...... 8 8 Whole frb immutably white (except possibly gills)...... Cortinarius (Rapacea) mariæ 8* Frb at most partly white; if all-white, then darkening with age ...... Key A

20(2) Cap dry, cutis structure cellular...... Descolea [→ Horak 1971] 20* Cap viscid to glutinous, cutis structure not or only partly cellular ...... Rozites (Key H) Key A: Cortinarius p.p. & other genera 1 Gills decurrent, easily removed by scraping ...... Austropaxillus [→ McNabb 1999] 1* Gills notched, adnate, or free, not easily removed...... 2 2 Gills some shade of blue, violet, or purple (possibly with a brown component)...... 20 2* Gills lacking bluish tinge ...... 3 3 Cap dry...... 10 3* Cap viscid to glutinous...... 4 4 Gill face with conspicuous chrysocystidia, sp. smooth ...... Pholiota [→ Soop 2005b] 4* Gill face without chrysocystidia, sp. usually verrucose...... 5 5 Spore print yellow-brown to rusty-brown, stipe apex not pruinose...... 6 5* Spore print differently coloured, stipe apex often pruinose ...... Hebeloma [→ Soop 2001, 2008] 6 Undeveloped frb lacking a distinct, cobwebby cortina, stipital base often piston-like or with a small bulb...... Cuphocybe (Key F) 6* Cortina distinct on undeveloped frb, stipital base usually different...... Phlegmacium (Key G)

10(3) Gill edge with conspicuous cystidia, sp. print grey-brown ...... Inocybe [→ Horak 1977] 10* Gill edge usually with smaller sterile cells, sp. print rusty-brown...... Persplendidi (Key D)

20(2) Stipe with a wide bulb, gills very crowded → Cortinarius austrocyanites (Key G) 20* Stipe with none or a small bulb, gills moderately crowded...... 21 21 Cap viscid to glutinous...... 23 21* Cap dry...... 22 22 Cap dark violaceous ...... sect. Cortinarius (Key B) 22* Cap covered by blackish, coarse scales → Cortinarius ursus (Key G) 22** Cap glabrous or with ochraceous to dirty-white velar remnants...... Xenosmatæ (Key E) 23(21) Stipe distinctly violet to blue → Cortinarius chalybæus, rhipiduranus (Key G) 23* Stipe differently coloured → Cuphocybe (Key F), Cortinarius perelegans, naphthalinus (Key G) viii Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Key B: Cortinarius subgen. Cortinarius [cf. Harrower & al. 2015, Moser 1986] 1 With myrtaceous trees...... C. kioloënsis* 1* With Nothofagus...... 2 2 Sp. obtusely elliptic, >7 µm wide, rather grossly verrucose ...... C. carneipallidus 2 Sp. leaner, moderately to weakly verrucose ...... C. atrolazulinus

Key C: Cortinarius subgen. Dermocybe ss lato [cf. Horak 1987] 1 Cap wholly or partially with some distinct red shade (group "Rubelli")...... 2 1* Cap differently coloured (including orange) ...... 10 2 Cap viscid ...... C. cardinalis 2* Cap dry...... 4 4 Gills deep red...... 5 4* Gills orange to brick red ...... 7 4** Gills yellow to ochraceous...... 9 5 Cap dark wine-red, bonnet-shaped...... C. mycenarum 5* Cap brightly carmine red, ± convex...... 6 6 Many sp. <4 µm wide, with Nothofagus...... C. vinicolor, C. purpuratoides 6* Sp. wider, in myrtaceous wood ...... C. cruentoides 7(4) Frb very small, cap mostly <20 mm ...... C. rubrimarginatus 7* Frb larger, cap usually wider...... 8 8 Cap intensely orange-red, stipe yellow...... C. papaver 8* Cap cinnabar-red, stipe pink ...... C. veronicæ 9(4) Cutis fibrillose to squamulose, not hygrophanous ...... C. cramesinus 9* Cutis finely innate-fibrillose, ± hygrophanous → C. armiæ (Key K)

10(1) Gills some shade of orange...... 11 10* Gills yellow without brown or olive tints...... 20 10** Gills differently coloured...... 30 11 Cap with orange hues, among Nothofagus ...... 13 11* Cap dark brown to blackish, among myrtaceous trees ...... 12 12 Cap dry...... C. persplendidus (Key D), C. egmontianus* 12* Cap viscid ...... C. largofulgens 13(11) Young cap centre dark brown, orange-tinted towards margin ...... 14 13* Young cap ± uniformly orange...... 15 14 Cap dry, sp. <7 µm...... C. aurantioferreus 14* Cap viscid, sp. longer...... C. castaneodiscus 15(13) Spores <9 µm, alkaline reaction blood red ...... C. araniiti 15* Spores longer, alkaline reaction olive...... C. aurantiellus*

20(10) Frb fairly robust, stipe often >7 mm wide ...... C. canarius 20* Frb small, stipe leaner ...... 21 21 Taste distinctly bitter...... Pholiota chrysmoides [→ Soop 2005b] 21* Taste mild ...... 22 22 Cap golden yellow with a yellow-brown disk, dry ...... C. chrysma 22* Cap yellow-brown with a date-brown disk, slightly viscid...... C. icterinoides

30(10) Cap distinctly viscid to glutinous...... 40 30* Cap dry or slightly viscid...... 31 31 Frb dry, usually with Nothofagus...... 32 31* Frb slightly viscid, with myrtaceous trees ...... C. leptospermorum 32 Cap with greenish tints, small, mostly <30 mm...... C. lachanus 32* Cap brownish with orange or yellow tints, often larger ...... 33 Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand ix

33 Alkaline reaction blood-red, sp. elliptic, mostly > 6 µm ...... 34 33* Alkaline reaction brownish, sp. subglobose, shorter ...... C. elaiops 34 Veil red...... 35 34* Veil pale yellowish, brownish, or olive ...... 36 35 Stipital veil carmine red, stipe saturated yellow...... C. promethenus 35* Stipital veil orange-red to brownish red, stipe pale yellow ...... C. ignellus 36(34) Cap with a distinct orange tinge...... C. peraurilis 36* Cap yellow-brown, possibly with an olive tinge...... 37 37 Cap dry, sp. <8 µm...... C. indotatus 37* Cap often slightly viscid, most sp. longer...... C. sciurellus

40(30) Gills greenish yellow or olive yellow with a red alkaline reaction...... 41 40* Gills without a greenish tinge, alkaline reaction weak on gills → C. orixanthus (Key G) 41 Frb lean, stipe <4 mm thick, cap margin ± striate...... C. olivaceoniger 41* Frb usually more robust, cap margin not striate...... C. alienatus Key D: Cortinarius sect. Persplendidi & allies 1 Cap with distinct velar squamules, tufts, or patches ...... 4 1* Cap fibrillose to glabrous without obvious velar remnants...... 2 2 Gills very pale, often ± white, fluorescence strong...... 3 2* Gills yellowish, fluorescence nil → C. caryotis (Key K) 3 In myrtaceous habitat, sp. >10 µm, coarsely verrucose...... C. pholiotellus 3* In Nothofagus habitat, sp. shorter, almost smooth ...... C. eutactus 4(1) Cap covered by (yellow-) brown felt or scales, fluorescence usually distinct ...... 10 4* Veil not covering cap or of a different colour, fluorescence nil...... 5 5 Cap with dense pinkish or greyish felt or scales ...... Cuphocybe (Key F) 5* Cap glabrous or matt with (often pale) ochraceous velar tufts or patches...... 6 6 Lower stipe reddish, frb usually robust...... C. xenosma 6* Stipe whitish, frb usually slender ...... C. xenosmatoides

10(4) Frb robust, stipe often >10 mm thick, sp. >12 µm...... C. castoreus 10* Frb leaner, sp. shorter...... 11 11 Gills intensely reddish orange ...... C. persplendidus 11* Gills white to pale grey or yellow ...... 12 12 Odour distinct, spicy, stipe with sparse fibrils ...... C. incensus 12* Odour insignificant, stipe with multiple girdles...... 13 13 Veil ochraceous, sp. <9 µm ...... C. tigrellus 13* Veil umber to purple-brown, many sp. longer ...... C. ophryx Key E: Cortinarius sect. Xenosmatæ p.p. & Anomali 1 Sp. elliptic to amygdaloid, stipe fairly robust, often >7 mm thick...... 2 1* Sp. subglobose to ovoid, stipe usually slender (sect. Anomali) ...... 10 2 Cap dark brown without red tones ...... 3 2* Cap differently coloured ...... 4 3 Cap umber or grey-brown, sp. <10 µm, taste bitter ...... C. exlugubris 3* Cap dark purple brown, many sp. longer, taste mild ...... C. trichocarpus 4(2) Cap red-brown to mahogany-red, taste ± bitter...... C. cupreonatus 4* Cap differently coloured, taste mild...... 5 5 Stipe with greenish-blue tints, under myrtaceous trees → C. calaisopus (Key I) 5* Stipe differently coloured, under Nothofagus ...... C. ionomataius

10(1) Veil white, with myrtaceous host...... C. euanomalus 10* Veil coloured, with Nothofagus...... 11 11 Veil ochraceous, alkaline reaction reddish lilac...... C. suecicolor x Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

11* Veil reddish, alkaline reaction nil ...... 12 12 Cap greyish ...... C. rattinoides 12* Cap dark purplish brown...... C. durifoliorum

Key F: Cortinarius group Cuphocybe [cf. Horak 1973a] 1 Cap dry...... 2 1* Cap viscid to glutinous...... 4 2 Cap pink to pale buff with pinkish squamules ...... C. alboroseus 2* Cap greyish with grey to grey-brown hairs and fibres...... 3 3 Gills pale brown, flesh greyish...... C. canovestitus 3* Gills and flesh with violaceous tints ...... C. poliotrichus 4(1) Odour in context strong, sweetish, like honey ...... C. dulciolens 4* Odour strong like moth-balls → C. naphthalinus (Key G) 4** Odour different or faint...... 5 5 Cap golden yellow-ochre ...... C. elaiochrous var. leontis 5* Cap dark brown to olive-brown...... 6 5** Cap grey to greyish brown → C. gymnocephalus, cuphomorphus (Key I) 6 Stipe with a greenish to citrinous sheen, frb often robust...... C. elaiochrous 6* Stipe yellowish grey with ochraceous squamules, frb smaller...... C. phæomyxa Key G: Cortinarius subgen. Phlegmacium 1 Stipe rooted, white, growth usually fasciculate (group Xiphidipus) ...... 30 1* Stipe not rooted or not white, solitary to gregarious...... 2 2 Cap hygrophanous, sp. entirely smooth with a distinct germ pore ...... Psathyloma [cf. Soop 2005b:36, Soop et al. 2016] 2* Cap not hygrophanous, or if it is, then sp. verrucose without a germ pore ...... 3 3 Stipe cylindrical to tapering...... 4 3* Stipe clavate or provided with a bulb...... 40 4 Stipe and flesh violet (sect. Purpurascentes) ...... 5 4* Stipe and flesh turquoise, greenish, or sky blue ...... 7 4** Stipe or flesh differently coloured...... 10 5 Frb medium size, cap often >40 mm, not or weakly hygrophanous...... 6 5* Frb small, hygrophanous ...... C. kaimanawa 6 Cap usually with fibrils and patches, under Nothofagus ...... C. chalybæus 6* Cap glabrous, under myrtaceous trees ...... C. australis 7(4) Under Nothofagus, cap distinctly viscid,...... C. rhipiduranus 7* Under myrtaceous trees, cap viscid to almost dry...... 8 8 Cap yellow-green to olive-green, sp. subglobose → C. calaisopus (Key I) 8* Cap dark olive-brown, sp. elliptic...... C. salmastrium

10(4) Cap dry, covered by blackish-brown squames...... C. ursus 10* Cap viscid, differently coloured ...... 11 11 Cap and/or stipe with yellow to ochraceous veil remnants (group "Vestiti") ...... 20 11* Veil thin, whitish ...... 12 12 Frb small, stipe <7 mm wide, cap margin often striate → C. pansicolor, laquellus, opaculus, verniciorum (Key J) 12* Frb medium-sized to large, stipe wider, cap margin not striate ...... 13 13 Frb yellowish, with a bright yellow context ...... C. memoria-annæ 13* Cap mahogany-brown to blackish, context white → C. picoides...... 30 13** Cap vividly ochraceous to orange, context pale...... 14 14 Gills lavender blue, taste inconspicuous ...... C. entheosus 14* Gills pale brownish, taste bitter...... C. dulcamarus Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand xi

20(11) Odour strong, frb large, stipe mostly >10 mm thick...... C. naphthalinus 20* Odour trivial, frb smaller, stipe leaner ...... 21 21 Alkaline reaction red to orange on cutis or veil ...... 22 21* Alkaline reaction trivial ...... C. subgemmeus 22 Cap with a conspicuous yellow rim from veil...... C. orixanthus 22* Veil differently coloured...... 23 23 Frb medium-sized, stipe often >7 mm thick...... 24 23* Frb. small, stipe leaner ...... 25 24 Cap golden brownish yellow, sp. >9 µm ...... C. perelegans 24* Cap dark yellow-brown, sp. shorter ...... C. suborixanthus 25(23) Cap orange, context ochraceous → C. thaumastus (Key J) 25* Cap clay-brown to grey, context whitish...... C. peristeris

30(1) Cap white or pale ochre, possibly darkening with age ...... 31 30* Cap with a distinct apricot to pinkish hue ...... C. persicanus 30** Cap mahogany-brown to blackish...... C. picoides 31 Veil very copious, dense, peronate, with myrtaceous hosts ...... C. australiensis 31* Veil not peronate, with Nothofagus ...... 32 32 Sp. >9 µm, veil fairly copious on stipe...... C. alboaggregatus 32* Sp. shorter, veil sparse ...... C. cretax

40(3) Gills violaceous ...... 50 40* Gills dark green ...... C. chlorophyllus 40** Gills pale without a violaceous or green tinge (sect. Cremeolinæ)...... 41 41 Cap amber yellow, with myrtaceous trees...... C. cremeorufus 41* Cap differently coloured, with Nothofagus ...... 42 42 Cap dark grey, often with an olive tinge...... C. cremeolina var. subpicoides 42* Cap red-brown to mahogany ...... 44 42** Cap white, pale yellowish, or pale ochraceous...... 43 43 Frb slender with a narrow stipe-bulb, cap pale yellow with a darker disk ...... C. iringa 43* Frb usually robust with a wide stipe-bulb, cap white to cream...... C. cremeolina 44(42) Stipe with a marginate bulb, cap often with white veil patches ...... C. myxenosma 44* Stipe clavate or with an indistinct bulb, cap glabrous...... C. dulciorum

50(40) Cap ± dry with abundant fibres or veil remnants ...... C. austrocyanites 50* Cap viscid, ± glabrous...... 51 51 Cap light tan, stipe cylindrical with a small bulb...... C. artosus 51* Cap darker, stipe bulb prominent, often ± marginate ...... 52 52 Growing with myrtaceous trees...... 53 52* Growing with Nothofagus...... 54 53 Frb small, cap usually <30 mm, taste mild...... C. minoscaurus 53* Frb larger, taste bitter ...... C. medioscaurus 54(52) Cap with greenish or olive tints...... C. turcopes 54* Cap mahogany-brown to date-brown...... 55 55 Cap hygrophanous, reaction positive with iodine solutions...... C. singularis 55* Cap not hygrophanous, iodine reaction absent...... C. fiordlandensis

Key H: Cortinarius group Rozites [cf. Horak 1981] 1 Gills with a bluish tinge, blue to violet often present on cap and stipe ...... 10 1* Frb without blue or violet hues...... 2 2 Cap pale tan to dull yellowish grey...... 4 2* Cap white, possibly with brownish fibrils ...... 3 2** Cap yellow to red-brown ...... 7 xii Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

2*** Cap darker brown to umber ...... 5 3 Under myrtaceous trees, sp. mostly <6 µm wide → C. australiensis (Key G) 3* Under Nothofagus, many sp. wider → C. achrous...... 4 4(2) Alkaline reaction nil, sp. <12.5 µm...... C. achrous 4* Alkaline reaction (sometimes weakly) reddish on cap, many sp. longer ...... C. pselioticton 5(2) Collar high or mid-placed on stipe, alkaline reaction red on cutis...... C. majestaticus (=Descolea m.) 5* Collar usually low on stipe, alkaline reaction trivial ...... 6 6 Gills orange, sp. mostly >12 µm ...... C. rugosiceps* 6* Gills ochraceous, sp. shorter...... C. subcastanellus 7(2) Cap dark yellow-brown to mahogany, alkaline reaction red on cutis...... C. wallacei 7* Cap honey yellow to pale orange, alkaline reaction nil...... 8 8 Stipe tapering downwards, sp. mostly >11.5 µm ...... C. elacatipus 8* Stipe cylindrical to clavate, sp. shorter ...... C. pnseliocaulis

10(1) Cap coarsely scaly, umber to black → C. ursus (Key G) 10* Veil remnants on cap squamulose to floccose, differently coloured ...... C. meleagris

Key I: Cortinarius subgen. Myxacium [cf. Horak & Wood 1990] 1 Cap reddish or with red spots ...... 2 1* Cap with greenish or olive hues (possibly mixed with blue or yellow)...... 20 1** Cap with bluish or violet hues ...... 30 1*** Cap lacking red, green, or blue hues...... 3 2 Odour strong, like naphthalene or cooking gas...... C. indolicus 2* Odour faint → C. periclymenus (Key J), ixomolynus ...... 71 3(1) Cap some (possibly pale) shade of yellow, ochre, or brown...... 40 3* Cap whitish ...... 4 4 Frb robust, stipe often >5 mm thick...... C. cycneus 4* Frb small, stipe leaner ...... 5 5 Cap soon drying, gills violaceous → C. laquellus (Key J) 5* Cap glutinous, gills pale tan or whitish...... 6 6 Cap chalk white ...... C. olorinatus 6* Cap pale grey to pale buff → C. vitreopileatus, lubricanescens ...... 60, 61

20(1) Spores subglobose (sect. Delibuti)...... 21 20* Spores amygdaloid to elliptic ...... 23 21 Under myrtaceous trees...... 22 21* In Nothofagus forest...... C. tessiæ 22 Frb distinctly viscid to glutinous, mainly greyish blue-green ...... C. rotundisporus 22* Frb weakly viscid, stipe often dry, frb mainly yellow-green to olive...... C. calaisopus 23(20) Alkaline reaction reddish on cap → C. alienatus (Key C) 23* Alkaline reaction trivial ...... 24 24 Sp. >7.5 µm long...... 25 24* Sp. shorter ...... C. phæochlorus* 25 Frb yellow with olive components → C. viscoviridis...... 73 25* Frb mainly greyish blue-green...... C. ærugineoconicus*

30(1) Frb slender, stipe <6 mm thick (see Notes) → C. lubricanescens ...... 60 30* Frb robust, stipe often thicker...... 32 32 Cap violet at least at margin ...... 33 32* Cap at most with a purple sheen → C. marmoratus...... 45 33 Stipe conspicuously tall, cylindrical, cap centre dark brown ...... C. bellus 33* Stipe clavate, medium tall, cap centre violaceous or tan ...... C. taylorianus Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand xiii

40(3) Gills violaceous to bluish grey ...... 41 40* Gills greyish to brownish without a violet tone ...... 50 41 Cap grey-brown, frb robust...... 45 41* Cap differently coloured, frb slender ...... 42 42 Sp. mostly >10 µm, odour distinct...... 43 42* Many sp. shorter, odour trivial ...... 44 43 Cap often >30 mm, not striate, odour farinaceous or like cucumber...... C. cucumeris 43* Cap normally smaller, striate, odour different...... 48 44(42) Cap red-brown ...... C. porphyrophæus* 44* Cap yellow-brown → C. pansicolor (Key J), C. melimyxa ...... 75 45(41) Stipe covered by velar tufts and granules over full length, clamp connections absent (sect. Defibulati)...... 46 45* Stipe ± naked or vaguely white fibrillose, clamp connections present...... C. marmoratus 46 Gills saturated violet, veil white...... C gymnocephalus 46* Gills grey-blue, veil greyish to ochraceous ...... 47 47 Cap glabrous, stipe viscid ...... C. cuphocyboides 47* Cap fibrillose-squamulose, stipe dry...... C. cuphomorphus 48(43) Cap date brown, odor sweetish...... C. juglandaceus 48* Cap pale, odour like “engine oil”→ C. lubricanescens ...... 60

50(40) Growing with myrtaceous trees...... 51 50* Growing with Nothofagus...... 53 51 Frb robust, stipe often >7 mm, alkaline reaction brightly red ...... C. ignotus 51* Frb slender, stipe leaner, alkaline reaction trivial ...... 52 52 Cap yellow-brown ...... C. gemmeus* 52* Cap dark chestnut brown → C. castaneiceps ...... 72 53(50) Cap pale argillaceous to pale buff ...... 60 53* Cap yellow-brown to umber ...... 54 54 Sp. subglobose, odour sweetish → C. viscilætus (Key K) 54* Sp. elliptic to amygdaloid, odour nil or different...... 55 55 Sp. >10 µm ...... C. vitreofulvus 55* Most sp. shorter ...... 70

60(53) Frb medium-sized, stipe often >6 mm thick, most sp. >11 µm...... 61 60* Frb small, stipe leaner, sp. shorter...... C. lubricanescens 61 Sp. elliptic, gills with scattered marginal elements...... C. viscostriatus* 61* Sp. amygdaliform, gill edge sterile ...... C. vitreopileatus

70(55) Cap yellow to brightly brownish yellow...... 73 70* Cap darker ochraceous to mahogany-brown ...... 71 71 Cap with dark red or umber spots, taste bitter...... C. ixomolynus 71* Cap ± uniformly brown, taste mild ...... 72 72 Alkaline reaction reddish, veil thick, gelatinous ...... C. pectochelis 72* Alkaline reaction nil, veil glutinous...... C. castaneiceps 73(70) Stipe fusoid, pure white ...... C. melleomitis 73* Stipe cylindrical or tapering, dirty-white to yellowish ...... 74 73** Stipe clavate, largely coated with yellow gluten...... C. viscoviridis 74 Taste distinctly bitter, cap with an orange disk ...... C. electridius 74* Taste mild, cap with a brownish disk...... 75 75 Most sp. <7 üm ...... C. psilomorphus 75* Many sp. longer...... C. melimyxa xiv Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Key J: Cortinarius subgen. Telamonia 1 Frb growing on twigs or other ligneous debris → Pholiota, Gymnopilus, Galerina, Agrocybe [not treated here] 1* Frb terrestrial ...... 2 2 Cap distinctly viscid, at least when young (group Myxotelamonia) ...... 70 2* Cap dry...... 3 3 Gill edge with conspicuous cystidia, sp. print grey-brown ...... Inocybe [→ Horak 1977] 3* Gill edge with trivial sterile cells or sp. print rusty brown ...... 4 4 Frb medium-sized, stipe often >5 mm thick...... 5 4* Frb small, stipe leaner ...... 50 5 Gills and/or stipital context with a blue or violet component, sometimes faint...... 40 5* Gills and context lacking any blue or violet hues ...... 6 6 Stipe with a distinct yellow tinge ...... 7 6* Stipe white to pink, possibly zoned dirty brownish ...... 30 7 Cap dark brown to blackish → C. caryotis (Key K) 7* Cap red-brown to orange ...... 8 7** Cap yellowish ...... 9 8 Veil with a red shade, sp. subglobose <7,5 µm → Limonii/Callistei (Key K) 8* Veil pale yellow, sp. elliptic, longer ...... C. vernicifer 9(7) Alkaline reaction nil, cap ± glabrous ...... C. lamproxanthus 9* Alkaline reaction blood-red, cap fibrillose → C. chrysma (Key C)

30(6) Cap cinnabar to brick red, gills orange → C. veronicæ (Key C) 30* Cap conspicuously yellow to ochraceous, gills pale...... 31 30** Cap darker brown, gills with a brownish shade ...... 32 31 Cap granulose from numerous white squamules...... C. chrysoconius 31* Cap finely matt fibrillose ...... C. peraureus 32(30) Gills saturated red-brown, under Nothofagus...... C. paraonui 32* Gills yellow-brown, with myrtaceous trees...... C. minilacus

40(5) Odour strong, nauseating ...... C. dysodes 40* Odour trivial ...... 41 41 Gills dark violet to purple-brown, soon ± black, stipe cylindrical...... C. carbonellus 41* Gills greyish violet, stipe clavate ...... C. urbiculus

50(4) Gills with a blue to violet shade, sometimes faint...... 51 50* Gills distinctly yellow, orange, or reddish (sect. Læti) ...... 60 50** Gills lacking any bluish hues, if yellow then pale or greyish yellow ...... 52 51 Cap white → C. laquellus ...... 76 51* Cap young mouse-grey to grey-blue...... 57 51** Cap dark date-brown → C. carbonellus...... 41 52(50) Veil remnants reddish → C. periclymenus ...... 71 52* Veil remnants white, yellow, or indistinct...... 53 53 Cap orange to warmly apricot-yellow ...... C. thaumastus 53* Cap tan to red-brown...... 54 54 Stipe base and context often tinted violet ...... C. saturniorum 54* Frb devoid of violet colours,...... 55 55 Cap pale tan to light red-brown, with Nothofagus → C. paraoniti...... 75 55* Cap darker brown, with myrtaceous trees...... 58 56(51) Gills violaceous ...... 57 56* Gills brick red ...... C. mysoides 57 Taste distinctly bitter, sp. elliptic ...... C. rattinus 57* Taste mild to slightly bitter, sp. subglobose → C. rattinoides, durifoliorum (Key E) Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand xv

58(55) Cap red-brown, spores >6.5 µm long, elliptic ...... C. amblyonis 58* Cap date brown, spores smaller, subglobose → C. minilacus ...... 32

60(50) Veil remnants coloured or indistinct, with Nothofagus ...... 61 60* Veil remnants white, with myrtaceous trees...... C. waiporianus 61 Stipe conspicuously orange, at least at base ...... C. malosinæ 61* Stipe yellowish ...... 62 62 Veil remnants red on stipe → C. ignellus (Key C) 62* Veil yellow or indistinct ...... 63 63 Cap with a yellow to orange tinge...... C. luteinus 63* Cap dark red-brown, at least on disk...... 65 63** Cap brownish, often with an olive tinge ...... 64 64 Alkaline reaction reddish to saturated brown, sp. subglobose → C. elaiops (Key C) 64* Alkaline reaction nil, sp. elliptic ...... 66 65(63) Sp. elliptic, alkaline reaction red...... C. palissandrinus 65* Sp. subglobose, alkaline reaction weak or nil ...... C. cypripedii 66(64) Cap and gills with red-brown shades ...... C. citribasalis 66* Cap often with olive shades, gills yellow-brown ...... C. paraxanthus

70(2) Gills or flesh violaceous ...... 76 70* Gills and flesh differently coloured...... 71 71 Veil remnants red ...... C. periclymenus 71* Veil remnants yellow-brown → C. viscilætus, caryotoides (Key K) 71** Veil remnants white or inconspicuous...... 72 72 Cap warmly apricot-yellow to orange...... 74 72* Cap dark brown ...... C. opaculus 72** Cap paler red-brown to tan ...... 75 72*** Cap greyish to clay brown → C. peristeris (Key G) 74 With myrtaceous trees, sp. small <7,5 µm ...... C. verniciorum 74* In Nothofagus forest, sp. longer → C. thaumastus...... 53 75(72) Sp. >8 µm, cap viscid, predominantly with myrtaceous trees...... C. viscincisus 75* Most sp. shorter, cap soon drying, in Nothofagus forest ...... C. paraoniti 76(70) Cap white to pale violaceous...... C. laquellus 76* Cap brownish with a violaceous tinge → C. kaimanawa (Key G) 76** Cap brownish with an orange tinge ...... C. pansicolor Key K: Cortinarius sect. Limonii & Callistei 1 Cap viscid ...... 2 1* Cap dry...... 10 2 Frb small, stipe <7 mm wide ...... 3 2* Frb larger → C. perelegans (Key G) 3 With Nothofagus, sp. <9 µm...... C. viscilætus 3* In myrtaceous wood, sp. longer...... C. caryotoides

10(1) Cap brightly red to orange-red ...... 11 10* Cap darker mahogany red...... 12 10** Cap umber to blackish brown...... C. caryotis 11 Alkaline reaction strongly red on most parts of frb, stipe ± tapering ...... C. armiæ 11* Alkaline reaction trivial, stipe cylindrical ...... C. collybianus, eucollybianus 12(10) Gills mustard yellow, chrysobasidia present ...... C. rubrocastaneus 12* Gills whitish, basidia trivial...... C. rubrodactylus xvi Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Key L: Cortinarius group Thaxterogaster & allies [cf. Horak 1973b] 1 Cap with violet hues...... 2 1* Cap brilliantly red...... Leratiomyces erythrocephalus (= Weraroa e.) [→ Johnston & al. 2007] 1** Cap whitish to pale tan, possibly with green, and/or blue zones...... 10 1*** Cap with predominantly brown to orange hues...... 20 2 Stipe absent, sp. hyaline...... Gallacea scleroderma [→ Johnston & al. 2007] 2* Stipe present, sp. yellow-brown ...... 3 3 Stipe-base with membranous, volva-like veil remnants ...... 5 3* Veil remnants on stipe squamulose or absent...... Cortinarius porphyroideus (= Th. porphyreus) 5(3) Sp. with distant, oblong warts ...... C. conei* 5* Sp. with crowded, rounded warts ...... C. violaceovolvatus

10(1) Stipe rudimentary or absent, columella dendrous or absent...... 11 10* Stipe and columella manifest...... 13 11 Cap staining green and/or reddish...... Octaviania tasmanica [→ Soop 2005a] 11* Cap at most staining yellowish...... 12 12 Cap immutably white, sp. >15 µm...... Cortinarius nivalis* 12* Cap staining yellow or orange, sp. shorter ...... Descomyces [→ Kuhar et al. 2017; Castellano & Bougher 1993] 13(10) Cap often pointed or bent, with a pale blue-green hue ...... Clavogaster novæzelandicus (= Weraroa virescens) [→ Johnston & al. 2007] 13* Cap rounded, whitish when young...... 14 14 Young cap covered by white squamules...... Tympanella galanthina [→ Horak 1970a] 14* Young cap ± glabrous ...... 15 15 Cap turning bluish with age, sp. smooth...... Psilocybe weraroa (= Weraroa novæ-zelandiæ) [→ Johnston & al. 2007] 15* Cap remaining greyish to white, sp. verrucose...... Cortinarius leucocephalus*

20(1) Stipe rudimentary or absent...... 40 20* Stipe provided with a marginate or triangular bulb ...... 30 20** Stipe ± cylindrical without a bulb ...... 21 21 Smell unpleasant, fish-like...... Cortinarius pisciodorus* 21* Smell trivial ...... 22 22 Cap red-brown ...... C. sarcinochrous* (= Th. carneolus) 22* Cap tan to yellow-brown without a red component...... 23 23 Sp. <15 µm ...... C. epiphæus 23* Sp. longer ...... C. luteobrunneus* (= Th. leoninus)

30(20) Cap yellowish to apricot-yellow...... 31 30* Cap darker brown ...... C. napivelatus 31 Sp. coarsely verrucose ...... C. cartilagineus* 31* Sp. almost smooth ...... C. ohauensis

40(20) Cap ochre to brownish, odour like aniseed...... C. anisodorus* 40* Cap orange to red-brown, odour trivial...... 41 40** Cap yellowish, odour trivial ...... C. flavidulus* (= Th. luteolus) 41 Under myrtaceous trees, columella distinct...... C. peraurantiacus (= Th. aurantiacus) 41* Under Nothofagus, columella thin or absent ...... C. beeverorum

Descriptions of Taxa

Cortinarius subgen. Cortinarius & allies 1. Section Cortinarius ...... 2 2. Section Pauperæ & allies ...... 2 3. Group "Cardinales" ...... 5 4. Section Ignelli & allies...... 7 5. Section Persplendidi ...... 9 6. Group “Persplendidoidæ”...... 11 7. Section Limonii...... 12 8. Section Callistei ...... 14 9. Section Xenosmatæ & allies ...... 14 10. Group Cuphocybe...... 17 11. Section Rapacea ...... 19 12. Section Anomali ...... 20 Cortinarius subgen. Phlegmacium 13. Group "Vestiti"...... 22 14. Section Cremeolinæ & allies ...... 24 15. Group Xiphidipus ...... 25 16. Section Scauri & allies...... 28 17. Section Purpurascentes ...... 29 18. Group “Turci”...... 31 19. Section Rozites & allies ...... 32 Cortinarius subgen. Myxacium 20. Section Cycnei & allies...... 35 21. Section Marmorati & allies ...... 37 22. Section Vibratiles & allies...... 40 23. Section Defibulati...... 42 24. Section Delibuti...... 43 Cortinarius subgen. Telamonia 25. Group "Fulvi" ...... 44 26. Group Myxotelamonia ...... 45 27. Section Camphorati & allies ...... 48 28. Section Obtusi & allies ...... 50 29. Section Læti and allies ...... 52 Sequestrate Cortinarius 30. Group Thaxterogaster...... 55 List of Localities ...... 57

Please see the sections "What to look for", and "Notes" in the Schematic Key on how to interpret the characters and abbreviations used. A few localities, where less common taxa have been encountered, are given under Ecology, expressed by abbreviated names. See the List of Localities at the end for geographical direction.

2 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Cortinarius subgen. Cortinarius & allies Under this heading we group a number of taxa that have traditionally been assigned to subgenera Cortinarius, Dermocybe, Leprocybe, and section Anomali, as well as a number of groups that appear to be endemic for the South Pacific. Groups that might be assigned morphologically to subgenera Phlegmacium, Myxacium, and Telamonia are treated under subsequent headings.

1. Section Cortinarius The type section of the genus is characterised by saturated, dark blue to violet colours all over, a dry, velvety-granulose cap, and remarkable cheilocystidia. [The section is present on both hemispheres. It is polyphyletic with a few southern species outside the core clade around the type, C. violaceus.]

Cortinarius carneipallidus Harrower Plate 1 Cap 55 mm, dry, not hygrophanous; blackish violet; finely and densely velvety to squamulose. Gills violet-black to almost black. Stipe cylindrical to clavate; violet to greyish violet with dark-violet fibrils and girdles. Veil dark violet, fairly copious; cortina violet. Flesh pale greyish pink, marbled dark violet; odour somewhat acerbic. Reactions: NaOH blood red on stipital veil, red in context. Micro: spores subglobose, not calyptrate, 10-12.3 × 8.2-9.3 µm, rather coarsely verrucose; cheilocystidia lageniform, some metuloid or filled with brownish- violet pigment, sparse, 55-70 × 15-22 µm. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, rare. Te Iringa Track. Ref.: Harrower et al. 2015b. A striking fungus with its dominating, dark-violet colours, robust habit and a slightly acerbic odour recalling Lepoita cristata. It is quite similar to the European type C. violaceus (L.:Fr.) Gray, which has a stronger violet flesh, a wide clavate stipe, and exhales a strong, cedar-like odour. [This taxon was named C. subcalyptrosporus M.M. Moser in earlier editions of this book, but the latter was described from Borneo, growing in a different habitat, and the type material has not been examined genetically.] Two similar and rare species have been recorded from New Zealand, but only the second one nests in the type clade. C. atrolazulinus M.M. Moser (Plate 1) grows in the same habitat but has a blackish-violet flesh and smaller, less verrucose spores [Lake Gunn Track, Cascade Hut Track; see Moser 1986]. — C. kioloënsis Wood grows in myrtaceous forest (see Wood 2009, Harrower et al. 2015b).

2. Section Pauperæ & allies Section Pauperæ M.M. Moser & E. Horak contains species with predominantly anthraquinonic pigments, in analogy with the boreal section Dermocybe (Fr.) Gillot & Lucand, though of a different chemical composition. Dermocybe consists of species with a dry, often fibrillose/scaly cap which is not hygrophanous (see e.g. Høiland 1983). Pauperæ ss. lato includes, in addition, many hygrophanous and glabrous species found in the Southern Hemisphere. [Molecular studies have shown that the two sections are genetically close.] Taxa in Pauperæ mostly exhibit a citrinous to greenish or yellow hue. Dermocyboid taxa with reddish tints are described in the following chapters.

Cortinarius chrysma Soop Plate 1 Cap 15-45 mm, dry, weakly or not hygrophanous; golden yellow, young yellow-brown which persists at the centre; finely innate fibrillose to finely granulose-squamulose, margin not striate. Gills pure yellow to citrinous. Stipe cylindrical to clavate; pale yellow with a few brownish-yellow fibres near base, apex paler. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 3

Veil dark yellow to brownish yellow, sparse; cortina pale yellow. Flesh pure yellow; odour agaricoid to faintly raphanoid; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH blood red on cutis and gills, red to vinaceous on stipital veil, weaker red to orange in context; guayac nil; fluorescence nil. Micro: spores elliptic to amygdaloid, 8-10 × 4.5-5.5 µm, moderately and rather sparsely verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Soop 1998, Horak 197x as Dermocybe aurata ined. A beautifully golden-yellow fungus, somewhat resembling C. canarius, but smaller and with more pure yellow tints. A form with an orange tinge has also been found [Craigieburn]. C. icterinoides (E. Horak) G. Garnier (Plate 2) is paler with a weaker alkaline reaction and somewhat shorter spores, It is rare in the same habitat (Kepler Track, Boyle River, St Arnaud Range, Harwoods Hole; see Horak 1987 as Dermocybe i.). [As shown by molecular studies, the two species are closely related but distinct (section Chrysmata). They deviate from Pauperæ by their more pure yellow colours, and, like C. alienatus (below), are sisters to the section.] Pholiota chrysmoides Soop, common on ligneous debris in southern-beech forests, is easy to confuse with these taxa, but is frankly hygrophanous with a bitter context [see Soop 2001, 2005b]. — Also Tricholoma koura Leonard ined., fairly frequent in the same habitat, displays brilliantly orange-yellow colours and is easily mistaken for a member of this group, but the spores are hyaline.

Cortinarius alienatus (E. Horak) G. Garnier Plate 3 Basionym: Dermocybe alienata E. Horak Cap 20-70 mm, glutinous, not hygrophanous; yellow to olive-yellow or olive-grey with a darker, olive- brown to olive-green or even blackish disk; glabrous; margin paler, olive-tan, not striate. Gills pale yellow-green to citrinous, rather thick. Stipe clavate to cylindrical, viscid; yellow to citrinous or greyish citrinous, thinly fibrillose. Veil yellow-green to olive-brown, glutinous, sparse; cortina pale yellow. Flesh yellow to citrinous; odour faintly raphanoid; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH orange to red on flesh, veil and gills, blood red on cutis; guayac, phenol nil; fluorescence weakly yellow. Micro: spores elliptic, 6.5-8.5 × 4.5-5.5 µm, moderately verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, common. Ref.: E. Horak 1987. A fairly large fungus, glutinous, with dark olivaceous and yellow hues, encountered in many southern- beech forests. A form also occurs with a bulbous, phlegmacioid stipe. [C. alienatus contains pigments that are found in the European species C. atrovirens Kalchbr.] C. olivaceoniger (E. Horak) G. Garnier is similar and possesses similar spores, but is slender with more yellow components. It is rare, growing in the same habitat [Te Iringa Track; see Horak 1987 (as Dermocybe o.)]. [There is some uncertainty about how to interpret the two taxa, as C. alienatus was originally described from myrtaceous forest. With the current interpretation, C. olivaceoniger belongs to sect. Walkeri, while C. alienatus has no close relatives.]

Cortinarius indotatus (E. Horak) G. Garnier Plate 2 Basionym: Dermocybe indotata E. Horak Cap 15-30 mm, dry, weakly hygrophanous; olive-brown to yellow-brown, sometimes with a darker disk, young ± olive-green frosty; finely innate fibrillose; margin olive-yellow, striate. Gills olive-green to mustard-yellow; distant. 4 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Stipe cylindrical; pale yellow to citrinous, young with thin, olive-yellow to dark yellow girdles and tufts; apex yellow-grey. Veil dark yellow, occasionally with an olive tinge, later red-brown, sparse; cortina pale yellow. Flesh pale greyish yellow to citrinous, marbled darker yellow; odour faint, ± spicy or sweetish; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH blood red on cutis and stipital veil, weakly reddish to trivial elsewhere; guayac blue- green; phenol nil; fluorescence greenish yellow. Micro: spores elliptic, 6-7.5 × 3.5-5 µm, moderately verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, possibly also with myrtaceous trees, occasional. Ref.: Horak 1987. A small, rather inconspicuous, brownish yellow fungus with olive tints, differing from C. olivaceoniger (above) mainly by a dry cap.

Cortinarius sciurellus Soop Plate 3 Cap 12-35 mm, dry to slightly viscid, hygrophanous; yellow-brown with a darker umbo, finely innate fibrillose; margin paler without obvious veil remnants, sometimes with an olive or citrinous tinge when young, striate to sulcate. Gills olive-grey to olive-yellow, rather distant. Stipe cylindrical, dry, slender; citrinous to yellow, darkening with age, with sparse brownish fibrils. Veil citrinous to yellow-brown, sparse; cortina pale yellow. Flesh olive-yellow to greyish yellow; odour weak, raphanoid; taste faint like “raw peas”, sometimes ± acerbic. Reactions: NaOH red on cutis and stipital veil, orange-red on gills; fluorescence nil. Micro: spores elliptic, 7.5–9 × 4.5–5.5 µm, moderately to rather weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Murray Creek, Bridle Track. Ref.: Soop 2014. A small yellow-brown fungus, easily mistaken in the field for a Telamonia, while the alkaline reaction indicates section Pauperæ, a position corroborated by molecular data. The species resembles C. indotatus (above), which produces distinctly smaller spores. The preceding two species are part of sect. Pauperæ, a complex of similar, so far poorly studied taxa, often with olivaceous tints. C. leptospermorum (E. Horak) G. Garnier (Plate 2), growing in myrtaceous woods, is difficult to separate from C. indotatus [St Arnaud Camp Site, Lee Valley, Northwood; see Horak 1987 (as Dermocybe l.)]. — In addition, there exist several similar telamonioid species (cf. C. paraxanthus and allies), but these lack the alkaline reaction.

Cortinarius lachanus Soop & M. Wallace Plate 3 Cap 9-12 mm, dry, weakly hygrophanous; green to yellow-green, yellowing towards the margin when older, innate fibrillose; margin, ± sulcate, later striate. Gills greenish yellow, distant. Stipe cylindrical, dry, slender; citrinous, pale turquoise at apex, brown-yellow towards base. Veil citrinous, sparse. Flesh pale green; odour and taste nil. Reactions: NaOH blood red on cutis, elsewhere brownish red. Micro: spores amygdaloid, 8.5-10 × 4.5-5.5 µm, very weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, very rare. Murray Creek, Kaimanawa mountains. Ref.: Soop 2016; possibly Horak 197x as Dermocybe viridovelutina ined. A minuscule cortinar with more pure green hues than C. indotatus and others described above. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 5

C. walkeri Cooke & Massee (= C. austrovenetus Cleland) is larger and viscid; being an introduced Australian species it grows with Eucalyptus (see Cleland 1934, Fuhrer 1985, Gasparini 2007b). [It is closely related to C. lachanus, both being part of sect. Walkeri.]

Cortinarius elaiops Soop Plate 3 Cap 15-50 mm, dry, hygrophanous, brownish yellow with an olive-brown to olive-black disk, sometimes with an orange tinge, finely to rather coarsely innate fibrillose; margin olive-yellow, with darker, yellow-brown fibrils, not striate. Gills olive-yellow to pale cinnamon. Stipe cylindrical, tall, slender, often ± dilated at base; pale yellow to citrinous from an absorbing sheen, with sparse, thin, brownish to orange fibrils and bands. Veil yellow-brown, blushing orange-red, sparse; cortina pale yellow to white. Flesh olive-brown in cap, contrastingly yellow-brown to olive yellow in stipe; odour and taste raphanoid. Reactions: NaOH red to warmly dark brown, weakly red on gills and context; formalin, guayac, phenol nil. Micro: spores subglobose, 5.5-7 × 4.5-5.5 µm, moderately verrucose; marginal elements vesiculose 12-20 µm. Ecology: In Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Gasparini & Soop 2008. This rather common fungus is easily recognised from its round, mustard-yellow cap with a darker centre, resembling an eye. This is often enough to separate it from C. indotatus (above), which moreover has a stronger red alkaline reaction and a different spore shape. It is also similar to C. paraxanthus, which presents a darker, more uniformly coloured cap and significantly larger spores. [Despite its telamonioid habit and dull alkaline reaction, C. elaiops has been shown to belong genetically to Pauperæ.]

3. Group “Cardinales” Fruitbodies are vividly coloured: cap and veil exhibit some shade of red, purple, or orange. If the cap is more ochraceous but the veil is reddish, see the next group. [This is phylogenetically a loosely composed assembly of taxa with low support.]

Cortinarius cramesinus (E. Horak) G. Garnier Plate 5 Basionym: Dermocybe cramesina E. Horak Cap 20-50 mm, dry, not hygrophanous; intensely deep crimson red, disk slightly darker with a brownish shade when older, strongly fibrillose to granulose-scaly, margin with red fibrils. Gills orange-brown to dark brownish yellow, edge paler; moderately crowded. Stipe cylindrical to weakly clavate; brightly yellow when young, blushing pale red, densely covered by red tufts and girdles. Veil saturated red, copious; cortina white to greyish yellow. Flesh orange red to orange yellow, marbled red to orange; odour of raw potatoes, taste faint, raphanoid. Reactions: NaOH deep blackish red on cutis, dark red elsewhere; guayac nil; fluorescence faint. Micro: spores elliptic, 5.5-7.5 x 4-5.2 µm, rather weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, rare. Mackay Creek, Klondyke Spur Track, St Arnaud Range. Ref.: Horak 1987. A spectacular species with an intensely crimson hue, seemingly dripping with red pigment and contrasting with the ochraceous gill colour. It may be difficult to distinguish from C. papaver (below), which has an overall more orange-red colour, smoother cutis, and a fusoid stipe. C. cardinalis (below) exhibits a similar colour combination, but is viscid and more vinaceous red. 6 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Cortinarius cardinalis (E. Horak) G. Garnier Plate 5 Basionym: Dermocybe cardinalis E. Horak Cap 20-40 mm, viscid, not or weakly hygrophanous; carmine to lilac-red or wine-red with a lacquered finish, later more wine-brown, glabrous to finely innate fibrillose. Gills orange-brown to brick brown. Stipe cylindrical to slightly fusoid, viscid; pale or pinkish grey to greyish yellow with thin, red-lilac fibrils; lower part ± coated by viscid, lilac-red to wine-red girdles. Veil viscid, red to lilac-red, fairly copious; cortina pale red. Flesh pale red-brown to orange-brown, redder in stipe-base; odour fairly strong, raphanoid; taste same but weaker. Reactions: NaOH black on cutis and stipital veil, dark red to black on gills, olive-grey to trivial in context. Micro: spores elliptic, 8-10 × 5.2-6.2 µm, moderately to weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Horak 1987, and "Cortinarius sp." (#73) in Taylor 1973, "Cortinarius sp." (#15) in Horne 2000. This species is well characterised by its viscidity and red coloration, contrasting against the brownish gills. Its wine-red or mahogany-red cap, glistening like varnish (cf. Ganoderma lucidum), never fails to attract attention in the forest.

Cortinarius cruentoides Soop Plate 6 Cap 10-30 mm, dry, weakly hygrophanous; dark carmine red, later fading with a brownish tinge; minutely squamulose to granulose, later innate fibrillose; margin often paler with sparse red fibrils, striate. Gills intensely carmine red; edge often more saturated; distant. Stipe cylindrical, slender; red to pale red, with red tufts and fibrils. Veil dark red to purple red, rather copious. Flesh grey-white with a pink tinge, marbled red; odour and taste nil. Reactions: NaOH blood red everywhere. Micro: spores elliptic to subglobose, 6.5-7.5 × 4-5 µm, moderately to fairly coarsely verrucose. Ecology: in myrtaceous forest, uncommon. Maclean Track, Northwood, Horton Res. Ref.: Soop 2014. A small fungus, red-coloured all over like the boreal C. sanguineus Fr., and found in myrtaceous forest. C. cramesinus (above) is larger and does not possess red gills. [Along with several Australian species, C. cruentoides belongs to a separate section Cruentoides, sister to sect. Dermocybe.] In Nothofagus forests there exist several rare species that are similar to C. cruentoides, but even smaller (cap <13 mm). C. vinicolor (E. Horak) G. Garnier [Cameron Track, Lake Waikareiti] and C. rubripurpuratus Soop (= Dermocybe purpurata E. Horak, C. purpuratoides G. Garnier; Arthur's Pass) both produce somewhat leaner spores, the former being distinguished by their coarse ornamentation [see Horak 1987, Soop 2008]. — C. mycenarum Soop (Plate 6) is dark wine-red all over. It has the habit of a small Mycena: thin-fleshed with a very thin stipe and a bonnet-shaped cap. The spores are subglobose, rather coarsely ornamented [see Soop 2016; Harwoods Hole].

Cortinarius papaver Soop Plate 5 Synonym: C. austrocinnabarinus Jones & May Cap 25-65 mm, dry, not hygrophanous; intensely and deeply orange-red to cinnabar; finely innate fibrillose; margin paler with red tufts. Gills yellow-brown, soon orange. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 7

Stipe fusoid, often rooted; yellow to greyish yellow, young ± covered by orange-red tufts and girdles. Veil orange-red to cinnabar, fairly copious; cortina pale red to white. Flesh yellow, marbled slightly red; odour and taste nil. Reactions: NaOH blood red to almost black on cutis, red to violet in context, blood red on gills and stipe; guayac trivial; fluorescence yellow. Micro: spores obtusely elliptic to subglobose, 5.5-7 × 4.5-5.5 µm, moderately to weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, fasciculate, rare. St Arnaud Range, Klondyke, Lake Daniel Track. Ref.: Soop 2001; Jones & May 2008 as C. austrocinnabarinus. A remarkable fungus, characterised by brilliant, intensely orange-red colours. The yellow stipe is more or less fusoid in shape and amply provided with orange-red veil remnants. C. papaver has also been collected in Tasmania under the above synonym. It resembles C. veronicæ (below) but differs by more saturated, orange colours, and a more fibrillose cap. Cf. C. araniiti. [C. papaver occupies an isolated position in the phylogeny.]

Cortinarius veronicæ Soop Plate 5 Cap 20-50 mm, dry, weakly hygrophanous; brilliantly cinnabar-red, later brownish red to ochre with a pink tinge; finely innate fibrillose, almost glabrous; margin not striate, often with reddish fibrils. Gills brilliantly red-orange to brick red. Stipe cylindrical, pink to yellowish pink, ± covered by cinnabar girdles and zones, sometimes even peronate with a small collar. Veil red to cinnabar-red or pink; fairly sparse to copious; cortina pale red to white. Flesh pale yellow to greyish yellow, darkening; taste slightly raphanoid; odour nil. Reactions: NaOH blood red on cutis, reddish lilac to red on gills, bluish lilac on stipital veil, trivial in context; guayac grey-green; phenol red; formalin nil; fluorescence yellow. Micro: spores subglobose, 5.5-7.5 × 4.5-5.5 µm, moderately verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Soop 1998, 1998a. A beautiful fungus with tender cinnabar-red to pink hues, while the gills tend more towards orange. It recalls the European C. cinnabarinus Fr., but contains different anthraquinonic pigments as shown by a chromatographic study, which moreover indicates that C. veronicæ is highly poisonous. [It belongs to a separate section Veronicæ, sister to sect. Persplendidi .] The variety dilutus Soop, often fasciculate, presents duller, more ochraceous or orange tints, and is frankly hygrophanous with a thinner, orange-coloured veil (see Soop 2002, 2003).

4. Section Ignelli & allies Fruitbodies resemble those in the previous group, except that the cap colour is not reddish. The veil and often the gills, however, exhibit conspicuous orange or red colours.

Cortinarius ignellus Soop Plate 4 Cap 15-30 mm, dry, hygrophanous; yellow-brown with a date-brown centre, sometimes with an olive tinge, young wholly orange-brown; finely innate fibrillose; margin orange-brown to yellow, striate. Gills yellow-brown to olive yellow. Stipe cylindrical, slender; pale yellow to brownish yellow with sparse, red to orange-red girdles; apex white. Veil orange-red to brick red, later red-brown, rather sparse; cortina yellowish. Flesh pale yellow; odour and taste nil. 8 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Reactions: NaOH blood red on cutis and stipital veil, else trivial. Micro: spores obtusely elliptic to subglobose, 7-9 × 5.7-7 µm, moderately verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2002. This fungus looks like a Telamonia, but is well characterised by the red velar bands on the stipe. The alkaline reaction indicates that the pigment is anthraquinonic in nature. C. peraurilis ined. (Plate 2), is a very small species found with Nothofagus, wholly lacking olive or citrinous tints. The cap, barely 25 mm in diameter, is bright orange coloured, but the veil is paler, sometimes almost white [Totara, Kepler Track].

Cortinarius castaneodiscus (E. Horak) G. Garnier Plate 4 Basionym: Dermocybe castaneodisca E. Horak Cap 15-30 mm, viscid, sometimes slightly so, hygrophanous; golden to brownish orange or yellow- brown, young umber to blackish brown persisting at the disk; convex with a papilla, margin later ± striate. Gills brownish orange to orange-yellow; fairly distant. Stipe sometimes viscid, slender, tough, cylindrical to weakly clavate, brilliant yellow with orange-brown bands and fibrils; apex pale yellow. Veil yellow-brown to orange-brown, sparse; cortina yellow. Flesh yellow to greyish yellow; odour fairly strong, raphanoid; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH cherry red on cap, stipital veil, and flesh, weaker on gills; guayac blue-green; fluorescence yellow. Micro: spores obtusely elliptic, 7.5-8.7 × 5-6 µm, moderately verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Horak 1987. A small fungus, characterised by a brilliantly yellow stipe, contrasting against the darker orange-tinted cap with a conspicuously dark centre. Normally the fruitbodies are frankly viscid. Cf. C. ignellus (above), which is dry and presents a red veil.

Cortinarius promethenus Soop Plate 6 Cap 25-40 mm, dry, not hygrophanous; yellow-brown with a darker disk, innate fibrillose to granulose with brownish tufts; margin paler with thin, red fibrils. Gills yellow-brown. Stipe somewhat fusoid, saffron yellow with fiery red bands and fibrils on lower half, apex pale yellow. Veil carmine red, rather copious; cortina pale yellow. Flesh pale yellow, marbled darker yellow-brown; odour faint, raphanoid; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH blood red on all parts; fluorescence yellow. Micro: spores elliptic, 6.3-8 × 4.5-5.5 µm, moderately to rather weakly verrucose. Some marginal elements filled with a golden, grainy substance, Veil hyphæ × 4-5 µm. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest; very rare. Waipori Falls. Ref.: Soop 2010. A strange and rare fungus exhibiting flame-like, red velar bands on the stipe, being otherwise rather dull ochraceous in colour. The species has so far been recorded mainly from the Dunedin area. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 9

Cortinarius aurantioferreus Soop Plate 7 Cap 10-30 mm; dry, not hygrophanous; orange-brown, centre darker red-brown to umber; finely innate fibrillose to yellow squamulose; margin reddish orange with fine orange-brown fibrils. Gills intensely red-orange to orange-red with a yellow edge. Stipe cylindrical; citrinous to golden-yellow, sometimes with an olive shade; darkening to grey-brown or black from base, apex paler. Veil orange-brown, later wine-brown; sparse; cortina dark yellow. Flesh dirty yellow, darkening to dirty brownish or black in stipe-base; odour faintly raphanoid; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH dark red to black in flesh, blood red on gills, wine red to dark red on cutis and stipital veil; fluorescence nil. Micro: spores obtusely elliptic, 5-6.5 × 3.5-4.5 µm, finely punctuate. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, uncommon. Tawanui, Adams Track, St Arnaud Lodge, Cascade Hut Track, Te Iringa Track, Matawai. Ref.: Soop 2001. A small, dark cortinar with beautifully orange gills and an often blackening stipe. With its fibrillose cap C. aurantioferreus, evokes species in the boreal section Dermocybe (e.g. C. fervidus P.D. Orton). C. largofulgens (E. Horak) G. Garnier is quite similar and genetically close. It differs by a darker, slightly viscid cap and grows with myrtaceous trees [Black Hill Track; see Horak 1987].

5. Section Persplendidi The section contains species presenting a brightly yellow stipe and often a darker, squamulose cap. Fruitbodies emit a strong fluorescence in UV light, in analogy with the boreal section Leprocybe (M.M. Moser) Melot. [These two sections form sister clades that are endemic to their respective hemispheres.]

Cortinarius persplendidus Gasparini Plate 7 Basionym: Dermocybe splendida E. Horak Cap 20-35 mm, dry, not hygrophanous; dark orange-brown to umber, sometimes almost black, innate fibrillose to granulose. Gills saturated orange to orange-red. Stipe cylindrical to ± clavate, yellow to saffron-yellow, reticulate from dark brown fibrils and tufts on lower part, sometimes terminating in a small ring, apex pale yellow. Veil red-brown, blackening, rather sparse; cortina pale yellow. Flesh yellow to yellow-brown; odour raphanoid; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH black on cutis, purple-red on stipital veil, blood red on context and gills; guayac nil; fluorescence weakly yellow or nil. Micro: spores obtusely elliptic to subglobose, 7-9 × 5.5-6.8 µm, coarsely verrucose. Ecology: in myrtaceous forest; uncommon. Evansdale Glen, Albany. Ref.: Horak 1987 as Dermocybe splendida. This beautiful fungus is recognised from its dark cap, brilliantly orange-red gills and growth in myrtaceous copses. It recalls members of the boreal section Dermocybe as well as C. aurantioferreus (above), which is smaller with smaller spores. [The name has often been used for a similar taxon (C. austrosplendidus nom. nov.) in Australia, which appears to be genetically distinct (see Bougher & Syme 1998, Gasparini 2006).] 10 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Cortinarius canarius (E. Horak) Gasparini Plate 1 Basionym: Dermocybe canaria E. Horak Cap 25-65 mm, dry, weakly hygrophanous; golden-yellow to pale brown-yellow, later darkening with an olive-brown tinge, finely innate fibrillose; margin not striate, young with thick, fibrillose, yellow fringes. Gills saturated yellow to orange-yellow; fairly crowded. Stipe cylindrical to clavate or ± fusoid, often robust; brilliantly yellow to citrinous with yellow to orange girdles and zigzag bands that later turn ± reddish, sometimes almost peronate with a small collar; base sometimes with orange spots; mycelium strongly yellow. Veil saturated yellow, often dark, blushing to orange or red, fairly copious; cortina pale yellow to white. Flesh brilliantly yellow, often whitish in stipe centre; odour nil; taste faint, unpleasant or somewhat bitter. Reactions: NaOH blood red on gills, stipital veil, and cutis, weaker in flesh; guayac orange on gills, else blue-green; phenol red; formalin, lugol nil; fluorescence distinctly yellow. Micro: spores elliptic, 7-9 × 4.5-5.5 µm, weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, very common. Ref.: Horak 1987, Soop 1998a, and "Cortinarius sp." (#74) in Taylor 1973. This common and quite robust species is characterised by its brilliantly golden to citrinous-yellow tints, especially on the stipe, which makes it visible from far away. When soaked or old, the cap colour darkens to olive or brownish. The veil turns distinctly red after collection, probably from oxidation. C. canarius also occurs in Australia. [This species is genetically basal to Persplendidi.]

Cortinarius ophryx Soop Plate 7 Cap 30-45 mm, dry, not hygrophanous; yellowish grey but densely covered by a dark-brown felt and squamules, disk umber or black. Gills pale citrinous yellow; rather crowded. Stipe with a rounded to marginate bulb, often with a pointed base; pale yellow to brilliantly citrinous, with numerous dark grey-brown to red-brown girdles and squamules, terminating in an adpressed collar; apex paler. Veil dark grey-brown to blackish brown, later purple-brown, fairly copious; cortina white to pale yellow. Flesh intensely yellow, sometimes paler; odour faintly raphanoid; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH slowly reddish on bulb, else trivial; formalin, guayac and phenol nil; fluorescence strongly greenish yellow to whitish yellow. Micro: spores obtusely elliptic to subglobose, 8.7-11 × 6.5-8.2 µm, coarsely verrucose; marginal elements crowded, vesiculose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional, often solitary. Ref.: Soop 2010, and possibly Horak 197x as C. ornaticeps ined. An interesting, medium-sized fungus with a strong fluorescence in the context. The stipe is fusoid or bulbous, often robust, but slimmer forms are sometimes seen. These characters evoke the boreal C. cotoneus Fr., type species of the sister section Leprocybe. Cf. C. castoreus (below), which, however, is considerably more robust and produces very large spores. There exist several similar and genetically affine taxa that are only partly unravelled. C. tigrellus Soop (Plate 7) is very rare, growing in the same habitat. It differs by a more slender habit, and a less dark, red-brown veil [Cascade Hut Track, Matawai; see Soop 2002, 2013]. C. tigrellus also resembles the European C. humicola (Quél.) Mre, which has been shown to be genetically remote. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 11

6. Group “Persplendidoidæ” Also this group consists of ochraceous or yellowish taxa presenting a strong fluorescence in UV light. [Its members are not closely related to the preceding section, occupying disparate positions in the phylogeny.]

Cortinarius castoreus Soop Plate 8 Cap 40-100 mm or larger, fleshy; dry, not hygrophanous; covered by thick, dense, date-brown to dark yellow-brown scales or granules, young almost downy; margin young involute with brown tufts. Gills pale grey; crowded, rather thick. Stipe cylindrical, often ± clavate or tapering; yellow-brown, lower half covered by thick, squamulose, dark-brown girdles, sometimes ending in a collar; apex yellowish white. Veil yellow-brown to date-brown, copious; cortina white; mycelial felt with white rhizoids. Flesh white to pale tan; odour nil; taste with a ± bitter after-taste. Reactions: NaOH black to reddish black on cutis, else trivial; lugol trivial; fluorescence pale yellow. Micro: spores obtusely elliptic to subglobose, 14-17.5 × 10-12 µm, moderately to rather strongly verrucose; marginal elements vesiculose to clavate, 25-40 × 10-12 µm. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, common. Ref.: Soop 2005, Horak 197x as C. megaspermus ined. Most visitors to a native beech forest have seen this common, large, conspicuous fungus with brown scales all over. Also the spores are unusually large. The scaly coating and the pale gills evoke an enormous Inocybe. [Molecular analysis has shown that C. castoreus is closely related to C. mariæ (sect. Rapacea).]

Cortinarius incensus Soop Plate 6 Cap 15-55 mm, slightly but distinctly viscid, weakly or not hygrophanous; pale yellowish but covered by thick, yellow-brown squamules, centre almost tessellated; margin with orange-brown fibrils, sometimes appendiculate. Gills pale grey to greyish yellow; edge white, fimbriate. Stipe cylindrical, slender, often with a small bulb or slightly clavate; pale yellow to almost white, staining ochre, with thin yellow-brown fibrils and tufts. Veil yellow-brown to orange-brown, fairly copious; cortina white to greyish yellow. Flesh pale yellow, darker in stipe-base; odour strong, spicy like incense; taste faint, ± acerbic. Reactions: NaOH yellow in context, red-brown to red on cutis and stipe, nil on gills; guayac blue-green; phenol, formalin nil; fluorescence distinct, greenish yellow. Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 9-11 × 5.7-6.7 µm, moderately verrucose; marginal cells numerous, 15-40 × 6.5-8 µm, sometimes with an asymmetric, flattened head. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2002. Also this fungus recalls an Inocybe from its colours, its appendiculate cap margin. and the slender stipe with a small bulb. It is also interesting to note that it typically smells like I. corydalina Quél. found in the Northern Hemisphere.

Cortinarius eutactus Soop Plate 8 Cap 30-70 mm, dry to slightly viscid, not hygrophanous; evenly and handsomely dark red-brown to mahogany brown or blackish brown; innate fibrillose; margin with thin, reddish fibrils. Gills white to yellow-grey, crowded. Stipe cylindrical to somewhat clavate; white, soon flushing brownish red from apex with thin, red-brown fibrils; base with a white mycelial coating. 12 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Veil red-brown to brick red, rather sparse; cortina white. Flesh white, ± brownish in cap; odour and taste nil. Reactions: NaOH red on cutis, sometimes indistinctly, else trivial; guayac blue; phenol weakly rosy; fluorescence white. Micro: spores amygdaloid to subelliptic, 6.5-8.5 × 3.5-4.5 µm, weakly verrucose; cheilo- and pleurocystidia numerous, 25-35 × 7 µm, clavate to irregular with greyish or yellowish contents. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, rare. Hawdon, St Arnaud. Ref.: Soop 2005, Horak 197x as C. retipes ined. A rather robust fungus, characterised by its very dark cap and contrasting white stipe that blushes brownish red. Cf. C. picoides and C. xenosma. [C. eutactus is genetically close to the boreal species C. crassus Fr., which also displays conspicuous cheilocystidia (sect. Crassi Melot).]

Cortinarius pholiotellus Soop Plate 8 Cap 20-35 mm, dry, not hygrophanous; evenly date-brown; matt, slightly fibrillose to granulose; margin long involute. Gills white, mature with a white edge. Stipe cylindrical, pale yellow, apex white, lower part covered by thick, orange-brown to yellow-brown girdles. Veil intensely orange-brown to red-brown; copious; cortina white to greyish. Flesh whitish to pale tan; odour faint like "paint", taste nil.

Reactions: NaOH reddish black on cutis and stipital veil, red-brown on gills and context, FeCl3 nil; fluorescence intensely golden-yellow. Micro: spores amygdaloid, 10-12.5 × 6-7.5 µm, rather coarsely verrucose, fairly dark. Ecology: in myrtaceous forest, very rare. Waipori Falls. Ref.: Soop 1998. Shares the unusual traits of white gills (when young) and a reddish veil with C. eutactus (above). It is further characterised by long, amygdaloid, strongly ornamented spores, and growth under myrtaceous trees. C. pholiotellus has so far been reported only from the Dunedin and Auckland areas. Cf. C. caryotis (below), which differs by its coloured gills and shorter spores.

7. Section Limonii Most taxa in section Limonii Kühner & Romagn. present vivid red-brown and yellow colours, and often react with alkaline solutions, while the fluorescence generally is weak or absent. [The section, with the boreal C. limonius (Fr.:Fr.) Fr. as type, is bihemispherical and monophyletic with the centre of gravity in New Zealand. It is part of the former subgen. Leprocybe M.M. Moser, which has been shown to be polyphyletic.] Cf. the subsequent section, which contains similar taxa.

Cortinarius armiæ Soop Plate 10 Cap 30-70 mm, dry, ± hygrophanous; warmly mahogany red to orange-brown, glabrous to finely innate fibrillose; margin with sparse orange fibrils, not striate. Gills yellow-brown to greyish yellow. Stipe cylindrical to tapering, slender, yellow to saffron yellow with reddish, felty tufts and bands; base flushing darker yellow-brown; apex yellow-white. Veil orange-red to wine red, fairly copious; cortina yellow to whitish yellow. Flesh pale yellow to saffron, young marbled orange in stipe-base; odour and taste nil. Reactions: NaOH intensely red on cutis and stipital veil, blackish red in context. Micro: spores elliptic to subglobose, 6-8 × 4.5-5.5 µm, rather weakly verrucose. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 13

Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, often fasciculate, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2010. A beautiful red and yellow fungus that can become quite large, often growing in clusters. It is macroscopically almost identical to C. collybianus, differing from the latter mainly by a strong, red alkaline reaction and a tapering stipe. C. araniiti Soop (Plate 9) is closely related, but small and orange coloured all over. It reacts blood red with alkaline solutions, and its spores measure 7-8.2 × 5.7-6.5 µm. This species seems to be very rare, growing with Nothofagus [Craigieburn; see Soop 2014]. — C. aurantiellus (E. Horak) G. Garnier in the same habitat differs by a coarsely fibrillose cap and larger spores (see Horak 1987 as Dermocybe a.).

Cortinarius caryotis Soop Plate 9 Cap 20-65 mm, dry, not hygrophanous; dark mahogany to blackish brown; matt, velvety from fine, yellowish fibrils and adpressed tufts that later absorb; young ochraceous frosty; margin young with greyish-yellow patches, not striate. Gills yellow-ochraceous to greyish yellow, often fairly dark; edge paler; rather thick; crowded. Stipe cylindrical; greyish yellow, zoned and girdled by red to brownish-red or orange-brown fibrils and tufts; apex pale yellow. Veil ochraceous, darkening to orange-brown or brown-red; fairly copious; cortina white to pale yellow. Flesh yellow to brownish yellow, darker red-brown in stipe-base; odour faint; taste nil or slightly astringent. Reactions: NaOH red on cutis and stipital veil, sometimes strongly, elsewhere weaker; phenol strongly red-brown; guayac nil; fluorescence nil. Micro: spores subglobose to obtusely elliptic, 5.2-7 × 4.5-5.7 µm, moderately verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, common. Ref.: Soop 2001, Horak 197x as Hydrocybe castaneosquamosa ined. A common species recognised by its umber, dry cap which becomes almost black on older specimens, the rather dark yellow-ochre gills, and the reddish-brown veil on the stipe. C. viscilætus (below) is similar, but smaller with a viscid cap. Also cf. C. eutactus and allies (above). Three rare species are macroscopically rather similar and genetically close: C. caryotoides ined. (Plate 9), growing with myrtaceous trees [Boyle River], differs by a viscid cap and larger spores (9-11 × 5.7-6.3 µm). — C. rubrocastaneus (Soop) Orlovich & Oliver (Plate 11) is leaner and possesses mustard yellow gills with spectacular chrysocystidia and chrysobasidia (see Soop 2000 as Gymnopilus r.; Orlovich & Oliver 2002). It produces similar spores and grows in the same habitat [Arthurs Pass]. — C. rubrimarginatus ined. (Plate 9) is a minuscule species, exhibiting similar chrysocystidia, but the gills are brick red with a deep-red edge [Floral Saddle]. Cf. C. palissandrinus.

Cortinarius viscilætus Soop Plate 36 Cap 10-30 mm, viscid, sometimes almost dry, hygrophanous; brightly brownish yellow to brownish orange or golden brown, disk date-brown; glabrous; margin paler, striate, long involute. Gills brownish yellow to grey-yellow, soon orange, edge paler, rather distant. Stipe cylindrical to tapering, often tall, tenacious, viscid to almost dry; pale yellow with yellow-brown to red-brown fibrils and zones; sometimes with red spots at base; apex greyish. Veil brownish red to dark yellow-brown, rather sparse; cortina pale yellow. Flesh brownish orange to ochraceous (lacking any violet shades); odour sweetish; taste ± raphanoid. Reactions: NaOH red to red-brown on cutis, sometimes faint. Micro: spores subglobose, 6.5-8.2 × 5-6.5 µm, moderately verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2001. 14 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

A small, tough and sticky fungus with conspicuously golden hues, recalling the European C. lætus M.M. Moser It differs from C. melimyxa mainly by its subglobose spores, but may also be recognised by the darker cap centre.

8. Section Callistei Taxa in subgen. Callistei Liimat. & Niskanen present vivid colours and thereby resemble those in section Limonii (above), which is not closely related. [Like the latter, Callistei is bihemispherical and monophyletic, and was part of the former subgen. Leprocybe.]

Cortinarius collybianus Soop Plate 10 Cap 20-50 mm, dry, hygrophanous; dark orange-red to apricot-brown; glabrous to very finely innate fibrillose, sometimes finely reddish granulose; margin young with thin orange-yellow fibrils. Gills pale yellow-brown to greyish ochre; rather thick. Stipe cylindrical to slightly clavate; young pale yellow, later dark yellow, with dense, reddish fibrils or girdles, flushing orange-brown to yellow-brown from base. Veil orange-red to orange-brown, fairly copious, often sparse; cortina white to pale yellow. Flesh white to yellowish, marbled yellow; odour faint like wax candles; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH trivial; guayac weakly blue-green; phenol blood red; fluorescence nil. Micro: spores subglobose, 5.7-7.5 × 5-6 µm, moderately verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2001; maybe "Cortinarius sp." (#79) in Taylor 1973. This conspicuous fungus is easily recognised from its beautifully warm colours: apricot or reddish cap and yellow stipe. Cf. C. vernicifer and C. veronicæ. A closely related taxon C. eucollybianus ined. (Plate 10) displays an intensely red cap colour. It is uncommon in the same habitat [Kepler Track]. Cf. C. armiæ (above)-

Cortinarius rubrodactylus Soop Plate 10 Cap 30-85 mm, dry to slightly waxy, not hygrophanous, fleshy; saturated mahogany red, sometimes with a copper or purple tinge; finely squamulose; margin long involute with sparse fibrils. Gills white to greyish white, rather thick. Stipe robust, cylindrical to tapering, stiff; yellowish white to brown-yellow, with multiple thin red-brown girdles; apex ± white. Veil purple-brown to red-brown, rather sparse; cortina white. Flesh white with a faint yellow tinge; odour distinct like wax candles; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH dark red on cutis and stipital veil, else trivial. Micro: spores subglobose to obtusely elliptic, 6.5-8.5 × 5-6 µm, moderately to rather weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, often fasciculate; rare. Deer Flat, Craigieburn. Ref.: Soop 2013. A large and fleshy fungus, recognised by its mahogany-red cap, contrasting against the white gills when young. It recalls C. armiæ (above), which is redder with more lively hues and coloured gills.

9. Section Xenosmatæ & allies Section Xenosmatæ Soop regroups a number of typical members of the cortinarioid flora of New Zealand, mainly characterised by a well-developed, often thick and membranous veil, formed by fairly thick hyphæ (6-20 µm). The veil is ochraceous, always prominent on the cap, often also on the stipe. Cf. the Cuphocybe group (below). [The section has been shown to be polyphyletic.] Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 15

Cortinarius xenosma Soop Plate 11 Cap 30-70 mm, dry, not hygrophanous; dark grey-brown to dark copper brown; long covered by thick, ochre to greyish yellow fibres and patches, margin garnered by thick, membranous, dirty-ochre tufts. Gills pale grey-brown to grey. Stipe cylindrical, sometimes with a bulb; greyish yellow with a reddish tone and reddish fibrils, apex pale grey; sometimes with an ochre, membranous girdle, base sprouting greyish-yellow rhizoids. Veil greyish ochre, blushing red, copious; cortina white. Flesh greyish white to pale greyish yellow, blushing; odour faint, like "raw potato"; taste faint with an unpleasant after-taste. Reactions: NaOH slowly yellowish on stipital veil, else trivial, guayac weakly blue-green, phenol weakly red; formalin nil; fluorescence nil. Micro: spores elliptic, 7-9 × 4.5-5.2 µm, weakly to moderately verrucose; veil hyphæ × 6-10 µm, hyaline to brownish. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2002; maybe "Cortinarius sp." (#75) in Taylor 1973. This is a fairly robust fungus with a sombre cap, almost covered by a dirty-ochre veil when young. The blushing context and stipe, paired with the pale gills are also good characters (cf. C. myxenosma). The alkaline reaction is interesting as it seems to remove this red pigment (cf. C. periclymenus). [Molecular studies indicate that there exists at least one cryptic species that shares the morphology with C. xenosma (including the microscopy).] C. trichocarpus Soop (Plate 12) is even more robust with an equally abundant veil, but differs by a violaceous tinge in gills and context and larger spores (9.5-12 × 5.5-6.8 µm) [see Soop 2016; Arthurs Pass]. It is rare, growing in Nothofagus forest. See further C. ohauensis.

Cortinarius xenosmatoides Soop Plate 11 Cap 20–40 mm, dry, weakly or not hygrophanous; dark mahogany brown to umber, finely innate- fibrillose with pale ochraceous patches and fibrils; margin not striate. Gills red-brown, moderately crowded to fairly distant. Stipe cylindrical, white to pale yellow-brown with rather dense brown fibrils, coated pale ochraceous at base. Veil greyish ochre, darkening to red-brown, fairly copious. Flesh greyish yellow, marbled yellow-brown with a pale horn-rim near stipital cortex; odour faint, raphanoid or like wax candles; taste none. Reactions: NaOH nil. Micro: spores elliptic, 7-8 × 5-5.5 µm, weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, uncommon. St Arnaud Range, Harwoods Hole. Ref.: Soop 2016. This fungus looks like C. xenosma (above), but without the typical reddish tinge on the stipe. It also deviates by being more slender in average habit, and by the brick-coloured lamellae. [Molecular data show that the two species are genetically remote, placing C. xenosmatoides in the dermocyboid group near sect. Pauperæ. This is remarkable, since it is a definitely telamonioid species, devoid of alkaline reaction.] A similar species in myrtaceous wood is C. minilacus ined. (Plate 38). It differs mainly by its yellow-brown gills and small, subglobose spores. Being a small, telamonioid fungus, it may also be confused with C. amblyonis Soop, which deviates mainly by a more red-brown pileus. [Genetically, C. minilacus forms a small clade together with a few undescribed taxa.] 16 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Cortinarius cupreonatus Soop Plate 11 Cap 30-50 mm, dry, not or weakly hygrophanous; rather dark red-brown to mahogany-red; finely innate fibrillose, scattered with ochraceous, pointed squamules and patches, disk ± granulose; margin young with dark ochraceous tufts. Gills saturated violet to greyish purple, edge long violet; crowded. Stipe cylindrical to clavate; pale violet to greyish, soon flushed yellow-brown from base; ± covered by thick, yellow-brown tufts and girdles; apex grey-violet. Veil yellow-brown, copious; cortina pale violet to white. Flesh dirty whitish to pale tan, marbled violet, staining yellow or brown from base; odour faint like "paint"; taste unpleasant, ± bitter; drying yellow-brown. Reactions: NaOH red on cutis, pink on gills and context, red to purplish black on stipital veil; fluorescence bluish, yellow on exsiccata. Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 7-9 × 4-5 µm, weakly to moderately verrucose; veil hyphæ × 5-8 µm, red-brown. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, sometimes ± fasciculate, common. Ref.: Soop 2001. Characterised by its warmly mahogany-red cap, punctuated by thick, yellow-brown veil remnants. This species differs from C. xenosma (above) mainly by the — often strongly — bitter taste, bluish gills, and positive alkaline reaction. Cf. C. phæomyxa, which possesses a viscid cap and lacks a cortina. C. exlugubris Soop is similar and genetically close, but displays lugubrious, grey-brown tints. It is very rare, growing in the same habitat [Hawdon; see Soop 2001, 2013].

Cortinarius ionomataius Soop Plate 12 Cap 30-70 (-120) mm, dry, not hygrophanous; mouse-grey to bluish grey with a yellow-brown, granulose to squamulose coating on disk, which gradually turns orange-brown, sometimes entirely orange when old; margin involute, brownish violet to greyish violet, young with (often thick) yellow-brown fringes and fibrils. Gills saturated violet to greyish blue. Stipe cylindrical to clavate; grey to bluish grey, pallescent; with (sometimes thin) ochraceous fibrils and tufts; apex violet to greyish violet. Veil ochraceous to brownish yellow, rather copious; cortina grey to pale lilac. Flesh greyish violet to pale grey, marbled blue to violet, young often entirely violet, later pale yellow especially in stipe-base; odour distinct like "paint"; taste faint, somewhat unpleasant. Reactions: NaOH trivial, sometimes vaguely red-brown on cutis; formalin, lugol nil; phenol weakly yellow; guayac slowly green. Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 7.5-9.5 × 4.5-5.5 µm, weakly verrucose; veil hyphæ × 7-10 µm. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, common. Ref.: Soop 2005, Horak 197x as Phlegmacium exlavatum ined. A medium-sized to large fungus with a characteristic smoky, grey-blue tint that often turns ochre-yellow, later orange-brown at the cap centre. Older specimens may be completely orange without any remaining violaceous tints, with risk for confusion. The smell is quite characteristic, reminiscent of house paint or wall-paper. C. ionomataius somewhat resembles C. suecicolor, which is more slender and produces subglobose spores. Variation in the blue pigment makes this common mushroom quite polymorphic and sometimes tricky to recognise. There exists a yellow to orange form wholly devoid of blue, while another form (ionosaphis ined.) is strongly violet, including the stipe, making it resemble the common exotic species Lepista nuda. In this form the cap is violet, spotted by the ochre veil (see Soop 2013). Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 17

10. Group Cuphocybe Only six species were described in the former genus Cuphocybe R. Heim, which is almost endemic for New Zealand. They differ from other Cortinarii mainly by lacking a cortina. But a close examination of young fruitbodies at the point of opening their caps reveals that the thick veil consists of (at least) two layers — often of different shades of colour — that rupture simultaneously. These layers, which are more cottony than cobwebby, then distribute as scales, tufts, and girdles along the full length of the stipe as well as on the cap, as they expand. Since there is no genuine cortina the stipe lacks the cortinal zone that tends to split the velar pattern on fruitbodies of other Cortinarii (see "What to Look For" in the Introduction). The species typically possess a cylindrical stipe provided with a small piston-like or rounded bulb, large, elliptic spores, and epimembranal encrustations in the epicutis. See also sect. Defibulati (Ch. 23), which contains similar taxa. [Molecular studies (Peintner & al. 2002a, 2002b) have demonstrated that Cuphocybe is included in Cortinarius, where it is polyphyletic.]

Cortinarius alboroseus (R. Heim) E. Horak & al. Plate 12 Basionym: Cuphocybe alborosea R. Heim Cap 35-80 mm, dry, not hygrophanous, pink, pale brownish red towards margin, young with a grey- yellow sheen, covered by adpressed tufts or squamules. Gills pale cinnamon, serrate. Stipe cylindrical with a piston-like base, white to pale buff, covered all over by tiny, reddish tufts or squamulose zones. Veil brownish pink, fairly copious; cortina absent. Flesh ± white; odour faintly aromatic. Reactions: NaOH, lugol, guayac, formalin trivial. Micro: spores elliptic, 12.7-17 × 7.6-9.2 µm, rather strongly verrucose and dark; marginal elements absent. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, common. Ref.: Horak 1973a, Soop 1998a. An interesting species, visible from far away in most native beech forests due to its pinkish coloration, which turns more brownish with age. The stipe displays pink velar tufts on its full length and often ends in a small piston-like bulb.

Cortinarius canovestius Soop Plate 12 Cap 25-50 mm, dry, hygrophanous, grey-brown to pale tan, irregularly covered by greyish-yellow radial fibrils, sometimes with tufts and patches, elsewhere glabrous to finely innate fibrillose. Gills pale cinnamon, rather distant. Stipe cylindrical to slightly clavate, greyish white with thick greyish girdles and tufts, apex pale yellow. Veil pale yellow to greyish yellow, fairly copious; cortina not seen. Flesh greyish, marbled yellow in stipe-base, often fragile; odour faint, raphanoid; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH trivial. Micro: spores elliptic, 9-10.5 × 5.5-6.5 µm, moderately verrucose. Ecology: in myrtaceous forest, uncommon. St Arnaud Campsite & Lodge, Boyle River. Ref.: Soop 2014. This species could be described as a C. alboroseus (above) without pink colours, growing in a different habitat. The greyish veil remnants on the cap often form radially oriented hairs, reminiscent of a balding head, and the fruitbody is typically airy and brittle. [Molecular studies show that C. canovestius belongs to sect. Subcastanelli (Ch. 19).] Cf. C. poliotrichus. 18 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Cortinarius elaiochrous E. Horak & al. Plate 13 Basionym: Cuphocybe olivacea R. Heim Cap 35-90 mm, glutinous, ± hygrophanous; olive-green to dark olive-brown, centre olive-black to red- brown (drying orange); glabrous but with scattered olive-yellow scales and patches; margin later striate. Gills olive-grey, sometimes with a violet tinge, often veined; edge serrulate. Stipe cylindrical or slightly dilated towards base, sometimes with a piston-like bulb; dry; grey with a faint violet tinge; coated by brilliantly lemon-green, later olive-brown to olive-yellow, thick girdles and squamules; apex olive-green, pruinose to squamulose. Veil olive-brown to olive-yellow, copious; cortina absent. Flesh olive-yellow to greyish yellow, faintly marbled greenish or blue-grey in some specimens; odour nil; taste ± bitter. Reactions: NaOH red on cutis and stipital veil, gills and context nil; fluorescence yellow in cap context, else nil. Micro: spores elliptic, 10.5-15.5 × 7-8.5 µm, moderately, densely verrucose; marginal elements absent. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Horak 1973a, Taylor 1973. A dark, glutinous fungus with olive hues that rapidly disappear on dry or old specimens, making identification difficult. Fresh specimens usually have a strikingly handsome citrinous-greenish sheen on the upper part of the stipe, which is quite characteristic. Gills and context sometimes display a blue shade, and there may be an orange tinge on the cap making this a really colourful species. The rare variety leontis Soop (Plate 13) is characterised by a strikingly golden-yellow cap and stipe [Te Iringa Track, Cascade Hut Track, Matawai; see Soop 2005].

Cortinarius dulciolens E. Horak & al. Plate 13 Basionym: Cuphocybe melliolens Soop Cap 30-75 mm, viscid, weakly hygrophanous; pale greyish brown to dark yellow-brown, sometimes darker, almost black, centre later more red-brown, often veined by hygrophanous streaks and spots; coarsely innate fibrillose to granulose; margin with thick, brownish tufts, not striate. Gills pale cinnamon to argillaceous, sometimes with a violet tinge; crowded. Stipe cylindrical to clavate, often with a small, round or piston-like bulb; dry, fibrillose; white, later darkening from red-brown fibres, tufts and squamules. Veil pale ochraceous, darkening to red-brown, fairly copious; cortina absent. Flesh white, slightly greying or yellowing, yellowish in cap, sometimes faintly marbled violet; odour sweetish, melleous, usually strong; taste nil to faintly fetid. Reactions: NaOH trivial, lugol nil, guayac greyish green; fluorescence pale yellow. Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 12.5-15.5 × 7-8.5 µm, coarsely verrucose, dark; marginal elements clavate; clamp connections present. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Soop 1998 as Cuphocybe melliolens, Horak 197x as Phlegmacium mephiticum ined. The species is primarily characterised by the distinct honey smell, best sampled in the context of the lower part of the stipe. It is also distinguished by grey-brown hues, strongly darkening to warmly brown with an almost black cap. This change is due to the darkening veil, which turns more or less red-brown on the stipe. Occasionally specimens are found with a violet tinge on gills and in stipe context. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 19

Cortinarius phæomyxa (E. Horak) E. Horak & al. Plate 13 Basionym: Cuphocybe phæomyxa E. Horak Cap 20-45 mm, glutinous, weakly hygrophanous; dark yellow-brown to chocolate-brown; densely spotted by ochre to greyish ochre patches or squamules, sometimes absorbing with age and then leaving the cutis rough to almost glabrous, orange-brown; margin with dense tufts, sometimes sulcate. Gills grey to pale grey-brown. Stipe cylindrical, sometimes with a small, rounded bulb; pale yellowish grey; covered by ochre scales and fibres; apex grey-white, pruinose. Veil ochre to pale greyish ochre; copious; cortina absent. Flesh grey to buff, grey-brown near cortex; odour nil or faint like "paint"; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH red-brown to blood red on cutis and stipe, red-orange on gills and context; fluorescence nil. Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 11-15.5 × 7-8.7 µm, weakly to moderately verrucose; marginal elements clavate, crowded. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Horak 1973a. Smaller than the other members of the group, the species is characterised by a chocolate-brown cap, studded with ochraceous dots and patches. When mature, these veil remnants often absorb in the slime, turning the cutis orange-brown, which makes it hard to relate older specimens to younger ones growing from the same mycelium. [C. phæomyxa is closely related to C. elaiochrous (above; sect. Meta- cyphocybe).]

11. Section Rapacea The single published species in the former genus Rapacea E. Horak looks like a typical member of Cortinarius sect. Sericeocybe P.D. Orton ex Nezd. The spore print is not rusty brown, however, but olivaceous yellow, and the spores appear smooth in a light-microscope. In fact, SEM examination reveals a spore structure usually not found in Cortinarius, but molecular studies have demonstrated that Rapacea is nevertheless part of Cortinarius (Peintner & al. 2002a, 2002b).

Cortinarius mariæ (E. Horak) E. Horak & al. Plate 8 Basionym: Rapacea mariæ E. Horak Cap 30-55 mm, dry, not hygrophanous; chalk white, immutable (except slightly greying or yellowing when very old); matt, smooth; margin not striate, long involute. Gills white to pale grey, becoming pale olive-ochre on maturity. Stipe clavate, sometimes with a pointed root; white, silky with adpressed thin white girdles and white rhizoids. Veil white; fairly sparse; cortina white, copious. Flesh white; odour nil to faintly acidulous (possibly like castor oil); taste nil. Reactions: NaOH nil; formalin pink (15 min.), strongest in stipe-base; lugol, guayac nil. Micro: spores elliptic to citriform, 13-18.5 × 8.2-11 µm, apparently totally smooth, dextrinoid, yellow- brown, not pale; spore print olivaceous-yellow; marginal elements clavate, abundant. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, often at the base of trees, mostly solitary, common. Ref.: Horak 1999, "Cortinarius sp." (#78) in Taylor 1973, Gasparini 2007. This common, sometimes very common, cortinarioid fungus is found in virtually all native-beech forests. It is easy to discover, being immutably white all over, a character not seen in other white Cortinarii, which all tend to discolour with age (to a yellow, brown, or grey shade). Although the odour should be 20 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

strong, sweetish according to the protologue, all collections included in this study lack a distinct smell. The species also occurs in Tasmania and in Papua New Guinea.

12. Section Anomali Members of sect. Anomali Konrad & Maubl. are characterised by subglobose spores and a yellow, ochraceous, or reddish veil. [The section is bihemispherical and has been shown to be monophyletic (Dima et al. 2016). Its sister section Bolares Kühner & Romagn. is also bihemispherical, with at least one (undescribed) species in New Zealand, while its other sister section Spilomei (Moënne-Locc. et al.) Consiglio et al. appears to be boreal.]

Cortinarius suecicolor Soop Plate 14 Cap 15-60 mm, dry, weakly or not hygrophanous; pale grey-brown to purplish brown, even blackish brown, ± covered by coarse, ochre fibrils and felty zones, disk later orange-brown and slightly granulose; margin with orange-ochre fringes, often slightly corrugated, lacerate when old. Gills saturated dark grey-blue‚ distant. Stipe cylindrical to slightly clavate, often flattened and tough; silvery greyish violet with ochre tufts and belts, young with a strongly violet apex. Veil greyish yellow to pale ochre, darkening to orange-ochre, copious; cortina pale grey to violet grey. Flesh deep blue when young, darkening to dark bluish grey, later flavescent in stipe; odour faintly raphanoid; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH red on context and gills, often only weakly, else nil; guayac blue-green to yellow- green; lugol nil. Micro: spores subglobose, 6-7.5 × 5.5-6.5 µm, moderately to rather coarsely verrucose; marginal cells numerous, vesiculose, some lachrymiform or capitate, 18-30 × 6 µm; veil hyphæ × 6-10 µm, hyaline. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, uncommon. Te Iringa Track, Cascade Hut Track, Kiko Track. Ref.: Soop 2002. A fairly inconspicuous fungus when encountered in the field, but when cut it displays characteristic dark- blue context and gills, contrasting against the yellowish veil. Cf. C. tessiæ, which has similar spores, but is glutinous with a sparse veil.

Cortinarius rattinoides Soop Plate 14 Cap 15-40 mm, dry, hygrophanous, fragile; mouse-grey to grey-brown, more red-brown on disk, young tinted violet outside disk, irregularly and coarsely reddish fibrillose; margin with brick red tufts or brown fibrils, strongly fimbriate, when old lacerate. Gills intensely dark violet, soon evanescent, rather distant, sinuate but not thick. Stipe cylindrical, slender; young silvery violaceous, later dirty white with reddish to wine-brown girdles and tufts, apex white. Veil brick red, soon brownish red, fairly copious; cortina grey, rudimentary. Flesh deeply dark violet, soon grey-brown, fragile; odour nil to vaguely raphanoid; taste nil to somewhat bitter. Reactions: NaOH nil. Micro: spores subglobose, 6.5-8.5 × 5.5-6.5 µm, moderately to rather coarsely verrucose; veil hyphæ pale yellow-brown, × 6-10 µm. Ecology: In Nothofagus forest, occasional. Greyneys Shelter, Lake Waikareiti, Te Iringa Track, Kiko Track, Matawai. Ref.: Gasparini & Soop 2008. A greyish, fragile fungus with a cap that rapidly gets torn at the margin (“scare-crow look”). Very young specimens display dark-violet flesh and gills, a hue that quickly disappears. The veil is usually distinctly Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 21

reddish. The species resembles C. spilomeus (Fr.:Fr.) Fr. in the Northern Hemisphere. It is less robust than C. suecicolor (above) and exhibits more greyish colours, while C. mysoides differs by reddish gills.

Cortinarius durifoliorum ined. Plate 14 Cap 15-50 mm, dry, hygrophanous; dark red-brown to grey-brown with a purple shade, innate fibrillose; margin with a pink flush and brown-red fibrils, sulcate when older. Gills red-brown with a distinct violet tinge, moderately crowded. Stipe cylindrical, slender, tough; silvery white to pale grey with a violet tinge and brownish-red fibrils and tufts. Veil brown-red to purple brown, rather copious. Flesh pale red-brown to grey, young marbled violet; odour and taste faintly raphanoid. Reactions: NaOH trivial. Micro: spores subglobose, 6.8-8.5 × 5.5-7 µm, rather coarsely verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, uncommon. Tawanui, Kepler Track, Blue Pools, Klondyke Spur Track. This species is as fragile as the similar C. rattinoides (above), but differs by its more purple hues. [In earlier editions it was called C. sclerophyllorum Gasparini, which is almost identical and described from Tasmania. These three species are closely related.]

Cortinarius eunomalus ined. Plate 14 Cap 15-30 mm, dry, weakly or not hygrophanous; ± coated by a pale-violet almost white frosty pruina, absorbing to grey-brown, very finely innate fibrillose; margin with a white-fibrillose rim. Gills pale violet, sometimes with a greyish tinge, moderately crowded. Stipe cylindrical, tall; white to pale violet. Veil white with a faint violet tint, sparse; cortina white. Flesh young pale violet, soon grey to greyish yellow; odour faintly raphanoid; taste ± bitter. Reactions: NaOH trivial. Micro: spores obtusely elliptic to subglobose, 6-8.2 × 4.5-5.5 µm, moderately to rather weakly verrucose. Ecology: in myrtaceous forest, uncommon. St Arnaud Lodge, Boyle River Track. The fungus evokes a boreal C. anomalus (Fr.:Fr.) Fr. growing in Kunzea forest. It is paler than the other species described above, and is the only one with a white veil. [C. euanomalus is genetically basal to Anomali]

Cortinarius subgen. Phlegmacium Subgenus Phlegmacium (Fr.) Trog is defined by a viscid cap and a dry stipe, but the cap of some species, in southern as well as northern parts of the world, is only slightly viscid or even dry. The habit is often robust with a fleshy cap and stipe, but many southern Phlegmacia are of a modest size, a few being unique in the subgenus by their small stature. [One may note that assignment of small, more or less hygrophanous taxa either to Phlegmacium or to subgen. Telamonia, where some viscid species occur (Ch. 26), is often arbitrary.] [As shown by molecular studies (Garnica & al. 2005, Peintner & al. 2004), Phlegmacium is highly polyphyletic even when restricted to the Northern Hemisphere. Moreover, some sections that abound in the North (e.g., Multiformes, Glaucopodes, Calochroi including Fulvi, and Cærulescentes) appear to be absent in New Zealand as in most of the South Pacific. Conversely, many phlegmacioid groups and sections reported here are endemic to the area.] 22 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

13. Group "Vestiti" This group is characterised by fruitbodies with an ochraceous or pale brownish veil, often visible on the cap, which makes them resemble those in sect. Xenosmatæ (Ch. 9).

Cortinarius perelegans Soop Plate 20 Cap 30-55 mm, viscid to glutinous, not or weakly hygrophanous; brightly golden yellow to orange- brown, centre dark yellow-brown to blackish; glabrous to ± granulose or rugose with sparse, yellowish scales; margin paler, somewhat striate when old. Gills argillaceous, sometimes with a faint violet tinge; conspicuously thick. Stipe cylindrical to somewhat clavate, also fusoid; dry; pale yellow to whitish with thin yellow-brown fibrils, staining pale yellow-brown especially at base. Veil yellow-brown, fairly copious to fairly sparse; cortina white. Flesh pale greyish buff to pale yellow, grey-brown in cap; odour nil to faintly raphanoid; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH brownish red to cherry-red on cutis, else trivial; guayac nil or weakly green; lugol, formalin nil; fluorescence yellowish. Micro: spores amygdaloid, 9.5-12 × 5-6.5 µm, moderately to rather weakly verrucose; veil hyphæ × 7-10 µm, yellow-brown. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, often fasciculate, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2001. This rather frequent Cortinarius is recognised from its golden brownish and yellow hues. The cap is viscid with a conspicuously dark centre, sometimes with ochraceous tufts.

Cortinarius naphthalinus Soop Plate 17 Synonym: C. fulvoiubatus Gasparini Cap 30-60 mm, glutinous, not hygrophanous; yellow-brown, later dark brown, disk sometimes with an orange tinge, glabrous; margin paler, with whitish, thick, appendiculate fringes. Gills pale brownish grey, sometimes with a faint violet tinge. Stipe dry, cylindrical to tapering; whitish with red-brown to purple-brown bands and squamules, often provided with a collar on upper part. Veil pale yellow-brown to red-brown, darkening, rather copious; cortina white, ± membranous. Flesh white to pale tan; odour strong of naphthalene; taste faint, unpleasant. Reactions: NaOH cherry red on cutis, red to somewhat purple on stipital veil, else trivial. Micro: spores elliptical, 9.3-11.5 × 6.5-8 µm, coarsely verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, rare. Kowai Bush, Greyneys Shelter, Kiko Track. Ref.: Soop 2001, Gasparini 2007 as C. fulvoiubatus. A robust and remarkable fungus, easily recognised from its strong "moth-ball" smell. The collar on the stipe and the copious veil, leaving tufts on most of the fruitbody, are traits that recall both Rozites and Cuphocybe (Ch. 10, 19); cf. C. majestaticus. The species has also been collected in Tasmania.

Cortinarius subgemmeus Soop Plate 20 Cap 15-35 mm, viscid, hygrophanous; yellow-brown to greyish yellow, maculated umber to blackish brown, later blushing to orange-brown, ± covered when young by pale ochraceous granules and fibres; margin ± striate, often with red spots. Gills pale tan to greyish yellow, soon with a pink flush. Stipe cylindrical, weakly viscid to dry; pale grey to greyish yellow or yellow-brown, often blushing, with thin, yellowish bands; mycelial felt white. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 23

Veil pale grey to pale ochraceous, blushing and darkening, rather copious to sparse; cortina white. Flesh whitish to yellow-brown, contrastingly dark brown in cap, later often with a pink flush; rather tough; odour and taste nil. Reactions: NaOH trivial or weakly red-brown on cutis; guayac strongly yellow-green; formalin nil. Micro: spores elliptic to subfusoid, 6-8 × 3.5-4.5 µm, rather weakly verrucose; cheilo- and pleurocystidia numerous, 40–80 (100) × 6–10 µm, irregular, sometimes capitate with yellowish droplets; veil hyphæ × 5-7 µm, greyish. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2002, possibly Horak 197x as Phlegmacium inocybeum ined. A small, yellowish fungus whose context colour changes abruptly from cap to stipe. [Molecular studies have shown that C. subgemmeus is closely related to the boreal C. rubicundulus (Rea) Pears., forming section Rubicunduli, sister to sect. Crassi (Ch. 6), These fungi all display conspicuous cystidia on the lamellar edge.]

Cortinarius orixanthus Soop Plate 4 Cap 20-60 mm, viscid, hygrophanous, sometimes weakly; warmly yellow-brown with a faint orange tinge, disk darker, slightly red-brown, young with a thin yellow frost; glabrous to innate fibrillose; margin greyish yellow, often with a conspicuous yellow rim, not striate. Gills yellow-grey. Stipe cylindrical to clavate, dry; dirty white to yellowish with sometimes thick yellow girdles on lower part, apex white. Veil yellow, fairly copious to sparse. Flesh yellow to yellow-brown, sometimes with a red-brown tinge; odour faintly raphanoid; taste nil or slightly fetid. Reactions: NaOH strongly yellow-orange to red on cutis and stipital veil, sometimes weaker so; guayac green. Micro: spores elliptic, 6.5-8.2 × 4-5 µm, rather weakly verrucose. Ecology: In Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Gasparini & Soop 2008. The species may look like a Telamonia when small or in dry conditions, but is usually recognised by a remarkable yellow rim on the cap, often paired by yellow veil girdles on the stipe, and by the alkaline reaction. Cf. C. viscoviridis, which also presents a yellow rim, but whose stipe is glutinous. C. suborixanthus ined. (Plate 4) is similar but more glutinous and the veil is white, darkening to red-brown. It is rare, growing in the same habitat [Craigieburn]. [The two species are closely related (section Orixanthi), genetically affine to the dermocyboid taxa.] Cf. C. dulcamarus.

Cortinarius peristeris Soop Plate 20 Cap 15-50 mm, viscid to glutinous, weakly hygrophanous; clay grey to grey-brown, darker when older, ± covered by tiny whitish to pale yellow-brown pustules or squamules; margin paler with brownish fibrils, not striate. Gills pale grey to pale grey-brown, rather crowded. Stipe cylindrical, sometimes with a small bulb, thin, dry to slightly viscid; white to pale greyish yellow, flushing ochraceous with brownish fibrils from base. Veil white to pale grey-yellow, later more ochraceous, rather copious. Flesh white to pale tan, often with a brown horn-rim, darker in stipe-base; odour faint ± like iodoform; taste slightly fetid. Reactions: NaOH red-brown to red on cutis and stipital veil, else nil; guayac nil. Micro: spores elliptic, 6.5-7.7 × 3.5-4.5 µm, rather weakly verrucose. 24 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, uncommon. Mackay Creek, Kepler Track, Te Anau Downs, Boyle River. Ref.: Soop 2010. A slim phlegmacioid species, easily recognised from its slimy, dove-grey cap studded with whitish granules from the veil. The cap darkens strongly with age. It may recall a pale form of C. phæomyxa, which, however, possesses a thicker veil and lacks a cortina.

14. Section Cremeolinæ & allies Section Cremeolinæ Soop is characterised by a white, often sparse veil and a stipe provided with a more or less distinct and marginate bulb. The species therefore resemble taxa in the boreal sister section Multiformes (Rob. Henry) Moënne-Locc. & Reumaux

Cortinarius cremeolina Soop Plate 18 Cap 25-65 mm, viscid, not or weakly hygrophanous; white to cream or ivory yellow, disk sometimes darker with an ochraceous tinge; cutis thick, tough, elastic, glabrous; margin long involute. Gills white to yellowish, crowded. Stipe with a usually wide, marginate bulb; white with sparse white fibrils. Veil white, sparse to fairly copious; cortina white. Flesh white, ± marbled ochraceous; darkening in cap to ochraceous on manipulation; odour faint, melleous or fruity; taste nil to faintly bitter. Reactions: NaOH nil, guayac weakly green, lugol strongly brown. Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 7.5-9.5 × 4.5-5.5 µm, moderately to rather weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, common. Ref.: Soop 2001, 2016. This fungus is characterised by white or creamy colours, a bulbous stipe, and a tenacious cap which may display an almost porcelain-like finish. It therefore recalls the European C. rapaceus Fr. [Molecular studies have shown that they are not closely related, but C. austrorapaceus Soop (= C. rapaceus var. luridus M.M. Moser & E. Horak 1975), reported from Nothofagus habitat in Patagonia, is affine, as is also C. dulciorum (below).] C. cremeolina is closely related to a host of taxa (Soop 2016), among which one may note C. iringa Soop (Plate 18). This deviates by a darker ochraceous cap when young, a slender stipe with a small, rounded bulb, and slightly shorter spores [Bridle Track, Te Iringa Track, Cascade Hut Track; see Soop 2002]. — C. cremeorufus Soop (Plate 18) is similar but possesses an amber-yellow cap and grows in myrtaceous forests [see Soop 2016; Waipori Falls]. — C. cremeolina var. subpicoides Soop (Plate 18; see Soop 2010) differs by a handsome, dark grey cap, often with an olivaceous tone, which also appears on the upper part of the stipe but usually not in the context. This fairly common variety may be difficult to differentiate from C. picoides, which has been shown to be genetically remote. C. artosus Soop (Plate 19) presents a pale cap, similar to that of C. cremeolina type, but the gills and stipe are tenderly lilac (spores 9.7-11.2 x 5-6.3 µm). It is rare, growing in Nothofagus forests [Workman Track; see Soop 2014]. [Molecular evidence indicates that it is one of the very few South Pacific cortinars in section Elastici (Fr.) Henn.]

Cortinarius dulciorum Soop Plate 19 Cap 25-65 mm, viscid, not or weakly hygrophanous; warmly red-brown with a mahogany or dark apricot hue, glabrous to very finely innate fibrillose; margin paler, more yellow-brown. Gills white, crowded. Stipe clavate to bulbous; white, young peronate from a rather thick white coating, sometimes terminating in an adpressed collar, later flushing pale brownish. Veil white, sparse to fairly copious; cortina white. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 25

Flesh soft; white, later flushing ochraceous; odour rather strong, sweet like honey; taste faint, rather pleasant. Reactions: NaOH pink with a yellow tinge in context, brownish red on cutis, else nil; guayac weakly grey-green. Micro: spores elliptic to amygdaloid, 6-8 × 3.5-4.5 µm, weakly verrucose. Ecology: In Nothofagus forest, occasional. Kepler Track, Murray Creek, Lake Daniel Track, St Andrew Range, Kiko Track. Ref.: Gasparini & Soop 2008. A handsome fungus with a warmly apricot-coloured cap and a white stipe. The smell is distinctly sweet, like that of some other members of the section.

Cortinarius myxenosma Soop Plate 19 Cap 25-70 mm, viscid, not hygrophanous; warmly mahogany brown to red-brown with a darker almost black disk, paler red-brown towards margin, innate fibrillose with white veil tufts and patches. Gills white, rather crowded. Stipe with a marginate to rounded bulb; white to pale yellow-brown, flushing red-brown from base, with a white coating on bulb. Veil white, ± blushing to brownish red, fairly copious; cortina white. Flesh greyish tan to white, marbled pale brown; odour sweetish; taste raphanoid, often ± bitter. Reactions: NaOH red on stipital veil and on pale areas of the cutis, weakly red in context; guayac greyish green. Micro: spores amygdaloid to subelliptic, 7.5-9.5 × 4.5-5.5 µm, moderately to rather weakly verrucose. Ecology: In Nothofagus forest, uncommon. Borland Lodge, Waimakariri, Boyle River, Murray Creek, St Arnaud Range, Clements Rd. Ref.: Gasparini & Soop 2008. This fungus recalls C. xenosma, but is viscid and the stipe possesses a bulb that is sometimes wide and marginate. It differs from C. dulciorum (above) mainly by the persistent veil, visible on the cap, and by its larger spores.

15. Group Xiphidipus This is a dominating group of Phlegmacia in New Zealand, and it borrows morphological traits from stirps Xiphidipus in South America (see Moser & Horak 1975), as well as from sections Arguti (Brandrud & Melot) Liimat. et al. and Claricolores Moënne-Locc. & Reumaux in the Northern Hemisphere. Taxa are characterised by a fusoid stipe which is often tall and rooting, fasciculate mode of growth, crowded gills, and mostly trivial chemical reactions. [Genetically, the group has been shown to be rather heterogeneous.]

Cortinarius cretax Soop Plate 21 Cap 25-60 (110) mm, viscid, not hygrophanous, uniformly white, occasionally slightly yellowing at disk, glabrous to finely innate fibrillose; margin thinly felty when young. Gills white to grey-white very crowded, not serrulate. Stipe tapering, rooting; white, with a white, fibrillose coating, often thinly peronate. Veil white, sparse; cortina white. Flesh white; odour nil or faint like "paint"; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH, formalin nil; guayac blue-green, phenol weakly red. Micro: spores oblong fusoid-amygdaloid, 6.8-8.2 × 3-4 µm, finely punctuate. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, fasciculate, occasional. Lake Gunn, Borland Lodge, Te Anau Downs, Te Iringa Track. 26 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Ref.: Soop 2002, Horak 197x as Phlegmacium radicatum ined. A typical member of a group of white, rooting, fasciculate Cortinarii that form a common element in the native forests. Both habit and spore shape recall taxa in the boreal section Claricolores. [The species belongs to sect. Cretaces, together with several of the Xiphidipus taxa mentioned above.]

Cortinarius alboaggregatus Soop Plate 21 Cap 35-75 (140) mm, viscid, not hygrophanous; white to ivory with a faintly yellow to buff disk, later pale ochre; glabrous to finely innate fibrillose; margin long involute, upturned when old. Gills white to greyish white, crowded, somewhat serrulate. Stipe tapering to fusoid, often deeply rooted; white with rather thick, white girdles, sometimes peronate with a small, thin collar. Veil white, copious; cortina white. Flesh immutably white; compact, tough in stipe; odour and taste nil. Reactions: NaOH trivial; formalin nil; guayac strongly blue-green. Micro: spores oblong fusoid-amygdaloid, 10.5-13.5 × 5.5-6.5 µm, moderately verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, fasciculate, common. Ref.: Soop 2005, Horak 197x as Phlegmacium serratum ined. This fungus may become very large. It is characterised by white colours all over, a rooting stipe, and elongated spores. Macroscopically it is almost indistinguishable from C. cretax (above), but one may observe the more copious veil and the somewhat darkening cap. A definite identification usually requires a spore check. C. australiensis (Cleland & Cheel) E. Horak (Plate 21), is similar but of gigantic size. It is described from Eucalyptus forest in Australia, but has also been recorded with myrtaceous trees in New Zealand [Black Hill Track; see Horak 1983, Cleland 1934 as Rozites a., Bougher & Syme 1998]. It possesses a very abundant and peronate veil that leaves a massive, membranous collar on the stipe.

Cortinarius persicanus Soop Plate 21 Cap 30-65 mm, viscid, not hygrophanous; pink to peach yellow, disk often redder; ± glabrous, sometimes sparsely fibrillose; young darker brownish red and finely white-frosty; margin pale tan, young involute with a white rim. Gills white to pale tan; crowded. Stipe tapering, deeply radicant; white with thin, white girdles and fibrils, occasionally flushed pale brownish yellow on lower part. Veil white, sparse to fairly copious; cortina white. Flesh white, compact; odour and taste unpleasant, ± metallic. Reactions: NaOH nil to weakly wine-red on cutis; guayac, formalin nil; phenol red to pink. Micro: spores amygdaloid to elliptic, 6.5-8.5 × 3.8-4.5 µm, weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, fasciculate, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2001, Gasparini 2007, Horak 197x as Phlegmacium hebelomaticum ined. This fungus recalls C. cretax (above), but the cap is beautifully and tenderly peach pink. A form with a more ochraceous-yellow cap also occurs. The taste might be called "metallic", but is sometimes more farinaceous or reminding of "paint" (see the Introduction). C. persicanus has also been found in Tasmania.

Cortinarius memoria-annæ Gasparini Plate 22 Cap 30-75 mm, viscid to almost dry, not hygrophanous, cutis rather thick and tough; diluted yellow to pale brownish yellow with a whitish pruina; innate yellow-brown fibrillose to granulose; margin somewhat paler. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 27

Gills yellow to whitish, crowded. Stipe cylindrical to tapering, tough; citrinous to pale yellow with a white, fibrillose coating below, flushing strongly yellow towards base on manipulation; young with very thin, yellow-brown fibrils. Veil yellow-brown, very sparse; cortina white. Flesh saturated yellow with a faint citrinous tinge, contrasting against the exterior, darkening on exposure; odour and taste nil, exsiccata brilliantly yellow. Reactions: NaOH strongly yellow in flesh and on stipital veil, else nil; guayac green-blue; fluorescence yellow. Micro: spores elliptic to amygdaloid, 7.5-10 × 4.5-5.5 µm, moderately to rather weakly verrucose. Ecology: in myrtaceous forest, possibly also with Nothofagus, gregarious to fasciculate, rare. Te Anau Downs, Deer Flat, St Arnaud Camp Site. Ref.: Gasparini 2007. A yellowish fungus with a contrasting, chrome-yellow flush in the context. This coloration is accentuated by manipulation or with alkaline reagents and is very evident in dried material, which also fluoresces (it contains the unusual chromogen vanillic acid). C. memoria-annæ is originally described from Tasmania, where it is common under Eucalyptus.

Cortinarius picoides Soop Plate 22 Cap 30-65 mm, viscid, not hygrophanous; chestnut-brown to dark grey-brown, sometimes with a rosy tinge, disk often darker, blackish brown, finely innate fibrillose; margin with white, appendiculate fringes, sometimes wrinkled. Gills greyish white, crowded. Stipe cylindrical to tapering and radicant; white, staining brownish on bruising and with age. Veil white, rather sparse; cortina white. Flesh white, sometimes flushing brownish on exposure; odour and taste nil. Reactions: NaOH inconsistently red to red-brown on cutis and stipital veil (see below), guayac greyish green. Micro: spores fusoid to subamygdaloid, 6.5-8.2 × 3.3-4.5 µm, weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, often fasciculate, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2001. An intriguing species with a dark cap and a contrasting white stipe, long and tapering when growing clustered. Occasionally the cap is warmly mahogany-brown. The red alkaline reaction may be difficult to observe on dark caps, but is sometimes distinct. There exists a form with a brownish tan cap and more coloured context. [The species is genetically close to the boreal C. turmalis Fr. (sect. Turmales).]

Cortinarius entheosus Soop Plate 19 Cap 25-60 mm, viscid, weakly hygrophanous; tan to yellowish with a brownish orange centre, greyer towards the margin, glabrous to finely innate-fibrillose; margin flushing violet, hardly striate. Gills saturated lavender violet; thick. Stipe cylindrical to ± fusoid; dry; white fibrillose with a faint violet sheen when young, absorbing to dirty greyish yellow; apex violet. Veil white to pale violet, fairly copious; cortina white. Flesh grey buff, marbled violet; odour faint of Syringa flowers, taste strong but hardly unpleasant. Reactions: NaOH nil. Micro: spores elliptic to amygdaloid, 8.2-10 × 5-6 µm, moderately verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, rare. Totara, Kepler Track Ref.: Soop 2016. 28 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

This beautiful, but rare fungus presents bright and warm colours with an apricot tinge on the cap and violet gills.

16. Section Scauri & allies Section Scauri (Fr.) Hennings, present in both hemispheres, is characterised by a bulbous stipe and violet hues, especially in context and gills, which react positively with iodine solutions (lugol). In addition many taxa display greenish tints on veil and gills. [The section in the strict sense has been shown to be monophyletic, but only the first two species below are members.]

Cortinarius singularis Soop Plate 24 Cap 25-50 mm, viscid, more or less hygrophanous; warmly mahogany-brown to red-brown with darker hygrophanous veins, sometimes more yellow-brown on the disk; finely innate fibrillose to glabrous; margin with a violet rim when young, occasionally finely sulcate or striate. Gills saturated violet; immutable on handling; moderately crowded. Stipe with a marginate bulb, dry; silvery pale violet, later fading to yellow-brown, immutable on pressure, bulb margin with thin, violet fibrils; apex violet. Veil violet to red-violet, pallescent, finally ± ochraceous, sparse; cortina white to pale violet. Flesh grey-brown to violet, immutable on pressure, marbled saturated violet; odour none or faintly sweetish; taste unpleasant. Reactions: NaOH trivial; lugol (often weakly) violet to purple-brown; guayac grey-green. Micro: spores elliptic to amygdaloid, 8.5-10.5 × 5-6.5 µm, rather coarsely verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, solitary, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2005, Horak 197x as Phlegmacium turbinellum ined. A medium-sized fungus with handsome, mahogany-brown and violet hues and a bulbous stipe. It is encountered in most native beech forests, but usually only as single specimens or at most in small numbers. The positive lugol reaction — often weak or even absent if the fruitbody is old or dry — indicates an affinity with the boreal C. scaurus (Fr.:Fr.) Fr., which is macroscopically quite similar and also tends to grow solitarily. [This affinity has been confirmed by molecular evidence.]

Cortinarius chlorophyllus Soop Plate 24 Cap 20-45 mm, viscid, not hygrophanous; dark yellow-brown to umber with an olive tinge, innate- fibrillose. Gills dark greyish green to olive green, moderately crowded, edge paler. Stipe with a wide, marginate bulb, violaceous, greying towards base with a yellowish coating on bulb margin. Veil ochraceous yellow, rather sparse; cortina pale yellow-green. Flesh grey-violet; odour none or faintly sweetish; taste faint, pleasant. Reactions: NaOH blood red on stipital veil; lugol blood red. Micro: spores amygdaloid to subelliptic, 7.5–9 × 5–6 µm, moderately verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, solitary, rare. Lake Gunn, Te Iringa Track. Ref.: Soop 2014. Another typical exponent of section Scauri. It is quite similar to C. singularis (above) and genetically close, but the gills are handsomely green, while the spores are smaller and markedly less verrucose.

Cortinarius medioscaurus Soop Plate 24 Cap 25-50 mm, viscid, weakly hygrophanous; warmly yellow-brown with innate darker fibrils, disk ± red-brown, occasionally with a pale yellow coating; margin paler, striate. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 29

Gills greyish violet, immutable on handling, fairly crowded. Stipe with a wide marginate bulb; silvery violet, immutable on handling, soon yellow-brown, apex violet, bulb with a yellowish coating. Veil greyish yellow to pale yellow, fairly copious. Flesh white to pale violet, marbled violet; odour nil; taste distinctly bitter. Reactions: NaOH dark red on stipital veil, weakly red or nil on cutis; guayac, lugol, and phenol nil. Micro: spores elliptic to amygdaloid, 9.3-11.7 × 5.5-6.8 µm, rather coarsely verrucose, dark. Ecology: in myrtaceous forest, occasional. Black Hill Track, Mangatanga Track, Horton Res., Northwood Ref.: Soop 2014. This Phlegmacium is characterised by a wide bulb and brownish-purple shades. It is quite similar to C. singularis (above), but exhibits larger spores and grows with myrtaceous trees. [Moreover, C. medioscaurus does not react with iodine solutions, which rules out an affinity to section Scauri, a position confirmed by molecular evidence.] An almost identical species, C. minoscaurus Soop (Plate 204), is found in similar habitat, where it is very rare (Waipori Falls; see Soop 2001). It is smaller than C. medioscaurus, but differs mainly by smaller, stronger ornamented spores, and a mild taste. [It is also genetically well separated.]

Cortinarius fiordlandensis Soop Plate 22 Cap 25-50 mm, viscid, not hygrophanous, evenly date brown to dark red-brown; glabrous to innate fibrillose; margin with thin, brownish fibrils. Gills intensely dark violet to reddish violet. Stipe with a rather wide marginate bulb; pale yellowish, blushing with rusty-brown fibrils from base, shining pale violet above. Veil red-brown, sparse; cortina pale violet. Flesh pale violet, blushing red-brown in lower stipe; odour and taste nil. Reactions: NaOH dark red to purple-brown on cutis and stipital veil; lugol nil. Micro: spores oblong elliptic, 9-10.5 × 5-6 µm, moderately verrucose. Ecology: In Nothofagus forest, rare. Mackay Creek, Borland Lodge. Ref.: Soop 2010. A dark brown and violet Phlegmacium with an unusual red-brown veil colour. It is quite similar to C. chalybæus (below) from which it differs mainly by a bulbous stipe, elongated spores and a lack of iodine-based reaction.

17. Section Purpurascentes Section Purpurascentes M.M. Moser, present in both hemispheres, is characterised by the same violet hues and the same iodine reaction as Scauri (above), but the stipe is usually cylindrical in shape. In addition the violet tone on gills and stipe often stain deeper violet on manipulation. [The section has been shown to be monophyletic, appearing as a sister clade to Scauri.]

Cortinarius chalybæus Soop Plate 25 Cap 20-70 mm, viscid to glutinous, weakly or not hygrophanous; umber to blackish brown with a faint, purple tinge; coarsely innate fibrillose or granulose, often with sparse, grey to pale ochre patches or tufts; margin violet, when mature striate to rimose, often denticulate. Gills saturated violet, immutable on pressure. Stipe cylindrical to clavate; brilliantly lilac-blue, partly coated silvery pale violet, immutable on pressure, with thin, violaceous fibrils and bands; apex pale blue to white. Veil violet to dark violet, sparse; cortina white to pale violet. 30 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Flesh persistently violet, marbled darker violet, immutable on pressure; odour faint, rubbery to sweetish; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH trivial; lugol reddish violet; guayac weakly blue-green; phenol weakly red. Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 8-10 × 5.5-6.5 µm, rather coarsely verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, common. Ref.: Soop 2002. Mainly characterised by the dark-brown hue of the cap and the saturated violet of other parts of the fruitbody. The smell is fruity with a peculiar rubbery component, recalling that of the common exotic species Lepista nuda. C. australis Gasparini (Plate 25), originally described from Tasmania, is similar with a mahogany-brown, more or less glabrous cap. It is rare, growing in myrtaceous woods [see Gasparini 2007; Boyle River, St Arnaud West Bay].

Cortinarius kaimanawa Soop Plate 25 Cap 5-30 mm, viscid, hygrophanous; greyish yellow to yellow-brown, centre often date-brown with a purple tinge, young with a pale-violet shade; coarsely innate fibrillose; margin paler with a violaceous rim. Gills saturated violet, occasionally with a faint reddish tinge. Stipe cylindrical to somewhat clavate, dry to slightly viscid; violet, young with a pale violaceous coating. Veil white to violaceous; cortina white with a faint violet or yellowish tinge. Flesh greyish violet, saturated blue in stipe-base; odour nil to faintly sweetish; taste nil to slightly leguminous. Reactions: NaOH weakly and inconsistently red-brown on cutis, flesh and stipital veil; guayac weakly greyish green, phenol nil. Micro: spores obtusely elliptic, 6.8-8.5 × 4.5-6 µm, moderately to rather weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2002. This not so rare, but easily overlooked species recalls C. chalybæus (above), but is much smaller with a brighter cap colour; also the spores are smaller. The context is violet with a strong, blue tint in the stipital base of most specimens.

Cortinarius rhipiduranus Soop Plate 25 Cap 15-45 mm, viscid, not hygrophanous, dark yellow-brown to blackish brown with an olive tinge, young often covered by pale ochre spots, tufts and fibrils, else glabrous to finely innate fibrillose. Gills blue-grey to turquoise, edge slightly paler. Stipe cylindrical, dry; whitish to turquoise blue, ± shimmering on upper half, flushing brown below with pale yellow tufts, apex pale blue. Veil pale ochraceous, often copious; cortina white to yellowish grey. Flesh dark blue-green to blackish green, yellow-green to violaceous in stipe-base; odour faint; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH red on cutis and context, else trivial; guayac weakly yellow-green; lugol brownish to reddish violet. Micro: spores elliptic, 7.5-9.3 × 5-6 µm, moderately verrucose. Ecology: In Nothofagus forest, occasional. Kepler Track, Totara, Bridle Track, St Arnaud Range, Rimutaka. Ref.: Gasparini & Soop 2008, possibly Horak 197x as Phlegmacium æruginosum ined. A striking fungus with a spectacular turquoise or sky-blue tint in the context and on the stipe when fresh. It is quite similar to C. chalybæus (above), but can usually be separated by the context colour, by its Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 31

trivial smell and positive alkaline reaction. Cf. the following group, which also contains taxa with greenish-blue hues.

18. Group “Turci” Taxa in this group present sky-blue or turquoise colours, in particular in gills and context. Cf. section Delibuti (Ch. 24).

Cortinarius turcopes Soop Plate 23 Cap 25-70 mm, viscid to glutinous, not hygrophanous, olive-grey to olive-green with an ochraceous disk, young darker with viscid, violet, ± radial streaks, later staining grey to olive-brown; glabrous to ± granulose; margin sometimes slightly yellowish or orange. Gills violet to blue-grey, sometimes with a green tinge, rather crowded. Stipe clavate to cylindrical with a rounded or slightly marginate bulb; strikingly turquoise blue to grey- blue with a ± viscid, violaceous coating on lower half, apex shining pale blue to white. Veil white to pale violet, oxidising olive-grey, ± viscid, sparse; cortina white. Flesh silvery grey-blue to turquoise, intensely blue in stipe-base; odour nil to ± sweetish; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH red to orange-brown on cutis and context, often weak; guayac and lugol nil. Micro: spores elliptic to amygdaloid, 8.5-10.5 × 5.5-6.2 µm, finely and densely verrucose. Ecology: In Nothofagus forest, uncommon. Kepler Track, Te Anau Downs, Waipori Falls, Craigieburn, Woodside Glen, Rimutaka. Ref.: Soop 2010. A beautiful fungus with turquoise colours. It differs from C. rhipiduranus (above) by more violet shades, a bulbous stipe, longer spores and lack of iodine-based reaction. C. salmastrium ined. (Plate 23), is a small, viscid fungus with dark turquoise and olivaceous colours and a slender stipe, growing in myrtaceous forests (Black Hill Track). [These characters recall C. salmaster Gasparini, described from Tasmania, an affinity which is corroborated by molecular data.] Cf. C. australis (above).

Cortinarius austrocyanites Soop Plate 23 Cap 40-100 mm, dry to slightly viscid, not hygrophanous, fleshy; pale greyish yellow to olive-grey, covered by coarse, radial, grey fibres; more granulose near centre, sometimes with black spots; margin with pale grey, silvery velar remnants. Gills greyish blue, very crowded. Stipe very robust, clavate with a rounded to marginate bulb; pale greyish blue, coated white near bulb, apex nicely blue. Veil pale grey to white (possibly with a faint violet tinge), copious; cortina white with a faint, blue shade. Flesh white, greyish blue near cortex and in cap, marbled greyish blue to turquoise; compact; odour nil or faintly like “paint”, taste nil. Reactions: NaOH red-brown to black on cutis, context and sometimes gills reddish lilac; guayac green- blue; phenol red; lugol and formalin nil. Micro: spores elliptic, 9-11.7 × 5.5-7 µm, moderately to rather weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2001, Gasparini 2007. This magnificent fungus is characterised by its robustness and by the almost dry cap with a mottled structure, which acts as a camouflage among the leaf litter. The greyish blue tints (especially on gills and stipe) evoke the European C. cyanites Fr. The species has also been collected in Tasmania. 32 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

C. poliotrichus ined. (Plate 23), is similar but more slender, and the spores are smaller (8.2-10 × 5-6 µm). It is rare, growing in the same habitat [Te Iringa Track]. [This taxon and C. austrocyanites are genetically close (sect. Austrocyanites).]

Cortinarius ursus Soop Plate 22 Cap 35-70 mm, dry, not hygrophanous; coated by coarse, shaggy, umber to blackish brown, concentric scales (1-1.5 mm high), forming a disc at centre; background slightly paler, young with a purple tinge. Gills saturated dark violet, crowded. Stipe cylindrical to tapering or fusoid; pale pink to grey-violet, soon purple-brown; violet-brown to blackish brown from a peronate, fibrillose veil, terminating in a membranous, erect collar; apex violet. Veil membranous, tenacious, rosy, turning purple-brown, copious; cortina greyish, copious, confluent with veil. Flesh greyish white, ± yellow in stipital base, strongly and persistently marbled violet; odour and taste nil. Reactions: NaOH, guayac trivial. Micro: spores amygdaloid, 10-12 × 6-7 µm, almost smooth; marginal elements crowded, clavate to capitate. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, rare. Te Anau Downs, Boyle River, St Arnaud Range. Ref.: Soop 2001, "Cortinarius sp." #13 in Horne 2000, possibly Horak 197x as C. squarrosus ined. This large, black, grossly squamose fungus can hardly be overlooked. It is further characterised by the deeply violet gills, a dry cap, and a peronate veil. The spores appear almost smooth under a light- microscope, but an SEM examination reveals the presence of low, connected or oblong warts. Due to the presence of a membranous collar and an indistinct cortina, the species forms a borderline case to Rozites (below). Cf. Inocybe strobilomyces E. Horak 1977, which differs, among others, by its pale gills (see Taylor 1973).

19. Section Rozites & allies The former genus Rozites P. Karst. is well-known in Europe from its only member in the area, Cortinarius caperatus Fr. The New Zealand species are more hygrophanous, often with a striate cap margin, and more glutinous. They otherwise exhibit all the characters of the type, such as a membranous inner veil that forms a ring or collar on the stipe and thus replaces the cortina. As in Cuphocybe (Ch. 10), the stipe of southern Rozites is often provided with a small piston-like bulb. [Molecular studies (Peintner & al. 2002a, 2002b) have demonstrated that Rozites is included in Cortinarius. The bihemispherical section Rozites, with the common boreal type C. caperatus, counts several species from the South Pacific. Other southern species (including several secotioid taxa; see Ch. 30) that were traditionally assigned to Rozites make up the austral section Subcastanelli and other groups.]

Cortinarius subcastanellus E. Horak & al. Plate 17 Basionym: Rozites castanellus E. Horak & G.M. Taylor Cap 35-80 mm, glutinous, hygrophanous in dark rings or streaks; dark yellow-brown with a paler centre; coarsely innate fibrous with thick, imbricate, greyish white to reddish, darkening tufts and squamules, gathered mainly at disk; margin striate to rimose when old. Gills cinnamon to brownish pink, occasionally with an evanescent blue shade; crowded. Stipe cylindrical to clavate, often with a small, rounded or wedge-shaped bulb; pale yellow to pale grey, banded above collar by zigzag, ochre to brownish pink girdles, dark fibrillose below when older; collar pendulous, striate, membranous, dirty pale-yellow, often placed near base. Veil greyish white to reddish brown, darkening, copious. Flesh grey to pale grey-brown, ± marbled darker grey or violet; odour and taste nil. Reactions: NaOH nil. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 33

Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 9-11 × 5.5-7 µm, moderately verrucose, not dextrinoid. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, common to very common. Ref.: Horak 1981, Soop 1998a. A common species in all southern-beech forests. It is distinguished from the other members of the group by its dark hues: yellow-brown, darkening with age to almost umber, and by the collar normally being placed low on the stipe, sometimes even on the bulb. C. majestaticus (below) in the same habitat is quite similar, but lacks conspicuous veil remnants on the cap, which often displays an olive shade. [C. subcastanellus is closely related to several morphologically diverging taxa (sect. Subcastanelli, so far endemic to New Zealand).]

Cortinarius wallacei Soop Plate 17 Cap 25-55 mm, glutinous, weakly or not hygrophanous; warmly red-brown to yellow-brown; glabrous to innate fibrillose; margin ± striate. Gills pale cinnamon, soon with an orange tinge. Stipe cylindrical, often with a small, rounded bulb; white to pale grey-brown, with sparse red-brown fibrils and bands below the collar, which is membranous, greyish yellow, striate, and placed high. Veil red-brown, sparse. Flesh pale tan; odour nil or faint, ± like wax candles. Reactions: NaOH red-brown to red on cutis and context; guayac strongly blue-green. Micro: spores ± obtusely elliptic, 8-9.5 × 5-6 µm, moderately verrucose, strongly dextrinoid. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, uncommon. Cameron Creek, Lake Daniel Track, Te Iringa Track, Cascade Hut Track. Ref.: Soop 2014. This fungus recalls C. subcastanellus (above), with which it is closely related and has often been confused, but presents a handsome, mahogany-brown cap, which is almost devoid of veil remnants. It also differs by the placement of the stipital collar, the alkaline reaction, and the dextrinoid spores.

Cortinarius majestaticus (E. Horak) T.P. Anderson & Orlovich Plate 17 Basionym: Descolea majestatica E. Horak Cap 30-60 mm, glutinous, weakly or not hygrophanous; dark yellow-brown, young with a distinct, olivaceous tinge, later darkening to umber, glabrous without veil remnants; margin striate to sulcate. Gills cinnamon, fairly thick. Stipe cylindrical, tall, rather stiff; yellow-brown to pale yellowish grey, with thick yellow-brown fibres or girdles on lower half; collar grey-brown, membranous, rather thick, erect, connected to cap margin when young, later fragmented, striate above, placed on upper half; apex pale grey, base darkening. Veil yellow-brown, sparse to fairly copious; cortina membranous. Flesh dirty white to yellowish white, with an olivaceous tinge in cap, brownish in lower stipe; odour faint, phlegmacioid; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH red on cutis, vaguely red in context, nil on gills. Micro: spores amygdaloid, 11-14 × 7-8.5 µm, coarsely to very coarsely verrucose; cutis with gelatinised hyphæ, hypodermal cells with vesiculose ends. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Anderson & Orlovich 2016; Horak 1971 and Soop 2008 as Descolea m. A robust fungus, characterised by a smoky-olivaceous, sometimes olive-black hue that may be absent on dry specimens but is usually distinct. The fruitbody reacts positively with alkaline solutions. The ring is usually placed high on the stipe, in contrast to that of C. subcastanellus (above), which is otherwise rather similar. [The species was originally placed in the genus Descolea, due to the partly cellular cutis hyphæ, 34 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

but has been shown by molecular markers to belong to Cortinarius, where it forms a small austral clade (sect. Majestatici).]

Cortinarius elacatipus E. Horak & al. Plate 16 Basionym: Rozites fusipes E. Horak & G.M. Taylor Cap 40-50 mm, viscid, concentrically hygrophanous; honey-yellow with an orange tinge at centre; glabrous without veil fragments; margin striate, later sulcate. Gills pale grey to pale brownish grey; moderately crowded. Stipe cylindrical, tapering but not pointed at base, slender, sometimes radicant; pale yellowish grey; collar pale grey, not striate, membranous, 3-4 mm wide, placed on upper half. Veil pale grey, sparse. Flesh pale yellowish grey. Reactions: NaOH nil. Micro: spores amygdaloid, 11.5-15.5 × 6.5-7.5 µm, weakly verrucose, not dextrinoid. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, uncommon. Kepler Track, Totara, Cameron Track, Boyle River, Te Iringa Track. Ref.: Horak 1981. Differs from C. achrous (below) by warmer yellow colours, a tapering stipe, and a much sparser veil. This is perhaps the New Zealand species most resembling C. caperatus.

Cortinarius achrous E. Horak & al. Plate 16 Basionym: Rozites pallidus E. Horak & G.M. Taylor Cap 30-55 mm (also larger), glutinous, concentrically hygrophanous; white to pale yellow-buff; disk often stronger yellow-brown with thick, white patches swimming in slime; margin strongly striate (30- 50% of radius), rimose when old. Gills pale grey; moderately crowded. Stipe cylindrical to clavate, sometimes piston-like; white, somewhat yellowing and staining brownish from base; white pustulate above collar, naked below; collar white, striate, membranous, first connected to cap margin, then erect, 2-3 mm wide, placed on upper half. Veil white, copious. Flesh white; odour faint, somewhat waxy; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH nil. Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 9.5-13 × 6-8 µm, moderately verrucose, not dextrinoid. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, common. Ref.: Horak 1981. This quite common species is palest in the group with greyish or whitish yellow hues all over and a strongly striate or even ragged cap margin when adult. Cf. C. pselioticton (below). C. pseliocaulis ined. (Plate 16) possesses an evenly yellow-tinted cap, but is otherwise rather similar and grows in the same habitat [Boyle River]. [There exist several other closely related, unnamed taxa that are difficult to distinguish morphologically from C. achrous.]

Cortinarius pselioticton Soop Plate 16 Cap 30-60 mm, viscid, hygrophanous; greyish to brownish yellow with a darker disk, flushing orange to grey-brown, rather coarsely innate fibrillose; margin more greyish, weakly striate to sulcate. Gills greyish white, occasionally with a faint, blue tinge. Stipe weakly clavate to cylindrical, sometimes with a small, piston-like bulb, dry; white, fibrous below collar, flushing yellow-brown to orange from base; collar thin, pendulous, grey-white, ± striate. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 35

Veil yellow-brown, oxidising to red-brown, rather copious. Flesh grey-white to yellow-white, darker in stipe-base, sometimes with a faint bluish tinge; odour and taste nil. Reactions: NaOH distinctly, but slowly and often weakly red to brownish red on cutis and stipital veil, else nil; guayac strongly blue-green. Micro: spores elliptic to amygdaloid, 10.5-13.5 × 6.5-8.2 µm, moderately to rather coarsely verrucose, dextrinoid; cheilocystidia clavate to subcapitate, 40-50 µm. Ecology: In Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Gasparini & Soop 2008. A rather drab-coloured species with a hue and habit that may recall an Armillaria. It is paler than C. elacatipus (above), from which it is also distinguished by a positive alkaline reaction. C. rugosiceps (E. Horak & G.M. Taylor) E. Horak & al. is similar, but presents a darker cutis and orange gills (see Horak 1981 as Rozites r.).

Cortinarius meleagris (E. Horak & G.M. Taylor) E. Horak & al. Plate 15 Basionym: Rozites meleagris E. Horak & G.M. Taylor Cap 30-65 mm, viscid, hygrophanous; whitish grey to pale greyish blue with a grey-brown to tan centre, young often purple-brown; glabrous with dense, silvery squamules outside disk; margin often striate. Gills violaceous or grey with a persistent bluish tinge; often thick, somewhat veined. Stipe clavate to cylindrical with a small piston-like bulb; silvery pale violet to white, staining faintly yellowish with a white, membranous, fragile, erect to pendulous collar, striate above, placed on upper half; apex stronger violet, ± pruinose. Veil white to pale yellow, sparse to rather thick and copious. Flesh white, marbled blue to faintly yellowish; odour nil or sweetish melleous; taste ± raphanoid. Reactions: NaOH trivial; guayac blue-green, phenol nil. Micro: spores subglobose to ovoid, 9.5-12.5 × 7.5-9.3 µm, moderately verrucose, dextrinoid. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Horak 1981. This is the only common New Zealand Rozites with bluish tints. Cap and gills are usually pale, but sometimes darker, ash-grey. The taxon is further characterised by small, silvery squamules on the cap, which, however, are easily washed off by rain. The spores are dextrinoid (tinted golden orange in iodine solutions), which appears to be characteristic of sect. Rozites.

Cortinarius subgen. Myxacium Taxa accepted in subgenus Myxacium (Fr.) Trog include some from subgenus Paramyxacium E. Horak & M.M. Moser (1975). Cap and stipe are in principle viscid, but sometimes the stipe is only weakly so, which may lead to wrong identification. Cf. the group Myxotelamonia (Ch. 26). [Molecular studies have shown that the subgenus is polyphyletic, where in particular section Delibuti (Ch. 24) forms a segregate clade. The type section Myxacium (Fr.) Gillot & Lucand appears to be absent in the South Pacific. Instead a number of austral myxacioid species make up sections Cycnei and Marmorati, while others are part of the bihemispherical sections Defibulati and Vibratiles.]

20. Section Cycnei & allies Section Cycnei Soop, endemic to the South Pacific, contains glutinous fungi, mostly of a whitish or violaceous coloration. Cf. sect. Marmorati, where pale taxa also occur. 36 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Cortinarius cycneus E. Horak Plate 28 Cap 20-85 mm, glutinous, not hygrophanous; white, sometimes with a very faint violaceous sheen; glabrous; margin not striate. Gills pale grey-brown with a pink flush. Stipe cylindrical to weakly clavate; glutinous; white, sometimes with a faint, violaceous sheen. Veil hyaline, copious; cortina white. Flesh white, young with a faint greyish violet tinge; odour nil or faint, ± unpleasant. Reactions: NaOH yellow in stipe-base context, otherwise nil; guayac weakly blue-green; phenol red near cutis. Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 9.5-12 × 5.5-7 µm, rather strongly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Horak & Wood 1990. This handsome fungus is entirely white, which motivates the epithet ("swan"). One may note that the protologue gives slightly smaller spores. Another white species in the same habitat, C. olorinatus E. Horak, is more slender and also the spores are leaner (see Horak & Wood 1990).

Cortinarius lubricanescens Soop Plate 28 Cap 10-45 mm, glutinous, hygrophanous; white to greyish white, often with a violet shade, rarely intensely red-lilac, centre sometimes slightly yellow, darkening, glabrous; margin ± striate, finally sulcate. Gills white to greyish white, sometimes with a violet or pink tinge. Stipe cylindrical, tough, slender, glutinous; white, sometimes with a faint, violaceous shade, rarely entirely violet, slimy veil forming a small collar or girdles, flushing brownish from base, apex paler. Veil hyaline, often with a faint, violet tinge, rarely red-lilac, copious; cortina rudimentary, white, or absent. Flesh white to pale violet, rarely deep violet in cap, flushing yellow-brown in stipe-base; odour rather strong, like "lubricant"; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH grey-violet to trivial on gills, otherwise nil; guayac greyish green; phenol nil. Micro: spores amygdaloid to elliptic, 9-11.5 × 5.5-6.5 µm, moderately verrucose; marginal elements numerous, clavate to vesiculose, 25-40 × 15-18 µm, some filled with a greyish substance. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, often fasciculate, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2001, Horak & Wood 1990 sub C. magellanicus. A smallish, pale, slimy fungus that resembles a slender C. cycneus (above), but displays less pure white, often greying colours. It also recalls C. vitreopileatus (below), which is more robust with larger spores. C. lubricanescens is further characterised by its typical odour of "engine lubricant" or "vaseline". Forms with a violet shade may evoke C. cucumeris (below), which is larger with a different habit and a different smell. Cf. C. pansicolor. A rare, deep violet form (Plate 28) has often been called C. (cf.) magellanicus in New Zealand [Lake Waikareiti, Floral Saddle, Te Iringa Track]. It is a beautiful fungus, entirely violet to reddish lilac. [C. magellanicus Speg., described from Patagonia (Horak & Moser 1975, Candusso 1992), has been shown to belong to the section, but is genetically separated from the taxon found in New Zealand.]

Cortinarius cucumeris E. Horak Plate 28 Cap 20-50 mm, glutinous, not or weakly hygrophanous; date-brown to yellow-brown, often pale with a faint, violaceous shade; glabrous; campanulate with a narrow umbo; margin not or slightly striate. Gills pale violet to bluish pink. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 37

Stipe cylindrical, glutinous; white with a violet sheen; ± peronate from thick, glutinous, white to pale violaceous girdles ending in a collar; apex white. Veil hyaline with a pale violet tinge; cortina rudimentary. Flesh pale violet to white; odour farinaceous or like fresh cucumber; taste farinaceous. Reactions: NaOH, guayac nil. Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 9.3-12 × 5.7-6.5 µm, moderately to fairly coarsely verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, common. Ref.: Horak & Wood 1990. A common, but fairly anonymous Myxacium with brownish and pale violet tones, until one samples the smell, which is quite characteristic, like cucumber or rancid flour.

Cortinarius indolicus E. Horak Plate 31 Cap 20-35 mm, glutinous, weakly hygrophanous; pale grey to pale grey-brown with a red centre; glabrous; margin weakly striate, later sulcate. Gills pale grey. Stipe cylindrical, often with a small, round bulb, glutinous; grey-white, young covered by reddish gluten, later with red spots and numerous, thick, red girdles on lower part, ending in a small collar studded with red-brown squamules. Veil hyaline with a red shade, copious; cortina rudimentary. Flesh dirty grey to greyish tan; odour very strong of naphthalene, sometimes more gas-like; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH trivial. Micro: spores broadly amygdaloid, 11.7-15 × 7-8.5 µm, moderately to fairly coarsely verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Horak & Wood 1990. A spectacular species with red spots and red, stair-like girdles on the stipe, which darken to red-brown after collection. It is also unmistakable from the stench of naphthalene ("moth-balls"), sometimes mixed with a propane-like component (cf. the boreal Tricholoma sulphureum and allies). [This taxon is not part of the section.] Cf. C. periclymenus, which is sometimes viscid.

21. Section Marmorati & allies Sect. Marmorati, endemic to the South Pacific, comprises glutinous and rather robust taxa with a combined brown, violet, and white coloration and large spores, recalling taxa in the boreal section Myxacium, which is closely related. Cf. sect. Defibulati below.

Cortinarius marmoratus E. Horak Plate 26 Synonym: C. anauensis Soop Cap 25-60 mm, glutinous, not or weakly hygrophanous; purple-brown to chocolate-brown, centre paler grey to ochraceous, glabrous; margin sometimes striate or sulcate. Gills deeply violet or greyish with a violet edge. Stipe cylindrical, sometimes with a small rounded or piston-like bulb, viscid; white to violaceous-grey, staining ochraceous from base. Veil pale violaceous, sparse; cortina gelatinous. Flesh grey-white, marbled faintly violet, more ochraceous in stipe-base; odour nil; taste faint ± fetid. Reactions: NaOH ± red-brown on cutis, else trivial; guayac, lugol trivial. Micro: spores amygdaloid, 12-15 × 6.5-8 µm, moderately verrucose; marginal elements clavate to vesiculose, 35 × 15 µm; clamp connections present. 38 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, uncommon. Ref.: Horak & Wood 1990, Soop 2001 as C. anauensis, possibly Horak 197x as Myxacium umbrinum ined. The diffuse pale-grey centre of an otherwise dark cap forms a hygrophanous patch, like in marble, which is quite characteristic. The species somewhat resembles C. taylorianus (below), but mature caps are usually darker and devoid of blue or violet tints.

Cortinarius vitreopileatus E. Horak Plate 26 Cap 20-50 mm, glutinous, hygrophanous; white to greyish white, often with a yellow tinge mainly on disk, glabrous; margin striate. Gills pale grey to pale cinnamon, sometimes with a faint violet or pink flush. Stipe cylindrical to slightly clavate, tough, glutinous; white, later flushing yellow from apex. Veil hyaline, copious; cortina white, rudimentary. Flesh white; odour and taste nil. Reactions: NaOH trivial, sometimes weakly reddish on cutis; guayac weakly green-yellow. Micro: spores amygdaloid, 11-14 × 6.5-8 µm, moderately verrucose; marginal elements crowded, clavate to vesiculose, 25-30 × 10–12 µm; clamp connections present. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, common to very common. Ref.: Horak & Wood 1990. This common fungus in southern beech forest is extremely glutinous in moist weather, with slime up to 3 mm thick. It is not brilliantly white like C. cycneus (above), the cap tending to dirty whitish or pale brownish. In some collections the stipe turns yellow on mature specimens, especially after frost. There are several taxa in the section, growing in the same habitat, that are difficult to separate morphologically from C. vitreopileatus. C. viscostriatus E. Horak possesses a strongly striate cap margin, and the spores are more elliptic in shape (see Horak & Wood 1990).

Cortinarius vitreofulvus Soop Plate 26 Cap 35-50 mm, glutinous, hygrophanous; tan with greyish white zones when young, later darker yellow- brown, glabrous; margin paler when young, later striate. Gills white to greyish white. Stipe cylindrical to slightly clavate, viscid; white, later flushing yellow from apex. Veil hyaline, ± brunnescent, copious; cortina rudimentary. Flesh white; odour and taste nil. Reactions: NaOH reddish on brown zones of cutis, elsewhere trivial. Micro: spores amygdaloid, 10.5-12 × 6.5-7.5 µm, strongly verrucose; marginal elements numerous, clavate to vesiculose, 18-27 × 9–12 µm; clamp connections present. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, uncommon. Kepler Track, Cascade Hut Track Ref.: Soop 2016. A typical Myxacium with a thick gluten on most of the basidiome. It resembles C. vitreopileatus (above), which may be separated by its pale pileus colour and less verrucose spores. [Both cortinars are members of sect. Marmorati.]

Cortinarius bellus E. Horak Plate 26 Cap 25-65 (100) mm, glutinous, weakly or not hygrophanous; date-brown, pale tan towards the margin, warmly but pale purple-brown when young; margin sometimes violaceous, later striate. Gills saturated violet; edge deeper violet. Stipe cylindrical, tall, stiff, sometimes with a small, rounded bulb; glutinous; lilac-violet, apex and base paler. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 39

Veil hyaline with a violet tinge, copious; cortina greyish. Flesh violet, later paler with yellow parts, whitish near stipe-base; odour nil. Reactions: NaOH trivial. Micro: spores amygdaloid, 10.5-13 6-7 µm, coarsely verrucose, rather dark; clamp connections present. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Horak & Wood 1990, and possibly "Cortinarius sp." (#76) in Taylor 1973. This beautiful fungus is distinguished by its tall stature and dark brown and blue colours, bearing a certain likeness to the European C. stillatitius Fr. Microscopically C. bellus is characterised by its grossly ornamented spores. [Genetically the taxon forms a sister clade to Marmorati.]

Cortinarius taylorianus E. Horak Plate 31 Cap 30-90 mm, glutinous, elastic, not hygrophanous; pale tan with a violet tinge towards the margin or more uniform blue-grey, centre darker yellow-brown, sometimes with an orange tinge; margin long involute, sometimes slightly striate. Gills deep violet; edge paler. Stipe cylindrical to clavate, often with a rounded bulb or ± fusoid; glutinous, white, often sky-blue on upper part, below ± peronate grey-violet, ending in a collar; later paling to grey, turning ochraceous from base. Veil thick, elastic, white to grey-violet tinge, copious; cortina white to violaceous grey. Flesh pale violet, marbled darker violet, ochraceous to grey in cap and stipe base; odour faint, raphanoid; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH nil; lugol trivial to dark red. Micro: spores obtusely amygdaloid to elliptic, 10-14 × 6.5-8.5 µm, moderately verrucose, rather dark. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, common. Ref.: Horak & Wood 1990. A robust fungus that resembles the European species C. salor Fr. but produces different spores. Like the latter, fruitbodies are sometimes pale with diluted, greyish blue tints. [Molecular markers place this taxon in sect. Subcastanelli (Ch. 19).]

Cortinarius ixomolynus Soop Plate 30 Cap 17-40 mm, glutinous, weakly hygrophanous; amber yellow when young, later greyish yellow, disk orange-red to red-brown, maculated by dark-red to umber, irregular spots, glabrous; margin pale tan, weakly or not striate. Gills white to pale grey. Stipe viscid, cylindrical, tough; white, somewhat flavescent with sparse brownish fibrils on lower part. Veil hyaline with a brownish tinge, rather copious; cortina white or absent. Flesh white to pale yellow, often marbled golden yellow; odour none or faint, like “lubricant”; taste distinctly bitter. Reactions: NaOH red on cutis, elsewhere trivial. Micro: spores elliptical to subamygdaloid, 5.7-7 × 3.5-4.5 µm, moderately to weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, uncommon. Murray Creek, Bridle Track, Cameron Creek, Te Iringa Track. Ref.: Soop 2013. Resembles C. vitreopileatus (above), but can be separated by the brown-stained cap, bitter taste, and exceptionally small spores. Cf. C. pectochelis (below). [This taxon is not part of the section.] 40 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

22. Section Vibratiles & allies The bihemispherical section Vibratiles Melot consists of viscid taxa of a modest size and with the predominant combination yellow cap and white stipe. Some of the species have a bitter or acerbic taste.

Cortinarius melleomitis M.M. Moser & E. Horak Plate 29 Cap 20-40 mm, viscid to glutinous, hygrophanous; handsomely amber yellow with a darker, shallow umbo; margin with a white rim, not or weakly striate. Gills white. Stipe clavate to fusoid, viscid; white, finely fibrillose-downy under gluten. Veil hyaline, white, sparse; cortina rudimentary. Flesh white to pale yellow, soft; odour nil, taste nil or slightly bitter. Reactions: NaOH, guayac trivial. Micro: spores obtusely elliptic, 7.5-9.5 × 4.5-5.7 µm, moderately to rather weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Horak & Wood 1990, Moser & Horak 1975. A rather decorative Myxacium with a distinct coloration: yellow on the cap and white on the stipe, which is typically thickest in the middle. C. melleomitis was originally described from Patagonia. It evokes the boreal C. pluvius (Fr.) Fr. in the same section, which, however, is strongly bitter. Cf. C. melimyxa (below). The rare C. psilomorphus Soop (Plate 29) is similar, but the stipe is not pure white and the gills are somewhat decurrent. It displays an orange alkaline reaction on the cap, and the spores are smaller (5.5-7 × 4.5 µm) [see Soop 2016; Wangateka Valley]. — C. electridius ined. (Plate 29) is a sticky fungus resembling C. melleomitis (including the spores), but is smaller with a strongly bitter context. It is found occasionally in the same habitat [Tawhai]. [Molecular analysis has shown that these species and C. melleomitis nest in sect. Vibratiles.]

Cortinarius melimyxa E. Horak Plate 29 Cap 10-25 mm, viscid, hygrophanous; pale brownish yellow with a darker disk that may be slightly more red-brown; glabrous; margin concolorous, strongly striate. Gills pale grey-brown to greyish yellow, sometimes with a distinct but fugacious violet tone. Stipe cylindrical, tenacious, viscid; greyish yellow to dirty white, young with a white coating, apex white. Veil white, sparse; cortina ± white. Flesh dirty yellowish to pale grey-brown, sometimes marbled faintly blue; odour nil; taste sometimes bitter or acerbic. Reactions: NaOH inconsistently reddish to red-brown or trivial; guayac trivial. Micro: spores amygdaloid to subelliptic, 7-9 × 4.5-5.2 µm, moderately to weakly verrucose; marginal elements crowded, clavate to lageniform, differentiated. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Horak & Wood 1990. A small, yellow-brown and sticky fungus with an unusually elastic structure. Young gills occasionally display a faint violet tinge. Cf. C. viscilætus. [This and the following taxa do not belong to sect. Vibratiles.] C. gemmeus E. Horak, described from myrtaceous forest, differs by significantly smaller spores (see Horak & Wood 1990).

Cortinarius ignotus E. Horak Plate 30 Cap 25-45 mm, viscid, not hygrophanous; brown-yellow with an orange tinge on disk, darker yellow- brown when young, fading with age, innate fibrillose; margin paler, not striate. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 41

Gills dark yellow, fairly crowded. Stipe viscid, cylindrical to clavate, sometimes with a slightly tapering base; covered by a yellow gluten, apex yellowish white. Veil gelatinous, thick, brownish yellow, rather copious; cortina rudimentary. Flesh golden yellow; odour faint, sweetish; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH cherry red everywhere. Micro: spores ± obtusely elliptic, 5.7-6.8 × 3.8-4.5 µm, moderately verrucose. Ecology: in myrtaceous forest, rare. Donald Mclean Track. Ref.: Horak & Wood 1990. A spectacularly golden, but rare species in myrtaceous woods. The thick gluten colours the stipe brilliantly yellow. The strong alkaline reaction indicates the presence of anthraquinonic pigments. [This taxon is closely related to the Australian C. sinapicolor Cleland (sect. Sinapicolores), with which it has often been confused.] Cf. certain forms of C. viscoviridis (below), which grows with Nothofagus.

Cortinarius viscoviridis E. Horak Plate 30 Cap 25-55 mm, glutinous, weakly or not hygrophanous; warmly yellow-brown to orange, sometimes with an olive tinge, disk darker red-brown, glabrous; margin yellow to greenish yellow, not striate, but ± sulcate when old. Gills pale grey to pale yellow-green, rather thick. Stipe cylindrical to narrowly clavate, viscid; white to pale yellow or greyish green, covered largely by a yellow gluten; apex white to yellow-green. Veil yellow, gelatinous, fairly copious to sparse; cortina yellow-white. Flesh greyish yellow to saturated yellow, sometimes with a green tinge; odour and taste raphanoid. Reactions: NaOH weakly red to trivial. Micro: spores elliptic, 7.5-9.5 × 4.5-5.7 µm, weakly verrucose. Ecology: In Nothofagus forest, uncommon. Mackay Creek, Kepler Track, Lake Gunn Track, Boyd Creek, Borland Lodge. Ref.: Horak & Wood 1990. A rather spectacular species with bright yellow colours on the cap margin and stipe. The form with green or olive hues is less common (see Soop 2008). Cf. C. alienatus and C. ignotus (above), which both react strongly with alkaline solutions. [The spores reported here are slightly wider than stated in the protologue].

Cortinarius pectochelis Soop Plate 30 Cap 15-40 mm, viscid to glutinous, not or weakly hygrophanous; saturated dark yellow-brown to mahogany, disk almost blackish brown, rather coarsely innate fibrillose; margin paler, greyish yellow, weakly striate. Gills greyish to pale brown. Stipe cylindrical, viscid; pale yellow with numerous gelatinous, thick, yellowish to orange-brown tufts or stair-like girdles, sometimes terminating in an adpressed collar with grey-brown pustules above. Veil orange-brown to pale orange-yellow, gelatinous, copious; cortina greyish yellow, gelatinous. Flesh yellow-grey to pale yellow; odour weak, possibly like “lubricant”; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH red to orange-red or brownish red everywhere; guayac green. Micro: spores amygdaloid, 8-10 × 4.5-5.5 µm, moderately to rather weakly verrucose; marginal elements crowded 15-30 µm, clavate, many filled with a yellowish pigment. Ecology: In Nothofagus forest, uncommon. Blue Pools, Davis Creek, Cameron Creek, Bridle Track, Greyneys Shelter, St Arnaud Range. Ref.: Gasparini & Soop 2008. 42 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

A yellow-brown, sticky fungus with a remarkable veil, not really glutinous as with most Myxacia but thick, jelly-like (cf. fruitbodies of the genus Tremella). The stipe often presents stair-like girdles (like C. indolicus) and a small, gelatinous collar. C. pectochelis recalls C. phæomyxa, which usually has the cap covered with veil remnants. The uncommon C. castaneiceps E. Horak differs by a dark red-brown cap, a white stipe, and small spores [Rimutaka; see Horak & Wood 1990].

23. Section Defibulati and allies Like sect. Marmorati, sect. Defibulati M.M. Moser comprises rather robust taxa with large spores, but differs by the lack of clamp connections in the hyphæ, a virtually unique feature in the genus. Mainly encountered in the Northern Hemisphere, a few Defibulati are also known from New Zealand and Australia. But in contrast to the boreal taxa, their cortina is rudimentary or missing, making them resemble taxa in the Cuphocybe group (Ch. 10). [Molecular studies have shown that the section is monophyletic.]

Cortinarius gymnocephalus Soop Plate 27 Cap 30-50 mm, glutinous, not or weakly hygrophanous towards margin; grey-brown to yellow-brown, glabrous; margin greyish with a violet tinge when young. Gills saturated violet or pale reddish violet with a marked violet edge, crowded. Stipe cylindrical, occasionally with a small piston-like bulb, viscid; pale violet with whitish squamules over the whole length. Veil white to pale violaceous, rather sparse; cortina absent. Flesh greyish white to pale tan, marbled violet; odour faintly sweetish; taste faint, ± unpleasant. Reactions: NaOH trivial. Microscopy: spores elliptic to amygdaloid, 10.5-14 × 6.8-8 µm, coarsely verrucose. Cheilocystidia crowded, clavate to vesiculose, 30-40 µm; clamp connections absent. Ecology: In Nothofagus forest, rare. Borland Lodge, Te Iringa Track. Ref.: Gasparini & Soop 2008, possibly Horak 197x as Phlegmacium defibulatum ined. Lacking a cortina, this fungus recalls C. dulciolens but displays different veil and gill colours and possesses a viscid stipe. Its gills (sometimes only their edges) are beautifully violet-blue. The stipe is typically covered by white veil tufts over the whole length. The very rare C. cuphocyboides Soop (Plate 27) differs by more greyish colours, including the gills [Te Anau Downs; see Soop 2014].

Cortinarius cuphomorphus Soop Plate 27 Cap 35-55 mm, viscid, weakly or not hygrophanous, pale grey-brown with dense fibrils and squamules, pallescent on disk and glabrous when older, coarsely innate fibrillose. Gills grey-blue. Stipe cylindrical, sometimes with a small, piston-like bulb, dry, white, with grey to yellowish squamules over the whole length. Veil pale yellow to ochraceous grey, fairly copious; cortina white, rudimentary. Flesh white to pale violet, marbled grey-blue; odour sweetish, sometimes strong; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH weakly red-brown on cutis, else nil. Micro: spores elliptic, 11-12.5 × 7-8 µm, rather strongly verrucose; clamp connections absent. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, rare. Clement Rd, Te Iringa Track, Kiko Rd. Ref.: Soop 2014. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 43

A largely greyish fungus, resembling C. canovestius, but without the hairy aspect of the cap and with violet colours in gills and context. It is the only member of the group with a dry stipe. C. cuphomorphus is so far recorded only from the Kaimanawa mountains. Cf. C. poliotrichus. The rare C. juglandaceus ined. (Plate 27) differs by a more modest habit and a darker, date-brown and more glabrous cap (Arthurs Pass). [It forms, with C. cuphomorphus and an undescribed secotioid species, a clade basal to sect. Defibulati (sect. Cuphomorphi).]

24. Section Delibuti The bihemispherical section Delibuti (Fr.) Sacc. is characterised by viscid and brightly coloured caps, rounded spores, and yellowish or ochraceous, viscid veils. In the South Pacific the caps tend to display a greenish coloration and are sensitive to alkaline reagents. [The section has been shown to be monophyletic.]

Cortinarius rotundisporus Cleland & Cheel Plate 15 Cap 20-50 mm, viscid, not hygrophanous; young dark blue-green, later paling to grey-blue, centre often more orange-brown; glabrous to finely innate fibrillose. Gills grey-blue to steel-blue; rather thick; edge paler. Stipe ± clavate, viscid; greyish white, young with greyish green to grey slime, zoned when drying. Veil young greyish green, darkening to grey-brown or ochraceous, sparse; cortina greyish blue. Flesh pale yellow to white, grey-blue in stipe apex; taste nil; odour faintly raphanoid. Reactions: NaOH lilac-red on cutis, pink on gills, yellowish in context. Micro: spores globose to subglobose, 7-9 × 7-8 µm, moderately to fairly coarsely verrucose. Ecology: in myrtaceous forest, common. Ref.: Cleland 1934-35, Horak & Wood 1990, Fuhrer 1975, Bougher & Syme 1998, and maybe "Cortinarius sp." (#72) in Taylor 1973. One of the most characteristic Cortinarii in myrtaceous copses, presenting general blue-green hues when young, later to become paler and more greyish, sometimes with an ochraceous tinge. It is furthermore recognised by its round spores and by the alkaline reaction. C. rotundisporus is well-known under Eucalyptus in Australia.

Cortinarius tessiæ Soop Plate 15 Basionym. C. rotundisporus subsp. nothofagi Soop Cap 20-50 mm, viscid, weakly or not hygrophanous; blue-green to aerugineous, staining orange or ochraceous from disk, sometimes egg-yellow with a green rim when young; finely innate fibrillose; margin greyish, long with a green tinge. Gills bluish grey to lavender. Stipe cylindrical to slightly clavate or tapering; viscid to almost dry; pale blue-green with ochraceous fibrils and hazy bands; apex white to silvery blue-green. Veil ochraceous, very sparse; cortina white to bluish green. Flesh white to diluted blue-green, staining ochraceous, sometimes entirely ochraceous-yellow, orange in stipe-base; tough; odour faint but distinct of "hospital"; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH red on cutis, ± pink on gills, trivial in context; guayac trivial. Micro: spores subglobose, 6.5-8.5 × 6-7 µm, moderately to rather coarsely verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Gasparini & Soop 2008, Soop 2001 as C. rotundisporus subsp. nothofagi. This taxon may be considered a Nothofagus vicariant of C. rotundisporus (above), from which it differs by more pronounced yellow or yellow-green hues. The context in the stipe-base may be orange tinted. Cf. C. calaisopus (below). 44 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Cortinarius calaisopus Soop Plate 15 Cap 20-40 mm, dry to slightly viscid, not hygrophanous, brightly yellowish green or olive-green to olive- grey, disk darker with orange to ochraceous patches or strands, tomentose to finely granulose. Gills greyish blue to greyish green, sometimes thick. Stipe clavate to cylindrical, dry; greyish blue to turquoise blue, pale and shimmering on upper half, sometimes ± yellow-tinged below with ochraceous fibrils, apex pale blue. Veil orange to ochraceous, sparse to fairly copious; cortina greyish white to pale blue-grey. Flesh pale turquoise-blue, marbled yellowish to orange; odour faint, phlegmacioid; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH orange-red on cutis, pinkish on stipital veil, ± red-brown in context; guayac nil. Micro: spores subglobose, 6-7.5 × 5.5-6.5 µm, moderately verrucose. Ecology: In myrtaceous forest, occasional. Waiora Scout Camp, Waipori Falls, Clements Rd. Ref.: Soop 2010, and Sawyer & al 1999 as C. sp. RFLP II. This species resembles C. rotundisporus (above), differing mainly by an almost dry fruitbody and slightly smaller spores. It also occurs in Australia.

Cortinarius subgen. Telamonia Basically subgenus Telamonia (Fr.) Trog consists of dry, hygrophanous, medium-sized to small species. Colours are often drab brownish, sometimes with violet tones, including young gills. In New Zealand, however, there are many species with brighter colours, while others exhibit all the typical characters of Telamonia except that they are viscid. Cf. sect. Xenosmatæ and Anomali (Ch. 9, 12).. [It is doubtful whether Telamonia in the strict sense occurs in the South Pacific (some species are reported from Patagonia). Genetically the subgenus appears to form an isolated clade in the Northern Hemisphere, probably of a late evolution. New Zealand taxa that would superficially rank as Telamonia tend to exhibit several deviating characters; a few were cited above. In addition one may note that they often react with alkaline solutions, a character more or less incompatible with the boreal circumscription. None has so far been shown to belong genetically to the northern Telamonia clade. Neither do several sections that were traditionally regarded as Telamonia. As detailed below, some of these (Obtusi, Læti, Camphorati, Illumini) are bihemispherical with a number of taxa growing in New Zealand.]

25. Group "Fulvi" This group contains medium-sized species with vividly ochraceous or orange colours. Cf. sections Limonii and Callistei (Ch. 7-8). Smaller yellowish species are described later (Ch. 29).

Cortinarius peraureus Soop Plate 31 Cap 20-50 mm, dry, hygrophanous; evenly saturated yellow or yellow-brown to apricot-brown, later slightly darker on disk; matt, white frosty to finely micaceous when young; margin young with a white rim, not striate. Gills pale grey to pale cinnamon; edge somewhat paler. Stipe cylindrical to slightly tapering; white with thin, white girdles, vaguely staining yellow-brown. Veil white, usually sparse, sometimes fairly copious; cortina white. Flesh pale yellow to almost white; odour faint, pleasant; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH, guayac trivial; fluorescence weakly yellow. Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 7.5-10 × 5.2-6.3 µm, weakly verrucose; marginal elements clavate, some lageniform, others vesiculose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, very common. Ref.: Soop 1998. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 45

Being very common in virtually all southern beech forests, this Cortinarius can hardly be overlooked with its strikingly golden cap and contrasting white stipe. Younger specimens are sometimes provided with a more persistent veil, which covers the cap with a fine white frost even into maturity, tending to mask the innate yellow colour. A rare form with a red-brown cap has also been observed. C. chrysoconius Soop (Plate 31) is rather similar, but the cap is dotted by white squamules. and the spores are longer. It is rare, growing in the same habitat [see Soop 2016; Borland Lodge Track, Kepler Track].

Cortinarius lamproxanthus Soop Plate 32 Cap 15-50 mm, dry, weakly hygrophanous; brilliantly saturated evenly yellow, sometimes with a faint lemon tinge, disk often slightly orange spotted, when old more yellow-brown; glabrous to finely innate fibrillose; margin citrinous when young with thin, yellow fibrils. Gills saturated yellow, rather distant, thick. Stipe cylindrical; brightly yellow when young, later greying, with yellow fibrils on lower part, apex pale citrinous, mycelial base white. Veil brilliantly yellow, possibly with a faint citrinous shade, fairly copious; cortina pale yellow. Flesh yellow with a white middle string, often with red spots in stipe-base; odour and taste nil. Reactions: NaOH, formalin nil; guayac green; phenol red; fluorescence nil. Micro: spores elliptic to amygdaloid, 8-10 × 5-6 µm, moderately to rather coarsely verrucose; cheilocystidia crowded, hyaline, 25-40 × 10-12 µm, clavate to pointed or subcapitate. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, rare. Kepler Track, Te Anau Downs. Ref.: Soop 2005. The handsome, saturated yellow of this fungus makes it almost unmistakable when young. C. lamproxanthus is moreover characterised microscopically by the polymorphic cheilocystidia. Yellow taxa in section Pauperæ ss. lato and in the genus Pholiota are separated by their alkaline reactions. Other yellowish species, described further along, are smaller and tend to have a darker, more brownish cap.

Cortinarius vernicifer Soop Plate 32 Cap 20-55 mm, dry, hygrophanous; deeply orange to orange-brown, evenly coloured like varnish, glabrous to very finely innate fibrillose; margin young with thin yellow fibrils. Gills yellowish grey. Stipe cylindrical; young pale yellow, later darker with a pale-yellow coating towards base, apex almost white. Veil pale yellow, sparse; cortina greyish yellow. Flesh ± pale yellow, odour faint, agaricoid; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH ± trivial, dark brown on cutis; guayac weakly green. Micro: spores elliptic, 7.5-8.7 × 4.5-5.2 µm, rather weakly verrucose. Ecology: in myrtaceous forest, rare. Te Anau Downs, Kowai Bush. Ref.: Gasparini & Soop 2008. The cap displays orange-brown tints with a remarkable varnished sheen, not seen in many Cortinarii. A viscid form has been found under Nothofagus [Mackay Creek]. Cf. C. verniciorum (below), C. collybianus, and C caryotoides.

26. Group Myxotelamonia Subsection Myxotelamonia was introduced by Moser & Horak (1975) for Patagonian species of Telamonia habit that exhibit a viscid cap (possibly also a viscid stipe). The New Zealand species described here may be considered part of this entity, which appears to be polyphyletic. They are all of a modest size. Cf. C. viscilætus. 46 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Cortinarius laquellus Soop Plate 34 Cap 7-30 mm, viscid, weakly or not hygrophanous; matt with a white, velvety to almost pruinose layer that absorbs to violet on pressure; very finely innate fibrillose; margin thinly white fibrillose. Gills pale violet to reddish lilac, sometimes more saturated violet, soon white with a grey-brown tinge. Stipe tall, slender, cylindrical or slightly tapering at either end, dry or slightly viscid; silvery white with a faint, violaceous tint and thin, white bands near base. Veil white, fairly copious; cortina white to pale lilac-grey. Flesh white, young marbled violet or entirely bright violet-lilac; odour faint, pleasant like wax candles; taste nil to slightly bitter. Reactions: NaOH, lugol, phenol nil; guayac greyish green. Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 6.5-8.5 × 4-5.2 µm, weakly to moderately verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2005. This is a small, white fungus with rosy-lilac gills, a colour combination that is quite striking. Its stipe is normally tall and thin, and the cap is tacky on collection. A troupe of C. laquellus, forming a set of white dots against the dark-green moss, is a decorative sight in the forest. [Molecular markers place this taxon close to C. urbiculus (sect. Laquelli). This clade is sister to the somewhat similar boreal species C. leucophanes P. Karst.]

Cortinarius periclymenus Soop Plate 34 Cap 10-35 mm, viscid soon drying, ± hygrophanous; white to greyish white, later with a yellow tone, disk blushing after collection, sometimes strongly red or with red, thin, diffuse spots and fibrils; margin with red fibrils. Gills whitish to pale yellow-brown, sometimes entirely white when young; edge finely serrulate. Stipe cylindrical to clavate, rarely ± fusoid and radicant; slightly viscid to dry, white to pale ochraceous, red-flushed and ± flavescent towards base; presenting sparse, cherry-red to lilac-red fibrils on lower part; apex pale yellow. Veil red to lilac-red, sparse; cortina white or pink, blushing. Flesh white to pale ochraceous, sometimes with a rosy to lilac tinge in stipe and near cutis; odour faint like wax candles or peppermint; taste unpleasant, somewhat acerbic; exsiccata reddish. Reactions: NaOH turns red veil remnants yellow or white, otherwise nil; formalin nil to yellow-orange; guayac yellowish green; phenol red-orange; fluorescence nil. Micro: spores elliptic to subglobose, 6.5-8.5 × 4.5-5.5 µm, weakly verrucose, rather pale; epicutis with ± gelified hyphæ × 2 µm. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, sometimes fasciculate, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2001, possibly Horak 197x as Hydrocybe lateraria ined. This small but spectacular cortinar is characterised by its red, often blood-red veil, clearly visible on the whitish cap and stipe. The reddish tint of newly dried material is an interesting feature; another is the ability of alkaline solutions to transform the red pigment of the veil into a butter-yellow shade. A rare form is strongly glutinous all-over in moist weather. Cf. C. rattinoides and C. indolicus.

Cortinarius pansicolor Soop Plate 34 Cap 12-30 mm, viscid, weakly or not hygrophanous; orange-brown with a grey tinge, disk darker, more orange; glabrous; margin with thin brownish fibres, weakly striate. Gills pale violet to grey-violet. Stipe cylindrical with a small bulb, slightly viscid; pale grey-brown with brownish tufts and fibrils on lower part, apex pale grey-brown. Veil red-brown to purple-brown, rather sparse; cortina white. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 47

Flesh grey to yellow-brown, faintly marbled violaceous grey; odour nil; taste nil or slightly acerbic. Reactions: NaOH red to red-brown on cutis, weakly red on gills, dark red on stipital veil. Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 7.5-8.7 × 5-6 µm, weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, uncommon. Craigieburn, St Arnaud Range, Waimakariri Valley. Ref.: Soop 2010. A fairly anonymous, small fungus with a greyish orange cap and violaceous gills. It shares the reddish alkaline reaction with several other small, viscid species. Cf. C. melimyxa.

Cortinarius verniciorum Soop Plate 36 Cap 15-40 mm, viscid, weakly or not hygrophanous; warmly and evenly apricot to yellow-brown with a more orange disk; glabrous to finely innate fibrillose, often with a lacquered finish, young with thin, white fringes; margin with a white rim, weakly striate when old. Gills white to pale grey-brown, rather crowded. Stipe cylindrical to slightly clavate, dry; coated whitish, absorbing to pale grey-brown. Veil white, very sparse; cortina rudimentary or absent. Flesh pale tan, marbled yellow-brown; odour faintly raphanoid; taste faint with a distinctly acerbic after- taste. Reactions: NaOH red to red-brown on cutis, else ± trivial. Micro: spores oblong elliptic to subamygdaloid, 5.5-7 × 3-4 µm, weakly verrucose. Ecology: in myrtaceous forest, uncommon. Te Anau Downs, St Arnaud Lodge. Ref.: Soop 2013. A small fungus with an evenly apricot-coloured cap, often shimmering as if varnished. The quite similar C. vernicifer (above) in the same habitat, differs by a dry cap and wider spores. Also C. thaumastus is similar, but it produces larger spores and a stronger alkaline reaction, and grows with Nothofagus. C. dulcamarus Soop (Plate 20) is larger with longer, fusoid spores. As the name indicates, it is characterised by a honey-sweet odour and a bitter taste. It is a rare taxon, growing in Nothofagus habitat (see Soop 2016; Craigieburn). [The two species are genetically close (secti. Verniciori).]

Cortinarius viscincisus Soop Plate 36 Cap 10-35 mm, viscid, hygrophanous, pastel yellow-brown to evenly pale red-brown, glabrous to very finely innate fibrillose; margin with a thin white frost, weakly or not striate. Gills greyish to pale cinnamon. Stipe cylindrical, dry; pale brown with a white, absorbing coating and thin bands. Veil white, sparse; cortina white. Flesh pale brown, sometimes with a grey to greenish blue tinge in stipe-base; odour nil or faintly like “lubricant”; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH nil. Micro: spores elliptic, 7.2-8.7 × 5-6, moderately to fairly coarsely verrucose. Ecology: In Nothofagus forest, uncommon. Totara, Boyle River, Cascade Hut Track. Ref.: Soop 2013. A small brown and white fungus. It resembles C. paraoniti (below), but the cap is frankly viscid and the spores are larger. C. pyrrhomarmarus ined. (Plate 36) is darker red-brown, including the gills. It is a rare taxon, growing in Nothofagus habitat (Arthurs Pass). [The two species are genetically close (sect. Austroduracini).] 48 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Cortinarius paraoniti Soop Plate 35 Cap 15-55 mm, slightly viscid soon dry, hygrophanous; evenly tan to greyish yellow-brown, young often with a sparse white frost; glabrous to finely innate fibrillose; margin paler, usually with a white rim, not striate. Gills pale cinnamon. Stipe cylindrical to slightly clavate, often sinuate, dry; white to pale brownish grey with white, absorbing girdles. Veil white, sparse; cortina white. Flesh pale cinnamon, marbled darker brown; odour weakly like “lubricant”, taste nil. Reactions: NaOH nil to weakly reddish; guayac nil. Micro: spores elliptic, 6.8-8.2 × 4-5 µm, weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, uncommon. Davis Flat, Te Anau Downs, Lake Gunn Track. Ref.: Soop 2010. A small, telamonioid fungus with an evenly-coloured, light tan cap and a dirty-white stipe, morphologically similar to the boreal C. obtusus (Fr.:Fr.) Fr. It may be difficult to separate C. paraoniti from C. saturniorum, which, however, is normally dry and often displays a violet tinge in the context. Cf. C. viscincisus (above).

Cortinarius opaculus Soop Plate 33 Cap 10-30 mm, viscid, hygrophanous; dark brown to warmly date brown, glabrous to finely innate fibrillose; margin paler, young with a thin white down, ± striate. Gills pale brown-grey with a paler edge. Stipe dry, cylindrical; white, absorbing to pale brown. Veil white, very sparse; cortina white. Flesh pale grey-brown; odour faint, ± raphanoid or like cocoa powder; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH trivial. Micro: spores elliptic, 8-10 × 5-6 µm, moderately verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, sometimes fasciculate, rare. Hawdon. Ref.: Soop 2013, Horak 197x as Hydrocybe opaca ined. This is the darkest of the Myxotelamoniæ treated here, with a warm, saturated brown cap colour. It recalls a miniature C. paraonui (below), which is dry and presents brick-coloured gills.

27. Section Camphorati & allies Members of this group are medium-sized and dry with predominantly brown, white and violaceous colours, consistent with the boreal concept of a typical Telamonia. Smaller taxa are treated in the subsequent chapter. Cf. section Anomali (Ch. 12).

Cortinarius dysodes Soop Plate 32 Cap 25-60 mm, dry, hygrophanous; red-brown with a purple tinge to chestnut-brown, sometimes more yellow-brown when older; glabrous to innate fibrillose; margin with a wide white rim, or with thin white patches. Gills violet to reddish lilac. Stipe cylindrical to slightly clavate; white, dirty whitish towards base, with hazy, white zones and bands. Veil white with a violet tinge, sparse; cortina white with a faint violet tinge. Flesh pale grey-brown, young with a violet tinge, later often marbled violaceous; odour very strong, unpleasant, ± gas-like (cooking-gas or acetylene) or of rotting vegetables; taste similar. Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 49

Reactions: NaOH trivial. Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 8.5-11 × 5-6.5 µm, weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, often fasciculate, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2001, and probably "Cortinarius sp." (#71) in Taylor 1973. This fungus is undoubtedly unique in the New Zealand mycoflora (or anywhere) on account of its unbelievable and insupportable stench, present already with young and fresh specimens, to the point that they can hardly be kept in-door. The smell recalls (but widely surpasses) that of the common European C. camphoratus Fr. Otherwise the species is rather anonymous with a brownish cap with a white rim and a white stipe. [C. dysodes, C. camphoratus, and a similar Tasmanian species, C. tasmacamphoratus Gasparini (see Gasparini & Soop 2008), belong to the bihemispherical section Camphorati Liimat. & Niskanen, well separated from Telamonia ss str.]

Cortinarius paraonui Soop Plate 33 Cap 20-70 mm, dry, hygrophanous; dark red-brown to umber; finely innate fibrillose, young minutely white frosty; margin long coated white. Gills saturated red-brown to brick brown, rather thick and lean. Stipe cylindrical, often tall, robust; coated white absorbing to brown. Veil white, rather sparse to copious; cortina white. Flesh pale brown; odour faint raphanoid or aromatic ("cocoa"?); taste nil; exsiccata darken. Reactions: NaOH trivial; guayac weakly blue-green. Micro: spores amygdaloid to elliptic, 8.5-10.5 × 5.5-6.5 µm, moderately verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, often fasciculate, occasional. Te Anau Downs, Kepler Track, Lake Waikareiti Track. Ref.: Soop 2005. A typical medium-sized telamonioid species with a brown cap and a white stipe. C. peraureus usually has a more ochraceous cap, but is very variable, and C. paraonui can then be distinguished by its deep brick red gills and more verrucose spores.

Cortinarius carbonellus Soop Plate 33 Cap 15-45 mm, dry, hygrophanous; dark grey-brown to purple-brown, sometimes with a red-lilac tinge, later blackish brown to umber; finely innate fibrillose; margin with a greyish to red-brown rim when young, not striate. Gills purple-brown to saturated violet, soon ± black; fairly crowded. Stipe cylindrical to clavate; silvery grey with a violet tinge, soon darker grey-brown. Veil violet to red-brown; very sparse; cortina greyish blue. Flesh greyish to vinaceous brown, young marbled violet; odour and taste faintly raphanoid to nil. Reactions: NaOH red to red-lilac in context, cherry red on gills, else trivial. Micro: spores cylindrical to elliptic, 8-10 × 4.5-5.5 µm, moderately to rather weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, often fasciculate, uncommon. Totara, Deer Flat, Waimakariri, Boyle River. Ref.: Soop 2001. A sombre-coloured fungus, soon darkening further to purplish black. Young gills are unusually dark, which, with the alkaline reaction, are good characters. 50 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

28. Section Obtusi & allies Cortinars in this group are small and brownish, exponents of the popular concept of “little brown mushrooms”, otherwise similar to those of the preceding group. A few are members of the bihemispherical section Obtusi Melot.

Cortinarius amblyonis Soop Plate 35 Cap 15-30 mm, dry, hygrophanous; dark red-brown to orange-brown, thinly white frosty when young, finely innate-fibrillose; margin striate. Gills red-brown to cinnamon, distant. Stipe cylindrical to somewhat tapering; thinly white coated, absorbing to pale brown. Veil white, sparse; cortina white. Flesh pale yellow-brown with a green-blue tinge when young; odour faintly raphanoid or of iodine; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH ± trivial or dark red-brown on cutis and gills, else nil. Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 6.5-8.2 × 4.5-5.5 µm, moderately verrucose; marginal elements crowded, clavate, 25 µm long. Ecology: in myrtaceous forest, uncommon. Waipori Falls. Ref.: Soop 2016. The species belongs to sect. Obtusi, where it is a typical member: small with a dry red-brown cap, a whitish stipe, and a faint odour of iodine (iodoform). The gills do not exhibit the cheilocystidia which are prominent on several other taxa in the section. [Molecular studies have revealed a number of additional Obtusi species in the South Pacific, where at least five occur in New Zealand, one secotioid (C. leucocephalus (Massee) Peintner & M.M. Moser), the remainder being undescribed. ]

Cortinarius saturniorum Soop Plate 35 Cap 15-45 mm, dry, hygrophanous; pale red-brown to yellow-brown, sometimes with a faint, purple tinge; glabrous; young thinly white pruinose with a white rim, weakly or not striate Gills pale grey-brown, sometimes with an evanescent purple tinge. Stipe cylindrical to slightly clavate; silky white, zoned; base and sometimes apex with a violet tinge. Veil white, sparse; cortina white, occasionally with a violet tinge. Flesh pale grey-brown, usually violet in stipe-base (also when mature), young marbled faintly violet; odour and taste raphanoid or of "raw potatoes". Reactions: NaOH trivial; guayac greyish green. Micro: spores elliptic, 6.5-8.2 × 4.5-5.5 µm, weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, common. Ref.: Soop 2001. Characterised by a warmly brown cap and a silky-white stipe with a violet base, at least in the context. The glabrous cap with a thin, white rim recalls certain European Telamonia with a similar coloration (e.g. C. leiocastaneus Niskanen & al.). The variety leiochrous Soop (Plate 35; see Soop 2013) exhibits a pale greyish yellow cap of a remarkably even pastel finish, reminding of plastic, often with a viscid surface. [This variety is almost impossible to separate from C. paraoniti without recourse to molecular markers, which place them in widely separate clades.] Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 51

Cortinarius rattinus Soop Plate 33 Cap 10-30 mm, dry, hygrophanous; grey-brown to blue-grey, often staining yellow at centre, sometimes with a hint of olive; finely innate fibrillose, partly coated grey when young; margin with white to greyish pink fibrils when young, slightly striate. Gills grey-blue to dark grey. Stipe cylindrical to slightly clavate; greyish white to yellowish grey, sometimes with a faint olive-grey sheen and thin greyish girdles; apex shining pale grey or greyish blue. Veil brownish red to pale grey-brown; sparse to fairly copious; cortina greyish with a blue tinge. Flesh grey to olive-grey, faintly marbled blue, later yellow-brown in lower stipe; odour nil; taste nil to slightly bitter. Reactions: NaOH orange to weakly red in context, red on gills, saturated brown on stipital veil. Micro: spores elliptic to ± amygdaloid, 7-8.5 × 4-5 µm, rather weakly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, rare. Kepler Track, Boyle River, St Arnaud Range, Clements Rd. Ref.: Soop 2001. This small, mouse-grey, telamonioid species evokes an Inocybe on account of its inconspicuous coloration, but may occasionally present pale blue and yellow tints. It is further characterised by the distinct alkaline reaction. [C. rattinus and C. carbonellus (above) have been shown to be genetically close (sect. Carbonelli).] Cf. C. suecicolor, which can be distinguished by its subglobose spores.

Cortinarius mysoides Soop Plate 33 Cap 20-40 mm, dry, hygrophanous; red-brown to yellow-brown with a greyish smoky shade, rather coarsely radially innate-fibrillose with a glabrous disk; margin paler, ± striate. Gills saturated brick red, distant to moderately crowded. Stipe cylindrical, slender, tough; greyish yellow with red-brown to brown tufts and girdles. Veil red-brown; fairly copious; cortina yellowish grey. Flesh yellow-brown, marbled orange-brown; odour weakly raphanoid; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH dark red to red-brown on cutis, gills, and stipital veil. Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 7.5-9.5 × 4.5-5.5 µm, moderately to rather strongly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, uncommon. Cameron Creek, Bridle Track. Ref.: Soop 2016. Another small grey fungus, which recalls both C. rattinus (above) and C. rattinoides. It is characterised by the interesting smoky or cloudy appearance of the cap, especially when young, and by the reddish gills and veil remnants on the stipe.

Cortinarius urbiculus Soop Plate 34 Cap 20-35 mm, dry, weakly or not hygrophanous; young with a white, felty to pruinose coating, soon absorbing to grey-brown; margin paler with a silky white rim, not striate. Gills violet to greyish with a violet tinge. Stipe clavate, sometimes cylindrical; white with a thin, felty to pruinose coating, often with a violet tinge. Veil white, sparse; cortina white to grey-white. Flesh white, often marbled violet, later grey to greyish yellow, rather soft; odour nil to faintly agaricoid, taste ± bitter. Reactions: NaOH nil to slowly red on context and cutis, else nil; guayac nil. Micro: spores elliptic, 6.5-8.2 × 3.8-5 µm, moderately to weakly verrucose. Ecology: In Nothofagus forest, rare. Kepler Track. Ref.: Soop 2016. 52 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

A small, greyish species with a clavate stipe and a matt, slightly grainy coating, recalling members of sections Malachii and Anomali. Cf. C. laquellus, a closely related taxon, which is viscid and possesses a thin stipe.

29. Section Læti and allies Fruitbodies in this group are of a modest size with a yellow to orange cap and often stipe. Some are members of the bihemispherical section Læti Melot.

Cortinarius waiporianus Soop Plate 37 Cap 10-20 mm, dry to slightly viscid, hygrophanous, orange-brown to yellow-brown with a darker disk, young saturated red-brown with a white frost; margin paler, striate. Gills pale cinnamon to orange-brown or red-brown, rather distant, edge paler. Stipe cylindrical; coated white with white tufts at base, absorbing to brownish. Veil white, sparse; cortina white. Flesh pale tan, marbled pale red-brown; odour and taste nil. Reactions: NaOH inconsistently brown-red on cutis and context. Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 8.5-10 × 5-6 µm, moderately verrucose; cheilocystidia sparse, 30-40 × 10 µm. Ecology: in myrtaceous forest, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2013. A small fungus with a vivid cap colour, found in myrtaceous woods. It recalls C. paraoniti, which is viscid and grows with Nothofagus. [As shown by genetic markers, the species belongs to sect. Læti.] C. lanceolatus ined. (Plate 38) in myrtaceous woods is similar, but often provided with a stipital collar that makes it resemble a Descolea [Northwood]. [Molecular studies have shown that also this taxon belongs to sect. Læti along with a number of additional undescribed species in the South Pacific, of which at least four occur in New Zealand,]

Cortinarius luteinus Soop Plate 37 Cap 15-30 mm; dry to slightly waxy, hygrophanous; dark yellow to brownish orange, later with a yellow- orange centre; finely innate fibrillose; margin striate, young with thin, yellow fibrils. Gills dark yellow to orange. Stipe cylindrical to slightly tapering; yellow to greyish yellow, sometimes ± citrinous, with thin, yellowish fibrils; mycelial felt white. Veil yellow to pale yellow, later darkening with a reddish tone, sparse; cortina yellow. Flesh greyish yellow, stronger yellow in stipe-base; odour faintly raphanoid or nil; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH trivial; guayac blue-green; fluorescence nil. Micro: spores obtusely elliptic, 6.5-8.5 × 4.5-6 µm, moderately verrucose; marginal cells vesiculose, 20- 35 × 9-12 µm. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2002. This species is typical of a group of small, yellow to orange, telamonioid fungi found in the country. It differs from C. ignellus by its yellow veil, lack of alkaline reaction, and leaner spores. C. lætiluteinus ined. (Plate 37), rare in the same habitat is similar but even smaller (cap <12 mm) [Murray Creek Track]. [This taxon belongs to sect. Læti.] Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 53

Cortinarius malosinæ Soop Plate 37 Cap 10-40 mm, dry, hygrophanous, yellow-brown to orange, young coated with a yellow frost, finely innate fibrillose; margin orange, slightly or not striate, sulcate when older. Gills tan to orange-brown, distant, thick but not veined. Stipe cylindrical; strikingly orange to red-orange, especially at base, fibrillose, central part sometimes merely pale yellow. Veil orange to red-orange, fairly copious; cortina dark yellow. Flesh saturated orange to orange-yellow, red-orange in stipe-base; odour nil or raphanoid; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH trivial; guayac weakly green. Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 8-10 × 4.5-5.5 µm, moderately to rather weakly verrucose; cheilocystidia crowded, clavate, 20-40 µm. Ecology: In Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Gasparini & Soop 2008. A small telamonioid fungus, easily recognised from its spectacular orange colours, at least at the stipe- base, while the cap is often duller. Specimens with a less saturated hue may be separated from C. luteinus (above) by spore size. Cf. C. thaumastus (below).

Cortinarius thaumastus Soop Plate 38 Cap 15-30 mm, dry to slightly viscid, hygrophanous; handsomely apricot-brown to saturated red-orange; finely granulose to innate fibrillose, often with thick, ochre tufts and stains; margin concolorous with similar tufts, not striate. Gills pale greyish, rather crowded, edge ± serrulate. Stipe cylindrical to clavate, dry; white to pale yellow or pale orange, ochraceous fibrillose to peronate with thick tufts near base, sometimes terminating in a membranous collar; apex white. Veil yellow to ochraceous, fairly copious; cortina white. Flesh greyish ochre to greyish yellow; odour and taste nil. Reactions: NaOH strongly orange on stipital veil, orange-brown in context, red to red-brown on cutis, trivial on gills; guayac blue-green. Micro: spores elliptic to subamygdaloid, 8-10 × 3.5-4.5 µm, finely punctuate. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, rare. Craigieburn, Eves Bush, Floral Saddle. Ref.: Soop 2005. This small and striking fungus is characterised by its bright orange hue, pale gills, and an often peronate veil that ends in a collar on the stipe. It may resemble C. subgemmeus, from which it differs by more orange hues, a positive alkaline reaction, and different micro-characters. [Molecular analysis has shown that C. thaumastus belongs to sect. Coleopodes M.M. Moser & E. Horak, which comprises South Pacific fungi with a peronate stipe.]

Cortinarius cypripedii Soop Plate 38 Cap 20-35 mm, dry, hygrophanous; warmly brownish red to dark orange, disk blackish red, glabrous to very finely innate-fibrillose; margin paler with fine reddish fibrils, striate. Gills brownish red to cinnamon, distant. Stipe cylindrical with a slightly pointed base; pale brown-yellow with rather dense red-brown fibrils. Veil orange brown to brick red; fairly copious; cortina white. Flesh dark yellow-brown to saturated brown-red; odour raphanoid; taste nil. Reactions: NaOH trivial. Micro: spores subglobose, 6-7 × 5-6 µm, moderately verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, uncommon. Cameron Creek. 54 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Ref.: Soop 2016. The interesting colour combination of the cap of this decorative fungus recalls certain flowers. Otherwise it is small and telamonioid with reddish gills and veil, and the only species in the group with subglobose spores. [Molecular analysis has shown that C. cypripedii belongs to the northern sect. Illumini Liimat. et al.] Cf. C. palissandrinus (below).

Cortinarius palissandrinus Soop Plate 39 Cap 10-30 mm, dry, hygrophanous, intensely dark red-brown to mahogany red, later fading towards margin; innate fibrillose; margin striate with sparse yellow-white fibrils. Gills saturated brick red to orange-red; distant; edge sometimes stronger yellow or red. Stipe cylindrical; yellow to pale brownish orange with sparse yellowish fibrils and tufts towards base. Veil pale yellow, darkening, sparse; cortina very sparse, possibly absent. Flesh yellowish white, marbled darker when young; odour and taste raphanoid. Reactions: NaOH red on cutis and gills, inconsistently red-brown in context. Micro: spores obtusely elliptic, 6.5-8 × 4.5-5.5 µm, moderately to rather weakly verrucose. Ecology: In Nothofagus forest, uncommon. Kepler Track, Cameron Track, Blue Pools, Klondyke Spur Track, St Arnaud, Floral Saddle. Ref.: Soop 2010. Another small telamonioid fungus characterised by its mahogany-coloured cap and intensely brick-red gills. Specimens whose colours have faded from age or draught recall C. paraoniti and allies. C. palissandrinus is closely related to C. luteinus (above), which differs by a more yellow cap colour.

Cortinarius paraxanthus Soop Plate 39 Cap 15-45 mm, dry to slightly viscid, hygrophanous; olive-brown to dark yellow-brown, often with an umber disk; finely innate fibrillose; margin greyish yellow to olive-yellow, fibrillose, weakly striate, sulcate when old. Gills yellow-brown, sometimes with an orange tinge, rather distant. Stipe cylindrical, tall, slender, often hollow and sinuate, dry; shining lemon-yellow, micaceous from yellow-brown, thin fibrils and zones; base with white rhizomorphs. Veil brownish yellow, sparse; cortina yellow to greenish yellow. Flesh brown-yellow, sometimes with an olive tinge, blackish brown in cap; odour faint, raphanoid or reminding of "raw potato"; taste nil to slightly acerbic. Reactions: NaOH trivial; guayac dark blue-green; fluorescence nil. Micro: spores elliptic to amygdaloid, 7-9 × 4-5.2 µm, moderately to weakly verrucose Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Soop 2005. A thin-fleshed fungus, mostly merely brown and yellow, but sometimes with a distinct olive tinge. The smell is typical of many telamonioid taxa: it can be likened to radish, raw potatoes, seaweed, hospital, etc. C. paraxanthus resembles certain Pauperæ (cf. C. elaiops), but does not react with alkaline solutions. Closely related is C. citribasalis ined. (Plate 39), rare in the same habitat. It is smaller with a citrinous stipe base [Waipori Falls, Klondyke Spur Track].

Sequestrate Cortinarius The term has been used to designate forms where the gills are poorly developed (gleba) and more or less enclosed by the cap (peridium). One may distinguish two types in New Zealand (Bougher & Lebel 2001): secotioid with a distinct stipe and an epigeous fruiting; and gastroid or truffle-like with a rudimentary or Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 55

absent stipe and a more or less hypogeous fruiting. The stipe, even when rudimentary, usually extends into the gleba (columella), where it may be dendrous (i.e. split into several thin branches). The former genus Thaxterogaster Sing. is a secotioid or gastroid evolution of Cortinarius and possesses many characters of the latter, such as a veil (sometimes also a rudimentary cortina) and verrucose, rusty- brown spores. The gleba is chambered with walls that are often radially and vertically oriented, recalling the lamellar arrangement of undeveloped agaricoid fungi [Molecular studies (Peintner & al. 2001a, 2001b) demonstrate that Thaxterogaster, along with several other sequestrate genera from the South Pacific, is included in Cortinarius, where it is polyphyletic.]

30. Group Thaxterogaster

Cortinarius porphyroideus Peintner & M.M. Moser Plate 40 Basionym: Thaxterogaster porphyreus (Cunn.) E. Horak Synonym: Th. viola Soop Cap 30-35 × 15-35 mm, viscid, not hygrophanous; blue-lilac to red-lilac or amethyst-blue; glabrous; peridium 1-2 mm thick. Gleba pale brown to red-brown; finely loculate, labyrinthine; odour none to faint, pleasant, sweetish or perfumed (cf. Inocybe pyriodora). Stipe 30-75 mm, cylindrical; slightly viscid, silky; white with a violaceous sheen, sometimes with violet spots; context concolorous; distinct veil remnants lacking; columella percurrent with a narrow neck where it often breaks. Veil: white to violaceous, very sparse; cortina white, membranous. Reactions: NaOH nil; guayac strongly green. Micro: spores cylindrical to oblong elliptic, 11.5-15.5 × 6-8.5 µm, moderately to rather coarsely verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, common, often solitary. Ref.: Taylor 1973, Stevenson 1982, Horak 1973b, Soop 1998a. This is the commonest Thaxterogaster in the area, found in most native-beech forests, but usually only in small numbers. It is characterised by a brilliantly violaceous cap and a whitish to violet cylindrical stipe with a sparse veil. The cap often falls off at maturity (which may be part of a strategy for spore dispersal). The form with grossly verrucose spores, Th. viola, exhales a strong smell reminding of roses or violets [Cameron Creek, Te Iringa Track; see Soop 2001, 2003]. An all-white albino form has also been observed [Bridle Track]. C. violaceovolvatus (E. Horak) Peintner & M.M. Moser is rare in the same habitat. It is smaller with the cap only partly violaceous, the disk being pale tan to red-brown [St Arnaud Range]. — Several additional species, sharing the morphology of C. porphyroideus have been observed in the country, but all remain to be described. One, C. diaphorus ined., is depicted in Plate 40, another one is part of sect. Dulciolentes.

Cortinarius epiphæus (E. Horak) Peintner & M.M. Mosern Plate 40 Basionym: Thaxterogaster epiphæus E. Horak Cap 20-60 × 20-40 mm, viscid, hygrophanous; brownish yellow to tan, sometimes darker with a faint olive tinge; glabrous but often provided with scattered yellowish tufts that multiply near the margin; peridium thick (1-2 mm), pale yellow in section. Gleba pale red-brown to yellow-brown; densely loculate; odour nil to slightly sweetish. Stipe 30-80 mm, cylindrical, robust, often abruptly truncated at base, tough, hard; dry to slightly viscid; white to pale yellow, later flushing brownish yellow, base with yellow-brown to orange-brown ± thick tufts; columella percurrent, tapering towards peridium; context white. 56 Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand Karl Soop

Veil ochre, darkening to orange-brown, copious around cap margin. Reactions: NaOH yellow-brown to orange on stipital veil, else nil. Micro: spores elliptic, 9.5-12.5 × 6-7 µm, moderately to fairly strongly verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, occasional. Ref.: Horak 1973b, Taylor 1973, Stevenson 1982. This ubiquitous secotioid species is characterised by a brownish cap and a whitish, rather robust stipe. It can exceptionally become very large. C. napivelatus (E. Horak) Peintner & M.M. Moser is almost identical and may only be a form. It differs mainly by a shorter stipe with a marginate bulb, which is provided with copious veil remnants [see Horak 1973b as Thaxterogaster n.; Craigieburn, Waimakariri].

Cortinarius ohauensis (Soop) Peintner & M.M. Moser Plate 40 Basionym: Thaxterogaster ohauensis Soop Synonym: Austrogaster novæzelandiæ Reid Cap 30-45 × 15-30 mm; almost dry; warm but rather pale apricot-brown; young coated with a pale-ochre veil, darkening, breaking into patches and squames, especially at centre; margin fibrillose. Gleba pale brown; ± vertically chambered, exposed around stipe; odour nil. Stipe 20-45 mm, rather short; ± triangular without a bulb but often napiform; pale yellow; fibrillose with thick velar remnants at base; columella percurrent, attenuated near peridium; context white. Veil ochre, rather copious; cortina yellowish grey, copious. Reactions: fluorescence yellow in stipe context. Micro: spores obtusely elliptic to subglobose, 9.5-11 × 6.5-7.5 µm, almost smooth. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, rare. Lake Ohau, Waimakariri. Ref.: Soop 1998, Reid 1986 as Austrogaster novæzelandiæ. Resembles C. epiphæus (above), but possesses a paler brown cap and a shorter, triangular stipe. The spores are almost smooth under a light-microscope but SEM examination reveals the presence of low, connected or oblong warts. [Molecular studies have shown that C. ohauensis is part of sect. Subcastanelli (Ch. 19), where it is genetically almost identical to C. trichocarpus, possibly indicating a morphospecies. This relationship between secotoid and agaricoid Cortinarii has also been observed for a few Australian taxa.]

Cortinarius beeverorum Orlovich & al. Plate 39 Cap ± 25 mm, spherical, very viscid; dark, saturated orange, drying more yellow; glabrous; peridium ± 1 mm thick, concolorous in section with a paler hypoderm. Gleba brown, finely labyrinthine-loculate; odour faint, aromatic. Veil dark orange to reddish, gelatinous, fairly copious. Stipe none, columella almost absent or thin, dendrous; basal part rudimentary with sparse ochraceous fibrils. Reactions: NaOH trivial. Micro: spores obtusely elliptic, 13.5-16.5 × 8.7-10.5 µm, coarsely verrucose. Ecology: in Nothofagus forest, rare. Floral Saddle, Waimakariri. Ref.: Orlovich & al. 2014. This is a round, gastroid, sticky fungus with a beautiful dark-orange colour. C. beeverorum has long been confused with C. peraurantiacus Peintner & M.M. Moser (see Horak 1973b as Thaxterogaster aurantiacus), which is found under myrtaceous trees and possesses a more pronounced columella and shorter spores. [Molecular studies have demonstrated that both taxa are closely related to C. dulciolens (sect. Dulciolentes).] Karl Soop Cortinarioid Fungi of New Zealand 57

List of Localities

Adams Track, Karamea Lake Daniel Track, Lewis Pass Albany Scenic Reserve, Auckland Lake Gunn Track, Fiordlands Arthur's Pass, Canterbury Lake Hauroko Track, Tuatapere Awahu, NE of Stratford, Wanganui Lake Mistletoe Track, Te Anau Downs Bealey Track, Arthurs Pass Lake Ohau, Mackenzie Berlins, Westport Lake Waikareiti Track, Tuai, Urewera Black Hill Track, St Arnaud Lee Valley Rest Area, Brightwater, Nelson Blue Pools Track, Haast Pass Lindemans Track, Katikati Borland Lodge Track, Manapouri Mackay Creek rest area, 26 km N of Te Anau Downs Boyds Creek, Te Anau Downs Maclean Track, Huai, Auckland Boyle River Track, Lewis Pass Mangatangi Track, Hunua, Auckland Bridle Track, Haast Pass Matawai Conservation Area, Gisborne Cameron Creek Track, Haast Pass Mistletoe Lake Track, Te Anau Downs Cameron Track, Haast Pass Mt Robert, St Arnaud, Nelson Cascade Hut Track, Kaimanawas, Taupo Mt Egmont, Wanganui Clements Mill Rd, Kaimanawas, Taupo Murray Creek Track, Reefton Craigieburn, Canterbury Northwood Reserve, Albany Davis Flat Track, Haast Pass Palmer Road, Springs Junction Denniston Walkway, Westport Rimutake Forest Park, Wellington Deer Flat rest area, Fiordlands St Arnaud Range, Nelson Evansdale Glen, Mosgiel St Arnaud Camp Site, Nelson Eves Bush, Brightwater, Nelson St Arnaud West Bay Track, Nelson Floral Saddle Reserve, Nelson Tawa Track, Tuai, Urewera Greyneys Shelter rest area, near Arthur's Pass Tawanui, Owaka, Otago Hanmer Springs, Waterfall Track, Canterbury Tawhai Rest Area, Reefton Harwoods Hole, Abel Tasman, Nelson Te Anau Downs, lake zone from Downs -12 km south Hawdon Valley Track, Cass, Canterbury Te Iringa Track, Kaimanawas, Taupo Horton Reserve, Albany, Auckland Totara rest area, 24 km N of Te Anau Downs Karamea River, Karamea Towhai rest area, Reefton Kepler Track, Te Anau Waimakariri Valley Track, near Arthur's Pass Kiko Road Track, Taupo Waiora Scout Camp, Dunedin Klondyke Corner rest areas, near Arthur's Pass Waipori Falls, Mosgiel Klondyke Spur Track, Rahu, Springs Junction Walker Creek Rest Area, near Te Anau Downs Kowai Bush, Springfield, Canterbury Wangapeka Valley Reserve, Nelson Woodside Glen, Dunedin

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Index of Species and Infraspecific Taxa (Colour Plate Index: see inside front cover)

cretax · 25 cruentoides · 6 A cucumeris · 36 I cuphocyboides · 42 cuphomorphus · 42 achrous · 34 icterinoides · 3 cupreonatus · 16 æruginosum · 30 ignellus · 7, 8, 52 cycneus · 36 alboaggregatus · 26 ignotus · 40 cypripedii · 53 alboroseus · 17 incensus · 11 alienatus · 3, 41 indolicus · 37, 42, 46 amblyonis · 15, 50 indotatus · 3 anauensis · 37 D inocybeum · 23 araniiti · 13 ionomataius · 16 araniti · 7 defibulatus · 42 ionosaphis · 16 armiæ · 12, 14 diaphorus · 55 iringa · 24 artosus · 24 dilutus · 7 ixomolynus · 39 atrolazulinus · 2 dulcamarus · 23, 47 aurantiacus · 56 dulciolens · 18, 42, 56 aurantiellus · 13 dulciorum · 24 J aurantioferreus · 9 durifoliorum · 21 aurata · 3 dysodes · 48 australiensis · 26 juglandaceus · 43 australis · 30 austrocinnabarinus · 7 E austrocyanites · 31, 32 K austrosplendidus · 9 elacatipus · 34 austrovenetus · 5 kaimanawa · 30 elaiochrous · 18, 19 kioloënsis · 2 elaiops · 5, 54 B electridius · 40 entheosus · 27 epiphæus · 55 L beeverorum · 56 eucollybianus · 14 bellus · 38 eunomalus · 21 lachanus · 4 eutactus · 11, 13 lætiluteinus · 52 exlavatum · 16 lamproxanthus · 45 C exlugubris · 16 lamproxanthus · 45 lanceolatus · 52 calaisopus · 44 laquellus · 46, 52 canarius · 10 F largofulgens · 9 canovestius · 17, 43 lateraria · 46 leiochrous · 50 carbonellus · 49 fiordlandensis · 29 leontis · 18 cardinalis · 6 fulvoiubatus · 22 leptospermarum · 4 carneipallidus · 2 fusipes · 34 caryotis · 13 leucocephalus · 50 caryotoides · 13, 45 lubricanescens · 36 castaneiceps · 42 luridus · 24 castanellus · 32 G luteinus · 52 castaneodiscus · 8 castaneosquamosa · 13 gemmeus · 40 castoreus · 11 gymnocephalus · 42 M chalybæus · 29 chlorophyllus · 28 magellanicus · 36 chrysma · 2 H majestatica · 33, 34 chrysoconius · 45 majestaticus · 33 citribasalis · 54 hebelomaticum · 26 malosinæ · 53 collybianus · 13, 14, 45 mariæ · 11, 19 cramesinus · 5 marmoratus · 37 cremeolina · 24 medioscaurus · 28 cremeorufus · 24 megaspermus · 11

meleagris · 35 persicanus · 26 T melimyxa · 14, 40, 47 persplendidus · 9 melleomitis · 40 phæomyxa · 16, 19, 24, 42 melliolens · 18 pholiotellus · 12 tasmacamphoratus · 49 memoria-annæ · 26 picoides · 12, 24, 27 taylorianus · 39 mephiticum · 18 poliotrichus · 17, 32, 43 tessiæ · 20, 43 minilacus · 15 porphyreus · 55 thaumastus · 42, 47, 53 minoscaurus · 29 porphyroideus · 55 tigrellus · 10 mycenarum · 6 promethenus · 8 trichocarpus · 15, 56 mysoides · 21, 51 pseliocaulis · 34 turbinellum · 28 myxenosma · 15, 25 pselioticton · 34 turcopes · 31 psilomorphus · 40 purpurata · 6 N purpuratoides · 6 U pyrrhomarmarus · 47 naphthalinus · 22 umbrinum · 38 napivelatus · 56 urbiculus · 46, 51 nothofagi · 43 R ursus · 32 novæzelandiæ · 56 radicatum · 26 rattinoides · 20, 46, 51 V O rattinus · 51 retipes · 12 vernicifer · 14, 45, 47 rhipiduranus · 30, 31 ohauensis · 56 verniciorum · 45, 47 rotundisporus · 43 olivacea · 18 veronicæ · 7, 14 rubrimarginatus · 13 olivaceoniger · 3 vinicolor · 6 rubripurpuratus · 6 olorinatus · 36 viola · 55 rubrocastaneus · 13 opaca · 48 viridovelutina · 4 rubrodactylus · 14 opaculus · 48 viscilætus · 13, 40, 45, 53 rugosiceps · 35 ophryx · 10 viscincisus · 47 orixanthus · 23 viscostriatus · 38 ornaticeps · 10 viscoviridis · 23, 41 S vitreofulvus · 38 vitreopileatus · 36, 38 P salmastrium · 31 saturniorum · 48, 50 sciurellus · 4 palissandrinus · 13, 54 W sclerophyllarum · 21 pallidus · 34 serratum · 26 pansicolor · 36, 46 waiporianus · 52 singularis · 28 papaver · 7 walkeri · 5 splendida · 9 paraoniti · 48, 50, 54 wallacei · 33 squarrosus · 32 paraonui · 48, 49 subcalyptrosporus · 2 paraxanthus · 4, 54 subcastanellus · 32 pectochelis · 39, 41 X subgemmeus · 22, 53 peraurantiacus · 56 suborixanthus · 23 peraureus · 44, 49 subpicoides · 24 xenosma · 12, 15, 25 peraurilis · 4 suecicolor · 20, 51 xenosmatoides · 15 perelegans · 22 periclymenus · 37, 46 peristeris · 23