Sino-Japanese Relations in the Edo Period

Home , Genroku, Kaei, Tenmei

Sino-Japanese Relations the Edo Period in

C)ba Osamu

K6gakkan University

by Fogei Translated Joshua A.

1 Shipmasters Crewmen Part Eleven. and

Anonymous reported throughout

that the of Crew Members. I

year once

(1688) Nagasaki, ships they Genroku altogether Chinese called the of and 193 1 port at

hearing this, carried expressed Chinese Marius Upon aboard. Professor the 1128 Jansen

thought:

trip large Japan." stunned that "I'm number of Chinese made the such

to a

people by number There their whose of of known virtue

to are a .are names us

:• • •l•, •:fi --• •h.,, •, •, • Fujiu deeds--such Xie'an Shen Fuzhai Shen

Yi Sun

:ff• • • Nanpin

majority about --but Japan of Chinese who traveled the great

nothing.

they Japanese The know made also remain unknown with whom

contacts to us.

plenty people. about have said famous would like look the the We Here, I at to

anonymous men.

• 7•_•1• • • • •I According (Examination the Z6ho of ts•sh6 k6 Ka'i to

Exchanges large Edition), Commercial Barbarians, Revised between China and the

ships

ships ships carded Chinese of mid-sized and smaller

100 60-70

men, men, crews

surely yardstick. but 30-40, numbers coordinated with these

which

average are some

7•_ • •, •. (Transformation [Ming, of the from Civilized the hentai From Ka'i text

China] largest Qing]), [Manchu Barbarian aboard the Siam crew--124

to men--came

Seventy-Five (1693), Vessel smallest Genroku Number in the recorded and 6

crew--

J6ky6 fifteen Forty-Four Hundred men--aboard Vessel Number in Malacca One 5

(1688).

large, ships The former sail makes because the Siam but that from

set

sense were

• • fifteen Malacca with of from brave indeed. The did okubune

to come a crew was

always large numbers of with Malacca Vessel Number Hundred

One not

men, come as

Seventy only counterexample, for had of that

raise there

Just 25.

to year same a crew a

Nanjing Ninety-Four aboard of Number Hundred that Vessel

One 111

year, was a crew

• although they had, and kuchibune vessels rule, did small

•

not crews, cram as a

.•

•

•b people ships comparatively stable shachuan numbers Some had of onto

men

fluctuating (1705), others had numbers. for aboard and H6ei Vessel Number One 2

noted, the *Unless otherwise translator's. all

notes

are

•--• •Z q• Edofidai •-•(Tokyo:

shoten, •q- • T6h6 Nit-Chfi [• hiwa 1980), 224-51.

pp. no

• Asia) (ships coming (ships On okubune from Sotrtheast and kuchibune from Chinese coastal

cities), shachuan, of this On translation.

part part two ten. see see 34

eleven-year previously chapter,

fourteen made mentioned in the

career voyages an over

example. By stable would be it carried between and This

and 33

30 span, a more men.

(1694) and had 49 Nineteen for between 32 Vessel Number Genroku 7 contrast,

men

(1691) had between eight-year period; Seventy Vessel 33 Number for Genroku 4

over an

Sixty-seven

five-year period; the for and Vessel Number and 60

year same men over a

five-year period. number of Inasmuch the

and carried between

men a as men over

ship unchanged, fluctuations the these the

must operate

to necessary on same seas was

jointly ship. they Thus, since changes of merchants board in the number reflect

shipper journeys, ships could board of them the the for their outfitted

get

on as more

of this situation be larger of aboard.

the number One

the

aspect

can seen men passengers,

• • • J• I• ;• who testimony Saisho of such Ch6zaemon

the in

was men as

beginning that, of (1815): heard the Guangdong have shipwrecked :in Bunka "We 13 at at

going have heard that call vessel is I Japanese

of the month fifth port. the at to year, a

shippers Suzhou." the in

has

to sent messenger a someone

book, have this in occasions I On Functionaries. Shipmasters Other

and

many

•j• village •-•). ferry-master of (chuantou The "shipmaster"

expression used the

was a

navigation captain

concerned with the the shipmaster, and he from the different

not

was

k6: explanation ts•sh6 following Z6ho Ka-i in the ship. find the of the We

ship. {ffl fie he is Japan in aboard In has function Chuantou. He Chuanzhu

keeping all the public control in

the charge function

merchants. He has of

men. over

goods responsible for the

who is chuantou. is the One of

There

types

two

man are

transported charge the

though of clerk,

in shipped. the other is similar The

not

to man a

merchandise.

responsible

shipmaster

explanation, easy-to-understand that the

this

From

was can see we

assistant general, though occasion there ship merchant. On he

in for the

were was a

negotiated ship behalf. When represented its and shipmasters well. the entire

Nagasaki

of the side, such that Japanese formal offices the oaths

as on were sworn

ship's Among the signed

of entire Magistrate, behalf

the

it he who

passengers. was on

•- •

:Nt •--• •-•lJ huozhang duogong caifu ketou board the functionaries other

were on

•. •, • and 212,

zongguan

daily calculations of all charged keeping record of functionary "Caifu. with The

• IN •:

dz Nagasaki The miyage concerning and commerce." the

matters

cargo

Undoubtedly "scribe, Nagasaki) position explains clerk." this

(Souvenirs of sort

some as

shipmaster. caifu occasion clerk, the

of in later

years as came on

•:), (ke

is understood ke where represented

the The ketou guests to

passengers or

could be ke according ts•sh6 k6. There shippers," Zdho Ka-i the the "lesser be

to no

single shipper. ship's hands of In merchandise the in

entire which in the instances

a was

trade, the jointly

in Japan

of merchants number

which in to

engage

came cases a

vessel. shippers the

rode shipmaster, lesser principal shipper

and the

the

same on

was

contributed the of the above, ke the existence

"guests." noted They ke As to

were

of number ship. ships which Thus, the in

aboard number of increased

men

shippers varied aboard of ships, which the numbers in it would fluctuated seem, were

depending

circumstances. on 35

functionary

who loading is the charge of He "Huozhang. in

The at

sea. man

heavenly bodies, weather the takes the well, calculates knows the laws of the

compass

Nagasaki that the it geography."

the miyage, investigates

consideration,

In into and states

)3;

,• •, •

'yaku had he (lit. huozhang charge watching anjin

the of in

compass

was

ship. words, he

loading other

the In command the sailors and

to was saw over

navigation. responsible for

coordination huozhang, his is the with "Duogong. This is helmsman. the In

other

and the waves." important keeps In winds watch the

he close

post, crosses

on as

charge words, &the helm. he in

was

ship." the aboard various duties In carries "'Zongguan. and He

out

oversees

tasks, general variety charge of of in Nagasaki

it that the

raiyage,

notes zongguan a was

supervisor ship comparable while aboard

at to

sea.

•: anchor; • charge the of the touding in

addition, who the

there In

was

were:

• tO•

charge of shanbangong in • •. T_ responsible yaban for the the who

mast;

was

gongshe • deity; ship's and the served the barges who the -l-_

xianggong

sanpans; or

•± ordinary sailors. who the

were

t•

Nanjing

(1815), vessel Bunka day month of of twelfth lunar 12 the the On 29

Asakawa in

ship's listed shipwrecked of Shimoda

in The 92

Izu.

men are crew was

• Shinpaku iI• •

incident, hitsuwa (1781-1849) of the Zen'an'

account

caifu,

chuanzhu, Vessel).

aside from

(Notes Chinese However,

two

one one

on a

Nagasaki), three given and resident of huozhang, (of is

whom

two

zongguan one as a

paoshou gongshe. include latter duogong, listed The of the all

as crewmen are

personnel), • •t_ and the service chafen charge (in head of the (gunners), of the

men,

(•

ship's • general of (service personnel). here the

have suishi

We contours

crew.

• •

which is Nagasaki banzhu the Furthermore, called there is in the miyage post a

explained the vessel. the of

owner as

safely Bird. We

2, H6ei Year of for the the Number One Vessel

assume can

noted, positions

and in have thus far ship all the addition

in that there

to we owners were

themselves, have been

but it vessels

owned

the chuantou

more seems cases some

H6ei

for Vessel Number One shipper and 2 vessel for

set out to

to rent

sea. a common a

virtually trips and Japan times, made fourteen (1705), cited several have

which

• • roughly

of • number shipmaster the and Zhu Kexi time with

same every as

carrying

ship probably himself and owned the he

would thus that It

was appear crewmen.

large and he merchant Perhaps, for freight he the clerk for sale.

his

a was overseas

own

large by

vessel owned the this merchant the

of sell the merchandise had

to same on

come

ship

between

essentially the Japan traveled

he merchant. Zhu's In

same on case,

using time, the if this unclear he

(1695) it is Before Genroku and H6ei 2. 8

same was

(1687) J6ky6 and Three in aboard Vessel Number ship, 4

he did but

passenger

come as a

(1688), Vessel Genroku Hundred for

shipmaster for Vessel Number 1 One Two

Vessel Number 3, Genroku Ten Number for Vessel Forty for Genroku Two 2, Number

trips Thus, Thirty-eight he made for Genroku 6. and Vessel Number Genroku 4, for to

history this his travel and 1705, and

between

the 1687 Japan trace

over years can we over

period. roughly twenty-year

portrayed occupied,

have 3 position (anfin) Will Adams said that

the is, This of to

as was course,

Shogun. miniseries, television fictionally novel and in the 36

shipmasters, there of individual histories

While of the travel have

were we cases

possibility

of vessels. the might Here

of chuantou the also who

we see groups same

use

join these been able have (the banzhu) themselves trading ship circles, and to

may owners

period appeared includes hentai the the in Ka-i

well. when the

The

reports groups

as era

•) • (zhanhai "expand the order. sea" promulgation following of the of flee trade the to

which data,

investigate task Thus, this the

need

turn. to to we now we

of would like Year the Rat. I Seventy-Two 9, the for Genroku Vessel Number

individual vessel used the

of how

several

take closer look

at next to was over an cases a

operated ships involving that between the First, examine its life. let of

cases us course

Nanjing

ship Number Nagasaki. Vessel for Ten such China and One

port

was

same

Seventy-two

Nanjing Vessel Number .in (1702). Japan first Genroku

It 15

as came

altogether eight trips of the

(1696)

and made Genroku 9 years. course seven over

(Vessel day month, third Number Shanghai, 9, Genroku seventh lunar Left

• •[•, • Nagasaki 33), arrived the Cheng of shipmaster Seventy-two,

Kunru

on crew

journey) days day (requiring for the month, fourteen sixteenth seventh

Forty-six, Zhong (Vessel chuantou Number Shanghai, Genroku 10/4/29 Left 2

days) (requiring ,•J•i•:•, Nagasaki fourteen 5/13 Yuanzhang 35), of arrived

crew

Zhong Seven, (Vessel chuantou Shanghai, Number Genroku 11/12/29 Left

days) (requiring Nagasaki six Yuanzhang, 36), of arrived 1/4

crew

(vessel Twenty-seven, chuantou Shanghai, Number 12/6/29 Left Genroku

•[g]• =•,.,

(requiting days) Nagasaki 7/5 33), six arrived Cheng of Hongyu

crew

Twelve, (vessel chuantou Pan Shanghai, Number Genroku 13/3/18 Left

•t• 1•, days) • (requiring Nagasaki fifteen 4/2 43), arrived of Gaichen

crew

Cheng (vessel Forty, chuantou Shanghai, Number 13/9/20 Left Genroku 6

(requiting days) ninth Nagasaki day month of 42), arrived Hongyu, last of ten

crew

(Vessel Forty-two, chuantou Shanghai, Number 14/7/25 Left Genroku 7

days) (requiring Nagasaki twelve Cheng Hongyu, 8/6 34), of arrived

crew

Zhong (Vessel Ten, Number chuantou Shanghai, Genroku 15/1/18 Left 8

twenty-three days) (requiring Nagasaki Yuanzhang, 2/10 38), of arrived crew

only ship of few and Examining carried data, this 33

this that

as crew as a

we see

Cheng shachuan. Hongyu Shanghai. possible

that it is thus sailed and from

was a

Cheng shipmaster, and but Yuanzhang service Kunru Pan Zhong alternated in and

study might further if the during this only this Gaichen From

two

one era. came once

engaged Yuanzhang son), Zhong in (perhaps and how Chengs father

was

were

shipmasters. this of why included trade,

in Gaichen and Pan group was

Tiger. J6ky6 Vessel Siam of Eighty-Two 3, the for the Year Vessel Number

Eighty-tWo J6ky6

for Number Vessel Thirty for Genroku first Number

port to

came as

eighteen Nagasaki roundtrip

(1686) total of thirteen and made 3 to

year

voyages over an

Seventy-one Vessel Number Seventy and coming time Vessel Number last the

career,

shipmaster and the 7, always Genroku vessel.

6 Siam for Genroku In It

16.

was was a

•', days :• else.

•_Z always took It Jiang Jingguan 47 it

but otherwise to someone

was

Genroku Aside from in and 10. 7, Genroku in 49 the in Genroku 2, make 52

voyage

eighth it seventh and months month, the arriving in middle of the sixth in lunar the

Yakujima in shipwrecked well Makishima

winds and confronted

great at as as was 37

and late Siam left

it because been have tugboat. This by entered Hirado, and

port

may

shipmaster

the

The

coastal

Japanese typhoon

the in might into waters. have

reason

run

they

ship, trading and

King it

Siam of

the is that vessel out changed

sent for the

as a

same

King of Siam. belonged the

undoubtedly vessel representatives. Thus, this

to his all were

Ox. In of contrast to Ninety-Eight the for the Year

Number Guangnan Vessel

first made

its Crenroku Ninety-eight

10 for Number Vessel ship,

Guangnan of this

sort

thereafter

and

Thirty-six 6, Genroku

in Number Vessel Guangnan Japan

to voyage as

trips Japan.

nine

made

ten-year

career over a

and nd

Genroku of month 5

fifth day the of Guangdong the departed 22

Ningbo

returned then

month. sixth It day of the Nagasaki to fifteenth the arrived in

nd it 6, Genroku

of month fourth

day of the Kalapa.

the

22 On

winter and in the

went to

via eighth month

day of

the Nagasaki first the arrived in Kalapa

departed

and from

t• of month fifth

day of the.

Guangdong the 25 • I• I_t_i left it Later,

Putuoshan

then month, th and intercalary

day fifth

of the Nagasaki the 26 arrived in Genroku

traveled

it 8, CJenroku

following to of the month Guangdong.

the first In returned year,

reached and Taini departed

th from month it fifth day

•h• •]• of the the Taini

it left 9, Genroku

of month second the

month. In day seventh of the Nagasaki

first the

month, and

sixth day of the

twelfth the departed Guangnan Guangdong Guangnan, for

this that

the has

One month. seventh day of the Nagasaki

second the arrived in sense

China Sea.

It South and the

China Sea the

East deeds involved in vessel was great

was

change their

would ports this

vessels, in

that

the often

rather case, as case more

almost embarcation year. every

the of

southern travel vessels only did these

Liaodong. to Not areas Even

north. Liaodong the

traveled that

ships well of records to have

but

ocean,

5•

•

•J

Kaifu

Chen concerning

examples,

is there Although

report

there

one

a many are

Vessel Nagasaki aboard

(1721) who first Ky6h6 Thirty for 6 to Number Vessel

came

trade,

of Liaodong 1720 in the traveled

to 1719, in engage autumn Number

Seven to

•_.:t2•'•who

entered

Shihong port Qiu Also,

there of illness.

there died and then

one

was

of month fourth

day

of the

the trading license 27

Nanjing vessel without

aboard

th.

eighth

period from the

the had He

days the

departed spent 29 later Ky6h6 and

two

Then,

Liaodong.

in selling of buying and engaged the previous in

tea of the month

year

attempted sail Liaodong and

Ky6h6 left

he 2, to of

month day third of the

fifteenth the

Nagasaki.

refuge

sought in and wind head encountered

Shanghai, but he directly

a to

drinking given

his jinseng,

and water he roughly of catties with Loaded 200 were men

tugged of and port. out

several

introduce single and

like would earlier, I noted

out As

Yunke. to

ttu

scattered protagonists

this of surely

They the

personalities.

virtually

are anonymous

the •. Japan

i• •

that know

We Yunke to first Hu history. as

Let came turn to

trip the made thereafter he (1706), and to H6ei in 3 Number Twenty-two Vessel caifu for

Three Number Vessel H6ei 6, in Twenty-two Number shipmaster Vessel

for Nagasaki

the Sh6toku

Fifty Sh6toku 5 5. for Number (1713), Vessel and very

Sh6toku 3 was for

together with 42 Yunke and Hu

Laws, Sh6toku implementation of the New of the

year

however, There returned home. and trading licenses their received was, chuantou other 38

be the head merchants, and taken Fujian awaiting Hu lawsuit of

back home him to

was a

Nanjing According affidavit Vessel the for received licenses. of the had chuantou who to

Ky6h6 for Number Nine 3:

shipmasters "the with opposition slander that the false and Hu concocted The story

institutions [Qing] the of violated Japan the traveled had Yunke their leader who to

trading Nagasaki, licenses." monopolized connection In trade and in received court,

frequently before summoned

being leader, thus the Hu

with to

appear numerous was

depression greatly, sank into which offices. As worries mounted he his government

applied long sundry but remedies with continued for Various and time.

were no a

ra Hangzhou eventually from of the 23 results. illness died his in his hometown He

-J- • Ky6h6 Ding Yiqian ship day fifhh month of The chuantou this of the 2.

was on

•, Ding trading license, life, nephew the end of ofHu Toward his

Yunke. Hu

gave a a

trip Nagasaki Hu's for the the latter made the trade. last in and

request to to

engage was

slapped family with these Yunke needs &his members be taken of. But Hu

was care

affairs, quit charges trading his business

unfair licenses several for had

years, over

family disappeared, Thus, off his lands and died. his funds and sold he and then

borrowed ship, from Hu's and Hence, have outfit his

valuables.

cargo

way we we no

•'_• • eventually Youzhang sail. close friend Ge and set

trading

license Yunke's of Sh6toku have been victim the Hu

New Laws. He

was may a

disputed evidentiary in Kangxi document the brought Emperor

before the

case.

as an

,• • J• J:5 • Trading (Records of Office the of Shinpaikata Thus, kiroku in the

heavy well, Licenses) suffered losses. it that he states as

trading whose license

When the in

of Yi Itanchen. Death The

person name a

rights big There acquire issue.

died, of his who would issued

were, course, a was was

Compound residing passed the Chinese in while Chinese in which instances

away

•)• [•1•, Twenty-three Nanjing shipmaster Number for Nagasaki. of Vessel

Hanchen Yi

@ • •)• '• Binglong ::• shipmaster and Yi Ky6h6 Wang assistant Douwen died. The 5,

trading petitioned •., license. Thirteen, Ningbo receive his saifu for Vessel Number to

sharp Nagasaki number of Administrator, in decrease the there office of the the

was a

Ky6h6

incident China in in arriving just the license this time aftereffect of vessels

as an

newly trying

issued licenses that had they Thus, the when

to moment at

recover were

Binglong

issued, that Wang the temporarily issued the effect been

report

was was a

:Ok, players [] central in the Tuanjiu indicted :V four of the Wang

alias of

men as one

previous aboard Japan different of

the Douwen license controversy to

year. a came

belonging consideration,

lecense Yi the taken into these facts vessel. When to

two

were

petition

it is family back. Yet, discontinued and the Hanchen and his strong sent

was

day

sixth the of the sail suspicion Thirteen when Vessel Number

that set return to

•-•, •,• •, aboard

Ky6h6 trading Yushu Feng license of of the 6, fourth month

passenger a

day given brawl in ensued Twenty-three, Yi A that

Number Douwen. Vessel

to very was

Nagasaki

investigation by the life. The Yi which there Douwen's

attempt

was an on

background complex of revealed Magistrate's this incident office that followed

a relationships.

Qing China, handed license trading the

in After the license incident

government

•1• •l] • •( •-• Yunqing

• Zhuang Ruyi Nanjing of

the in You

over name

@•_•, •J • Yijiu Xieyun Liu Tuanjiu--together Zhuang, and Although Xie Wang with 39

Yunqing

alone Zhuang unfair that

it lawsuit, claimed •'•--had J),), he

given rise

was a

the

Hanchen together Yi hired three

Thus, the other at license. received

should

men

trade.

in shipmaster pounds] and made him silver [52.32 of

of six kanme to

engage

wage

Ky6h6 and

trading for

5 license Ky6h6 received Yi Number for 3.

Vessel Ten

This

was

Feng shipper and

prefect Guangzhou veritable the this time the home, but returned

was

carried

selling

buying trip and

Japan. responsible All for the the Yushu

was

man was

Tuanjiu)

the acted Binglong (namely, Wang and Wang by and Yi Hanchen as

out

proxy,

trading license the Hanchen, which the critical in proxies. Yi ostensible Because

name

proxies Wang despite expectations that the died, the authorized, had been had

among

¥i relative license, Yi's Douwen nominal of the Binglong made the be would

possessor

until the place. ensued unexpected Chaos

license from rights the claimed the

Nagasaki attempted

The Yushu, force. responsible Feng genuinely

party, to

use

day, Wang prison.

The be thrown in concerned all Magistrate declared that next

were

they

later,

days Three

released.

day also Feng released, the tenth

and

were

was

on was

traveling Japan. from forbidden

henceforth home,

and Feng sail to for ordered

set to was

fascinating

shipper

this in

the the fact that particular attention important

is to It to pay

named

concerning

the background

relations know the which for

person on

now we case

Guangzhou. prefect of trading the license the was

•L

][•

Jiuyi

by Luo the

Jiuyi.

We Luo Veteran The

name

a man

now move

• Vessel • •?r

aboard

Japan Dingsheng _•..

shipmaster by of Lin the to

came

name

by earlier given Luo six

him Ky6h6 with license for 12 Twenty-seven

Number to years

getting and he

old

Nagasaki earlier.

Luo four enabling Jiuyi him

and to enter was years

time, but

trip

himself

make the much

wanted

ill.

to more

one

overseas

so ever

was

Thus, eventually turned his

putting he kept it off. he unable do

he because to

so, was

Dingsheng.

relative Lin trading his

license

over

•" home 1'• • shipmasters

Huaixiang and other Ky6h6 Fei 6, sent In

were seven

they treated

The Jiuyi

of them.

without licenses. Luo

was as

so were

reason one

was

goods of their remainder they sell off the wanted home, they returned

Before follows.

they

requested be eight that

this. These limits personal but there for

men

use, were

Magistrate The limit. though the goods exceeded

it dispose of their allowed

to even

regulated violating

willfully the

asked, precisely for but amount granted their request as

licenses. them refused of sales he grant

and Five Number Vessel aboard

Japan Ky6h6 7,

Luo In

to passenger as a

came

of basis trading On the granted

license. requested

again

he be that

a a

once

this heard that have

Magistrate license: "We issued him the reexamination of the

a case,

of truly laws

followed the forty has Japan] times. He [to traveled

has

over

overseas

man

given

license

thus the goods This smuggled all."

land, to has and

at was any never our

previously.

six

Luo years

with journeys

Japan of Jiyi confirmed proof that

This is Luo to veteran

was a

investigated

infirm.

have old And, and I indeed he trips his belt. under forty

such was

shall

trip

actually the We

made

that he

demonstrate

times

how

overseas.

can many we

• • • • (Daily • [• •1

nichiroku ts•ji kaisho of the general TO

mobilization need

kamotsu Tdban hentai, the Interpreters), the Ka-i Chinese

Hall of the

the

from

Accounts

kiroku, Shinpaikata and Cargo), • ¢• the Barbarian • •¢• (Register and Chinese of ch6

shipmaster

from

of him mention find result, first

that

similar comes as a we a sources. 4O

According this (1705).

Twenty-four H6ei Nanjing for 2 Vessel Number to source, we

(i.e.,

Genroku in 17 Number Vessel

shipmaster aboard

affirm that he

one

came as can

Vessel Forty-five H6ei 4, for Number 1). aboard Vessel Thereafter, H6ei he

came

Fifty- Vessel Number H6ei 6, for Number Vessel Seventeen for H6ei 5, Number Four

Twenty-eight

for Number Vessel H6ei 7, for Number Seven Vessel also for H6ei 6,

seven

Twenty-nine for Number Vessel 3, for Sh6toku Number Seven Sh6toku Vessel 1,

Ky6h6 Sixteen for Number Ky6h6 Vessel and for 2, Nineteen Number Vessel

4, Sh6toku

probably

trips.

his for altogether The number thirteen 40 This 4.

voyages to

comes

"'expand order. the sea" predating the of the issuance includes those to

China

Japan travels from the Zheqing. also

Huang We of to

Son The

trace

can

• • •I

long of time. have Zheqing stretch We

by Huang of

the of

over a

name

man a

Twenty-eight for Number

Vessel shipmaster aboard coming Japan his record of to

shipmaster

that he had

know

this (1708), the basis of and

H6ei 5 account

come as we on

additional nine Thereafter, affirm H6ei

for Number Fifteen 4. aboard Vessel

we can

7, for H6ei

Thirteen Thirty-six Number Vessel 6, for H6ei Vessel Number

voyages:

Vessel Sh6toku 3, Sixteen for Number Eighteen Vessel 1, for Sh6toku Vessel Number

Ky6h6 Vessel Number 3, for Twenty-eight Number One Vessel 4, for Sh&oku Number

Ky6h6 Number Thirty and Vessel 7, Ky6h6 for Number Vessel 5, for

Twenty-one

Ky6h6 (Chinese style) in 8 of Ky6h6 Twenty-six Huang reached the 71 for 10.

age

died. trip he

due old Ky6h6 cancelled In his (1723). he either event,

to any

age or

• • • Thirteen Vessel Number Gongzhi aboard arrived

Hong because

this

presume we

after having given him. home trading been En Huang's license with that route to

year

Ky6h6 Nagasaki Number in with Vessel One completing transactions in his commercial

majority their of they of the by pirates robbed the ship and attacked

his 3, outer

crew

was

spite

Japan in of such need visit Still, goods felt board. he and other

to garments

a on

following the in which reference dangers. from the becomes clearer This great appears

Shinpaikata kiroku:

privately tiger made this Thirty Zheqing the of the Number in of Vessel Huang year

Nagasaki children in

and other in born

had but He

request. courtesan to no a one son

traveling had become

the and this

in of

China. 71

year

oceans age

years was

trip despite made the his and particularly about difficult, he worried

but

so son was

previous the month of the Having twelfda misgivings. the in arrived in port

year,

surely but for trip be the would present would receive for his he license not next

year

only obtain license numbered, could

Knowing days if he

his

for the

next a were

one.

enough entire

live for his trip give his and would make the

that he

for to

son year, soon

(¢Z ,'• granted • II and ordered that _-Iz his [Ishikawa] kami request Lord

Tosa life.

[for [Huang's] compassion son]. his changed because of for the be the allotment

year

[]

[Kusakabe] kami Tanba Lord

forwarded This to no was

prostitute • from the Maruyama

with who had child merchant

"There

a a

was a

wanted behalf of the child getting Nagasaki, he older

and he ILl district in

on as was

[to sail

requested certificate, enable him place order and the in

his

to to

a up so move

symposium during coffee break following year."

said this Japan]

the I at

a a once

University Kong. American of Hong An Chinese Sino-Japanese the cultural relations

with coffee and asked stopped stirring in his the

sitting

from scholar

cup spoon me across 41

permitted replied: it. permit It

"He it?" Magistrate I Did he

do? did the "What

start:

stirring in his

again the started

okay." And he

cup. spoon once was

Whether

Trading License. Loyal Meritorious the Man not The Most and

to or

Thus,

and death.

life trading shipmaster license received

Chinese

matter no

a was

accepted

they and

demands Sh6gun Yoshimune's unreasonable how were were, matter

•,•(1686-1738), he did concerned that be Wei carried his Li not For

to part, out. grew

taking place. illegalities

what know

to extent

were

shipmaster who there promulgation

Laws, the Sh6toku of ARer the New

was one

trading concerning excellently

treated gained and the of the Japanese matters

trust

was

of Japanese foreigners service the in the by who, with licenses. This

contrast

man

was a

employ of the

foreign the in merchant

Ky6h6 would dub during the

I government

a era,

• •,•.

Hengtong Ky6h6 His Guo the

Japanese govenrment

name was

era.

Sh6toku sixth month of

day 5 of the twelfth that the

Japan later

came

[• • Nanjing

Vessel •: Number One aboard

shipmaster Qideng caifu (1715) Chen

Forty- Vessel Number Guangnan shipmaster aboard had Chen that

port

year. come as

clearly they had unknown, but relationship remains with His Guo for Sh6toku three 2.

historical the in

time ties, for the first basis and that Guo commercial

appears sources

transfer his allowed requested he be that this time Chen Sh6toku At from next to 5.

forthcoming. then

of Hengtong license in Guo and the Guo, license

to was name a

of Shrtoku intercalary month day 6. second third of the home the returned

arisen, trading and had surrounding licenses time, the the tumult this Just

promised their Nagasaki had of shipmasters had entered accept the who next not to port

Magistrate: &the following office the tendered the Guo However, licenses. note to

trading licenses, would be I shipmasters have do &the Inasmuch each

not

many

now

together myself

shall delay, pleased Without I put of them. receive several dozen

to a

off fail If the they

I the

that vessels and make certain

number of to you.

on sea

cross

ships that the life,

it shall China,

in if it chance

to to costs you come my see even me

shall have whatsoever. time and in regrets no

they receive licenses. wanted they began this, shipmasters of heard When the to

to say

loyal meritorious being and the of commendation earned the Hengtong thus most Guo

trading license. the to man

Having home returned Hengtong. Guo Merchant State's Official Chinese The

proceeded Guangnan via month, intercalary day Guo of the second third the

again, Shanghai, Vessel aboard Nagasaki via of Shanghai. the then entered He port

once

shipmaster The assistant day month. Kyrh6 tenth third of the

the

for Number 1 Four

Qideng. t• g'• •, of brother Chen He Qiying

the ship, Chen of this

younger was

proceeded Kyrh6 and then of day month 2 fourth the ninth of the returned home to

again

entered produced in Guangnan, he procured Having in Shanghai. port

once cargo

Kyrh6 month of The day tenth of the 2. Thirty sixth the Vessel Number aboard Japan

day sixth month and returned Nagasaki tenth of the following left the he

year on

caifu Kyrh6 i• • I•, for business in Henglian with him 3 Shanghai. who

Guo

as came

day

leaving Shanghai sixth eleventh the of the

his

made the

proxy, on voyage

as reasons,

day vessel month. This Nagasaki of the

seventeenth arriving the

in and month same on 42

Nagasaki day following remained in until the twelfth of seventh month of the the

year,

Ky6h6 trading

Henglian, Hengtong given license had Guo been which had Guo 4.

to a

shipmaster assistant Nagasaki Ky6h6 the day of entered the in the of the 3. It 26 port

Ky6h6 first month of Vessel Number for Hengtong with

Five that

Guo

year, as as

(1• • 1• shipmaster shipmaster. Bowei and Chen the assistant from this learn We

point particularly of Nagasaki tie close and Chen. between

Guo then left

Guo the

a on

day Shanghai. of the twelfth of that month 23 and returned remained there He

year

again day arriving Ky6h6 sail the sixth and of Nagasaki the sixth month of

5, in set

on as

eighteenth day the Vessel Number Eleven of the sixth month. That

Chen served year, on

shipmaster. his assistant

departed day eighteenth the Japan month, twelfth of He about the but this time

reorganization

going issued, there licenses of hitherto and his

temporary entry

was a on

spaced into according original be plan intervals of the

of the port apart to

at to year was

Thus, Ky6h6

Sh6toku did Laws. he New but .did aboard Japan in 6, Vessel

to not

come

• •lJ • day Number Seventeen Ky6h6 Lijie of the the month of 28 Guo seventh 7.

shipmaster, they

assistant his served Guangdong produce and loaded the vessel with

they Danshan. shipwrecked However,

winds, struck forceful with

were

1•

• •

• •[: Tatehama

Ikizuki Hirado, They Island in entered and under port

tow.

remained day dock until in following twelfth the of the third month of the

and

year, as

they

bring for home off had contracted Chinese Guo Japan horses official set

strictly always business. "This

obeyed land," has the. laws of noted the

person our

Shinpaikata give kiroku. Guangdong "As reward shall this time him

temporary

a we one

addition, Ningbo given have license. shipmaster In license assistant

temporary

to a we

Lijie." Ky6h6 thus Guo able in He 8.

port to enter

was

shipmaster

trading had license, extraordinary been issued who For this

not a a was

Twenty-eight aboard Vessel Number He and entered

the twelfth

treatment. port

came on

day brought along of

twelfth the month. presented stallion and and He

two

mares,

one

addition ginseng, packs the authorities packs wood, four of of aloes three twelve and

honey-preserved jars of certainly happy This would have left

sweets.

event memory, a

Nagasaki when he and day left following the sixth of the ninth month of the

on year,

following Ky6h6

the 9, favorable addition enacted: his standard "In

measure was

Guangdong license,

Hengtong throughout life, which received Guo his has bestow

upon

additional three him licenses recognition when he each in his of service." port

enters

year

Ningbo Lijie license A Twenty-six awarded Vessel Guo of Number which had to

was

(just Ningb entered year) given

with previous this license for the

port

temporary

a year;

•)•]] (-• Guangdong •

traveling license Yiren Guo

who Hengtong, with Guo

went to

a was

• •-•.

Ningbo

;• Yuanjie license and also That Guo Vessel Number

went to

a year,

Twenty-nine Henglian's ship, Lijie Guangnan Guo while with

Guo Vessel

was came

Twenty-six Number Twenty-eight. Hengtong and himself Guo Number Thus, Vessel

ships Ky6h6 three entered Guo in 8. port

Trading An Hengtong Nagasaki Unredeemed left License. Guo sixth the

eighth day Ky6h6

of the of and month 9, returned without he license the

port

to a on

day Ky6h6 ninth the of seventh month of what should have been Vessel 10 Number

Why

empty-handed? did explanation: Sixteen. he is his Here come 43

falsely

but

regular allotment,

the

someone

from

license

Last

gave

a you me year

the

paid bribe

Therefore, I to

horses. Chinese transporting forbidden a

of accused

collateral

license to

deal,

I a put great this as Because up

my officials. cost Chinese

passed,

day of repayment

the When my silver. borrowed •'• and

Wang named

man

license.

the

do Therefore, I Wang. not possess of Mr. the became property license

bribe

horses, transporting of illegal complained

the about

had

Because

someone

redeemed.

it security.

But

borrowed not

license

and was

had been

was necessary a

another

given

be Guo that instructed Magistrate Edo, the from asking advice

After

alternative

his

under

Guo issued

that

for to license

and license,

year

was

temporary

month, th

tenth

day of the

the 27 Y¢• •

left •

then port Guo

Yuguan

Guo on

name,

Vessel

Japan

in back arrived

and he ship

and going his

as fill return,

saying he

to up

was

Observing the month. eleventh

day of the

seventh Twenty-four the

Number

re-entered

and port then trade,

did thus

and license lacked procedures, not

he engage

his

According

pursued

to only then and

that for

licence commerce. with

year temporary

home.

Putuoshan

route

somewhere

far

explanation, en had

gotten

near as

own

but ashore

point, chose he blowing that

not prevailing come winds

Because

were

with

entered

port

that for

Twenty-two

Number a

Vessel year Japan. just

to to return

assistant

• J•, • the and

Ruizhou

Huang

shipmaster

The

his in license

was

name.

collateral.

lost trading license

l•_•. the This •T.

Yushang

as Wang shipmaster

was

assistant

the ship, and

this collateral

license out this received sent had who lenders The

Wang."

named

shipmaster

man was

Number Vessel

Nagasaki

aboard

t-•

• •

Hengkai Thereafter, to Guo

came

his

Lijie entered

representative, port and Guo

Hengtong's

Ky6h6 11 for

Fifteen

Number Fourteen Vessel

and

Ky6h6

Twenty-six 12 for Number Vessel representative

f:• -•

•

Qiyu

and Xu proxy

Bozhou Chen as until came that

After Ky6h6

13. for

Nagasaki

ship into

Ky6h6 17,

Twenty-three

in Number

came Vessel shipmasters no

the

of Perhaps,

because

Hengtong. of

Guo

the

in trading

license

with harbor

name

the

in time engaged that

superintendence, commerce Guo at Wei's severity ofLi was

region. Asian

Southeast

himself

Yiren. He

of Guo

the

issued came

licenses We name to next turn

;• his

•1] •

served

Lipan

Ky6h6 Guo 10.

in as Number Ten Vessel aboard

port

Vessel

Ky6h6 and Thirty 12 for

and

Seven Number

Vessels

aboard representative

Vessel aboard

•;• •.L • the did

Kehong Zhuang Ky6h6

Thirty same

14. for

Number

Thirty-four

Number Vessel

again for Lipan

did CJuo Ky6h6 16,

for

Number Two

once

service the betokened

Ky6h6

12 in twice coming

certainly that

Ky6h6 It

17.

seems

explain

it.

evidence point

have

this to

business, but

important at no we state some

the know

do Although extent to

Asia. not

Southeast in Chinese

we Overseas

Japanese, the for

business official carrying proved we in useful out Hengtong

which Guo

requesting

statement Shrtoku

why 6 explanation in strong for something of

offer a

can

That

about.

could

have

alone this trading

licenses of

handful come

to issuance

man

able

the

licenses, trading surrounding

problems

in China was reason despite the

year,

okubune,

aboard

originally

that

came and

port was commerce engage

enter

Shrtoku 5

in Japan traded in ships that one The were

Asia.

Southeast from vessel

ships;

Taiwan Siam, and

Kalapa,

Guangdong,

two

Xiamen,

one

Guangnan, one one

one

Guangdong,

Xiamen,

Taiwan,

1), Kyrh6 it

two (which two became one Shrtoku 6 in was 44

Guangnan,

Kalapa--seven

and

words, vessels each in other license the In one

one year.

China issue in surrounded from the departed

whence

kuchibune vessels China--

area

Ningbo Shanghai--and and directly did influence Fujian nakaokubune from and not

Guangdong

okubune from Southeast Asia. Hengtong Nagasaki Guo first arrived in

Guangnan aboard vessel,

this and clearly would

indicate that he

overseas

was an

Chinese from Southeast Asia. This is issue that awaits future research. an

People. Other employed Chinese The by the Japanese and

government

shipmasters been who have focus the this of study overall primarily have been

limited

period the through from the Sh6toku Ky6h6 reigns the (1711-36). principal

The

reason

for this is that research

date

these relatively

has been and the to

years to on extent

scarce,

that able have been it, I unravel it fascinating has

period. be to

proven a

Many earlier studies spread have been longer frame, examining time

the

over a

throughout Chinese who Japan period. Itchien, the

namely Edo

the brothers

two came

• • • Zhiyuan •:, • Zhiyan •L

Wei and Wei

who the commercial rivals greatest

were

the Tonkin market of the Company Dutch India the in East latter half the of

•(,3- • have seventeenth by t• been • studied well Nakamura Tadashi century, in

"Tonkin

• •tfl •.• • • • daihakushu

k6" Itehen

•1' (A study if-

Itchien, of

the

•

great

•"

4 shippers Tonkin). •-• of biographical J•, also study

have We Yuteng of Lin

Tonkin who merchant period, Japan by in the

Wada

Hisanori to

came

same

Kaky6 •-T'• "Tonkin • Nagasaki

(i• Rin • Ut6 • •, b b6eki" :• • (The •" 5-" •

Nagasaki 5 trade of the merchant, Tonkin Chinese Yuteng). Lin

study, • his • Shinjin • "Raihaku • In • •_ • Usai" (Usai Chinese and to

merchants who Japan), • sailed :• •(,• • Yoshimura Eikichi clarifies

details to

many

biographies fl& about the including ,• J:• of sixteen

Zhu LOdi interactions had who

men,

6 with his

Yoshimura Concerning Usai.

Chinese merchants who ancestor

own to

came

Japan in mid- the late-Edo and

have

by colleague research

Matsuura

recent years,

painstakingly

Akira has who pored Chinese-language materials and collections of

over

Japanese random

works, given

and

has result notes, the

among many

contours

as a us

•, Shengwu z•/g• Wang lives of the •, •/• •, .•

Zhang You Puan

Gong

Yunwen

•t:•, __•-•, Tingxian •:•7-•, Shiji Wang Cheng •, Chicheng

Jingting Song

-•, • • •'fit], Qinghu •T./f•" Fei Wang __-•_, and Zhuli

eighteenth all for the

and

century,

• -• • Xiting

"g•', • Yang Jiatang Cheng • and others, for the nineteenth

among century.

figures, Among l•) these •SE Wang (also Zhuli Peng Wang known is author the

introducing YcJ] • • of Japan,

(Essay such Xiuhai bian

from the

My Sea of

essays

7• • • Sleeve) [] (Details and Riben suiyu Japan). about friend [the

A of

great

bibliophile] 1• Hangzhou • • Tingbo (1728-1814), important Bao he made cultural

contributions inasmuch it

he who obtained such Xiaojing works the

Guwen

as was as

4 T6y6gaku •£ • •ff •i lshihama • kinen • koki In • • • • • • (Ess•ays • rons6 sensei

East Asian Studies Birthday Commemorate Ishihama) Seventieth the Professor (Osaka: of to

University, 1958), Kansai 376-96.

pp.

• ky6ju ,• • •i• Suzuki T6y6 kanreki • • •ff. Shun ;•g • In •_ 5•. kinen • • shi • • rons6

(Essays History East Asian in Commemorate the Birthday Sixtieth of Shun) Professor Suzuki

ky6ju (Tokyo: kinenkai, Suzuki Shun kanreki 1964), 765-82.

pp.

6 •, • • • Nagasaki dans6 (1942). In 30 45

yishu Lunyu Piety) and the of Filial Classic •

• Script

of the •(• Version (The Ancient

• -•

(488- Analects)

Huang

of Kan Confucian

• j• • •

(Exegetic the Commentary to

•

•ff• •[] 7• • congshu

Zhibuzuzhai in the included

545)

Japan which then in

were

[printed by Bao]. Knowledge) Insufficient of (Collected Reprints Studio from the

bian, Peng Wang his Xiuhai In notes:

buy Japanese

Curious of Chinese huge number

they bring in Every texts.

year a

in stock them

who

Many price. those

regard their without up them to

are

tripods

of Yin the

Like well. read them

unable though

warehouses, to or

many

are

value. their exult solely in acquired great them they Han, have to

words of These books.

Chinese by of purchase Japanese description

the of here

see

of this section

earlier

in examination impulses

behind

the of Wang's

an my

one

were

similar bought. they A books

read the

they

could question whether of

of the work

[] • conghua

(1759-1844) Liiyuan ,• •7•:

Yong's Qian critique found

in be

can

• production • (• of Xuejing's discussing

Yao LOyuan).

(Collected from In Stories

!• •

the • from (Documents •_ Late •

Wanxiang

sutie the fake such tang

texts

of •v• •d5 Residence J• from the • • (Documents

Hall) Baiyunju and the mitie Fragrance

they

amusing that is "Furthermore, it

Clouds), the humorous most offers he

White note:

quanity,

quality, addition study in essential

is Ryfikyfis." to spread It and the Japan

recognize

fully Edo-period Japan. I in culture reception Chinese of examining the

when

further

into only provides

the brought Japan books entrance study of Chinese that a to

quality. study of

jSi • -•

• (The

•)•

Meian Account chrhrki the Meian in

curious A note

appears

')'1'1

•

entered and shipwrecked Brshfi port

vessel

effect that Register)

the a

was

seventh

the

of the

ship for the •t•]• ship) off-list dismembered rat

(a kaisen on

year

an as

Nanjing vessel

reference (1780).

This is

An'ei eighth of to month 9 day of the

fourth day

of the

•1• last the

•] •, Brshfi Asaina-gun Chigura shipwrecked in

on at

divided into

and

members two Ultimately, the of that month cargo were

crew

year.

thus ashore. hauled It

timber and its ship

broke itself apart and the boats, Japanese

was

•7• • •

who

Jingdan

Shen shipmaster

The kaisen. was entered

port

was

•k •7•)j • (Views

liie ofDijingjingwu

bringing reprimanded Japan for

copy

through

(1777)

An'ei

from

Japan

travels his Capital). Imperial We to

the trace

can

by purchased

(1782)

Tenmei in brought 2 Japan

he (1803). books

The

Ky6wa were

to 3

placed

the in

books

the • • with

included •lJ later and •c;

Takasue

M6ri

rare

were

brought also he Furthermore, • library].

shogunal [the ¢bZ • 3• ILl

Momijiyama

Bunko

•

fang

Yuyaoyuan

period, the

the from Yuan

work reprint of lost

Japan

to a

[] J•

Xiyuan

(1792). Fang Dispensary) Kansei in Imperial 4 (Formulary on

&the was

sketches

and he drew 9, An'ei Nagasaki B6shfi in

making

from its

vessel to board

way

qishang Piaoke published

the

in tu

These docked.

ship the

where each site

were

,• J•

Seikiehi

Karikaneya

Sea) by the

• • of Guest [] Illustrations

(Rare at

temple] in • • Buddhist [a Land

• Pure Denzfiin

of the front in situated which

was

Kansei of 2.

Edo] [in the in Koishikawa

autumn

history--in this

ordinary

Japanese in heard of

who Thus, Chinese

not

are

names

during the Japan in culture

Chinese--truly advanced Chinese

literally anonymous sense,

period. Edo 46

Opium Haiguo Twelv• The and the Part War tuzhi

Special Reports. would like still write. There is What have much that I I

point Ky6h6 described might this the and

Sh6toku focuses and it

eras, on seem as

though

Sino-Japanese period. there of this There

trade outside stories

many was no are

be period about well, told following. latter Edo let the attend the half of the but

to me as

books, have with As like with books. started I finish would I

(1839-42), major Opium turning point of the history News that Chinese in War

Asia, which history influence exerted the entire transmitted of

the East

to an on was

(betsudanf•setsugaki authorities special of the Edo via

government report

•-•

• ) by •, Captain submitted (1794-1856) the Wei of the Dutch Factory. Yuan

was

inspired by Qing fighting against the government's loss in Britain the Great the in

Zhejiang

region

Opium the necessity of the time he the and War, the of

see came

brute force of culture; Shengwu material works, he his in Western 1842

wrote two

• • (Record Military [Manchu] August Achievements) Haiguo of and tuzhi

(Illustrated Kingdoms). Shengwu Fascicles Maritime Gazetteer of the of the 11-14

critique old-style contain of the Confucian scholar's views of modern the

Western

military politicians. and of the nations policies administration of advocated rebuild He

military strength "enriching and finances for the of the and promote

to country

purpose

military." strengthening the Haiguo geography described he the world tuzhi In and called

study points for the need the warning the did these of of works West. How strong to to

Japan? Chinese the to come

Shengwu Shengwu ft.

noted, dates, (Daoguang The 22). fi

1842

as was

brought dragon) (Ky6ka Japan in the 1, aboard either of the 1844 Vessel Number to

year

Six, Five, Only brought Four, Seven. Japan time,

of the this

to text at copy or was one

by price and it the sold Chinese silver. of of

This 25

then

was copy a monme was

• • •) purchased ,• shogunal • by •L • kami Masahiro councilor Abe (1819- Ise

57). brought Another the of Japan the aboard

Vessel Number text

to next

copy year was

Ky6ka (1845, Three in

2), the the of this into and the

hands of

serpent text year came

• •j;/0• •-• ,• ,•, shogunal ff'•. Makino councilor kami Tadamasa Bizen fourth the In

Ky6ka

month of it 3, delivered Edo. Vessel in horse, Number the the of Two

was

year

brought Ky6ka copies copies 3, Japan, of the Shengwu and these work of the two to

two

(1847), Ky6ka bid in subject

they first the ji month of

but "the 4

to upon were were

reserved officials," bidding, of forwarded for

and

government

not

use were were

•: • by --• •j; • ,•, purchased Aoyama 1_13 Shimotsuke kami Tadakata Toda

and

•i ,•

,•, J• I_1_1 Tadayoshi •. Yamashiro [] kami shogunal this four

In manner, no

councilors obtained

each ofWei work. Yuan's

copy

Eight copies of the Japan (1848), work in arrived in and Kaei underwent all 1

bidding price sold. and

this the From

fourth the month 35 In

year were

rose monme.

• •#• •[. (1850), • Kaei •_ of work (The entitled Seibu ki 3 saiy6

of Essentials

the

• • •'•, by Shengwuji), • edited 1825-82) (Kid6 Washizu

[in Kan Owari of present-

equivalent the of One is 3.75

grams. monme 47

reprinting of

fascicles. It a published

three

in a

prefecture],

Aichi

day

was

western

punctuation:

reading

Japanese of

addition

with the original

of the text sections of

number

Protection

• ,• (On

the 7]•

hen"

"Suishu

Garrisoning),

•

City

•

(On J¢2

hen" "Jrshu

• i•

(On •

hen" "Gunsei

Fields),

Defending the • l•-•

(On

"Brby6 hen" Waterways),

This Provisioning).

Military

]gg fg (On •[

hen" "Guncho

and Administration),

Military

first

after published, six

first years work

the

after eight place reprinting

took was

years

11-14 fascicles

openly. That

sold

year it

after and four

imported Japan,

was

years

was

with

•

•'• (Shengwu ji •-•

•. furoku

Seibu

the

summarized

ji Shengwu

the

were

Tazan the

fascicles 1-2

(1797-1865)

in and •'• • •

• Setsud6

Sait6 Appendices)

both

s•.

•

These

•,

Kanpei

were

Soekawa Thought)

7• (Food for

• fig

I]-1 ishi

Shengwu of the

copies

only few

Thereafter,

movable

modern a type.

with printed

the in

risen had price

monroe;

to the 2, Kaei of half

latter the By

Japan.

in arrived

160.3 reached

(1859),

monroe Ansei 254 of 6 month

sixth day of the

bidding the

Keitar6

ofMotoya

possession

the into

when

copy came

'I• (The

• NI e? •

?• -• •

]•g Ch•goku jij6

Seigaku

tdzen work,

to major

his

• Masuda

Wataru

China),

in Conditions

Learning and

Spread of Western

Eastern

(1811-64)

and P•] I-[-I •: •;k

{•

Shrzan Sakuma

such

impact

the

describes (1903-77)

as men

Shengwuji

the such

works

reading

received (1830-59) 1• as •/} •

[] upon Shrin

Yoshida

the

They did

writings. not

their

directly

see from

cites he and tuzhi,

Haiguo

and the

borrowed

Shrin example, that

for

know,

printed We edition.

Japanese

original but

texts

This

• Hirado. •i •

llJ

Sanai

Hayama

kifuroku

from Seibu

the of

read and

copy

had

Chinese such

of texts

editions

Japanese influence

how of

indication great clear an a

Japan. in

first

published

It in 1842.

and

written was

tuzhi Haiguo tuz2hi. The

Haiguo

was

This (1851).

Kaei pig,

the

the in

Number

Two

Vessel

year aboard

brought Japan

probably drawn

prices), up book

of (Register • • • •5

was motoch6 Shoseki

ship's

three

there

Japan, in arrived

it first were

time the

At Kaei 5. of month

fifth

the

about

fascinating

note

There

each.

price

130

six monroe in copies, each parts, at

Geki Mukai

line, this

proscribed phrase in

there

in this

these copies

all

take

ordered

to He

office.

government the was

•

sent query

day

eighteenth

the

brought this

office]. He

query [in on

the

them place

and [books]

out

the

affixed

letter

to and

[Kaei 5],

was of the

the rat of a month

eleventh

year

the

item

referring

to the

"line"

an text

By incident."

this concerning

book memorandum

Shomotsu

•1• •fr of the

•: F•

Kaneaki

Mukai refers Geki"

"Mukai

and

the

that,

time. that Books was

as of •. see • at

(Inspectorate • •

aratameyaku

because and

Japan

brought

books

of inspection to

the

carried

he him, out

before

case

the

such

report them, he

in sent the West

about a information proscribed

found

ordered

then

He taken. be

action

for Magistrate was

Nagasaki

the

office an

office

the

letter

Accordingly,

he to

complied. wrote

a he and everything deliver

remaining.

merchandise

there

that effect

the notice no was with

affairs to

commercial

for Edo

been

would to have sent

this and on "Summary"

the of

submitted case, Kaneaki a

the

Representations

in Mutual

and

China: Japan Fogel

A. Joshua by English

into Translated as

2000). Ltd., Press,

(London: Curzon

Era Modern

with

secondarily,

and,

Christianity

reference making to

books primarily with Concerned 9

Japan. making reference to writings 48

perusal.

can up see on same

fiJi, • Shogunal 1•] Library, the in Gakumonjo Senior the the hands of and in Councilor

Makino Bizen kami.

Thereafter,

brought

of aboard the Japan

Number in Vessel Two

to text copy

a was

Kaei 5, but it Nagasaki retained in

Commercial Hall--"this the item is stored be in

to was

the

according Commercial Hall," register. copies There the twelve

of work this to

were

• •,• the

of Mei

Tao Number board Vessel

One in the of the among

cargo one

on year

tiger which Japan arrived in in ninth the register month of Kaei The book 7.

notes:

copies kept "Aside from here, five by remain."

Another merchant the of

Yao

seven

name

O#[•i • brought Hong copies. also

Bidding

three copies then left five Tao's and

was

Yao's three.

setting clear the then that It copies

aside of

part seems

seven

was

prearranged by placed shogunate orders high the price other and officials. The had risen

high

time, this bidding

but 180 in

the (1859) records of for Ansei 6 at

as as monroe

paid Motoya Keitar6 for it.

just This affords 436 stark increase

of how

monroe a sense

much domestic need felt for this work. was

Japanese Haiguo Editions examining of tuzhi. first When the the Shoseki I

was

motochd, emotionally myself found absorbed I the records of read arrivals I the of

new

Haiguo thought

tuzhi. still proscribed it Nagasaki I the the of

stage

text at

was a

Inspectorate Books. Yet, of changed already Edo, suddenly views had in and it

was

being

procured shogunal work for

official fact, business.

there difference of In

as a

was a

information the between lower, central authorities the local and officials.

was

undoubtedly

perception difference in registers the of of

affairs. The book

state

were

ledgers merchandise, of commercial

goods and location clear, the if of the then office

was

of although affairs commercial free of Thus, nothing blame.

it, there

to any was was

one

temporal background but

the this register book

the when cannot to account sense one

was

written in Kaei 5.

• stringbound • • the Kaei 7, In volumes (Coastal "Chouhai bian" entitled

two

preparations) stringbound defense '•Molijia and the volumes entitled

zhou"

two

,),[,1

(United States), beginning both Haiguo the tuzhi, from published of the with

were

Jl:• reading •?• • •J• provided N$ Japanese punctuation Shionoya [•, by (T6in Seik6

1809-

67) Western-language of Edo pronunciations and by Mitsukuri Sh6sei

notes

•(Genpo [•:-•-,

1799-1863). There is Japanese in edition the the of "Chouhai

note

bian" printed effect the that it (1854) the in by seventh month of

Suwaraya Kaei

was

• • ]'k •, others; Ihachi and 'WIolijia Japanese and the in edition the of zhou"

that

printed

,• •(2 • l•g by •" fourth the in Izumoji • month of Kaei 7 Buntar6

was among

prefaces others. by Inasmuch both Shionoya carried the sixth dated month that of

perhaps printed the

latter beginning also in seventh month. the the At of

year, was

Shionoya's preface reading St•engwuji: tells how he moved he after the was

brought ship by book [from Last this

by China] Chinese merchant.

Lord

year

was a

• j6 • 1• ;• 1[

Kawaji [•

Saemon obtained quite that of it and said

no copy a was a

reprinted valuable original alacrity. ordered that He printing it be with The text.

was

unpolished, highly

and the miswritten number of characters immense. had He

proofread and places the for of For the

it, items and in text correct

errors. names

• Sh6sei Tsuyama Mitsukuri • of concerning interlinear added their notes

pronunciation. 49

encouraged

(1801-68)

who •

ill ]• •-•

Toshiakira Kawaji

it that know thus

We was

Japan. in publication work

this of

it bian,"

"Chouhai

the of

edition

Japanese

of the

side

front the On page one

after

right Then,

reprint." • -•

a Guweitang

[1849],

Daoguang "Summer, reads:

increased

fascicles,

only published 50 in "Originally

now

read:

preface Wei Yuan,

that edition

first

the Thus, it Yangzhou." was

not

in 27 printed Daoguang in was

60,

fascicles.

in 60 reprint

edition the

imported but

Japan,

of the publications Japan

with their work continued Mitsukuri

and

Shionoya

•

[] (On

•: •

fr•

bu" koku "Roshia

Yuan's Wei originally

from text:

following, all

•1]

•:

•

bu" "Ingirisu koku

Ansei 2; of eighth month

volumes,

stringbound

Russia),

two

"Purosha

and

3; Ansei of month eighth stringbound volumes,

England),

three

• []

(On

unspecified. In

date stringbound volume,

Prussia),

•

J• []

(On •,

•

bu"

one koku

• [] •

[•

bu" koku published

"Indo (1825-59) •[• •-_• •j]---__

Mikisabur6 Rai addition,

Ansei

in stringbound volumes

three

tuzhi Haiguo India) the

from

(On

Edo

entered

1851, in

Japan brought

of 1847 printed to edition

the short,

was

this, 1853 in all

midst

the

In reprinted in 1854. there

and 1852,

part

was

section

Wei's

that

fact

the

on Needless Bay. Uraga to in arrived

say,

Perry Commodore

this

printed occurrence. is

Japan in consequence

first the part

a United States the

was

here feel

reprintings,

Japanese

their

and arrivals can one books' between the

In space

period.

bakumatsu in the

of the well urgency sense

Zhapujiyong

the discuss,

would

further I

is Zhapujiyong. There text

one

Pinghu

county, in

Zhapu

is seaport Zhapu).

from (Collection Poetry

• of •:

•1•

•

for

base and

vessels Ningbo point

for

departure a the both

and province, it

Zhejiang

was

stringbound

volumes

four and

fascicles was

sixteen

book

This trade.

Japanese

Zhapu.

village -• •

the ) from (Shifu •j :• by Shen Jun

edited

compiled and

of these

poets and

hometown, was his

from scholars by

none collected

effectively

poems

China

in circulated

scarcely

at which

work completely

local

especially It famous. a was

all.

Opium

the

time

the British by the attacked at though, had been

army

Zhapu,

in 1729

there

Manchu

of set troops Jiangning up

encampments and Hangzhou

The

War.

commander-in-chief

•, vice :•

the

Xi Chang and time,

this fell

both

(Yongzheng 7)

I•

•g• • the

Fengshen

Wei

and Zhapu,

Standards] for [of Green

the

naval forces

of the

other and troops Zhapu, in defenses coastal

many magistrate

for subprefectural

acting

girls

and

elderly teenage Seventy-three

battle. women in

died

garrison force

the

when time

the also This

their honor. drowning protect

by was suicide committed to

,•:•:•j•was ablaze.

Jinquansheng

set vessel

Chinese

together

gathered

and

1842

victims grieved the

for

Zhapu

jiyong

many The

of Publication

ships.

British the

of against

the indignation

outrages

vented which

poetry

end the after

(1846),

four

26 of years

Daoguang month fourth

place

in the

took work this

Number Four

Vessel

aboard

brought Japan

copies of

to and

24 Opium War,

of the

were

eighth

the

for

motoch6

Shoseki

the

in recorded

horse. of the the

that

year

year,

handled, with being

copies

point

that

At following ten were

the Ky6ka 4,

month year.

Bizen Makino

kami,

Isei Gakumonjo,

Abe

the

Library, Shogunal

the going copies

q•

,'•,

• •, and 7-•

kami

,•, Etchfi •

• Honda •

7• kami no Honj6 Aki

kami,

no no 5O

• •', •. :•" Uky6nosuke • Sakai examined the edition held When the Sh6heizaka in

•-•-•]• •--•, N] gakumonjo (1849) Kaei noted that it received in which I

was means

placed library it publication. that in this after Also, in its initial the third

the in

year was

/V • •]• ,•J) • eleventh of month Zhapu (Extracts Saho that sh•ei sh6 from the the

year,

jiyong) printed

stringbound four fascicles and Japan in in volumes. These

two

was

•] zJ\ • [_1_1 (1814-1910). of the work probably instance This Ono Kozan excerpts

were

period publication the for shortest between Edo the time the of work in represents

reprinting China its arrival and extraordinary Japan. and in is well evidence of the It

Opium prevailing the for Japanese of the

situation War and the in part East concern on

Asia.

significance Significance. perspective Additional another There is from in the

Zhapujiyong. above, transmission &the extremely noted

local work with It

was, as an

circulating copies scarcely though,

Japan, China. find in extracted edition. In

any an we

significance speed

attribute If fact of the with the

it made its which to to

were we way

coming Japan, published China, the in Zhapu it in the

of the

very year anger was

time, anxiety scholars

the reading might the and Japan, raised it in be great

too

it, • agitprop politician. •] speech •= much into like Cheng of hack Jiannan When

Jingdan brought proscribed Shen and they they claimed Japan, books "had loaded that to

library" all books from their the having and arrived had the time without their check

inspection required. An conveyed quickly then This because the

contents.

was was

shipping place publication. the

only importance of this If

the be read port

to was

was

situation, then, from the earlier work, noted in of this it would

segment

we as an

significant

example for, Nagasaki constitute developed insofar

had ties with

strong

a as

Zhejiang-Jiangsu

publishing industry the in China, the which

flourished in

area we can

that the transmission surmise and flow books far easier of westerly from than

was

regions China. of

began Catholic Japan When From its Protestant. in 1858, the to

ports

to open

inspection Nagasaki of books meaning all but in ceased have whatsoever. to

any

Furthermore,

the for in Despite rise, outside world rise. the

this

events

concern was on

there had the studied, be

that should be vital but how this be

content to to matters

was

supplied? Ch•goku Seigaku Masuda book, aforementioned helps Wataru's jij6, t6zen

particular dealing this Sino-Japanese history sections its

with of the to

query, answer

interactions. cultural

point military repeated Masuda cardinal that, with the the As is defeats

notes,

Opium seriously from Chinese the deficiencies reflect the

War of their to

on, upon came

Chinese-language time, the translations At of academic and country. Western same

writings cultural led envision reform of the intellectual

to state structure

many

on an

10 plane. learning" Works literary published of"Western written Chinese in and in China

imported

reading punctuation Japan, added Japanese they the

and

texts, to were was

reprinted. through Meiji then period, the bakumatsu the

From these works

were

era

major played enlightening role in

for the of Japanese structural reforms. These

purpose a

brought

books Japan the aboard vessels in early Meiji bakumatsu Chinese the and to were

years.

Seigaku Chfigokujij6 (Tokyo: shoten, Iwanami 1979), tdzen 4. to p. 51

Tianjin

and

the of

because First,

here. consuming interest of

much is There

foreign

repealed, and

Christianity

ban Qing, the late of the

Beijing Treaties was

Chinese-language

in the influential

China

had thus missionaries who to were

come

particular, Protestant these learning." In were of "Western

works of translations

China

who

missionaries

Catholic to the of

remind

should came This missionaries.

introducing

Western in writings

through their

influential Ming and

late the

were

proscription

Japan.

in of object

the

books

earlier These time. that civilization

were

Catholics the

passed

from

project to

translation this examples of how Masuda offers was

J-J,

• {]• •

(Weilieyali

1815-

Wylie

Alexander

would be

such One

the

Protestants.

case

•

Shanlan

Li together with

work,

continued

and Shanghai

in 1847

87)

who to

came

which Euclid by Geometry)

yAg

ffi'j of )-if,, (Elements

•

yuanben •j• Jihe the (1810-82),

V• (1562-1633) • •,

Guangqi

and Ricci

Xu jointly by Matteo translated begun be had

from

of the

volumes six first text

translated the

had Ming. Ricci &the Wanli in the

years

of English edition

from 7-15 volumes of translation completed the

Wylie

an Latin, and

published

work

this 1856 in • •]• (1811-72) it that []

was Guofan to Zeng work. the saw

Nanjing. in

and discussion

for

raises Masuda

Professor

books gongfa. the Among Wanguo

•f• • [] (• (in

gong;fa 4

Wanguo

the is particular attention

like to would I

pay

one

Wheaton's

Henry scholar

American the of translation

Chinese work is

fascicles). This

A. P. W.

translator The International Law. of $l•, 1785-1848) • Elements was

(Huidun

missionary who

to American 1827-1916),

J•, J• -j-" came Weiliang

(Ding Martin an

(•

J•

•, •i

Jingshi

daxuetang of the

dean the

later and teacher

became 1850, in China

dates Chinese University]). The

to Peking

text of

College,

(Metropolitan forerunner •_

•]• capital"

•]• •

the

in Chongshiguan "published by

the or (1864) and Tongzhi

was

pronunciational

kana

and

edition

this

added punctuation were Reading

Beijing. to

was

k6h6) six (Bankoku

in reprint

Japanese in place

personal

and affixed

a names to

(1865).

• •

• Kei6 in Kaiseijo 1 Shogunate's published by the stringbound volumes

with and translation in

appeared Japan

in work this of editions

Thereafter,

numerous

bakumatsu-early

the in

classic

taken

been have work

This annotations.

to as a

seems

regulations

university

When

needed. critically international

law

Meiji

when

was

era

written

in the listed k6h6"

"Bankoku

find (1870), Meiji of

third

enacted

year

were

and

textbook

used

k6h6 Bankoku land, throughout the

schools a as curriculum. was In

example '"q•/estern

of how work.ll prime this is

Masuda Professor As reference argues, a

impact Japan.

such exerted translation

Chinese in

books"

the of

"Outline that the fact interesting is the

particularly

what

However,

Meiji and the

fascicles])

of •r• 3 [in • •] • six

kdry6 (Shin

Legal

Code"

ritsu

New

Meiji

fascicles]) 6 of • • •J [in i• three

were

(Kaitei ritsurei

Reform"

"Statutes

Qing code.

code, x2 the Ming )k• • and

Code, the Taih6 the with consultation

written

organization of its

based the

Shogunate

Edo the

overthrew

regime

that Meiji

the

Just

legal •'), i• • its in (Daj6kan

of State governmental Council system the

central

fundamentally

but

codes shogunate's law

the follow did

it was well

not

system

of the studies • • fact,

In ritsury6 ancient system. the nothing than less committed to

Chfcgokufij6, 5-6. u Seigaku

t6zen

pp.

701,

enacted in

Japan,

of laws collection first the is fascicles • in Taih6 Code The seventeen

reign.

Taih6 inaugural of the the year 52

partially they examples Ming period--excluding which few in in

codes the Edo

were a

incorporated largely of research for the domainal law--remained into within the

scope

explicate scholarship, the law. Studies research, of intellectual references and

to purpose

beginning Ming substantively period of the of the revived the Edo codes the in

were

Meiji living since the code Tang law laws functioned The which in China

era. a were as

necessity changes by undergone and selected consolidated and in actual had

response

Ming Qing produced time law had code Japanese the for the codes. the and

gets to

one a

development. Accordingly, basic samurai households revision and but it achieved

never

objects being conceptual Ming Qing the bounds of of and codes exceeded the

never

bakufu, unitary legal demise of into the Japan. research in With the

structure came a

Meiji regard, being supposed which be rooted the in this In

government.

new was

gong legal Wanguo the needed international law the Chinese and thus in

system,

was

Meiji background early the in Japan. China well these in in find the For

as as reasons

period gong/a intriguing. importance Wanguo which in such attached the

to so was

transmission (Kangaku) Period. The Evaluation of Chinese Studies in the Edo

through Chinese-language translations became of books" culture "Western in Western

• • period. flourishing Kangaku Japanese bases for of of the the in the Edo

one

knowledge proceeded, Kangaku Japanese for modernization because basic

was

•, •

literary Chinese, Meiji intellectuals the time. The Kanbun

man. man was or a

granted Meiji simply has it taken for and this the

in Because

era, was common sense was

question. history.

this of the left overlook been But aspect

must not not to we

period, studying Sino-Japanese Edo have think that relations in the I In

to come

regime neglected accomplishments Shogunate and made that the of the Edo have

usually necessity. history, beyond forbidden terrain--if If--in "if" is evil of

purveyors

forged Meiji by such those who the P•estoration had been carried

court-

out

men, a as

tuzhi,

Shengwuji buy copies military Haiguo alliance, and the who the first of the

were

granted differently.

Perhaps perhaps things for have what take would turned

out

we as

history history accepted uncritically would view of centered the have Japanese the

two on

granted history take for would domains of and Chrshfi. The that have Satsuma I to

come

precisely sought study. dangerous, this what be and is have I to

perhaps down break what readers have been able somewhat In I event,

my any

period. granted Sino-Japanese Edo have if taken for about relations the in have Even I

having only

value written it. in in then will still find achieved this small

I measure, some 53