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The Economic Doctrines of Karl Marx (1887/1903)

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The Economic Doctrines of Karl Marx (1887/1903) The Economic Doctrines of Karl Marx (1887/1903) 1 The Capitalist Class Karl Kautsky Halaman 2 Written: 1887, revised in 1903. This translation is from the revised edition. Translated: H.J. Stenning; Published: N.C.L.C. Publishing Society LTD; Transcribed : Ted Crawford for marxists.org, July, 2002; Transcriber's Note: Despite Lenin’s denunciation of Kautsky this book was considered such an excellent introduction to its subject that it was still being used as a text-book at the Lenin School in Moscow in 1931. This translation is that of 1925 republished by the NCLC in 1936. Publisher’s Note Part I. Commodities, Money, Capital I. Commodities (1) The Character of Commodity Production (2) Value (3) Exchange Value (4) The Exchange of Commodities II. Money (1) Price (2) Buying and Selling (3) The Currency of Money (4) Coins: Paper Money (5) Additional Functions of Money III. The Conversion of Money into Capital (1) What is Capital? (2) The Source of Surplus-Value (3) Labour-Power as a Commodity The Capitalist Class Karl Kautsky Halaman 3 Part II. SURPLUS-VALUE I. The Process of Production II. The Role of Capital in the Formation of Value III. The Degree of Exploitation of Labour-power IV. Surplus-Value and Profit Surplus-Value V. The Working-Day VI. The Surplus-Value of the “Small Master” and the Surplus-Value of the Capitalist VII. Relative Surplus-Value VIII. Co-operation IX. Division of Labour and Manufacture (1) The Twofold Origin of Manufacture; its Elements; the Detail Worker and his Tool (2) The Two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture X. Machinery and Modern Industry (1) The Development of Machinery (2) The Value transferred by Machinery to the Product (3) The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Workman (4) The Machine as "Educator" of the Worker (5) The Machine and the Labour Market (6) The Machine as a Revolutionary Agent The Capitalist Class Karl Kautsky Halaman 4 PART III. WAGES AND PROFITS I. Wages (1) Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour- Power and in Surplus-Value (2) The Conversion of the Price of Labour-Power into Wages (3) Time Wages (4) Piece Wages (5) National Differences in Wages II. The Revenue of Capital III. Simple Reproduction IV. The Conversion of Surplus-Value into Capital (1) How Surplus-Value becomes Capital (2) The Abstinence of the Capitalist (3) The Abstinence of the Worker and other Circumstances affecting the Extent of Accumulation V. Over-Population (1) The “Iron Law of Wages” (2) The Industrial Reserve Army VI. The Dawn of the Capitalist Mode of Production VII. The Upshot of the Capitalist mode of Production The Capitalist Class Karl Kautsky Halaman 5 PUBLISHER’S NOTE KARL KAUTSKY, at the height of his powers, was one of the greatest Marxist scholars. The Economic Doctrines of Karl Marx is one of his most useful works and students of economic science will find it of considerable value. As this edition is intended to be of particular service to students, the Publications Committee of the N.C.L.C. thinks it necessary to offer the following short notes on phrases which, if not explained, might mislead students new to the subjects. On page 14 (line 20) appears a quotation which suggests that “the value of the world’s commodities” represents “the combined labour-power of the community.” This might be true in a. world in which the capacity of all members of society was fully used for the common benefit. It is, however, work done (labour) rather than capacity to work (labour- power) which imparts value to commodities. Our existing world allows, and indeed compels, vast quantities of labour- power to remain unused, while those who possess it spend their days in undesired unemployment. The commodities at present produced, therefore, are far fewer and less valuable than would be the case if “the combined labour-power of the community” were properly used. In the nineteenth and twentieth lines of page 153, reference is made to “the value of his (the worker’s) labour-time.” Obviously what is meant is the value of the worker’s labour- power for the given period. The new student needs to bear in mind that what the wage-earner is normally paid for any period of labour always falls short of the value created by The Capitalist Class Karl Kautsky Halaman 6 him in that time. Towards the end of the book (e.g., on pages 182, 188, 189, and elsewhere) the phrase “price of labour” or “price of labour-time” is used on several occasions on which, if the term “price of labour-power” had been used, it would have been easier for the student to realise the fundamental difference, in Marxian theory, between “labour” and “labour- power.” Finally, on page 154, at line 3, our author speaks of a machine which “reproduces its value.” This phrase suggests that there is something actually creative in the machine itself, whereas the truth is that the machine can merely have its value transferred piecemeal to the commodities in the production of which it is used. It is vital for the student of Marxian economics constantly to bear in mind that human labour is the sole creator of value. Readers of this book are recommended to consult our Outline of Economics and our Outline of Finance – see outside back cover. N.C.L.C. Publishing Society Ltd., 15 South Hill Park Gardens, London, N.W.3. The Capitalist Class Karl Kautsky Halaman 7 Part I. COMMODITIES, MONEY, CAPITAL The Capitalist Class Karl Kautsky Halaman 8 Chapter I. COMMODITIES (1) The Character of Commodity Production WHAT Marx designed to investigate in his Capital was the capitalist mode of production, which is the prevailing one to- day. He did not concern himself in his work with the laws of Nature, which form the basis of the process of producing; to investigate them is the business of mechanics and chemistry, not of political economy. On the other hand, he did not propose to investigate the forms of production which are common to all peoples, as such an investigation could, for the most part, only result in commonplaces, such as that man always needs tools, land, and food in order to be able to produce at all. Marx investigated the laws of movement of a definite form of social production which is peculiar to a definite period of time (the last few centuries) and to particular nations (European nations or nations originating from Europe – in recent times our mode of production has taken root among other nations, for example, the Japanese and the Hindoos). This prevailing mode of production, the capitalist system, with whose peculiarities we shall become more closely acquainted, is strictly distinguished from other modes of production, for example, from the feudal system, as it existed in Europe during the Middle Ages, or from the economy of primitive communism, as it existed on the threshold of the development of all peoples. If we survey present day society we find that its wealth consists of commodities. A commodity is a product of labour which is not produced for the personal use of the producer or of the men associated with him, but for the purpose of The Capitalist Class Karl Kautsky Halaman 9 being exchanged with other products. Consequently it is not natural qualities but social qualities that make a product a commodity. An example will make this clear. The yarn which a girl belonging to a peasant family spins from flax, in order that it may be woven into linen to be used by the family itself, is an article of use, but not a commodity. If, however, a spinner spins flax in order to exchange the yarn with a neighbour for wheat, or if a manufacturer causes many hundredweights of flax to be spun day after day, so that he might sell the product, the latter is a commodity. It is also, of course, an article of use, or an article of use which has to perform a special social function, that is, to be exchanged. We cannot detect whether it is a commodity or not from the fact of its being yarn. Its natural form may be the same whether it is spun by a maiden in a peasant’s cottage for her trousseau, or in a factory by a factory girl who will perhaps never use a thread of it herself. It is only from the social rôle , or the social function which the yarn performs, that one can ascertain whether it is a commodity or not. Now in capitalist society the products of labour assume to an ever increasing extent the form of commodities. If all the products of labour are not yet commodities it is because vestiges of former modes of production still inhere in the present mode. Leaving these survivals, which are quite insignificant, out of account, we may say that all the products of labour now assume the form of commodities. We cannot understand the present mode of production unless we have a clear idea of the character of commodities. We must therefore begin with an examination of the commodity. The Capitalist Class Karl Kautsky Halaman 10 In our opinion, this investigation will be facilitated if first of all we exhibit the typical features of commodity production in contrast to other modes of production. We shall thereby most easily reach an understanding of the standpoint from which Marx commenced his investigation of the commodity. As far back as we can penetrate into the history of the human race, we always find that men have acquired their means of sustenance living in smaller or larger societies, that production has always borne a social character.
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