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1 INTRODUCTION: MARX, ETHICS and ETHICAL MARXISM 1. Karl Notes 1 INTRODUCTION: MARX, ETHICS AND ETHICAL MARXISM 1. Karl Marx, 'Notebooks on Epicurean Philosophy' in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 1 (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1975), p. 506. Further references throughout the book will be to CW followed by the volume number. 2. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Gennan Ideology, in CW 5, p. 247. 3. Ibid., p. 73. 4. This is made clear in section three of the Manifesto of the Communist Party in which Marx and Engels deal with a variety of socialist litera­ ture- CW 6, pp. 507-17. 5. Karl Kautsky, Ethics and the Materialist Conception of History (Chi­ cago: Charles Kerr, 4th edn, n.d.), p. 206. 6. Harry van der Linden, Kantian Ethics and Socialism (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1988); Tom Bottomore and Patrick Goode (eds), Austro­ Marxism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), Introduction and Part One. 7. For a short review of the progress of ethical debate within Marxism see Agnes Heller, 'The Legacy of Marxian Ethics Today', in Praxis International 1 ( 4 ), 1982. Heller's own position is a fusion of Marx and Kant, although she acknowledges that this approach was specifi­ cally rejected by Marx (p. 362); also Steven Lukes, Marxism and Morality (New York: Oxford University Press and Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985), pp. 14-26. 8. For example, Lukes, Marxism and Morality, p. 146. I use 'Marxian' to denote that which can be attributed to Marx's own thought, and this does not include Engels; 'Marxist' denotes all those who accept, in one version or another, Marx's critique of capitalism, his production­ oriented theory of historical development, and his goal of a classless society. 9. Aristotle, Ethics, ed. J. A. K. Thomson (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976), p. 64 - this is the Nicomachean Ethics. 10. Richard Norman, The Moral Philosophers: An Introduction to Ethics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983), p. 8- Norman points out that Freud's work poses a similar challenge. 11. The central arguments are summarised by Lukes in Marxism and Moral­ ity, pp. 48-57. 12. The first complete edition of the Manuscripts in Russian did not ap­ pear in the Soviet Union until 1956 - Ernest Mandel, The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx (London: New Left Books, 1977), p. 186n. 13. Martin Nicolaus, foreword to Karl Marx, Grundrisse (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973), p. 7. 155 156 Notes 14. Lucio Colletti, Introduction to Karl Marx, Early Writings (Harmonds­ worth: Penguin, 1975). 15. On Engels, see Terrell Carver, Marx and Engels: The Intellectual Rela­ tionship (Sussex: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1983); on Kautsky, Massimo Salvadori, Karl Kautsky and the Socialist Revolution, 1880-1938 (Lon­ don: 1979). 16. 'It is impossible completely to understand Marx's Capital, and espe­ cially its first chapter, without having thoroughly studied and under­ stood the whole of Hegel's Logic. Consequently, half a century later none of the Marxists understood Marx.' - V. I. Lenin, 'Philosophical Notebooks' (1915) in Collected Works, Vol. 38 (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1972), p. 180; Marx acknowledged the methodological use­ fulness of Hegel's Logic in 1858 - see CW 40, p. 249. 17. Georgy Lukacs, History and Class Consciousness (London: Merlin, 1971 ), pp. 24n and 132-3; Karl Korsch, Marxism and Philosophy (London: New Left Books, 1970, p. 69n). The use of footnotes for such impor­ tant observations indicates the strength of the prevailing orthodoxy that the view of Marx and Engels must be the same. 18. Quoted by Fred Halliday in his introduction to Korsch's Marxism and Philosophy, pp. 14-15; see also Douglas Kellner's 'Korsch and Com­ munism' in his edition of Karl Korsch: Revolutionary Theory (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1977). 19. Andrew Arato and Paul Breines, The Young Lukacs and the Origins of Western Marxism (London: Pluto, 1979), chs 10 and 11; Hedda Korsch, 'Memories of Karl Korsch' in New Left Review 76, 1972, pp. 40-4. 20. Quoted in Arato and Breines, The Young Lukacs, p. 206. 21. Although the term Marxist Humanism has been widely used, the followers of Raya Dunayevskaya (1910-87) in the News and Letters group in Chicago, USA, refer to her as the founder of Marxist Humanism. This is one of the reasons why I have elected to use the term 'ethical Marxism'. 22. Perry Anderson, Considerations on Western Marxism (London: New Left Books, 1976), and J. G. Merquior, Western Marxism (London: Paladin, 1986). 23. On the Frankfurt School, Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance (Cambridge: Polity, 1995); Stephen Eric Bronner, Critical Theory and its Critics (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995). On Sartre's Marxism, Wilfrid Desan, The Marxism of Jean-Paul Sartre (New York: Doubleday, 1966); Pietro Chiodi, Sartre and Marx­ ism (Brighton: Harvester, 1978); Mark Poster, Sartre's Marxism (Lon­ don: Pluto, 1979). 24. Although Gramsci remained in the PCI until his death in 1938 it is difficult to imagine him developing the ideas which appear in the Prison Notebooks as a 'free' man within the Third International. Bloch weaved together Marxism and Utopianism and worked as an academic in Ulbricht's East Germany until he fled in 1961; his chief work is The Principle of Hope (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), originally written in exile in the United States, 1938-47)- for a fascinating discussion, see Vincent Geoghegan, Ernst Bloch (London: Routledge, 1996). Lefebvre's work on alienation in everyday life flourished until the onset of the Notes 157 Cold War, when the Communist Party refused to sanction further work; see Michel Trebitsch, Preface to Lefebvre's Critique of Everyday Life (London: Verso, 1991). 25. Adam Schaff, Marxism and the Human Individual (New York: McGraw Hill, 1970); Leszek Kolakowski, Toward a Marxist Humanism (New York: Grove Press, 1968); Karel Kosik, Dialectics of the Concrete: A Study of Problems of Man and the World (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1976; originally 1963); Agnes Heller, The Theory of Need in Marx (London: Allison & Busby, 1976); A. Hegedus, A. Heller, G. Markus and M. Markus, The Humanisation of Socialism: Writings of the Budapest School (London: Allison & Busby, 1976). 26. Mihailo Markovic and Gajo Petrovic (eds) Praxis: Yugoslav Essays in the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1979); M. Markovic, The Contemporary Marx: Essays on Humanist Communism (Nottingham: Spokesman, 1974); M. Markovic, From Affluence to Praxis: Philosophy and Social Criticism (Ann Arbor: Uni­ versity of Michigan Press, 1974); M. Markovic, Democratic Socialism: Theory and Practice (Brighton: Harvester, 1982). See also Oscar Gruenwald, The Yugoslav Search For Man: Marxist Humanism in Con­ temporary Yugoslavia (South Hadley: Bergin, 1983); David Crocker, Praxis and Democratic Socialism: The Critical Social Theory of Markovic and Stojanovic (Brighton: Harvester, 1983). 27. Erich Fromm (ed.) Socialist Humanism (New York: Doubleday, 1965 and London: Allen Lane Penguin, 1967). 28. Some of the most influential scholastic works were: Berte! Oilman, Alienation: Marx's Critique of Man in Capitalist Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971); Istvan Meszaros, Marx's Theory of Alienation (London: Merlin, 1970); David McLellan, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx (Macmillan: London, 1969); Shlomo Avineri, The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx (Cambridge and New York: Cam­ bridge University Press, 1968); Eugene Kamenka, The Ethical Foun­ dations of Marxism (London and New York: Macmillan, 1962), and Marxism and Ethics (London: Macmillan, 1969). 29. Louis Althusser, For Marx (London: Allen Lane, 1969); Louis Althusser and Etienne Balibar, Reading Capital (London: New Left Books, 1970). 30. George Brenkert, Marx's Ethics of Freedom (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979); Norman Geras, Marx and Human Nature: Refutation of a Legend (London: Verso, 1983); Allen Buchanan, Marx and Justice: The Radical Critique of Liberalism (Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman & Littlefield, 1982); Kai Nielsen, Marxism and the Moral Point of View (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1988); Philip Kain, Marx and Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991); Rodney Peffer, Marxism, Mo­ rality, and Social Justice (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990). 31. Marx makes this distinction in Capital, Vol. 1 (Harmondsworth: Pen­ guin, 1976), pp. 758-9n. I have argued elsewhere that Marx's concept of human essence is at the heart of his social theory - Lawrence Wilde, The Concept of Contradiction in the Works of Karl Marx (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Liverpool, 1982), pp. 60-76; Lawrence Wilde, Marx and Contradiction (Aldershot: Avebury, 1989), pp. 20-35. 158 Notes 32. Geras, Marx and Human Nature, pp. 50-1. 33. A relatively small number of scholars have recognised the significance of Aristotle's influence on Marx - see Scott Meikle, Essentialism in the Thought of Karl Marx (London: Duckworth, 1985); Michel Vadee, Marx: Penseur du Possible (Paris: Meridiens Kilncksieck, 1992), par­ ticularly ch. 7; George McCarthy (ed.) Marx and Aristotle: Nineteenth Century German Social Theory and Classical Antiquity (Savage, Mary­ land: Rowman & Littlefield, 1992). 34. Sarah Brodie, Ethics with Aristotle (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 45. 35. Theodor Adorno, Negative Dialectics (London: Routledge, 1973), p. 3. 36. Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990), p. 33; see also Agnes Heller, Beyond Justice (New York: Basic Books, 1987). 37. Alasdair Macintyre, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (London: Duckworth, 1981), chs 4, 5 and 6. 38. Marx, Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, in CW 29, p. 264. 39. Brenkert, Marx's Ethics of Freedom, passim; Lukes, Marxism and Morality, p. 29. 40. Marx, 'Speech on the Question of Free Trade' in CW 6, p. 463. 41. I have in mind here Joseph Femia's rejection of attempts to defend Marx's democratic credentials in Marxism and Democracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), p. 7. 42. CW 6, pp. 495 and 504. 43. Lawrence Wilde, Modern European Socialism (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1994 ), pp.
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