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Yale University Department of Political Science Hijacked Dreams Technological Determinism and the Idea off Progress by Samuel Alexander Berge Jackson Political Science Senior Essaay Advisor: Boris Kapustin April 25, 2011 Acknowledgements Thanks Dad, for inspiring me to explore the worlds of science and technology, and Mom, for instilling in me a passion for all things political. Without family, I could never have gotten this far. Special thanks also to my advisor, Professor Kapustin, whose patience and wisdom since freshman year have been invaluable. I promise, this is the last draft! ~ i ~ The plain message physical science has for the world at large is this, that were our political and social and moral devices only as well contrived to their ends as a linotype machine, an antiseptic operating plant, or an electric tram-car, there need now at the present moment be no appreciate toil in the world, and only the smallest fraction of the pain, the fear, and the anxiety that now makes human life so doubtful in its value. There is more than enough for everyone alive. Science stands, a too competent servant, behind her wrangling underbred masters, holding out resources, devices, and remedies they are too stupid to use. – H.G. Wells, A Modern Utopia (1904)1 1 Herbert George Wells, A modern Utopia (New York: Scribner and Sons, 1904), 102. ~ ii ~ Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................................... iii Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Part 1: The Formation of the Modern Idea of Progress ................................................................................................................. 2 I. Analytic Dimensions of Progress ................................................................................................................ 2 II. Pre-modern Ideas of Progress and History ................................................................................................. 3 Classical Era Notions of Progress and History ................................................................................................................ 3 Judeo-Christian Providential Progress ........................................................................................................................... 5 III. The Enlightenment Ideal of Progress ....................................................................................................... 8 Turgot’s Conception of Progress ................................................................................................................................... 11 Condorcet’s Idea of Progress ......................................................................................................................................... 16 Summary .................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Part 2: The Emergence of the Technocratic Idea of Progress ..................................................................................................... 22 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 22 II. Historical Context of Technocratic Progress ............................................................................................ 24 The Industrial Revolution ........................................................................................................................................... 24 Role of Technology in Culture ...................................................................................................................................... 26 III. The Invention of ‘Technology’ ............................................................................................................... 28 The Age of Machinery ................................................................................................................................................. 28 Technological Rationality ............................................................................................................................................ 30 IV. The ‘Atrophy’ of the Enlightenment Idea of Progress .............................................................................. 31 V. The Illustrative Case of Industrial Development in the Early United States ............................................... 33 VI. Towards Technological Determinism ..................................................................................................... 35 Hard and Soft Technological Determinism .................................................................................................................. 35 Thorstein Veblen’s Theory of Social Evolution .............................................................................................................. 37 VII. Marxist Variations on the Technocratic Idea of Progress ........................................................................ 40 VIII. 20th Century Modifications of the Technocratic Idea of Progress ........................................................... 43 Rostow’s Modernization Theory .................................................................................................................................. 44 Ellul’s Pessimistic Determinism ................................................................................................................................... 46 IX. Summary............................................................................................................................................... 50 Part 3: Intellectual Dissent and Popular Disillusionment .......................................................................................................... 51 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 51 I. Historical Context of Disillusionment ...................................................................................................... 52 Machine and Nature in the 19th Century ..................................................................................................................... 53 Thamus and Theuth .................................................................................................................................................... 54 World Wars and the Great Depression ......................................................................................................................... 55 Centralization of Power and the Technological Counterculture .................................................................................... 59 II. The Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) ..................................................................................... 61 Criticisms of the SCOT Approach ................................................................................................................................ 63 III. Alarmist Critique(s) .............................................................................................................................. 65 The Limits of Growth ................................................................................................................................................. 67 Criticism of Alarmist Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 70 IV. The Uprising, Quelled ........................................................................................................................... 71 Part 4: After the Fall ...................................................................................................................................................................... 76 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 76 II. Critical Theory of Technology ................................................................................................................ 78 III. The Internet as Digital Utopia ............................................................................................................... 80 IV. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................................... 84 Bibliography and Works Cited ..................................................................................................................................................... 87 ~ iii ~ Introduction What can mankind expect from the future? For the better part of the last 300 years, the answer to this question has been “progress.” The modern idea of progress was born of the Enlightenment, and it is a belief that advances in reason will empower changes in the human moral, political, and material condition: these changes were believed to come in effect concurrently, driven by the broad impact of scientific