Dissertationes Academiae Artium Estoniae 9

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Dissertationes Academiae Artium Estoniae 9 Dissertationes Academiae Artium Estoniae 9 Urve Sinijärv Kujunduslike ja liigikaitseliste eesmärkide ühendamine parkide restaureerimisel ja hooldamisel Saare maakonna looduskaitsealuste parkide näitel Doktoritöö Kunstikultuuri teaduskond Muinsuskaitse ja restaureerimise osakond 2012 Urve Sinijärv Kunst ja loodus pargis. Kujunduslike ja liigikaitseliste eesmärkide ühendamine parkide restaureerimisel ja hooldamisel Saare maakonna looduskaitsealuste parkide näitel Art and nature in parks. Combining design objectives and biodiversity conservation objectives in park restoration and maintenance on the basis of case studies of protected parks in Saare County Doktoritöö / Doctoral thesis Juhendaja / Supervisor prof Juhan Maiste Konsultandid / Consultants Jaan Liira, PhD Merit Otsus, Phd Elustikurühmade eksperdid / Experts of biotic groups Puittaimed / Woody plants: Olev Abner Rohttaimed / Herbaceous plants: Ülle Reier Samblad / Bryophytes: Nele Ingerpuu Samblikud / Lichens: Inga Jüriado Seened / Fungi: Sulev Järve Selgrootud / Invertebrates: Hanno Zingel Kahepaiksed ja roomajad / Amphibians and reptiles: Riinu Rannap Linnud / Birds: Meelis Uustal, Peep Veedla, Hanno Zingel, Vello Keppart Nahkhiired / Bats: Rauno Kalda Fotomontaažid / Image editing Mart Kivisild Eelretsensendid / External reviewers Kristiina Hellström, PhD prof Kalev Sepp Oponent / Opponent prof Kalev Sepp Avalik kaitsmine / Public defence 13.12.2012 Keeletoimetaja / Copy editor Maris Jõks Tõlge inglise keelde / Translated by Marina Maran Kujundus / Design by Andres Tali Tänuavaldused / Acknowledgements: Anneli Randla, Tõnu Talvi, Vello Keppart, Andres Vaasa, Sulev Nurme, Piret Palm, Rein Nellis, Kersti Lootus, Nele Nutt, Silja Konsa, Riina Pau, Ede Leppik, Elle Roosaluste, Ülle Grišakov, Herdis Fridolin, Merike Linnamägi, Kristiina Hellström, Tiina Tammet, Mart Kalm Teose avaldamist on toetanud Eesti Kultuurkapital © Urve Sinijärv, 2012 ISBN 978-9949-467-33-4 ISSN 1736-2261 Trükikoda / Printed by Alfapress OÜ 5 Sisukord 1. Sissejuhatus .......................................................9 2. Restaureerimisülesanne, materjal ja metoodika. 15 2.1. Restaureerimis ülesande eesmärgid ..............................15 2.2. Uurimisobjekti valik ja lähteandmed ............................15 2.3. Töö ülesehitus ja metoodika ....................................17 3. Teoreetiline osa ..................................................20 3.1. Kultuuri mälestiste nüüdisaegsete restaureerimis printsiipide rakendamine parkides .........................................20 3.1.1. Restaureerimisteooriad. 20 3.1.2. Rahvusvahelised raamkokku lepped ja terminoloogia ............22 3.1.3. Konserveerimine ..........................................23 3.1.4. Restaureerimine ..........................................24 3.1.5. Rekonstrueerimine ........................................25 3.1.6. Lähenemiste paljusus ......................................27 3.2. Eesti ajaloolised pargid ........................................29 3.2.1. Kujundus võtted Eesti parkides ..............................29 3.2.2. Eesti parkide areng ........................................36 3.2.3. Parkide uuritus ja historiograafia ............................37 3.2.4. Parkide riiklik kaitse .......................................40 3.2.5. Parkide restaureerimise senine praktika ......................41 3.2.6. Ökosüsteemne lähenemine parkide taastamisel ...............45 3.2.7. Parkide loodusväärtused ...................................46 3.3. Elustikurühmad parkides .......................................53 3.3.1. Puittaimed ...............................................53 3.3.2. Rohttaimed ..............................................62 3.3.3. Samblad .................................................68 3.3.4. Samblikud ................................................70 3.3.5. Seened ...................................................73 3.3.6. Selgrootud ...............................................77 3.3.7. Kahepaiksed ja roomajad ...................................82 6 3.3.8. Linnud. 84 3.3.9. Imetajad .................................................90 3.3.10. Kokkuvõte ..............................................94 4. Restaureerimisülesanne ...........................................95 4.1. Audla mõisa park .............................................95 4.1.1. Mõisa ajalugu. Pargi kujundus ja hetkeolukord ................95 4.1.2. Liigiandmed ..............................................98 4.1.3. Restaureerimislahendus ...................................100 4.2. Koikla mõisa park ...........................................104 4.2.1. Mõisa ajalugu. Pargi kujundus ja hetkeolukord ...............104 4.2.2. Liigiandmed .............................................105 4.2.3. Restaureerimislahendus ...................................108 4.3. Kuressaare lossipark .........................................110 4.3.1. Pargi ajalugu, kujundus ja hetkeolukord .....................110 4.3.2. Liigiandmed .............................................113 4.3.3. Restaureerimislahendus ...................................117 4.4. Kärla kirikupark .............................................122 4.4.1. Ajalugu. Pargi kujundus ja hetkeolukord ....................122 4.4.2. Liigiandmed .............................................124 4.4.3. Restaureerimislahendus ...................................127 4.5. Lööne mõisa park ...........................................131 4.5.1. Mõisa ajalugu. Pargi kujundus ja hetkeolukord ...............131 4.5.2. Liigiandmed .............................................132 4.5.3. Restaureerimislahendus ...................................136 4.6. Muhu pastoraadi park (Liiva park) .............................139 4.6.1. Pastoraadi ajalugu. Pargi kujundus ja hetkeolukord ...........139 4.6.2. Liigiandmed .............................................141 4.6.3. Restaureerimislahendus ...................................142 4.7. Mõntu mõisa park ...........................................144 4.7.1. Mõisa ajalugu. Pargi kujundus ja hetkeolukord ...............144 4.7.2. Liigiandmed .............................................146 4.7.3. Restaureerimis lahendus ...................................149 4.8. Oti mõisa park ..............................................153 4.8.1. Mõisa ajalugu. Pargi kujundus ja hetkeolukord ...............153 4.8.2. Liigiandmed .............................................155 4.8.3. Restaureerimis lahendus ...................................157 4.9. Pidula mõisa park ............................................161 4.9.1. Mõisa ajalugu. Pargi kujundus ja hetkeolukord ...............161 4.9.1. Liigiandmed .............................................164 4.9.10. Restaureerimis lahendus ...................................167 4.10. Pädaste mõisa park .........................................170 4.10.1. Mõisa ajalugu. Pargi kujundus ja hetkeolukord ..............170 4.10.2. Liigiandmed ............................................175 4.10.3. Restaureerimislahendus ..................................177 4.11. Tumala mõisa park. 180 4.11.1. Mõisa ajalugu. Pargi kujundus ja hetkeolukord ..............180 4.11.2. Liigiandmed ............................................183 4.11.3. Restaureerimislahendus ..................................185 5. Järeldused ......................................................190 7 5.1. Uuritud parkide kujunduslik ja looduslik iseloom ................190 5.2. Restaureerimislahenduste tulemused ...........................192 5.2.1. Parkide peamised väärtused ...............................193 5.2.2. Parkide ilmet ja struktuuri rikkuvad ning parkides puuduvad elemendid .................................................193 5.2.3. Soovitused elustiku kaitseks ja nendega arvestamise võimalikkus ................................................194 5.3. Üldised järeldused ...........................................197 5.4. Kujunduslikke ja liigikaitselisi eesmärke ühendavad tegevused ......198 6. Kokkuvõte ......................................................203 Summary. Art and nature in parks. Combining design objectives and biodiversity conservation objectives in park restoration and maintenance on the basis of case studies of protected parks in Saare County.. 206 Kasutatud allikad ..................................................217 Lisad .............................................................236 9 1. Sissejuhatus Üks Eesti maastiku iseloomulikke omadusi on ajalooliste parkide suur hulk ja tihedus. See on seotud peamiselt vanade mõisasüdamete, kuid ka linnade ja asulate, kirikute ja kalmistute ning mõningal määral ka talude arenguga. Kõige rohkem ongi meil vanu mõisaparke, mille koguarvu on võimalik siduda kuna- giste mõisate hulgaga. Mõisaid on Eestisse rajatud juba alates 13. sajandist, kuid varaseimad neist olid linnusliku iseloomuga ning aedu ja parke nende juurde üldiselt ei kuulunud. Pööre toimus 17. sajandil, mil mõisaansambel hakkas kuju- nema üheks kesksemaks arhitektuurižanriks ning koos sellega ka aiad nende integreeritud osaks (Hein 2007, 27). 18. sajandi algul puhkenud Põhjasõjas ena- mik Rootsi-aegsetest mõisahoonetest purustati, kuid pärast seda algas mõisate ja koos sellega ka pargikultuuri järkjärguline õitseng ning pargiarhitektuurist sai omaette arvestatav kunstiharu (Arman 1965, 242). 20. sajandi algul loendati Eestis ligi 1100 rüütli-, kiriku-, kroonu- ja linnamõisa (Rosenberg 1994, 27) ning nende puhul võib üsna kindlalt väita, et enamiku juurde kuulus suurem või väik- sem kujundatud välisruum aia või pargi näol. Koos abimõisatega
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