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Thesis 2018 66 Marte Lilleeng.Pdf (11.12Mb) Norwegian University of Life Sciences Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management) Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) Thesis 2018:66 Ecological impacts of red deer browsing in boreal forest Økologiske effekter av hjortebeiting i boreal skog Marte Synnøve Lilleeng (FRORJLFDOLPSDFWVRIUHGGHHUEURZVLQJLQERUHDOIRUHVW NRORJLVNHHIIHNWHUDYKMRUWHEHLWLQJLERUHDOVNRJ 3KLORVRSKLDH'RFWRU 3K' 7KHVLV 0DUWH6\QQ¡YH/LOOHHQJ 1RUZHJLDQ8QLYHUVLW\RI/LIH6FLHQFHV )DFXOW\RI(QYLURQPHQWDO6FLHQFHVDQG1DWXUDO5HVRXUFH0DQDJHPHQW cV 7KHVLVQXPEHU ,661 ,6%1 PhDsupervisors Ȃ ǡ ǦͳͶ͵ʹ%ǡ Ǧ͸ͺͷͳǡ Ǧ͸ͺͷͳǡ PhDevaluationcommittee ǡ ͹ͷͲͲ͹ǡ Ǧ͹Ͷͻͳǡ Committeeadministrator: ǡ ǦͳͶ͵ʹ%ǡ &RQWHQWV 1 Summaryͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺϱ 2 List of papersͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺϵ 3 Introductionͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺϭϭ 4 Objectivesͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺϭϱ 5 Study systemͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺϭϲ 5HGGHHUͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺϭϲ %RUHDOIRUHVW ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ ϭϳ 6 Methods ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺϭϵ 6WXG\DUHD ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ ϭϵ *HQHUDOVWXG\GHVLJQ ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ ϮϬ (IIHFWVRIUHGGHHUEURZVLQJRQGLYHUVLW\DQGFRPPXQLW\HFRORJ\RIWKH ERUHDOIRUHVWXQGHUVWRU\YHJHWDWLRQ SDSHU,DQG,, ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ ϮϮ (IIHFWVRIUHGGHHUEURZVLQJRQGLYHUVLW\DQGFRPPXQLW\HFRORJ\RIJURXQG GZHOOLQJEHHWOHVLQERUHDOIRUHVW SDSHU,,, ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ Ϯϯ 5HGGHHUEURZVLQJHIIHFWVRQRWKHUKHUELYRUHV SDSHU,9 ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ Ϯϱ 7 Results and discussion ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺϮϳ (IIHFWVRIUHGGHHUEURZVLQJRQGLYHUVLW\DQGFRPPXQLW\HFRORJ\RIWKH ERUHDOIRUHVWXQGHUVWRU\YHJHWDWLRQ SDSHU,DQG,, ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ Ϯϳ (IIHFWVRIUHGGHHUEURZVLQJRQGLYHUVLW\DQGFRPPXQLW\HFRORJ\RIJURXQG GZHOOLQJEHHWOHVLQERUHDOIRUHVW SDSHU,,, ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ ϯϬ 5HGGHHUEURZVLQJHIIHFWVRQRWKHUKHUELYRUHV SDSHU,9 ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ ϯϰ 8 Perspectives ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺϯϴ 9 AcknowledgementsͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺϰϮ 10 Literature ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺϰϰ 6XPPDU\ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡǡ ǡǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ͳͻͲͲǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ȋCervuselaphusȌ ͳͷͲǦ ͳͻͲͲǡ ȋAlces alcesȌʹͲͳͲǤ ǡ ǡǡǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡǡ Ǥ Ǧǡ ǤǦ Ǥ ʹͲͲͲ ǦǦȋPinussylvestrisǦVacciniummyrtillusȌÞ ǡǦ ȋ ȌǤ ǡ ǡ ǡȋ Ȍ ȋ ȌǤ ǡ ǡǡ ȋ ȌǤ ȋ ȌǤ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ȋ Ȍǡ ȋ Ƭ ȌǤ ǡ ȋ ȌǤ ǡ ȋ ȌǤ Ǧ Ǥ ȋ ȌǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ ȋ ȌǤ ȋ ȌǤ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǧȋǡ ȌǤ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ȋ ȌǤ ȋ ȌǤ ǡ ȋ ȌǤ ǡǡǤ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ /LVWRISDSHUV PaperI ǡ Ǥ Ǥǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ Ǧ Ǥ 310ǣʹ͸͹Ǧ ʹ͹ͶǤǣȀȀǤȀͳͲǤͳͲͳ͸ȀǤ ǤʹͲͳ͵ǤͲͺǤͲ͵ͳ PaperII ǡǤǤǡ ǡǤ ǤǡǡǤǡǡǤǤȋʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ Ǥ 31ǣ ͶͶͳǦͶͶͺǤ ǣȀȀǤȀͳͲǤͳͲͲ͹ȀͳͳʹͺͶǦͲͳ͸Ǧͳ͵ͻͳǦ͸ PaperIII ǡǤǤǡǡǤǡ ǡǤǡǡǤǤǡ ǡǤ ǤȋʹͲͳͺȌǤ 孰 Ǥ 27ǣʹͷͲ͹ǦʹͷʹͷǤǣȀȀǤȀͳͲǤͳͲͲ͹ȀͳͲͷ͵ͳǦͲͳͺǦͳͷͷͲǦ PaperIV ǡǤǤǡ ǡǤ ǤǡǡǤǡǡǤǤ Ǥ ʹͲͳͺ ,QWURGXFWLRQ ǡǡ ȋ ʹͲͲͳǡرǤʹͲͲͶǡ Ǥ ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ȋǤʹͲͲʹȌǡ ȋʹͲͲͶȌǡȋ ͳͻͻͻǡǤͳͻͻͻǡǤʹͲͲ͸ǡǤʹͲͳͳȌǡ ȋ ʹͲͲͻȌǡ ȋ ǤͳͻͻͺǡǤʹͲͲͳȌǤ Ǥ ȋÚʹͲͲʹǡرǤ ʹͲͲͶȌǡ ȋ ǤͳͻͻͶȌǤ ȋ ͳͻͻͺǡ Ǥ ʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ ǡ ǡȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍǡ ȋ ͳͻͻ͸Ȍǡȋ ͳͻͻͺǡǤ ʹͲͳͷȌǤ ǡ ȋ¡ ʹͲͲͶǡ Ǥ ʹͲͳͺȌǡ Ǧ ȋرǤʹͲͲͶǡǤʹͲͳͶȌǤ ǡ ǡ ȋǤʹͲͲͷǡǤʹͲͲͷǡǤʹͲͳͷǡ Ǥ ʹͲͳ͸ǡ Ǥ ʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ ǡ Ǥ ȋرǤʹͲͲͶȌǡ ȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ ǡǤ ǡ Ǥ ȋǤ ʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ ȋ Ǧ ͳͻͺͷǡ ʹͲͳͳȌǡ ȋ Ǥ ʹͲͳͲȌǤ Ǣǡ ǡǡ ȋ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ Ǯ ǯ Ǥ Ǧ ȋ Ú ͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ ǡ ȋ ͳͻͻ͸Ȍǡ Ǧ ȋ ͳͻͺʹǡǤʹͲͳͷȌǤ ǡ ȋǤʹͲͳͷȌǡ ȋ ǤʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡǡ ȋ ͳͻͻͺȌǡǦǦ ȋ ǤʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ ǡ ȋǤʹͲͳͷȌǤ ǡ ȋ ͳͻͻͻǡ Ǥ ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ ȋǤǤȌ ȋǤǤ ȌǤ ǤǤ ȋ ǦͳͻͺͷȌǤ ȋǤͳͻͻͲȌǡ ǦȋǤʹͲͳ͹Ȍ ȋǤʹͲͳͺȌǤ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ȋ Ú ʹͲͲʹȌǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ȋÚʹͲͲʹȌǢǡ ǡ ǡ ȋ ǤͳͻͻͻȌǤ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ ȋ Ǥ ʹͲͳͷȌǤ ǡ ǦǦǡǡ ȋǤͳͻͺ͸ǡ ǤʹͲͳͶǡǤʹͲͳͷȌǤ ǡ ȋ ͳͻͻͺǡ Ǥ ʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ ȋ Ú ʹͲͲʹǡ ǤʹͲͳͶȌǡȋǤʹͲͲͷǡ ǤʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ ȋ ͳͻͻͺȌ ȋ Ǥ ʹͲͲͳȌǤ Ǧǡ Ǧǡ Ǧǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ͳͻͲͲǤ±ȋȌǡ ǡǡ ǮAlcesalcesǯ ȋ ǤʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ʹͺͲΨͳͻͶͻͳͻͻͻ ȋ Ǥ ʹͲͳͳȌǡ ȋCervus elaphusȌ ͳͷͲǦ ͳͻͲͲǡ ʹͲͳͲȋ ʹͲͳͺȌȋ ǤͳȌǤ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ ȋرǤʹͲͲͶȌǤ ǡ Ǥ ͳǤ ͳͺͻʹȂʹͲͳ͹Ǥ Ǥ ʹͲ ǡʹͲͲǤ ʹͲǡ͵ͳͲͲͲǤ ȋʹͲͳͺȌǤ ǡ ȋ ǤǤ Ǥ ʹͲͲ͸ǡ Ǥ ʹͲͳͶȌǤ ǡ ȋ ǤʹͲͳͶȌǣȋͳȌ ǡ ȋʹȌ ǡȋ͵ȌȋͶȌǡȋͷȌ ǡȋ͸Ȍ Ǥ Ǥ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ 2EMHFWLYHV ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǣ ͳǤ Ȍ Ȍ ȋǡǦǡǡǡǡȌǫȋ Ȍ ʹǤ ǫȋ Ȍ ͵Ǥ Ȍ Ȍ Ǧ ǫ ȋ Ȍ ͶǤ ǫ ǡ ȌǡȌǦ ǫȋ Ȍ 6WXG\V\VWHP 5HGGHHU ȋ ǤʹȌǦȋ ͳͻͺͻȌ ȋ Ǥ ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ ǡ ȋǤʹͲͲͻȌ ȋ ʹͲͳͲȌǤ ȋǤ ʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ ǡ ȋ ʹͲͳͺȌǡ ȋǤʹͲͳͺȌǤ ǡȋPoaceaeǤȌǡȋCyperaceaeǤȌǡǡ ȋǤǤ ÞǤʹͲͳ͹ȌǤǡ ȋǤǤ ȌSorbus,PopulusǡSalix ǡ ȋBetulaǤȌ ǡ ȋ Ǥ ʹͲͳͲȌǤ ǡ ȋ ǤʹͲͲͻȌǤǡ ǮǯǤ ʹǤÞǡǤ ǦǡȋCallunavulgarisȌǡ ȋBilberrymyrtillusȌǤ Ǥ %RUHDOIRUHVW ǤǤǡ ǡ ǡǤ ǡ ͳͳΨ ȋͳͻͺͻȌǤ ǡ Ǥ ǣ Ǧǡ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ ȋ ʹͲͲͷȌǤ 0HWKRGV 6WXG\DUHD ȀǦ Ǧ Ǧ ȋVaccinium myrtillusǦPinus sylvestrisȌ ͳͳ ʹ Þǡ ȋ͸ͳι͵ͲǡͷιͲͷǡ Ǥ͵ȌǤÞʹǤͷ ǡǦ ȋ ʹͲͲͲͺιȋǣȀȀǤǤǤȌȌǤ Ǧ ǡʹ͵ͷǤ ǡǡǡ ȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǤ ȋ ǤͶȌǤ ͹Ͳǡ Ǥ ͵Ǥ Ǥ Þ ȋ͸ͳι͵Ͳǡ ͷιͲͷȌ .
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